W

K

WW

K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J

KW

W
J
J
J

W

--



J

Bandpass Digital Modulation

J

E Bandpass F
KE BasebandF
W

KEBit RateF K
K
KEHigh Spectral EfficiencyF
K K
K K
K K

W
Amplitude Shit Keying
Frequency Shit Keying
Phase Shit Keying
Binary Phase Shit Keying J
Differential Phase Shit Keying J
Quadrature Phase Shit Keying J
M-ary Phase Shit Keying
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
--



WE JF

vc (t ) Ac sin ( ct ) Ac sin ( 2f ct ) (1-8)

vc(t)
T Phase, = 0
Ec

E JF
W
KtVc(t)
KEAmplitudeFAc
KEAngular FrequencyF c
KEFrequencyFfc
KEPhaseF

E Ones or ZerosF m(t)
K
KEContinuousFEDiscreteF

vc (t ) Ac (t ) sin ( 2f c (t ) t (t ) ) (2-8)

--



E cosF E sinF
K
J
W

3sin ( 210kt ) J
10sin ( 22Mt + 0) J
2sin ( 2105t - 0.75 ) J
W

0.1 t,ms
0.2 0.3

--

10

0.5 1 2 t,s
1.5

--

--


t,s
-1.36
-2
--

JE JF
Amplitude Shit Keying J

E ASKF
KE PCM F
K JASK

PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

--



ASKE JF

WASKBT

1
BT 2 f p , where f p (3-8)
Tp
Tp E J F fp
K
K

time

Tp

E JF

Sinc
95% K J
fpfp
KfcASK

--



(f-fc)

f
fc-2fp fc-fp fc fc+fp fc+2fp

ASKE JF

WREData RateF

1 1 2
R 2 fp (4-8)
Tp / 2 Tp
KEb/sFEBits/secondFR

J

0111010011 PCM
KASKKASK

W

--



PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

JE JF
J

WPCM

1 0 1 0 1 0 1

t, s
5

10
Period
E JF

W
--



KR J
KASK J
KASK J

W
W J J
1 1
R 0.2 Mb / s 200 kb / s
5s
W J J
1 1
fp 100 kHz
T p 10 s
BT 2 f p 2 100 kHz 200 kHz
W J J

f, kHz
800 900 1000

JE JF

E PCMF ASK
KEMixerFEMultiplierF

--



Multiplier
Binary PCM Data
ASK RF Signal

vc (t ) Ac sin ( 2f c t )

Carrier
Oscillator

ASKE JF


WPCMASK

ENoncoherent DetectionF J
JK
EEnvelope DetectorF

KEBinary RestorationF

ASK Envelope Low Pass Binary
Detector Filter Restoration PCM Data
Signal

ASK E JF

E Coherent Detection F J
J K
E Multiplier F
KEBinary RestorationF

--


ASK RF Signal v1(t) Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data
v ASK (t ) Ac vm (t ) sin ( 2f ct )
vc (t ) Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
Oscillator

ASKE JF

Wv1(t)
1
sin 2 x 1 cos ( 2 x) (5-8)
2

Frequency Shit Keying J

?1?f1EFSKF
f1 K? 0 ? f0
PCMF f0
KE
K JFSK
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

FSK
f0 f1

time

--



FSKE JF

FSK BT
BT E Carsons Rule F
W fp FSK

BT 2 (f f m )
f1 f 0
f
2
(6-8)
f m f p 0.5 R
BT f1 f 0 R

RE fm = fpF fm f
KE R = 2fpF
WECenter FrequencyF

f1 f 0
fC (7-8)
2

J
K0111010011PCM
KFSK J
Ef1 = 4 MHz, f0 = 3 MHz,F J
KER = 400 Kb/sF




--



W
J
PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

FSK

time

E JF

W J J

BT f1 f 0 R 4 MHz 3 MHz 400 KHz 1.4 MHz

KE VCOF FSK
? 0? f1? 1?
Kf0
Baseband Voltage
Controlled RF FSK Signal
Data Oscillator


FSKE JF

--



WFSK

ENoncoherent DetectionF J
JK
E BPFF f1
f0KEOp-AmpF
E BPFF
Binary FKE Op-AmpF
KERestoration


BPF Envelope
f1 Detector
+ PCM
ASK Binary
Signal Restoration
Data
BPF Envelope -
f0 Detector


FSK E JF

E Coherent Detection F J
E FSK SignalF JK
f0 f1E MultiplierF
E Op-amp F

KEBinary RestorationF

--



vc1 (t ) Ac sin ( 2f1t )

PCM
FSK + Data
RF Low Pass Binary
Signal Filter Restoration

vc 0 (t ) Ac sin ( 2f 0t )


FSKE JF

Phase Shit Keying J

KE?0??1?FEPhaseF
W

BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK) J

Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK) J

BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK) J J

KE 180 0F
180
K JKE0F
--



PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

BPSKE JF

R BPSK BT
KASK

PCME JF BPSK
E +AF? 1?E BipolarFE UnipolarF
KE-AF?0?
PCM BPSK
JKECoherent DetectionF

--



Binary PCM V1(t)
BPSK RF
Signal
Bipolar Vm(t)

Vm(t) = +A or -A vc (t ) Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
Oscillator

BPSKE JF

ESquiring CircuitFvr(t)BPSK
E BPFFE 2fcF
E Frequency Divider F
Kfc2
vr(t)
KELPFF

BPSK Squiring BPF Frequency
Circuit 2fc Divider by 2
Vr(t)

Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data

BPSKE JF
J

K1101100001PCM
--



KBPSK J
3 MHz J
KR =200Kb/s
K J

JW
PCM Data

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

E JF

KASK J
BT 2 R 2 200 K 400 KHz
KASK J

--


f, MHz
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

E JF


Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK) J J


KNRZ-MNRZ-SNRZ-L
WEDPSKF

NRZ-L v1(t)
v(t)
PCM Data
DPSK
RF Signal
v2(t) = v(t-)
Delay Carrier
fc

vc (t ) Ac sin ( 2f ct )


DPSKE JF

EX-NOR NRZ-S NRZ-L
K JETruth TableFK

--



J

A
A B Q
Q 0 0 1
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1


K J

J
V1(t) 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
V2(t) 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
V(t) 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Phase 0 0 180 180 180 0 0 180 0 0 180


WDPSK

Av(t)sin2fct v1(t)
Low- Pass Restoration PCM
Filter Circuit Data

Av(t-)sin2fc(t-)
Delay

DPSKE JF

E NoncoherentF
KDPSK

--



J

W

J
V1(t) 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
V2(t)
V(t) 0
Phase


W

V1(t) 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
V2(t) 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
V(t) 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Phase 180 0 180 180 0 0 0 0 0 180 180


QuadraturePhase Shit Keying (QPSK) J J

E M-ary Modulation F
0, /2, FE 0, 90, 180 and 270 F
E N = 2 F E M = 4 F KE , 3/2
W
KEDistinct StatesF00, 01, 10 and 11
E Information Capacity F
KEDibitFK J

--



3 + sin
A cos 2f ct Dibit Dibit A cos 2f c t
4 4
10 11

- cos + cos

5 Dibit 7
A cos 2f ct Dibit 01 A cos 2f ct
4 00 4
- sin

QPSKE JF


W


s1 t A cos 2f c t , phase 45 Dibit 10
4 4
3
s2 t A cos 2f c t , phase 3 / 4 135 Dibit 10
4
5
s3 t A cos 2f c t , phase 5 / 4 225 Dibit 00
4
7
s4 t A cos 2f c t , phase 7 / 4 315 Dibit 11
4

WEQPSKF

--



V1(t) cos2fct

V1(t) cos2fct
Carrier
Vo1(t)
+ Vo(t)= Vo1(t)+ Vo2(t)
PCM V(t) Serial to + 90
Data Parallel Phase QPSK
Convertor Shift
+
Vo2(t)
-sin2fct
V2(t)

-V2(t) sin2fct


QPSKE JF

EPCM DataF
K J V2(t) V1(t)
KE -sin2fct F90Ecos2fctF
KQPSK
WV2(t)V1(t)

KV(t)V1(t) J
KV(t)V2(t) J
KEF J

PCM
K?Dibit?EM = 22 = 4FEF
K E 00, 01, 10 and 11F
K90BPSKQPSK

--



V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
t

V1(t)

V2(t)

2


E JF


J

WV2(t)V1(t)

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

W
V1(t)
KV2(t)
--



V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
t

V1(t)

V2(t)

2


JE JF

WQPSK

V1(t)EFQPSK
K Vr1(t)
E 90F V2(t)
K Vr2(t)

QPSK
KEBW = R/2FBPSK

--



Vr1(t)

V1(t) cos2fct

Carrier Vd1(t)
Vr(t) Parallel to PCM
QPSK Serial
Signal Data
+ 90 Convertor
Phase
Shift Vd2(t)
-sin2fct
V2(t)

Vr2(t)

QPSKE JF

J
10 Mb/s W QPSK
W50 MHz
J
J

W

W J
BW = R/2 = (10 Mb/s) = 5 MHz

f, MHz
47.5 50 52.5

E JF
--


E8-PSKF82
K
K8

MinimumShit Keying (MSK) J

MSK
PSKK
K
MSK
? 0?? 1?K
KE Modulation index, m = 0.5 F KE R F
K JMSK

PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

time, ms

FSK
f0 f1

time

MSKE JF

--



1msEF
KER = 1/1ms =1kb/s F
W?0??1?

500 Hzf0 = 2000 Hzf1 = 2500 Hz
K


KEContinuous PhaseF

MSK
KESynchronizationFFSK

Gaussian MinimumShit Keying (GMSK) J

MSK GMSK
ELPFFEModulating SignalFPCM
JKE Gaussian Frequency ResponseF
W

x2

1 2 2
G ( x) e (8-8)
2 2

KEStandard DeviationFEVariableFx

--



G(x)

x

E JF

WGMSK

KPSK J
KEAmplitude VariationsF J
KGMSK J

GMSK
KGSM

WGMSK
GLPF J
VCOK JEVCOF
KEFrequency Modulator with m = 0.5F

Baseband Gaussian Voltage RF GMSK
LPF Controlled Amplifier
PCM Data Oscillator

GLPFVCOGMSKE JF
--



m
K0.5

EQuadrature ModulatorF J
K J
K90
Km= 0.5

Mixer

cos2fct

Carrier
Input
Gaussian
PCM
Data
LPF

+ 90
+ 90 + GMSK

Phase
Phase Shift
Shift
-sin2fct

Mixer

GMSKE JF

Quadrature AmplitudeModulation ( QAM ) J

EAmplitudeF
K
WMKPKA

M = K A KP

--



KNN

N = Log2M = Log2 (KA KP)

8-Level QAM
16-Level QAM
K JKEF

KPSKASKQAMK

Q
Q

I
I

QAM-8
QAM -16

QAME JF

E Binary SequenceFE AmplitudeFE PhaseF
QAMKQAM-8 J
K

--



J
Bit Sequence Amplitude Phase
0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0.5 90
0 1 1 1 90
1 0 0 0.5 180
1 0 1 1 180
1 1 0 0.5 270
1 1 1 1 270


WQAM

E AnalogF J
E ColorF NTSC PAL
AM Stereo KQAM
KQAM

E Digital F J
KEWiFi802.11WiMAXF
90 QAM
E cos2fctF
E sin(2fct +90 )F
KE JFQAM

--



PCM Y1(t) = Ak cos(2fct)
Ak

cos(2fct) Y(t)

PCM Y2(t) = Bk sin(2fct)

Bk

sin(2fct)

QAME JF

QAM
W
E ASK, FSK, PSKF K
K

K
K
K J

Low-pass Ak
filter

2cos(2fct)
Y(t)
2sin(2fct)

Low-pass
filter Bk


QAME JF
--



Information Capacity J


EMFEM-ary ModulationF
KENF
Shannon-Hartley F JE CF
WETheorem

C 2 B Log 2 M (9-8)

KKB

J
W10 kHz
KEM = 2F J
KEM = 4F J
KEM = 8F J

W

W J J

C 2 B Log 2 M 2 10 k Log 2 2 20 kb / s

W J J


C 2 B Log 2 M 2 10 k Log 2 4 40 kb / s

--



W J J

C 2 B Log 2 M 2 10 k Log 2 8 60 kb / s

W

S
C B Log 2 1 (10-8)
N

K S/N
K
J
K

10-8

W4 kHz

K20 dB J
K30 dB J

W

KE100.1 20 dB = 102= 100 F20 dB J J

S
C B Log 2 1 4k Log 2 101
N
4k 3.32 Log10 101 26.6 kb / s
--



KE100.1 30 dB = 103= 1000 F30 dB J J

S
C B Log 2 1 4k Log 2 1001
N
4k 3.32 Log10 1001 39.85 kb / s

--





Bandpass K
K
K0.4 rad100kHz5V K
K-0.1rad2000 rad/s3V K
sin ( 2104t + 0.25 )W K
K
WPCM K

1 0 1 0 1 0 1

t, s
2

4
Period
E JF
W
KR J
KASK J
KASK J

Ksin2106tASK K
ASK K
K
K
K K

--



W K
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

time

ASK

time

FSK

time

BPSK

time

E JF

K0101011000PCM K

KFSK J
f1 = 3 MHz, f0 = 2 F J
KER = 500 Kb/sFEMHz,

--



K
KBPSKEPCMF K
K K
KE J F DPSK K
W

V1(t) 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
V2(t)
V(t) 1
Phase

KQPSK K
K JQPSK K
10 2 Mb/sQPSK K
WMHz
J
J

MSK K
GMSK K
GMSK K
PSKQAM K
K
QAM K

W10 kHz K
KEM = 16F J
KEM = 128F J

--



20 kHz K
K25 dB

--