Soil nailing is a construction technique that can be used as a remedial measure to treat

unstable natural soil slopes or as a construction technique that allows the safe over-steepening
of new or existing soil slopes. The technique involves the insertion of relatively slender
reinforcing elements into the slope often general purpose reinforcing bars (rebar) although
proprietary solid or hollow-system bars are also available.

Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground. Soil nailing
consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds
from top down. It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for
excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways. This process is
effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.

Jet grouting is a construction process using a high kinetic energy jet of fluid to break up and
loosen the ground, and mix it with a thin slurry.

the very high speed jet loosens the soil

the jetting fluid washes some of the soil to the surface

the slurry adds a binder to the soil mix

Breakwaters reduce the intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby reduce coastal
erosion or provide safe harbourage. Breakwaters may also be small structures designed to
protect a gently sloping beach and placed one to three hundred feet offshore in relatively
shallow water.

An anchorage is only safe if ships anchored there are protected from the force of high winds
and powerful waves by some large underwater barrier which they can shelter behind. Natural
harbours are formed by such barriers as headlands or reefs. Artificial harbours can be created
with the help of breakwaters. Mobile harbours, such as the D-Day Mulberry harbours, were
floated into position and acted as breakwaters. Some natural harbours, such as those in
Plymouth Sound, Portland Harbour and Cherbourg, have been enhanced or extended by
breakwaters made of rock.

In structural engineering, a shear wall is a structural system composed of braced panels (also
known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and
seismic[1] loads are the most common loads that shear walls are designed to carry. Under
several building codes, including the International Building Code (where it is called a braced wall
line) and Uniform Building Code, all exterior wall lines in wood or steel frame construction must
be braced. Depending on the size of the building some interior walls must be braced as well.