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BS5400:Pt2LoadingIdealisationforGrillageAnalysisofBridgeDecks

Index

1.HAUDL+KEL

2.HBVehicles

3.PedestrianLoad

4.AccidentalWheelLoad

5.ParapetCollisionLoad

UsingaprestressedY4beamwithreinforcedconcretedeckslabasthedeckexampleasshowninFig.1the
deckhavinga10skew,aspanof20mandcarryinga7.3mcarriagewaywithtwo2mfootpaths.

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BS5400Pt.2:2006Cl.3.2.9.3.1
7.3mcarriagewayhas2notionallaneshencelanewidth=3.65m.
Cl.6.3Thedeckshallcarry45unitsofHB
Cl.6.7Assumebridgerequireshighcontainmentparapetshencecollisionloadingneedstobeconsidered.

1.HAUDL+KEL

HAUDLcanbeappliedtoeachlongitudinalmemberasauniformlydistributedload,theintensityoftheloadis
proportionaltothewidthofthelanedirectlyabovethelongitudinalmember,forexample:

HAUDLfora20mspan=45.1kN/mofnotionallane.
Notionallanewidth=3.65m
HAUDL/mwidth=45.1/3.65=12.36kN/m
HAUDLonmember2=0.15x12.36=1.85kN/m
HAUDLonmembers3,4&5=1.0x12.36=12.36kN/m
HAUDLonmember6=0.5x12.36=6.18kN/m

UDLappliedtoeachlongitudinalgrillage
membertorepresentHAUDLinlane1.

Alternatively,iftheprogramhasthefacilityof
applyingpatchloadsthenapatchwidthequalto
thelanewidthandlengthequaltotheloaded
lengthmaybeapplied.Thepatchloadisusuallypositionedbythecentroidofthepatchareainrelationtothe
gridcoordinates.

HAKELcanalsobeappliedasauniformlydistributedloadtothetransversemembers.Asloadsareinitially

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proportionedtotheadjacentmembersandjointsthentheworsteffectswillalwaysbeachievedbypositioning
theKELdirectlyaboveatransversemember.IfthedeckisskewedthenthepostionoftheKELtogivetheworst
effectwillbedifferenttoasquaredeckandtwoorthreepositionsmayneedtobecheckedtofindthecritical
case.

ItisthereforeusefultoseparatetheHAUDLand
HAKELintodifferentloadcasestoavoid
repeatingthecalculationfortheeffectsofthe
UDL.TheUDLandthevariouspositionsofthe
KELcanbeaddedtogetherindifferent
combinationcases.

SimilarloadcasesareproducedfortheHAUDL
andKELinthesecondlane.FullHAliveload
willhavetheHAUDLandKELinbothlanes
whilstHBliveloadhastheHBvehicleinonelaneandtheHAUDLandKELinthesecondlane.Allthese
variationsinloadcasescanbedevelopedinthecombinationcases.

2.HBVEHICLES
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TheHBvehicleconsistsoffouraxleswithfourwheelsoneachaxleandisappliedtothegrillageasaseriesof
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pointloads.Clause6.3.2and6.3.3allowthewheelloadstobeappliedaspatchloadshoweverthereislittleto
begainedinaglobalanalysisbyapplyingthisrefinementandpointloadswillbeasuitablerepresentationfor
thewheelloads.

TherearefivevariationsoftheinneraxlespacingfortheHBvehiclethatcan
beappliedtothedeck.Alinebeamanalysisincorporatingmovingpointloads
willindicatethepositionsofthecriticalHBvehicletoachievethedesign
momentsandshears.AnExcelspreadsheetusingmomentdistributionto
carryoutalinebeamanalysisofstandardmovingvehiclescanbedownloaded
byclickinghere.

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Theresult ofthe
linebeamanalysisshowsthatthemaximumsaggingmomentoccursat8.5mfromtheendofthedeckwiththe
leadingaxleat16.3mfromtheend.

Theresultofalinebeamanalysisshowsthatthemaximumsaggingmomentoccursat8.5mfromtheendofthe
deckwiththeleadingaxleat16.3mfromtheend.

Allcriticalloadcasesareproducedfromthevehiclewiththe6minneraxlespacing.
Astheloadingissymmetricalandbothendsofthesinglespandeckaresimplysupported
thenthepositionofmaximummomentcanbemeasuredfromeitherendofthedeck.

ThetransversepositionoftheHBvehiclewilldependonwhichmemberisbeing
considered,howeveritisusualtodesignallinternalbeamsforthecriticalloadingconditionforvehiclesonthe
carriageway.Theedgebeamswillrequirespecialconsiderationtosupporttheadditionalloadingfromthe
cantilever.

Thediagramshowsoneoftheinnerwheelsonthecriticalaxlepositionedoverthenearesttransversememberat
8.5mfromthesupport.

Thiswouldproducethecriticalloadingconditionforthebendingmomentontheinternalbeamforan
orthoganaldeck,howeverotherpositionsneedtobeconsideredtotakeaccountoftheskeweffects.
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Asacheckonthedata,thetotalofthereactions
shouldequalthetotalloadofthevehicle=4x
450=1800kN.Alsothelinebeamanalysisgives
atotalmomentof5692.5kNmsoasthereare
fourlongitudinalmemberssupportingthevehicle,
thenthemomentfromthegrillageshouldbein
theorderof(butlessthan)5692.5/41400kNm
inthelongitudinalmember.

3.PedestrianLoad

Clause6.5.1statesthatthepedestrianliveloadshallbetakenas5.0kN/m2,butreducedto0.8x5.0=4.0kN/m2
formemberssupportingbothfootwayandcarriagewayloading.Consequentlytheedgebeamshouldbedesigned
for5.0kN/m2andthenexttoedgebeamdesignedfor4.0kN/m2.TheUDL'scanbeappliedtothesetwo
membersinasimilarmannertotheHAUDLdescribedinSection1.above,however,asthereisnobarrier
betweenthecarriagewayandfootway,Clause6.6requiresthatthefootwaymembersaredesignedfor
AccidentalWheelLoadwhichisgenerallymoreonerousthanthepedestrianliveload.

4.AccidentalWheelLoad
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AccidentalWheelLoadingconsistsofa200kNaxleanda150kNaxlewithtwowheelsoneachaxleandis
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appliedtothegrillageasfourpointloads.Clause6.6.2and6.6.3allowthewheelloadstobeappliedaspatch
loadshoweverthereislittletobegainedinaglobalanalysisbyapplyingthisrefinementandpointloadswillbe
asuitablerepresentationforthewheelloads.

SimilarlyaswiththeHBvehiclealinebeamanalysisincorporatingmovingpointloads
willindicatethecriticalpositionsofthevehicletoachievethedesignmomentsand
shears.AnExcelspreadsheetusingmomentdistributiontocarryoutalinebeam
analysisofstandardmovingvehiclescanbedownloadedbyclickinghere.TheAbnormal
Loadfacilityisusedinthelinebeamproformatoinputtheaccidentalwheelvehicle.

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Theresult ofthe
linebeamanalysisshowsthatthemaximumsaggingmomentoccursat10.26mfromtheendofthedeckunder
theleadingaxle.

Theresultofalinebeamanalysisshowsthatthemaximumsaggingmomentoccursat10.26mfromtheendof
thedeckundertheleadingaxle.

Thevehiclewillbepositionedovertheparapetbeamasshowntoobtainthecriticalloadingconditionfor
bendinginthismember.Thismayalsobethecriticalpositionforthedesignmomentinthemainedgebeam,
howeverthe100kNwheelshouldbepositionedatjointBtoconfirmthecriticalcase.

Otherpositionsonadjacenttransversemembers
needtobeconsideredtotakeaccountoftheskew
effects.

Asacheckonthedata,thetotalofthereactions
shouldequalthetotalloadofthevehicle=200+
150=350kN.Alsothelinebeamanalysisgivesa
totalmomentof1657.5kNmsoastherearetwo
longitudinalmemberssupportingthevehicle,thenthemomentfromthegrillageshouldbeintheorderof(but
lessthan)1657.5/2800kNminthelongitudinalmember.

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5.ParapetCollisionLoad

Loadsduetocollisionwithparapetsneedonlybeconsideredinagrillageanalysisifhighlevelcontainment
parapets(H4a)arerequired.Collisionloadsonothertypesofparapetneedonlybeconsideredforlocaleffects
(howtheloadistransferredtothemainmembers).

Clause6.7.2.1describesthethreeloadsthataretobeappliedtothetopofthe
parapetovera3.0mlength.
Thepointloadsneedtobetransferreddowntothedatumlevelofthegrillage,which
isatthecentroidofthedeckslab,anddistributedovera3.0mlength.
Thehighcontainmentparapetis1.5mhighabovethebackoffootpathlevel.The
centroidofthedeckslabisabout0.3mbelowthebackoffootpathlevel,
consequentlythetwohorizontalloadswillinducemomentsonthegrillagewitha
leverarmof1.8m.

The500kNhorizontalloadwillproduceamomentof900kNmatthecentrelineofthedeck.Thismomentis
distributedalonga3.0mlengthgiving300kNm/mmomenttobeappliedtothegrillage.
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Thehorizontalloadof167kN/mwillbetakenintothedeckwhich,asitisverystiff
axiallycomparedtobending,willdistributeevenlybetweenalllongitudinal
membersandthereforehavenegligibleeffectinthegrillage.Theloadishowever
consideredindetermininglocaleffectsinaccordancewithClause6.7.1.

The175kNverticalloadcanbeidealisedasauniformlydistributedload58kN/malonga
3.0mlengthoftheparapetbeam.

The100kNhorizontalloadactsintheplaneoftheparapetandthereisanargumentthat
theloadwillberesistedbytheframingeffectoftheparapetrailswiththepostsandwill
thereforebetransferredtothedeckasaseriesofhorizontalandverticalloadsatthebase
oftheposts.

Astheloadsaretobeappliedovera3.0mlengththenthemomentof100kN
x(1.5+0.3)=180kNmcanberepresentedbyaverticalcoupleof60kNx
3.0m.
Thehorizontalloadof100kNwillbetakenintothedeckwhich,asitisvery
stiffaxiallycomparedtobending,willdistributeevenlybetweenalllongitudinalmembersandthereforehave
negligibleeffectinthegrillage.Theloadishoweverconsideredindetermininglocaleffectsinaccordancewith
Clause6.7.1.

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Thethreeloadscanbecombinedinone
loadcase.

The3.0mlengthcanbepositioned
anywherealongtheparapetbeamand
positionsaregenerallychosentocoincide
withthecriticalpositionsfortheaccidentalwheelload.

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