Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agitated Vessels PDF
Agitated Vessels PDF
AGITATED AND
STIRRED VESSELS
Engr.RonnieV.Flores
2nd Semester
AY 2009-2010
TECHNOLOGICALINSTITUTEOFTHEPHILIPPINESMANILA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 2|P a g e
IMPELLER SIZE
For standard turbine design (source: Unit Operations for ChE by McCabe, 7th edition)
1
3
1
12
1
5
1
4
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 3|P a g e
THE VESSEL
; A dished bottom requires less power than a flat one.
; When a single impeller is to be used, a liquid level equal to the diameter is optimum, with the impeller
located at the center for an all-liquid system. Economic and manufacturing considerations, however,
often dictate higher ratio of depth to diameter.
BAFFLES
; Except at very high Reynolds numbers, baffles are needed to prevent vortexing and rotation of the
liquid mass as a whole.
; A baffle width one-twelfth the tank diameter, w = 4/12; a length extending from one half the impeller
diameter, d/2, from the tangent line at the bottom to the liquid level, but sometimes terminated just
above the level of the eye of the uppermost impeller.
; When solids are present or when a heat transfer jacket is used, the baffles are offset from the wall a
distance equal to one sixth the baffle width.
; Four radial baffles at equal spacing are standard; six are only slightly more effective, and three
appreciably less so.
; When the mixer shaft is located off center (one-fourth to one-half the tank radius), the resulting flow
pattern has less swirl, and baffles may not be needed, particularly at low viscosities.
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 4|P a g e
DRAFT TUBES
; A draft tube is a cylindrical housing around and slightly larger in diameter than the impeller.
; Its height may be little more than the diameter of the impeller or it may extend the full depth of the
liquid, depending on the flow pattern that is required.
; Usually draft tubes are used with axial impellers to direct suction and discharge streams.
; An impeller-draft tube system behaves as an axial flow pump of somewhat low efficiency. Its top to
bottom circulation behavior is of particular value in deep tanks for suspension of solids and for
dispersion of gases.
IMPELLER LOCATION
Source: Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design by Stanley Walas
Maximum level, Number of Impeller clearance
Viscosity, cP
H/Dt impellers Lower Upper
<25,000 1.4 1 H/3
<25,000 2.1 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
<25,000 0.8 1 H/3
<25,000 1.6 2 Dt/3 (2/3)H
; Another rule is that a second impeller is needed when the liquid must travel more than 4 ft before
deflection.
; Side entering propellors are placed 18-24 in. above a flat tank floor with the shaft horizontal and at a
10 horizontal angle with the centerline of the tank; such mixers are used only for viscosities below
500 CP or so.
; In dispersing gases, the gas should be fed directly below the impeller or at the periphery of the
impeller. Such arrangements also are desirable for mixing liquids.
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 5|P a g e
Where:
- apparent viscosity of non-newtonian fluid
- flow consistency index of non-newtonian fluid
- average shear rate
Where:
- Power number
- rotational speed, revolution per unit time
- Power requirement, kW or ft-lbf/s
- impeller diameter
- density of the liquid
o for Re less than 10, use equation 9.20 (Unit Operations for ChE by McCabe 7th edition)
Where:
- taken from table 9.2 (Unit Operations for ChE by McCable, 7th edition)
- viscosity of the liquid
o for Re more than 10,000, use equation 9.22 (Unit Operations for ChE by McCabe 7th
edition)
Where:
- taken from table 9.2 (Unit Operations for ChE by McCable, 7th edition)
3. Select a standard motor horsepower
Assume 85% efficiency due to losses through the gear reducer, slight deviations in actual speed
and fluctuations in process conditions
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 6|P a g e
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 7|P a g e
Where:
- impeller pumping capacity
- equivalent tank diameter
- bulk velocity (table 12)
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 8|P a g e
Where:
- flow number
d. Recalculate if n computed is not the same with the assumed n
4. Select standard speed and motor horsepower
5. Specify the number and location of impellers
o Fig 9.17 (Unit Operations for ChE, 7th edition) Correlation of blending times for miscible
liquids in a turbine-agitated baffled vessel; Re plotted vs blending time factor, fT
(Equation 9.31)
Where:
- blending time factor (from fig 9.16)
- blending time
- rotational speed, revolution per unit time
- blending time factor (from fig 9.17)
. . . . .
Where:
- critical stirrer speed
- shape factor (Table 9.4, Unit Operations for ChE by McCabe, 7th edition)
- kinematic viscosity
- average particle size
- density difference
- density of liquid
- 100 x weight of solid/weight of liquid
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 9|P a g e
2. Power Consumption Fig 9.20 (Unit Operations for ChE by McCabe, 7th edition); tank diameter
plotted vs power per unit volume; use the Buurman curve with sand as reference
Where:
- maximum torque
- bending moment on the shaft
- motor power (divided by the number of impellers)
- agitator speed
- distance of impeller from the agitator drive
Where:
- shaft diameter due to shear stress
- shaft diameter due to tensile stress
- allowable shear stress
- allowable tensile stress
CHOOSE THE LARGER SHAFT DIAMETER
3. Calculate the natural frequency of the agitator shaft
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 10|
P
Where:
- critical speed
- shaft diameter
- Modulus of Elasticity
- shaft extension (length)
- spacing of bearings that support the shaft
- density of material
- equivalent weight of impellers and shaft at shaft extension
For two impeller system,
=
Where:
- Weight of the lower impeller
- Weight of the upper impeller
- distance of the upper impeller from the drive
- unit weight of the shaft
3. Proportions of a stirred tank relative to the diameter D: liquid level = D; turbine impeller diameter D/3;
impeller level above bottom = W/3; impeller blade width = D/l5; four vertical baffles width = D/10.
4. Propellers are made a maximum of 18 in., turbine impellers to 9 ft.
5. Gas bubbles sparged at the bottom of the vessel will result in mild agitation at a superficial gas
velocity of 1ft/min, severe agitation at 4 ft/min.
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 11|
P
6. Suspension of solids with a settling velocity of 0.03ft/sec is accomplished with either turbine or
propeller impellers, but when the settling velocity is above 0.15 ft/sec intense agitation with a
propeller is needed.
7. Power to drive a mixture of a gas and a liquid can be 25 50% less than the power to drive the liquid
alone.
8. In-line blenders are adequate when a second or two contact time is sufficient, with power inputs of
0.1-0.2HP/gal.
ChE482EquipmentDesign
AGITATEDANDSTIRREDVESSELS 12|
P
ChE482EquipmentDesign