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Minna-no-Nihongo-Ngu Phap 50 Bai PDF
Minna-no-Nihongo-Ngu Phap 50 Bai PDF
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY I
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 1 Lesson 10)
FU 2008
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. N1 N2
ngha: N1 l N2
Cch dng :
2) Ti l sinh vin.
N1 N2
2
ngha: N1 khng phi l N2
Cch dng:
- l dng ph nh ca .
- Trong hi thoi ngi ta c th dng thay cho
V d:
Ch : c l dewa
3 S+
2
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1) Bn Mai l ngi Vit Nam phi khng?
ng, (bn y) l ngi Vit Nam.
Ch : Khi ni th ln ging tr t
4 N
ngha: N cng
5. N1 N2
ngha: N2 ca N1, N2 thuc v N1
Cch dng:
- Tr t dng ni 2 danh t.
- N1 lm r ngha cho N2.
- Trong bi ny, N1 l mt t chc, mt nhm m N2 thuc vo .
V d:
3
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
6.
Cch dng:
- Trong ting Nht s dng ch ng ngay sau tn ca ngi nghe hoc ngi
th 3 by t s knh trng i vi ngi .
- Ch khng bao gi s dng sau tn ca chnh mnh.
V d:
Ti l Tanaka.
V kia l Kimura.
Ch : Khi trao i trc tip th ngi Nht t s dng khi bit tn ca ngi
nghe, m s dng tn gi. Ngoi ra, Nht khi gi mt ngi no th gi
nguyn c tn v h hoc ch cn gi h l . Ch gi tn trong nhng trng hp
bn b quen thn hay ngi thn trong gia nh.
7.
Cch dng:
4
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. Cc t ch th
1 N
2) N N N
ngha: Ci N ny//kia
Cch dng:
- l cc t ch th b ngha cho danh t. V tng quan khong
cch th ging vi nhng khc v cch s dng v lun phi c
danh t i lin ng sau.
- N dng ch vt hoc ngi gn ngi ni, xa ngi nghe.
N dng ch vt hay ngi gn ngi nghe, xa ngi ni.
N dng ch vt hay ngi xa c hai ngi.
? Cu hi vi t hi
N N l ci g?
Ch : l t hi dng cho vt, l t hi dng cho ngi.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1) y l ci g?
l ci gh.
2) Ngi ny l ai?
2.
Cch dng:
- c s dng tr li cu hi nghi vn m tn cng l danh t.
- Trong cu khng nh dng:
Trong cu ph nh dng:
Ch : Trong trng hp cu nghi vn m tn cng l ng t hay tnh t th khng
s dng hay tr li.
V d:
1) y l ci bt ch phi khng?
Vng, l ci bt ch.
Hoc Vng, ng vy.
2) l ci th in thoi phi khng?
Khng, khng phi ci th in thoi.
Hoc Khng, khng phi th.
3. N1 N2
ngha: N1 hay l N2?
Cch dng:
- y l loi cu hi la chn, c cu to bi hai cu n, dng khi phn vn,
khng bit r i tng l ci g (c th v hnh dng kh ging nhau)
- Mi mnh trc ch u l mt cu hi v cng 1 i tng
V d:
l ci bt bi hay l bt ch kim?
L ci bt bi.
Ch : Khi tr li cu hi ny khng dng hay
6
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4. N1 N2 (tip)
ngha: N2 ca N1
Cch dng: bi trc, N1 l mt t chc m N2 thuc vo . bi ny tr t c
ngha ch s s hu. N2 thuc s hu ca N1
V d:
y l quyn sch ca ti.
Ch :
- N2 i khi c lc b khi c nhc n trc hay r ngha.
- Khi N2 l mt t ch ngi th khng c b.
V d:
1) Kia l ci cp ca ai?
L ca ti.
2) Ci bn l ca Rao phi khng?
Khng, khng phi ca Rao.
3) IMC Mira l nhn vin cng ty IMC phi khng?
IMC Vng, (anh y) l nhn vin cng ty IMC.
(Khng dng : IMC )
5.
ngha: Ra vy
Cch dng: S dng khi ngi ni nhn c thng tin mi v th hin
rng hiu v n.
V d:
A: Ci ny l ca bn ?
B: Khng, ca anh Tn.
A: , ra vy.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. N ( a im )
ngha: Ch ny//kia l N
Cch dng:
- l cc i danh t ch ni chn.
- ch ch ca ngi ni. (Trong phm vi ca ngi ni)
l ch ca ngi nghe. (Trong phm vi ca ngi nghe)
ch ni xa c hai ngi.
V d:
1) y l phng hc.
2) l nh v sinh.
3) Kia l nh n tp th.
Ch : Khi ngi ni v ngi nghe cng mt a im th c hai ngi u
s dng .
2. N (a im)
ngha: N ch ny (ch , ch kia) (ch v tr, tn ti)
V d:
1) Hnh lang y.
2) Cu thang my ch kia.
3) Tip tn ch .
? Cu hi cho a im:
N (a im) N u?
Ch : C th m rng trng hp ny cho a im tn ti ca ngi v vt.
N( ngi hoc vt ) N (a im) N1 N2.
V d:
1) 1) Anh Rao nh.
2) 2) Bn Mai ng kia.
4) 4) Bn Maria u?
Ngoi sn.
8
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3.
Cch dng:
Vit Nam.
Ch : Vi cu hi th c th hiu theo 2
ngha: Cng ty bn u? v Cng ty bn l cng ty no? (tn cng ty).
Nhng phn ln c hiu theo ngha th 2. V y, quy nh l hiu theo
ngha th 2.
V d:
Cng ty ca bn l cng ty no?
FPT FPT.
4. N1 N2
? Cu hi
N2
L cu hi cho mu cu trn, dng hi xut x ca vt, mun bit vt c
ngun gc t u, do nc no, cng ty no sn xut.
V d:
y l t ca nc no/ca cng ty no?
t ca Nht.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
? Cu hi
N
L cu hi cho mu cu trn, dng khi mun hi 1 vt no thuc lnh vc g, v
chuyn ngnh no, vit bng ting nc no
V d:
y l tp ch g?
l tp ch (v) my tnh.
M rng: C th dng ni 1 cng ty no hot ng trong lnh vc no
V d:
1) 1) FPT FPT l cng ty my tnh.
2) 2) Hitachi l cng ty gi?
3) . L cng ty sn xut TV
V d:
Ci o ny bao nhiu tin?
100 Yn
10
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ch th i i danh t
Ch th tnh t i danh t ch phng hng
danh t ch ni chn
Ci no + N Ch no Hng no
~ ( Tui) ~ ( Yn ) ~ ( Tng )
10
11
14
16
20
100
1000
10000
11
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1.
ngha: By gi l ~ gi ~ pht.
Bng m pht
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 ?
10 20 30 40 50
V d:
By gi l 8 gi.
1)
Tokyo by gi l 9 gi 30 pht.
2)
12
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ngha: N l th ~.
V d:131313131313
1) Hm nay l th ba.
2) Ngy mai l th t.
V d:131313131313
Th by.
3. V (ng t dng )
Cch dng: l mt dng ng t, biu th thi lch s vi ngi nghe, th hin
Ph nh
13
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
thi gian. Ch : nu thi gian khng biu hin bng nhng con s th khng
thm .
V d:
5 Ti lm vic t 8 ri n 5 ri.
2) Ti hc n 5 gi. -
-
Khng ging nh phi c ng t i sau, ta c th s dng ngay sau
hay .
V d:
1) Bi ging s t 8 ri n 11 ri.
14
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
8. (cu vn)
Cch dng:
A: Bn lm vic t my gi n my gi?
B: T 7 ri n 5 ri.
A: Bn vt v nh!
15
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
N N l bao gi?
N N l thng my?
N N l mng my?
V d:
1) Sinh nht bn l bao gi?
. Mng 7 thng 7.
Thng 10.
Ngy 14.
Ch :
- Cch ni ngy thng nm ca Nht ngc so vi ting Vit. Phi ni NM, sau
n THNG v cui cng l NGY
- c th dng thay th cho cc t hi c ngha tng t nh
16
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2.
ngha: i/n/V u (a im N)
? Cu hi??? (Cch hi i u, n u, v u)
(ng t)
V d:
6) Chiu hm nay bn s i u?
Ti s i n siu th.
7) Hm kia bn i u?
Ti i n ngn hng.
(Khng i u c / Ch no cng khng i)
- Tr t + th ph nh ca ng t: dng ph nh tt c nhng g trong
phm vi m t hi a ra. C th dng hoc c u c, nhng
dng th ngha ph nh s mnh hn.
V d:
8) Chiu hm nay bn s i u?
Ti s khng i u c.
9) Hm qua bn i u vy?
Ti () khng i u c.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3. (Cch ni cch thc di chuyn,
i li bng phng tin g)
ngha: i/n/v bng N (phng tin).
Trong :
- N l DT ch phng tin giao thng, phng tin i li.
- l tr t, mang ngha xc nh cch thc, phng tin, c th dch ting Vit
l bng, bi
V d:
Ti i n bnh vin bng t.
Bn Rao n nh ti bng xe but.
Bn Maiko v nc bng my bay.
Ch : Trng hp mun ni l i b th s dng v khng dng .
Hng ngy ti i b n trng.
Ti i n bch ha cng vi m.
(ng t)
(Lm g vi ai?)
V d:
Bn i n ngn hng cng ai?
Ti i vi John.
5. Sentence +
Cch dng:
19
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. N V (Cch s dng ng t vi tr t )
Trong :
N: Danh t (i tng ca hnh ng)
V: Tha ng t (ngoi ng t)
: Tr t (ch i tng tc ng ca hnh ng)
V d:
Ti n cm.
Ti c sch.
? (Cch t cu hi: ai /s lm ci g? )
V Lm ci g (n g, ung g, c g)?
Cu hi chung cho tt c cc ng t l:
Bn lm ci g?
V d:
1) Sng nay bn mua g th?
Ti mua rau.
2) Bn lm g th vin.
Ti c sch..
Ch : + c thay cho khi cng chung mt hnh ng vi 2 i tng khc
nhau (cng V nhng khc N)
Ti ung bia. Ung c ru na.
+ c dng ni 2 danh t cng lm i tng ca hnh ng trong cu.
Ti n c v trng.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1) Sng nay ti khng n g c.
Ngy mai ti s khng lm g c.
2)
(Cch ni 1 hnh ng xy ra ti
3. N1 N2 V
a im no )
ngha: Lm ~ /ti N1.
Trong :
N1: Danh t ch a im din ra hnh ng
N2: Danh t ch i tng tc ng ca hnh ng (Tn ng trc tip)
: Tr t ch a im din ra hnh ng
V d:
1) Ti n cm nh hng.
2) Ti c sch th vin.
? (Cch t cu hi: ai /s lm g u? )
V
V d:
Bn chp bc nh ny u?
Ti chp cng vin.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
6. V
ngha: Cng lm ~ nh!
Cch dng: Cng l mt li ngh cng lm vi mnh nhng trn c s bit ngi
kia s ng mang tnh cht tho thun, h ho mi ngi cng lm
(mt iu giao hn, tho thun t trc)
khc vi V : dng khi cha bit ngi kia c ng hay ko.
V d:
7.
2) Cng ty g vy?
22
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V Lm ~ bng g?
V d :
Bn ct to bng g th?
Ti ct bng dao.
Ch : Ngoi ra, tr t cng ch c phng tin ngn ng.
V d :
(Cch th hin, hi 1 t, 1 cm t no
2. (T/Cu) ni nh th no trong ting nc khc)
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2) Ti s tng qu cho m.
V Lm ~ cho ai?
V d
Ch : Vi ng t , N1 khng c dng l
(Nhn c)
ngha: (Nhn c) ~ t N1
Cch dng : N1: ch xut x ca th hoc vt m ch hnh ng nhn c/vay mn
c/hc c; N2: ch th hoc vt m ch hnh ng nhn c/vay mn c/ hc
c.
V d:
24
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
Ti nhn c qu t trng i hc
? (Cch t cu hi:)
V t ai?
V d:
5.
ngha: V ri
vn/cha, ch mt hnh ng hay trng thi cha xy ra, cha hon
thnh thi im ni.
Cch dng : Vi cu hi V cu tr li nh sau:
- Cu tr li khng nh : V
- Cu tr li ph nh:
(Khng tr li V )
V d:
Bn n cm ri ?
... ... Vng, ti n ri.
25
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. Gii thiu v tnh t trong ting Nht
V d : (nh)(to)(nng)(lnh)(cao, t)
Tnh t ui : C ui tn cng l
V d : (p trai)(tt bng)
(yn tnh)(thun tin)
Ch : - Khng ging tnh t ui , do mt s chc nng v ng php m ui
c lc xut hin c lc khng xut hin trong t v cu. V th, v mt th
hin, ngi ta hay ui trong ngoc n.
- Mt s t d nhm vi tnh t ui : (p, sch)
(ni ting)(ght, khng thch)
2. Cc mu cu vi tnh t
2.1. Cu khng nh
N -Adj []
N -Adj
2) Ni Ph S cao.
3) H Ni m p.
4) Ngi kia ni ting
26
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2.2. Cu ph nh
Cch dng: Trong cu ph nh
+ i vi tnh t ui : Bin i nh vi trng hp danh t. Tc l i
thnh hoc
V d :
H Ni khng yn tnh.
+ i vi tnh t ui : i cm thnh
V d :
Ph nh A -Adj []
N N th no?
l t hi cho tnh cht, cm tng v vt, s vt, ngi
V d :
27
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d :
1 Anh John l ngi p trai.
Hm nay l mt ngy nng.
2
3 Bn An l ngi ni ting.
4 Ni Ph S l ngn ni cao.
4 ph nh ca tnh t
N1 N2 N1 l N2 nh th no?
V d :
...
L thnh ph yn tnh.
28
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
5.
Cch dng:
u l nghi vn t hi v cm tng, tnh cht, tnh trng ca ngi hay
vt.
N N nh th no?
N1 N2 N1 l N2 nh th no?
1 Mn n Nht th no?
2
... Ch y l ngi tt.
...
ngha: S1. V S2
Cch dng:
- l lin t c ngha l v
- dng ni 2 cu c ni dung tng ng
V d :
29
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
8. N
ngha: N l ci no?
Cch dng:
- l t hi c ngha l ci no
- S dng yu cu ngi nghe chn mt trong s nhng ci a ra (t 2 th
tr ln).
V d :
ng h ca Yamda l ci no?
... ... ng h mu xanh.
30
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
N
1
Cch dng:
- Trong nhng bi trc hc tr t i vi ng t l hoc .Nhng trong bi
ny tr t ca cc ng t l
- Mt s tnh t nh ... cng s dng tr t
V d:
1 Ti thch mn n .
2. N
Cch dng: Ngoi cch s dng hc bi 8, cn c s dng yu
cu ngi nghe la chn 1 th trong nhm m danh t sau
a ra.
V d:
1) Bn thch n th no?
31
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3.
Cch dng : - y l cc ph t t trc ng t/ tnh t ch mc ca chng.
- Cc ph t thng s dng vi th ph nh.
4) Ti c nhiu tin.
5) Hm nay hi lnh.
4. S1 S2 (Cch ni l do)
ngha: V S1 nn S2
Cch dng: - ni 2 cu c mi quan h nhn qu.
- c t sau cu ch nguyn nhn.
V ti c vic.
32
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. N (Cch th hin s s hu (ngi v vt)
ngha: C N
Cch dng : - Hai ng t ch s s hu.
- s dng khi N l vt
- s dng khi N l ngi v ng vt
V d:
1) Ti c my vi tnh.
2) Ti c anh trai.
33
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ngoi sn c con g th?
... C c Suzuki.
(Cch th hin s tn ti
3. N1 N2 (a im) (ngi v vt)
nhn mnh vo ch th
ngha: N1 N2
Cch dng: - y l cu ch v ni tn ti ca ngi hay vt.
- N1 c a ln lm ch ca c cu
V d:
2) My Laptop vn phng.
4) C Suzuki phng n.
V d:
Trn bn
1
2 Trc th vin
3 Bn cnh ta nh
V d:
34
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
trn bn c quyn sch.
1
3 Ti gp bn gn nh ga.
5. N1 N2
ngha: N1 v N2
Cch dng:
- dng ni cc danh t
- Khc vi dng lit k ton b, ch lit k mang tnh cht tng trng.
V d:
35
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY II
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 11 Lesson 20)
FU - 2009
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
S m
... l s m chung cho vt n 10. T 11 s dng nh m s
thng thng.
Cc tr t s m: L nhng t c t sau s m cc vt, ngi... ( chi tit
xem thm trong ti liu nh km )
- dng m s ln.
Cch dng:
- S m thng ng ngay trc ng t m n b ngha. (gia s m v ng t khng
c tr t ng gia)
- Tuy nhin, vi cc t ch khong thi gian li c t mi v tr trong cu (tr cui cu)
V d:
1 4 Ti mua 4 qu to.
1. Cc t hi cho s m
T hi:
- l t dng hi cho vt m bng
- Cc cch m khc dng tr t s m.
V d:
2 Bn mua my ci tem?
2
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3. V
... Nlng thi gian V
Cch dng:
- l t hi cho khong thi gian
- Thng i km vi ng t (Ngha l: Mt bao nhiu lu )
- ng sau t ch s lng, c ngha l khong
V d:
2 T H Ni n TP H Ch Minh i
bng my bay mt bao nhiu lu?
4. N
Cch dng: ng sau danh t, c ngha l ch
V d:
1 5 T nh ti n trng ch mt 5 pht.
3
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Cc th ca cu kt thc bi danh t v tnh t ui
Hin ti Qu kh
Khng N N
nh -adj -adj
Ph nh N N
-adj -adj
V d:
Hm qua () ma.
1)
1 Hm kia () lnh.
vui lm.
1) My bay nhanh hn t.
4
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
6.
N1[] N2 Adj (Cch ni so snh
cao nht)
ngha: Trong phm vi N1 th N2 ~ nht.
Cch dng:
- y l cu so snh cao nht
- Trong : N2 thuc phm vi ca N1 v c tnh cht [Adj] nht trong phm vi .
V d:
1) Trong cc loi qu, ti thch nht to.
2) Trong cc mn th thao, bng th
v nht.
(Cch t cu hi so snh cao nht)
N [] Adj
Trong phm vi N th ci g/ni no/ai/khi no th Adj nht?
V d:
...2
5
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Cch th hin mong mun
1. N
(mun c ci g)
ngha: (Ti) mun/ mun c/ mong c N
Cch dng : - Dng ni v c mun, ham thch ca ngi ni
- l tnh t ui .
V d :
1) Ti mun c my nh.
2) Ti mun c bn b.
2) By gi bn mun ci g nht?
V d:
1 Ti mun i Nht
2 Ti mun mua t
3 By gi, bn mun n g?
... Ti ch mun n g c
V-
3. N (a im) //
N
ngha: i/n/v N lm ~
Cch dng: - y l mu cu s dng ni v mc ch i n/ v u thc
hin hnh ng no .
- ng t ch mc ch th , danh t ch mc ch l nhng danh
ng t.
V d:
1
(Ti i siu th () mua qun o)
2
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
3
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
Ch : Danh t trc cng c th l cc s kin nh l hi, bui ha nhc... Khi
, ca ngi ni l vic xem hay tham gia vo s kin .
V d:
Giang Vo
(Ti i n Ging V tham gia vo L hi Hoa anh o)
7
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4.
ngha: ngha l ch no , ni no khng xc nh r
ngha l ci g , 1 ci g khng xc nh r
Cch dng: - c dng nh mt danh t ch a im
c dng nh mt danh t ch vt, s vic
- C 2 t khi ng trc cc ng t i vi cc tr t th cc
tr t ny c th c lc b. Cc tr t khc vn gi nguyn
V d:
1 Ngh h, bn c i u khng?
C, ti c i.
...
2 V tri nng nn ti mun ung g
8
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. Cc nhm ca ng t
ng t trong ting Nht c chia lm 3 nhm theo cch chia sang cc th ca chng.
(1) Nhm 1
Bao gm cc ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i
V d :
(2) Nhm 2
Hu ht cc ng t thuc nhm ny c dng ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc
hng e.
V d:
Tuy nhin cng c mt s ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i
V d:
(3) Nhm 3
Bao gm 2 ng t: (lm) (n)
2. Th ca ng t
Cc ng t kt thc bng c gi l th . Cch chia ca th ph thuc vo
cc nhm ng t. Cch chia nh di y:
(1) Nhm 1:
V (i) Cch chia V Ngha
Vit
V V
Nghe
V V Vi
Ung
V V
c
Gi
()
Cht
Mua
V V Ni
Ly, cm ly
C
i
i
Cho mn
V V
Ni chuyn
9
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(2) Nhm 2
Xem
C ()
V (i) V (i)
Thc dy
Mn
(3) Nhm 3
CC MU CU VI NG T TH
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ngha: ang lm ~
Cu to: ng t th thm
Cch dng: Mu cu ny dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti thi im
ni.
V d
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG (tip)
V d :
1 Ti chp nh y c c khng?
... ...Vng, c.
2 Ti ht thuc c c khng?
2
Ti chp nh y c khng?
...Khng, khng c.
...
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
3 Ti c my nh ( v ang c).
4 Ti sng H Ni (, ang v s)
Cch dng (2): - Th tip din cn c s dng biu th nhng tp qun, thi
quen, nhng hnh ng c lp i lp li trong thi gian di.
V d:
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2) Vicom
14
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
3)
Anh Rao p trai v tt bng.
4) Hue
Hu l thnh ph yn tnh v p.
5)
Anh Tanaka l ngi Nht v l lu
hc sinh
Ch : Ring cu trc vi danh t, khng nht thit ch s dng khi c cng ch
ng, c th l 2 cu c ch ng khc nhau (trong trng hp ny, n s tr thnh
cch kt hp 2 cu vi nhau)
V d:
(Karina l tu nghip sinh cn Maria l v.)
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2 / Sau
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny cng din t s lin tip ca hnh ng nhng nhn mnh
hnh ng th nht kt thc ri mi n hnh ng 2.
- Th ca c cu c quyt nh cui cu.
V d:
1
Sau khi v nc ti s lm vic cng ty ca b.
2
Sau khi kt thc bui biu din m nhc ti n nh hng.
5. N1 N2 Adj
1) Hue n Hu ngon.
2) Maria c mi tc di.
3) Bn Tanaka cao.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
6.
Cch dng:
y l t hi cho cch lm, phng thc lm mt vic no v c ngha l Lm
th no tr li cho cu hi ny thng s dng mu cu s 1
V d:
n trng bn i th no?
... 516
...Ti i b khong 5 pht n bn xe bus, ln xe s 16 v xung ng trc trng.
7. N
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. V Cch chia v cc mu cu vi ng
t ph nh dng ngn (th )
ng t i vi c gi l th (cn gi l ng t ph nh dng ngn)
Cch chia :
Nhm I : l cc ng t u c vn [-i] ng trc . chuyn sang th
ch cn thay th [-i] bng vn [-a]. Trng hp c bit, nhng ng t c ui l
th chuyn thnh .
V d:
Nhm II:b [-] thm
V d:
Nhm III: (l 2 ng t c bit nn phi nh)
V d:
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG
2. V Cu sai khin, nh v, khuyn bo lch s
dng ph nh hy ng, xin ng
ngha: Xin ng
Cch dng: khi mun khuyn hay yu cu ai khng lm g vic g
V d:
1
(Ti khe lm nn ng lo lng)
2
(Xin ng chp nh y)
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3. V Cch ni bt buc
phi lm g
Cch chia: ng t chia sang th , b +
ngha: phi, bt buc phi
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny biu th mt vic coi nh ngha v phi lm, bt chp
hng ca ngi lm.
- Ch : Mc d ng t chia dng ph nh nhng c cu khng mang
ngha ph nh (thc cht l ph nh ca ph nh khng lm g th
khng c)
V d:
1
(Phi ung thuc)
2
(Hng ngy (ti) phi hc ting Nht.)
1
(Ngi mai bn khng n cng c)
2
(Chiu th 7 khng hc cng c)
18
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(ng hnh l y)
( Hnh l th xin ng y)
(Ti n cm tra ti nh n cng ty)
( Cm tra th ti n ti nh n cty)
(Cuc hp s kt thc trc 5 gi)
(Phi tr sch trc th 7)
Ch : phn bit vi tr t v tr t
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
NG T TH T IN (V ) & MU CU
1. Th nguyn mu (th t in) ca ng t
Th nguyn mu (cn gi l th t in) l th c bn (ng t gc) ca ng t, trong
sch t in cc ng t c trnh by th ny.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
CC MU CU VI NG T TH T IN
(Ti bit/c th li xe)
(Anh Miler bit ting Nht (c th ni ting Nht))
(Anh Miler bit/c th c c ch Hn)
(C th thanh ton/tr tin bng th)
Ch : Ngha ca ng t
Nng lc
( Bit c ch Hn)
Kh nng
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(Ti hc ting Nht trc khi n Nht)
(Trc khi i ng, ti c sch)
b) Danh t
- Thm tr t gia danh t v
- Danh t ng trc l nhng danh t biu th hnh ng
V d
(Trc ba cm/Trc khi n cm, (ti) ra tay.
(Hy n vn phng trc gi hc)
c) S t (thi gian)
- ng sau danh t ch s th khng cn
V d
(Ti kt hn cch y 3 nm)
(Tanaka ra ngoi cch y 1 ting)
22
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
5.
ngha: mi m khng
Cch dng: lun i vi ng t dng ph nh
V d
( Nht, mi m ti khng th nhn thy con nga no)
(Xe but mi m khng thy ti)
6.
ngha: nht nh
Cch dng: - c dng biu th s hy vng hay yu cu
- thng i vi cc dng cu V V
vi ngha nhn mnh s biu th
V d
(Ti rt mun i Hokkaido (nht nh s i))
23
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
NG T QU KH DNG NGN (V ) & CC MU CU
Cch to ng t th : ging y nh th
Ch no chia l v th thay bng v .
Nhm I:
Nhm II:
Nhm III:
CC MU CU VI NG T TH
(Cha ln no)
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(Hm qua, lc th ti i mua sm, lc th nghe nhc)
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Ch Nht, ti chi tenis, xong ri xem phim.)
A Cch ni tnh t vi ng t
A bin tnh t thnh ph t
N
ngha: tr nn (c)
Cch dng: ch s thay i mt tnh trng hay mt iu kin.
25 25
25
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1. Th vn thng thng v th vn lch s
- Th lch s: l cch ni m kt thc cu lun l desu (vi tnh t, danh t) v masu
(vi ng t) v cc dng phi sinh ca n (-deshita, -dewa arimasen, -masen, -mashita) .
- Th thng thng: l cch ni khng c desu hay masu. Dng lun dng c bn,
dng gc v cc dng phi sinh dng ngn ca cc loi t .
Cch dng:
Th lch s Th thng thng
Ngi ln tui a. Ngi km tui
Ngi gp ln u tin b. Ngi ngang tui
Cp trn c. Bn thn
Mnh l nhn vin mi d. Ngi trong gia nh
Trong cc s kin nghim tc (hp
hnh, pht biu)
Ch :
(1) Trong trng hp t n m s dng th thng thng th b coi l tht l.
(2) Ngi Nht i vi ngi nc ngoi hay nhn vin lu nm khi ch o, hng dn nhn
vin mi th hin s thn mt ty thuc vo vn c th s dng c th thng
thng.
(3) T a~d, cng ty thuc vo trng hp vn c th s dng th lch s
V d: a: mun gio dc con nh
b: trc khi gp g bit nhau
d: xng h vi b m
26
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(b )
Tnh t -i
Tnh t -na
Danh t
27
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ch :
Khi i nhng cu c ni vi nhau bng hay (thng s dng trong hi
thoi) thnh th vn thng thng th tt c cc t lch s trong cu phi c i sang th
thng thng.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4. Th thng thng ca
(pht m u u n )
29
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 21 Lesson 30)
FU - 2009
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
21
CC MU CU VI TH THNG THNG
ng t V V V
Tnh t ui i
dng
Tnh t ui na
ngn
Danh t
V d:
Ch :
(1) Khi ni cu ph nh, c 2 cch th hin
Xem v d sau:
Bi kim tra ting Nht th no?
C 2 u th hin s phng on, kin th ph nh, nhng v ngha c cht khc bit. Cch
ni th c ngha ph nh mnh hn.
Tuy nhin, trong s cp v trong bi ny, chng ta ch dng cch ni
2
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(2) Cch ni ngn khi ng hay khng ng vi quan im ca ai :
B: Ti cng ngh nh vy
C: Ti th khng ngh l nh vy
V d:
2. Sentence
(cch trch dn trc tip hoc gin
tip 1 cu ni, 1 kin m ai
Dng thng thng a ra)
ng t V V V
Tnh t ui i
dng
Tnh t ui na
ngn
Danh t
3
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
, i ch.
4. N1 (a im) N2
ngha: N1 c t chc, din ra N2
Cch dng: khi N2 l cc s kin nh ba tic, bui ha nhc, ngy hi, v tai nn hay thm ha
th lc c ngha l c t chc, din ra.
V d:
1.
2.
4
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
22
NH NG
1. Cc cch b ngha cho danh t:
hc: b ngha bng n v t
Ngi nh mi (bi 8)
Ngi nh p (bi 8)
Ngi s i Kyoto
Ngi i Kyoto
5
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
nh ng (danh t c b ngha bng cu ng t ) c th nhiu v tr trong cu, ng vai tr nhiu
thnh phn ca cu (nh 1 danh t bnh thng)
L 1 v ng
Ngi nh ng Milller ang tht l c.
L 1 ch ng
Ti mua cn nh m ng Miller ang .
L 1 tn ng
Ti thch cn nh m ng Miller ang
L 1 danh t
c mt con mo ngi nh ng Miller ang . ch v tr
L 1 danh t
ch a im
Ti tng n ngi nh m ng Miller ang .
3. N
Cu bnh thng
ng Miller lm bnh ngt.
Cu nh ng
y l ci bnh ngt ng Miller lm.
Cu bnh thng
Ch Carina v tranh.
Cu nh ng
Ti thch bc tranh m ch Carina v.
6
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ngha: khi , lc
Cch dng: ging ht cch to 1 nh ng. V bn cht, cng l 1 danh t, v vy, cch
cu thnh mu cu ny p dng ton b quy tc b ngha danh t hay to 1 nh ng (i vi
ng t)
ng t dng ngn V V V
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
V d:
7
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Chic cp ny c mua
trn ng i n Tokyo
Ti mua chic cp ny khi i Tokyo
Chic cp ny c mua
sau khi n Tokyo
Ti mua chic cp ny khi i Tokyo
3 V (cch ni gi nh, gi s
V loi 1: v 1 s vic chn chn s xy ra )
ngha: Nu th; c th s
Cch dng: cu gi s kiu ny dng khi din t 1 tnh hung m , do kt qu ca 1 hnh
ng no m 1 hnh ng, 1 s vic khc chn chn s xy ra. Tr t (mang
ngha l nu) c t gia ni 2 cu v ng vai tr xc nh mnh gi s.
V d:
Nu vn ci ny th ting s to ln.
Nu r phi th s c mt ci bu in.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Kiu gi s ny chng ta s hc bi 25 vi mu cu
4 N AdjV
Cch dng: khi biu th mt tnh trng hay mt quang cnh nh n vn c, th tr t c s dng
sau ch ng s l
V d:
Ting nh.
Nu bm nt ny th v s ra.
5 : i b
N (a im) V (ng t di chuyn) : bng qua
: i do
i qua cu.
R phi ng t.
9
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
OK
Ti tng hoa cho ch Sato.
SAI
Ch Sato tng thip ging sinh cho ti
Trong trng hp ny, chng ta dng ng t thay th.
10
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
11
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ngha: ai lm cho ci g
Cch dng: - ging vi cng ni ln s cm t ca ngi nhn
hnh vi gip .
- khc vi ch ng l ngi nhn, cn trong cu
ch ng l ngi thc hin hnh ng.
- ngi nhn thng l ngi ni nn (ch ngi nhn) thng c lc b.
V d:
12
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V
A (cch ni gi nh, gi s
Na Th qu kh thng thng + loi 2: dng cho hu ht cc tnh hung )
N
ng t V
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
ngha: nu, gi s
Cch dng: - thm ch th qu kh thng thng ca ng t, tnh t th s bin mnh
ng trc n thnh mnh biu hin iu kin.
- c th dng khi ngi ni mun by t lp trng, kin, yu cu, li mi ca
mnh trong iu kin .
V d:
Nu c tin ti s i du lch.
13
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
V nh l ti i tm ngay
ngha: d, mc d, cho d
Cch dng: - thm sau l c c mt t ch iu kin nghch.
- ngc vi mu cu , mu cu dng trong tnh hung hy vng mt
vic g ng nhin s xy ra trong iu kin cho trc nhng li khng xy ra,
hoc kt qu xy ra tri ngc vi nhng g k vng.
V d:
14
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4.
Cch dng:
- c s dng trong mu cu ~bao hm nhn mnh v gi thuyt ca ngi ni.
- c s dng trong mu cu ~, nhn mnh v mc iu kin.
V d:
15
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1.
V
A Th thng
A Th thng
N
ngha: (nhn mnh mun ni, mun hi; dng trong vn ni nhiu)
Cch cu to:
ng t dng ngn V V V
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
Cch s dng:
(1). Trong cc cu hi:
a) Dng trong trng hp xc nhn li thng tin xem c ng nh ci m mnh ang nhn thy hoc
ang suy on khng.
V d:
Anh watanabe thnh thong dng ting Osaka nh. Anh sng Osaka ?
c) Khi ngi ni mun nghe gii thch nguyn nhn, l do ca s vic m anh y nghe hoc nhn thy.
V d:
16
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
* Ch : i khi biu th s ngc nhin, mi nghi ng hay s t m su sc. Tuy nhin,
nu khng dng ng th c th lm tn thng ngi nghe. V th nn cn thn khi dng.
Ti v xe but khng n.
b) Khi ngi ni trnh by thm nguyn nhn, l do. (pha sau khng cn na)
V d:
2.
thng dng gii thiu mt ch , gii hn li cu chuyn mun ni. Theo sau n
thng l mt yu cu, mt li mi hay xin li khuyn. [] trong trng hp ny c dng ni
cc v cu 1 cch t nhin va biu th s ngp ngng do d t pha ngi ni ch khng mang ngha l
nhng. bi ny c dng trong 2 mu cu sau:
2.1. (cch yu cu, ngh ai lm g gip
V
mnh 1 cch lch s )
ngha: mong (ai ) lm g gip c khng?
Cch dng: dng yu cu, nh ai lm g gip mnh nhng c ngha yu cu, nh v lch
s hn V rt nhiu.
* Ch : ch khng phi l
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
(1)
FPT
(2)
Nga
18
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
I. ng t th kh nng.
1. Cch chia
*Nhm I: L cc ng t c vn [ i ] ng trc chuyn sang ng t th kh nng ch cn
chuyn [ i ] thnh [ e ].
*Nhm III:
Ch : tt c cc ng t sau khi chuyn sang th kh nng u tr thnh ng t nhm II
1. Ti ni ting Nht
Ti c th ni ting Nht
19
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
a) Dng ch kh nng ca ai c th lm c g.
V d:
Ti c th c c ch Hn.
(phn bit 2 ng t rt d nhm ln)
II. v
(nhn thy) v (nghe thy) l 2 ng t c bit ca v .
Hai ng t ny ch kh nng ca mt, tai mt cch t nhin. c dng khi hnh nh hay m thanh
p vo mt, tai mt cch t nhin, khng lin quan n kh nng ca con ngi. Tn ng ca chng
cng i vi tr t [].
V d:
20
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ti cha th ht c bi ht Nht
IV.
ngha: Ch
Cch dng: th hin s gii hn trong thc hin hnh ng. ng t i sau lun chia
dng ph nh. Loi cu ny thuc hnh thc ph nh nhng lun mang ngha
khng nh (ngi Nht dng vi khim tn).
* Ch : trc y chng ta hc [] vi ngha l ch. S khc nhau c bn y l:
[] i vi cu dng khng nh
[ ] i vi cu dng ph nh
Ngoi ra, [ ] c th thay th cho cc tr t nh []
V d:
Ti ch c th vit c ch Hiragana.
21
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
VI. N1 N2
ngha: N1 c N2 c hon thnh
Cch dng: dng th hin s hon thnh ca s vt.
Ch : Tr t cho danh t ch ni chn trong mu cu ny l []
V d:
22
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Anh y va i lm va i hc i hc.
Hoc hnh ng din ra lin tc trong 1 thi gian di nh cng vic, hc tp.
V d: Ti kt hn ri.
8 Hi cn b ti no ti cng vo lc 8 gi.
3. Th thng Th thng
ngha: va th ny, li th kia na; v th ny, v v th ny nn
Cch dng:
ng t V V V
Tnh t ui i
dng
Tnh t ui na
ngn
Danh t
a) va va hn na
C th dng mu cu ny miu t nhng ni dung khc nhau ca mt ti.
V d:
(1)
(2)
b) V v v nn
Cu trc ny cng c dng khi trnh by hn mt l do hoc nguyn nhn.
24
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
(1)
(2)
Ca hng ny n, gi li r nn rt ng khch
25
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ca s ng
Ci gh b hng
Ci ti b rch
26
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
Ci gh ny th b hng ri
Ci a th v ri
Ci a kia th bn qu, em i ra i.
2 V
ngha: (1) (lm g) ht / xong ri; (2) (lm g) mt ri (nui tic)
Cch dng: c 2 cch dng tng ng vi 2 ngha bn trn
Bi tp th ti lm ht ri.
Ti ung ht ru ri.
Ti lm mt h chiu mt ri.
Ti nh ri v ti siu th mt ri.
27
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1 V (din t trng thi, kt qu hnh ng vi
tha ng t)
din t s tn ti ca vt hay ngi no , ta hc cch ni vi
din t tnh trng, trng thi hin thi ca vt, ta c 2 cch ni:
hc bi trc
bi ny hc
Trn tng c dn bn .
Trong lp hc c t tivi.
28
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
(1) A Bn u vy?
B Bn c dn trn tng.
(2)
V Cc ng t dng trong mu cu ny l t ng t
V d:
Ca s (ang) ng.
Ca s (ang) c ng.
2 V (1 mu cu mi vi ng t dng -te)
2.1. V
Din t 1 hnh ng cn lm trc chun b cho 1 hnh ng khc xy ra
V d:
2.2. V
29
FPT University Ting Nht c s 3
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
2.3. V
Gi nguyn trng thi ban u.
V d:
(1)
(2) A
Ti tt tivi c c khng?
V sp n gi thi s ri nn c bt nh th.
Ti vn cha nh c ch Hn.
30
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY IV
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 31 Lesson 40)
FU - 2009
1
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ng t th ch
(Dng ng t din t mun, d nh)
Nhm III
Th t in Th ch
2
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ngh mt lt khng?
... , ngh i!
Ngh mt lt i!
2.2. Mu cu: V th ch
ngha: (ti/ai ) nh lm g / d nh s lm g
Cch dng: dng biu l d nh, mun lm mt chuyn g cho ngi nghe bit.
V d:
3. V
V
3
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Nm ti ti d nh s kt hn.
V
4. N
ngha: d nh lm g; c k hoch lm g
Cch dng : cng din t 1 d nh, k hoch g nhng ch dng vi nhng s kin
c nh sn m khng ph thuc vo ch ca bn thn ngi ni
V d:
5. V
ngha: cha lm ~
Cch dng : biu th mt vic g cha din ra hoc cha lm
V d:
...
4
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
6.
Anh cm tra ri ?
5
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V
1. (Cch din t li khuyn)
V
ngha: nn lm g / khng nn lm g
Cch dng: dng khuyn ai lm g / khng lm g th tt cho h
V d :
Ti b st.
...
......
...
Vy th i Kyoto c y.
V d din t tnh hung m l mt li gi n gin c a ra. Trong nhng
trng hp ny, c s dng. ch so snh v la
chn 2 vt.
6
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2
V
A (Cch din t s suy on,
phng on (1))
A
N
ngha: c l l
Cch dng: biu th suy lun ca ngi ni cn c vo mt s thng tin no . N
thng c s dng chung vi ph t nh (c l) hay (nht nh). Khi
s dng cu hi, ngi ni mun bit suy lun ca ngi nghe.
V d :
3.
V
(Cch din t s suy on,
A phng on (2))
A
N
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
8
FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ng t dng mnh lnh v cm on
(Dng ng t din t s sai khin, cm on)
1. Cch chia ng t th mnh lnh.
Nhm I: chuyn ui usang e
(ng t dng masu th b -masu v i ui i thnh e)
Th t in Th ch
Nhm III
Th t in Th mnh lnh
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2. Cch chia ng t th cm on
ng t th t in +
Hy ng sm.
Khng c n mun.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
c) Trong nhng trng hp khn cp, khi khng c thi gian ni nhng li
lch s Trong trng hp ny, ngi ni cng l ngi c a v, tui tc cao.
V d:
Chy i.
Tt cng tc in i.
C ln.
Chy i.
Khng c thua.
e) Trong nhng khu hiu, bin bo mang tnh sc tch, c tnh tuyn truyn cao.
V d:
Dng li.
Cm vo.
Hy hc i.
Hy ng sm i.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4.
Hy gip ti mt cht.
Cho ti mn ci ko mt cht.
5. c l.
Vit l.
V d:
Ch Hn kia c l g?
6.
Cch din t ngha ca 1 t,
cm t, bin bo
ngha: X c ngha l Y
Cch dng: Mu cu ny c dng nh ngha t c biu din bi X
( bt ngun t )
Cm n
Arigatou c ngha l Cm n.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
7. Cu vn
(Th thng)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1
th -
2
V
S t
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2 tun sau, ti s v nc
Ch :
1. Vi mu cu ny, v ng t lun chia th , khng b nh
hng ca thi im din ra
2. Tng hp cc cch kt hp ca
Vdict V V
N N N
S t S t S t
Din t lm
hnh ng A
(sau khi g ca, ti bc vo phng)
xong, tip ngay
sau l hnh Khi mun nhn mnh vo tun t hnh
ng B ng th c th dng c
(khi vo phng th nht nh g ca
xong hy vo)
Din t tun t
cc hnh ng:
A c lm trc (sau khi ci, ti ly c bng li xe)
v B c lm
sau
Din t thi gian
(sau khi sang Nht c 3 nm ri)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3.
ngha: lm V2 (trong trng thi) V1
Cch dng: ng t dng hoc c th c dng din t trng thi,
tnh hung lm nn 1 hnh ng khc xy ra
4. (CHN 1 TRONG 2)
ngha: lm V2 m khng lm V1 (chn 1 trong 2 hnh ng)
Cch dng: Mu cu ny c dng khi ngi ni ch mt hnh ng khng din ra
nh d on m c thay th bi mt hnh ng khc.
V d:
Ch nht ti s ngh thong th nh m khng i u c.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ng t th iu kin
(Dng ng t iu kin loi 3)
1. Cch chia:
a) Th khng nh:
* ng t:
Nhm I: Chuyn uiusange+ -ba
(ng t dng masu th b -masu v i ui i thnh e + ba)
Th t in Th iu kin
Nhm III:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
* Tnh t ui i: B thm .
* *
* Tnh t ui na v danh t:
+ Tnh t ui na b thm
+ Danh t thm
b) Th ph nh:
* ng t: Chuyn t ng t th -nai v chia nh 1 tnh t ui i
* Tnh t ui i: Chuyn sang th ph nh () v chia nh 1 tnh t ui i
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Nu ch nht ri, ti s i Hiroshima.
5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
B:
B:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1.
V
V
* ngha:
* Cch dng: khi biu hin mt hnh ng no c mc ch ta dng . Mnh
1 ch mc ch, mnh 2 ch hnh ng c ch t c mc ch mnh 1 a ra.
V d:
c c bo, ti hc ch Hn.
mi ngi nghe r, ti ni to.
khng b cm cm, ti mc o len.
2.
V
Ti c th ni c ting Nht.
2)
Lc u ti khng th n c Nht nhiu lm nhng by gi c th n c
mi th.
Ch :
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Bn vit c ch Hn cha?
Cha, ti vn cha vit c.
3.
V
V
* ngha: hy lm th no
* Cch dng: yu cu, nh v ai lm g, lm i lm li nhiu ln, c tnh cht lin
tc lu di
V d:
1)
V d:
(O) Chic cp kia to.
(X)
5. :
* ngha: kh, kh l
* Cch dng: ch mt s vic no vt qu s k vng thng thng, biu hin
mt s phn on khch quan.
V d:
Ma h nm nay kh nng nh.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ng t th Ukemi ()
I. Cch chia:
Nhm I: Chuyn [ i ] thnh [ are ].
Nhm III:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
a) Ngha tch cc: c
V d:
V d:
2. Mu 2:
N1(ngi) N2(ngi) N3(vt)+ Ukemi
* ngha: b
* Cch dng: khi danh t 2 lm mt hnh ng no i vi danh t 3 l vt s
hu ca danh t 1 v danh t 1 cm thy hnh ng l quy ry hay lm phin
mnh.
V d:
ng biu th bng tr t .
3. Mu 3: N + Ukemi
* ngha: c
* Cch dng: khi mt hnh ng no c thc hin v ngi lm hnh ng
khng c c bit ch n, khi s vt s tr thnh ch t.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
30
Ta nh kia c xy dng 30 nm trc y.
bng .
Thn xe c hn y.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
DANH T HA NG T BNG TR T
1. V A (Cu tnh t vi tr t )
hc ( bi 8)
Bng th th v.
Bi ny hc cch ni c th l xem bng th th v hay chi bng th th v
Chi bng th th v.
Xem bng th th v.
Cc tnh t thng c s dng trong mu cu ny gm:
2. V A (Cu tnh t vi tr t )
V d:
(1 ) Ti thch hoa. ( hc)
(1) Ti thch vic trng hoa.
(2) Ngi nh my nhanh
(2) Ngi lm vic nh my th nhanh.
3 V (Cu ng t)
V d:
(1 ) Ti qun s in thoi
(1) Ti qun mt vic gi in thoi.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(2 ) Ti qun mt tn ca ngi kia.
(2) Ti qun vit tn vo bn bo co.
ngha: Cu (1) mang hm l ng l ra phi gi in nhng li qun mt vic . Cu
(2) mang hm ng l ra phi vit tn vo bn bo co vy m qun mt khng vit c th
m np.
4. V Th thng thng
A
A Th thng thng
N
V d:
FPT
(N)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d (1) s dng v ngi nghe cha bit thng tin, v khng nhn c
thng tin g t cu hi. Cn v d (2) s dng v trong trng hp ny
ngi nghe nhn c thng tin t cu hi.
5. V Th thng thng
A
N
A Th thng thng
N
Con gi ti c sinh ra ti mt thnh ph nh Hokkaido.
Ni con gi ti c sinh ra l mt thnh ph nh Hokkaido.
12 1
Thng 12 l thng bn nht trong mt nm.
1 12
Thi gian bn nht trong mt nm l thng 12.
Mu cu ny dung khi ta mun thay th danh t ch ngi, vt, ni chn bng tr t,
sau a n lm ch ca cu. Nh ta thy trong v d (1), (2), ni m con gi ti c
sinh ra v thng bn rn nht trong mt nm c a ln lm ch , sau ngi ni a
ra thng tin lien quan v sau.
6. v
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
7. v
Th ca mt s ng t c th c s dng lm danh t.
(1)
Lc i th ng ng nhng lc v th vng.
(2)
Trn ng t cng ty v nh ti i mua .
Khi th ca ng t c s dng lm danh t th n khng biu th hnh ng ca
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1 V
V (Cu ch nguyn nhn, l do)
A A
A
1.3 Trong mu cu ny, mnh trc v mnh sau ca cu c s lin h trc sau v
mt thi gian. Ngha l s vic ca mnh trc c trc, s vic ca mnh sau c sau:
V ngy mai c cuc hp nn hm nay phi chun b.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2. N
V b m nn ngy mai ti mun ngh lm.
3. ~
3.2 ngha:
- Ging nh ~ m chng ta hc bi s 9, ch nguyn nhn, l do.
nhn mnh nguyn nhn, l do mt cch ch quan, trong khi l cch biu hin trnh
by mt cch khch quan v lin h gia nguyn nhn v kt qu theo din bin t nhin.
- S dng lm cho s ch quan ca ngi ni nh nhng i khin ngi nghe
khng c cm tng b p buc, n cng thng c s dng trnh by mt cch nh nhng
v l do khi xin php.
V trong ngi cm thy kh chu nn ti c th v trc c khng ?
V xe but mi khng n nn ti b i hc mun.
- V l s biu hin nh nhng, mang tnh khch quan nn khng s dng th mnh lnh,
th cm on mnh sau.
V ci hnh l ny vng qu, dn i thi.
3.3. Cch dng: i tip ngay sau danh t, ng t, tnh chia th thng
V Th thng thng
A
A Th thng thng
N
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3.4 i theo th thng thng nh trnh by trn, khi mun biu hin mt cch
lch s, l php hn th t n ng sau th lch s:
V d:
V phi vit bo co, nn hm nay ti s v sm
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1 Tr t nghi vn
V Th thng thng
A
A Th thng thng
N
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(2)
Khng bit nh v sinh u.
(2)
Hm nay tri p qu. Bn c i u khng?
3 V (Th lm vic g )
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 4
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4. A A
Ta c th bin mt tnh t ui sang danh t tru tng miu t tnh cht, trng thi
bng cch i ui thnh .
V d:
(cao) ( cao) c bit (tt) (ci tt)
(mi) (s mi, ci mi)
Bn c bit lm th no o c cao ca ni khng?
34
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY V
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 41 Lesson 50)
FU - 2009
FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1
bi 7 v bi 24, chng ta hc v cc biu hin cho v nhn vt hay mt hnh ng
qua vic s dng 3 ng t. Bi ny chng ta s hc
thm v cc biu hin cho nhn phn nh mi quan h Trn - Di (a v, tui tc) ,
quan h Trong Ngoi, quan h thn thuc gia ngi cho v ngi nhn (bao hm c
sc thi tm l, tnh cm...).
* Quan h Trong () Ngoi
Trong () Ngoi
Nhng ngi trong gia nh mnh Nhng ngi ngoi gia nh mnh
Nhng ngi trong cng ty, trng hc - Nhng ngi ngoi cng ty, trng hc
hay trong nhm ca mnh hay ngoi nhm ca mnh.
- Ngi khng quen bit
Nhng ngi trong nc mnh Nhng ngi nc ngoi
V d:
Ti nhn c ci ng h t gim c.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ti nhn c tin t b.
SAI
Trong trng hp ny, mc d (b) l ngi trn, ngi ln tui hn mnh nhng v l ngi nh
nn khng dng ng t m dng
NG
Ti nhn c tin t b.
V d:
Gim c cho ti ci ng h.
C gio cho ti ci bt bi.
M tng ti hoa.
SAI
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Trong trng hp ny, (m) mc d l ngi trn, ln tui hn mnh nhng v l ngi trong gia
nh ( nn khng dng ng t m dng ng t .
NG
M tng ti hoa.
V d:
Ti cho em trai ci v.
Ti cho mo n c
Ti ti nc cho hoa.
* Ch :
Cng l hnh ng cho, tng nhng trong trng hp ngi ni mun th hin s thi tn knh
vi ngi nhn l ngi c a v, tui tc cao hn th dng
Ti biu ng gim c chic c vt.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ging , c v u kt
hp vi ng t dng TE th hin hnh ng cho, tng, biu, nhn no nhng vi sc thi
tnh cm theo ngha vn c ca t m ta tm hiu trn.
Cch dng: - cng biu th lng bit n ca ngi c nhn hnh vi gip nhng hm lch
s, khim nhng hn so vi
- ch ng ca cu lun l (ti)
V d:
V d:
V d:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d 1:
KHNG DNG
Th khng nh Th ph nh
V (Bi 33 V (Bi 33
V (Bi 20) V (Bi 20)
V (Bi 14) V (Bi 14)
V (Bi 26) V (Bi 26)
V (Bi 41) V (Bi 41)
V V
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Ti mua t in hc ch Hn.
Ch :
1/ Phn bit(bi 36) vi
* S ging nhau:
- Mnh trc l mc ch ca mnh sau, mnh sau l hnh vi t c mc ch y.
- ng t c s dng mnh trc l ng t c tnh ch. Cn mnh sau, c ng
t c tnh ch v ng t khng c tnh ch u s dng c.
- Cvu i vi ng t th t in. (Ngi ta khng hay dng
dng V )
* S khc nhau:
mnh trc mnh th hin mc ch ca mu cu c th s dng c
ng t khng c tnh ch.
2/ ng t c tnh ch v ng t khng c tnh ch:
- ng t c tnh ch l ng t th hin nhng ng tc, hnh ng m ch ca con ngi
c th iu khin c.. VD: (n), (ung), (i), (to ra), (ng)....
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1.2. N V
Khi kt hp vi danh t, mnh N mang 2 ngha:
Nu l nhng danh t ch s vic, th mnh ny cng th hin mc ch (ging vi
mu cu vi ng tV )
Cy ti (v) bo.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2 V ...
(1 cch s dng na ca tr t :
th hin mc ch)
N ...
ngha: (s dng) vo vic g / (c li) cho vic g / (cn thit) cho ci g
c ngha na n nh cc mu cu (bi 23) hay(bi 45)
Cch dng: tr tc thm ngha th hin mc ch. Nu kt hp vi danh t th
dng , nu kt hp vi ng t th dng phng php danh t ha ng t (
)
Lu : ring vi cc ng t nhm III c dngth khi kt hp, khng kt hp theo
kiu m ghp thng thnh.
VD:
V ngha th hin mc ch, mu cu ny kh ging vi nhng khng mnh
m bng v mnh sau ca mu cu ny thng ch gii hn 1 s ng t, tnh t mang
tnh trng thi nh:
~ (cch s dng)
~ (nh gi)
~ (tnh ton)...
V d:
a) N V : Cch s dng
Ci ko ny dng ct giy.
b) N V /// : nh gi
Cun t in ny rt tin cho vic tra ch Hn.
Quyn sch ny c ch cho vic tm hiu NB.
c) N V : tnh ton
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
THAM KHO:
1/ Chng ta tng gp tr t th hin mc ch trong nhng bi trc nh:
Bi 13
i mua sch.
Bi 32
Tt/khng tt cho sc khe
Bi 36
Bi 13 ()
Bi 36 Bi 42 Bi 42
Mu cu
V
V V V V
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(Din t s suy on v tnh trng ngay
1. trc khi c s thay i)
ngha: sp
Cch dng: dng din t tnh trng, tri thi ang hin hu b ngoi, ni ln 1 n
tng c c t 1 hin tng m mnh nhn thy tn mt hay gii thch v tnh trng s
vt, s vic ngay trc khi n thay i.
Cch chia:
V d :
Hoa sakura sp n.
Tri sp lnh.
Hnh l sp ri.
ngha: c v
Cch dng: dng din t nhng phn on, suy xt mt cch trc tip khi nhn thy
s vt, s vic no . C th hiu nm na mu cu ny l nhn v ngh l, cho l n nh
th.
Cch chia:
Trng hp c bit:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d :
Mn n ny c v ngon.
C y c v bn.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3 (Cch din t i u , lm g ri
V quay li)
V qun ng h lp hc nn ti s i ly.
So snh M rng:
S khc nhau gia
Ch bao hm 2 hnh ng
Bao hm 3 hnh ng
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Cch to t mi c ngha rng hn so vi ngha ca t gc
1.
ngha: (ci g ) qu
Cch dng: dng din t vt qu 1 mc no ca ng tc, tc dng, trng
thi, tnh trng. Do , mu cu ny thng c dng trong nhng trng hp c xu,
nm ngoi mong i ca ngi ni.
Cch ghp:
V d :
Ti n qu nhiu Sushi.
Ci o s mi ny qu to.
Ch : l ng t nhm II
V ti n nhiu qu nn b au bng.
Bi thi kh qu nn ch hiu g c.
15
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2008
Japanese Language Training Division For Evaluation Only. Gii thch vn phm
2.
V d :
Thuc ny d ung.
My tnh ny d s dng.
o s mi trng d b bn.
Tokyo kh sng.
Cc ny kh b v.
Ci cc ny kh v nn an ton y.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
3.
ngha: lm cho ~ tr thnh
Cch dng: trong bi 19, chng ta hc cch to ph t vi ng tvi
ngha mt ci g chuyn sang trng thi khc (tr nn, tr thnh 1 cch t nhin), cn
trong bi ny, chng ta hc cch to ph t vi ng tvi ngha lm thay
i mt ci g sang mt trng thi khc (lm cho ~ tr thanh hon ton do ch).
V d :
4.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1.
(Cch din t gi nh)
Ch :
Khi mun nhn mnh, c th thm cm t hoc(vn nht) vo pha u ca
v c
Gio trnh ny khng cp n cch kt hp vi cc dng: qu kh ph nh ca ng t, qu
kh hay ph nh ca tnh t, danh t.
2. (Cch din t nghch l)
Th thng
ngha: th m, vy m
Cch dng: dng khi mun din t vic khng t c kt qu nh mong i trong 1
tnh hung no . im khc bit cn lu mu cu ny (so vi cch ni cng ngha
nh hay)l n bao hm nhng tnh cm, cm gic mnh m ca ngi
ni nh s bt mn, khng ng
V d :
Ti n king th m vn b bo.
Hn ri vy m c y khng n.
Ti n nt ri th m vn khng th copy.
Nh va c li hp th m tin nh li t .
Ch :
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Phng ca ti hp nhng m p.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
1 (cch mu cu vi cm t )
V
ngha ch thi im ca s thay i ty theo thi ca ng t i trc n.
(v l 1 danh t nn ng t kt hp vi n tt c u l dng ngn)
C th gm 3 trng hp sau:
(2) A: Cuc hp bt u ri ?
B: Cha, sp sa bt u.
(3)
ng lc ti chun b ung tr. Bn ung cng ti nh!
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
A: Cu c chi bng bn khng?
B:
V by gi ti ang hc bi, nn ti s i sau.
1.3.
V (hnh ng va din ra, va kt thc)
Yoshiko va tr v nh.
A: Bn n H Ni sng nay ?
B: Vng, ti va n.
Ch :
Tt c cc mu cu u mang t li trng thi ti 1 thi im 1 cch n thun.
V d: FPT
Anh Tanaka by gi ang lm vic ta nh FPT
(Anh ta hin ang ta nh FPT v ang lm vic )
FPT
Anh Tanaka ang lm vic ta nh FPT
(Anh ta thng lm vic ta nh FPT nhng by gi anh ta c ta nh FPT hay khng th
khng bit )
Khng s dng khi ch ng khng phi l sinh vt nh ma, gi, tuyt.
V d:
Khng s dng vi cc ng t ch trng thi kt qu nh
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Tng kt:
2.
V (cch th hin ni: hnh ng va xy ra)
ngha: mi / va mi (lm )
Cch dng: Dng din t hnh ng va mi hon thnh, va mi kt thc nhng
cha lu lm. Thi im xy ra cha lu hon ton l do phn on ch quan ca
ngi ni (c th l mi y hoc cng c th l lu ri)
V d:
C Yamada v anh Yamamoto va k t hn 3 thng trc.
Anh Tanaka va n Vit Nam 3 tun trc.
Ci my nh ny hm qua ti va m ua.
M rng:
Th hin quan h nhn qu vi
Bi v va n nn ti vn cn no.
V va m i sn xong nn ng ng vo
Th hin quan h nghch l, khng ng vi
Ci ng h ny va m i m ua vy m hng mt ri.
Va m i dy ngy hm qua vy m qun ri sau?
3
FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Tham kho: P hn bit cch dng
V V
V V
Ch nhn mnh vo thi im ngay sau khi hnh Din t hnh ng va xy ra nhng c bao gm
ng kt thc, khng bao gm cm gic, tnh cm gic, tnh cm, tm l ca ngi ni (rng
cm tm l ca ngi ni. vic ch mi xy ra cch y khng lu)
Khng dng vi cc ph t ch thi gian trong Dng c vi cc ph t ch thi gian trong qu
qu kh no khc ngoi kh nh
Dng tr li hay gii thch hay nu l do cho 1 C th dng bt u cu chuyn.
cu hi hay 1 s bt u cu chuyn ca 1 ai .
Khng dng bt u cu chuyn.
(my bay n lc 8h30, by gi l 8h40)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ng t V V V
Tnh t ui i dng
Tnh t ui na ngn
Danh t
V d:
Theo nh d bo thi tit th nghe ni ngy mai thi tit s tr nn p.
(Ti) nghe ni l anh Tanaka s n Vit Nam vo thng 12 nm nay.
(Ti) nghe ni l Tokyo rt p.
Theo nh cu chuyn ca c gio th nghe ni c y khng thch ht trc mi ngi.
Theo nh cuc in thoi ca Rao th Ari nghe ni lm mt h chiu ri.
Ch :
(1) Mu cu ny khc c v ngha v cch kt hp so vi mu cu hc bi 43
Xem v d sau:
C v nh tri sp ma.
Ti nghe ni l tri s ma.
cu ni v d on, phn on da vo s quan st ca ca bn thn, cn cu th
n thun ch l truyn t, k li s vic, thng tin mnh nghe c u v khng c
nhn nh ca bn thn.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(2) Mu cu ny khng kt hp vi cc cch ni sau: th ch, cm on,
mnh lnh, suy on, nh v.
Ngoi ra, cc mu cu khc u c th kt hp c vi mu cu ny.
(3) Khi mun th hin ph nh hay qu kh vi mu cu ny, phn khng thay
i, ch thay i thi ca cc ng t, danh t, tnh t i trc n m thi.
(4) S khc nhau giav
ch dng khi truyn t nhng thng tin m mnh trc tip nghe c
t ngi ni , cn c th dng vi trng hp nghe t nhng ngun khc
(khng nht thit phi ng l ngi ni)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
ngha: Hnh nh l
Cch dng: Dng din t nhng suy lun, phn on 1 cch trc quan, hon ton da
trn nhng cm gic, cm nhn (5 gic quan) ca bn thn. V th, nhng suy on c th
khng chnh xc.
Cch kt hp:
ng t V V V
Tnh t ui i dng
Tnh t ui na ngn
Danh t
V d:
Hm nay hnh nh anh y rt bn rn.
Hm qua hnh nh xy ra ti nn trn ng ny.
Hnh nh trm vo phng.
Hnh nh anh Tanaka m nng.
Hm nay hnh nh thy gio rnh.
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Ha
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Th sai khin
(Dng ng t din t mnh lnh, yu cu)
Nhm I I : b thm
Th t in Th sai khin
Nhm I I I
Th t in Th sai khin
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
Osaka.
(Trng phng l ch th ca cu nhng ngi thc hin hnh ng i cng tc Osaka l anh
Kato)
ngha: cho (ai ) lm ; bt (ai ) lm
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
Cch dng: bin i tha ng t sang th to ra 1 ng t mi
mang ngha sai khin, mnh lnh yu cu ai lm g. Trong kiu cu ny, ngi thc hin
hnh ng, ng tc s i vi tr t , cn tn ng (i tng tc ng ca ng t)
vn c xc nh bi tr t .
V d:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d:
M rng:
Ngoi cch ni trn, cn c th dng cc cch ni di y xin php lm g
Phn bit ch th hnh ng ca 2 mu cu yu cu, nh v:
Trng hp yu cu, mong mun Trng hp yu cu, mong mun
ai lm g mnh c lm g
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
KHI QUT V
KNH NG TRONG TING NHT
1. Knh ng:
Knh ng gm 1 h thng cc t ng (danh t, ng t, tnh t, tr t), mu cu dng th
hin s tn trng, knh trng ca ngi ni vi ngi nghe hoc ngi ngi th ba (ngi c
nhc ti trong hi thoi gia ngi ni v ngi nghe). V c bn, trong ting Nht c nhiu
trng hp dng knh ng khc nhau v ngi ni thng by t s knh trng ca mnh vi
ngi nghe (hoc ngi c nhc ti) ty theo mi quan h gia ngi ni vi nhng ngi ny.
C ba mi quan h chnh khi s dng knh ng:
- Ngi ni l ngi t tui hn, cp di hoc l ngi c a v x hi thp hn. Khi s
s dng knh ng vi vi nhng ngi nhiu tui hn, vi cp trn hoc vi ngi c a v
x hi cao hn mnh.
- Ngi ni khng c quan h thn thit vi ngi nghe (v d trong ln u tin gp g).
- Cn c vo mi quan h trong v ngoi: theo mi quan h ny, ngi trong c
quan nim l gm nhng ngi cng mt gia nh, cng cng ty Cn ngi ngoi l
nhng ngi khng cng nhm nu trn. Khi ngi ni nhc n mt ngi trong nhm
ca mnh vi mt ngi ngoi nhm th ngi c ni ti cng c coi nh ngang
hng vi chnh ngi ni d ngi ny c a v x hi cao hn hay nhiu tui hn. V th,
trong trng hp ny ngi ni khng cn dng knh ng.
2. Cc loi knh ng: C 3 loi chnh:
- Tn knh ng: th hin s tn trng, tn knh, cao hnh vi,
hnh ng ca ngi ni (A) i vi ngi nghe (B) hoc ngi c cp n (C).
Tuyt i khng s dng cho bn thn (A) hoc ngi trong ca (A) trong trng hp
(B) l ngi ngoi.
- Khim nhng ng: th hin s nhn nhng, khim tn, h
thp bn thn ca (A) nhm th hin s knh trng i vi (B) hoc (C). Tuyt i khng
s dng cho (B) hoc (C) (tr trng hp i vi ngi trong nh ngi trong gia
nh)
- Th lch s: th hin s lch s, l php nn phm vi s dng
kh rng, c th s dng vi hu ht cc i tng
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(TN KNH NG)
C nhiu cch to TN KNH NG:
T thun Nht ()
Hn ng ()
nh: .
V d:
Danh t:
Tnh t:
Ph t:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2. S dng ng t TH B NG:
Gim c i ra ngoi lc ny ri .
Anh b ru ri ?
A: Khi no bn v nc?
B: Ngy kia ti v.
( )
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
V d :
Gim c v ri .
Ngi/Bn c c bo khng ?
B: Ti s gp lc 6 gi 15
( )
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4Tn knh ng c bit:
V V V
*
*
NaN NaN
*
V V
V *V
V
V
* Trong gio trnh ny khng cp n nhng c s dng nhiu
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
5Tn knh ng ca Danh t & Tnh t:
5.1. Tn knh ng ca Danh t:
cp n v danh t, ngoi nhng knh ng c bit lit k trn, c th dung tip u ng
v to thnh knh ng. Tuy nhin, cng c danh t khng th ghp hay
.V d:
Gii thch:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
dng cc t knh ng i vi ngi trn nhng trong nu xem xt thm v mi quan h
trong/ngoi th s kh hn. V d trng hp ngi A ni chuyn vi ngi B v ngi C l
ngi trn thuc quan h trong ca ngi A s nh sau:
A
5.2. Tn knh ng ca Tnh t:
Cng ging nh Danh t, c th thm tin t v to thnh knh ng. Tuy nhin,
cng c trng hp khng dng c. Vd:
A-A- (Ph t)
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(1)
V d:
V d:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
(KHIM NHNG NG)
Khim nhng ng l cch ni khim tn, nhn nhng dng cho nhng hnh ng, hnh vi ca
ngi ni A hay nhng ngi thuc quan h trong ca A i vi ngi nghe B hay ngi c ni ti
C. Chnh v vy, cch ni ny tuyt i khng c s dng i vi nhng hnh vi ca ngi thuc
quan h ngoi, vi ngi B hay C.
khim nhng ng ca ng t
Nhm I:
Nhm II:
Nhm III:
Ch :
Mu cu ny c s dng khi ngi ni thc hin hnh ng g cho ngi nghe
hay ngi c nhc ti nn s khng dng vi trng hp m hnh ng ca ngi
ni khng lin quan n ngi nghe, ngi c nhc ti. (quy tc ny ging vi
trng hp cc mu cu v quan h cho nhn hc bi 24 v 41)
(1)
(2) A
B:
Hng ngy ti c bo.
Khng dng trong trng hp ngi c nhc ti trong cu chuyn l ngi thuc
nhm mnh k c ngi b trn
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
2. N Khim nhng ng ca
danh ng t
V d:
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FPT University Ting Nht c s 5
Japanese Language Training Division Gii thch vn phm
4. Th lch s
Cch dng: s dng khi ngi ni mun by t s knh trng vi ngi nghe.
Cc th lch s hay dng:
Cho ti c ph.
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