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Must Know Formula On Physics For AIPMT New PDF
Must Know Formula On Physics For AIPMT New PDF
R =
Let be the angle, which the resultant makes with
Resolution of vectors
If and are two vectors having angle between them, then their scalar (Dot) product written
as and read as dot is defined as
(iv) By definition
cos = =
where is the angle between two vectors.
(v) Scalar (Dot) product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero i.e.,
(2)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
(vi) Scalar (Dot) product will be maximum when = 0 i.e.,
and , then
= AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
......(7)
and conversely, if , then the vector are parallel provided are non-zero
vectors.
(3)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
This may be regarded as a test to decide whether the given two vectors are parallel or not.
(vii) If , then or or
(4)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
(5)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Representation of errors
Errors can be expressed in the following ways :
Absolute
then ....(7)
Rule III :
If X = An then
If X = ApBqC r then
(6)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Motion in Straight Line
Speed and Velocity
Speed is related to distance and it is a scalar while velocity is related to displacement and it is
a vector.
For a moving body speed cant have zero or negative values but velocity can have.
Average Velocity
Let a particle is at a point A at time t1 and B at time t2. Position vectors of A and B are and .
The displacement in this time interval is the vector = . The average velocity in this time
interval is,
Average Speed
Average speed is defined for a time interval and is given by the total distance traversed in the given
time interval divided by the time interval.
Acceleration
The motion of an object is said to be accelerated if its velocity changes with time (when either
the speed changes or the direction of motion changes). The acceleration is defined as the
rate of change of velocity vector w.r.t. time.
Average Acceleration
During an interval of time when the velocity of particle changes from to , the average
acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by interval of time (say t).
Average acceleration =
(7)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Analysis of Uniformaly Accelerated Motion
Case I : For uniformaly accelerated motion with initial velocity u and initial position x0.
1. Slopes of v-t or s-t graphs can never be infinite at any point, because infinite slope of v-t graph
means infinite acceleration. Similarly, infinite slope of s-t graph means infinite velocity. Hence,
the following graphs are not possible.
2. At one time, two values of velocity or displacement are not possible Hence, the following
graphs are not acceptable.
(8)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
3. The displacement-time graph cannot take sharp turns because it gives two different velocities
at that point.e.g.
4. The displacement-time graph cannot be symmetric about the time-axis because at an in-
stant a particle cannot have two displacements. But the graph may be symmetric about the
displacement-axis. e.g.
(ii)
v2 = 2gh (iii)
...(iv)
(ii) Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration with respect to time :
(iii) As h = (1/2)gt2, i.e., h t2, distance covered in time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 :
22 : 32, i.e., square of integers.
v2 = u2 + 2 gh
(9)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
If a body is projected vertically upward
(i) Equation of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., vertically
up) as positive
a=g [As acceleration is downwards while motion upwards]
So, if the body is projected with velocity u and after time t it reaches up to height h then
v = u g t ; ; v2 = u2 2gh ;
(ii) For maximum height v = 0
So from above equation
u = gt,
and u2 = 2gh
(iii) Graph of distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration with respect to time (for
maximum height) :
It is clear that both quantities do not depend upon the mass of the body or we can say that in
absence of air resistance, all bodies fall on the surface of the earth with the same rate.
Applications of Relative Velocity
Relative velocity concept is very useful in
(1) Motion analysis between two bodies. (2) Rain / wind / aircraft based problems.
(3) River (Swimmer ) based problem.
Swimming into the river
A man can swim with velocity , i.e., it is the velocity of man w.r.t. still water.
If water is also flowing with velocity then velocity of man relative to ground
(i) If the swimming is in the direction of flow of water or along the downstream then
vm = v + vR
(ii) If the swimming is in the direction opposite to the flow of water or along the upstream then
(10)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
vm = v vR
(iii) If man is crossing the river i.e., and not collinear then use the vector algebra
For shortest path :
If man wants to cross the river such that his displacement should be minimum. It means he wants
to reach just opposite point across the river. Man should start swimming at an angle with the
perpendicular to the flow of river towards upstream.
In time tmin swimmer travels distance BC along the river with speed of river vR BC = tmin vR Distance
(11)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
This equation shows that the trajectory of projectile is parabolic because it is similar to equation
of parabola y = ax - bx2
Horizontal range : It is the horizontal distance travelled by a body during the time of flight.
So by using second equation of motion
(a) Range of projectile can also be expressed as :
2u x uy
R=
g (where ux and uy are the horizontal and vertical component of initial velocity)
Newtons Second Law of Motion
or
if m = constant then
Impulse
Impulse = product of force with time.
If = 0, then
= 0 = 0
action of m1 on m2 : f1 =
(12)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
(ii) When the force F acts on the body with mass m2 as shown in figure
F = (m1 + m2)a
for body with mass m2
F f2 = m2 a
for body m1: f2 = m1a
action on m1: f2 =
Case II :
Acceleration a =
T1 = m1a =
T2 = F
Some Cases of Pulley
Case I : Case II :
a = and T =
(13)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Tension = R = 2T =
Case III :
acceleration a = T=
Pressure force or thurst on pulley P = 2 T
Case IV : (m1 > m2)
a=
Case V :
acceleration a =
T=
Case VI :
Acceleration a =
Tension T =
Case VII :
For mass m1 : T1 m1g = m1a
For mass m2 : m2g + T2 T1 = m2a
For mass m3 : m3g T2 = m3a
a=
Coefficient of Friction
(14)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
by tan =
Angle of Repose ()
If a body is placed on an inclined plane and if its angle of inclination is gradually increased, then at
some angle of inclination the body will just on the point to slide down. The angle is called angle
of repose ().
a = g [sin k cos] hence a < g
acceleration of a body down a rough inclined plane is always less than g.
By Banking of Roads only
Then W =
Dimension : M1L2T2
UNIT SI : joule C.G.S. : erg 1 joule = 107 erg
Work Done by a Variable Force
WAB =
POWER
Instantaneous power P =
1 horsepower = 746 watt
Kinetic Energy
If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v, its kinetic energy KE = mv2/2.
If linear momentum of body is p, the kinetic energy for translatory motion is KE = mv2.
Work Energy Theorem
W = KE or
W = K2 K1 W = KE
W = change in K.E. of body.
Potential Energy
(16)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
then it is said to be in stable equilibrium
e=
Value of e is 1 for elastic collision, 0 for perfectly inelastic collision, 0 < e < 1 for inelastic collision.
Head on Inelastic Collision of two Particles
(17)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Co-ordinates of Centre of mass
Velocity and acceleration of Centre of Mass
velocity of CM
acceleration of CM
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Moment of inertia of system of particle
I=
K=
(18)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
I = ICM + Md2
where is smaller angle between and , is unit vector along .
Power Associated with Torque
P =
ANGULAR MOMENTUM (MOMENT OF LINEAR MOMENTUM)
L = mv r sin
Angular Impulse
Rotational Kinetic Energy
KE =
Work energy theorem in rotational motion
Total Energy
Time of descend when body rolling
(19)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
=
Rolling/Sliding :
Pure Rolling
If the velocity of point of contact with respect to
the surface is zero then it is known as pure rolling.
If a body is performing rolling then the velocity of
any point of the body with respect to the surface
is given by
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
Gravitational Field Intensity [Ig or Eg]
Gravitational Field Intensity for Solid and Hollow Sphere
(21)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
Joule/kg.
Gravitational Potential for Solid and Hollow Sphere
(22)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
VARIATION IN ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
If h << Re then
Due to Depth
(23)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Work done by Gravitational force in shifting a mass from one place to another place.
W=U=
ESCAPE VELOCITY (ve)
v0 = v0 = (Puting r = Re + h)
For near by satellite h << Re
For Geostationary Satellites
T = 24 hr, h = 36,000 km = 6 Re (r = 7 Re), v0 = 3.1 km/s
For Near by Satellite
In terms of density
Energies of a Satellite
(24)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
Stress =
Breaking Stress :
The stress required to cause actual fracture of a material is called the breaking stress or the ulti-
Strain =
Longitudinal Strain =
(25)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Volume strain =
Shear strain()
=
Hooke's law
Within elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain.
E = Elastic constant or modulus of elasticity.
Types of Elasticity Coefficients
Young's Modulus
Elongation of a wire due to its own weight
Let, M = mass of rope, L = length of rope, A = cross-sectional area of the rope, = density of rope,
L = increase in length of the rope due to its own weight.
Work done in stretching a wire (Potential energy of a stretched wire)
The total work done in stretching the wire from x = 0 to x = is, then
Energy density,
Bulk modulus of elasticity (K) : Volume stress and volume strain are in constant ratio which is
called Bulk modulus.
(26)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Isothermal bulk modulus Kisothermal = P
Adiabatic bulk modulus Kadiabatic = P
Compressibility :
Poisson's Ratio () :
In elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain and longitudinal strain is called poisson's ratio.
1 < < 0.5 (theoritical limit)
0.2 to 0.4 (experiments)
Relation between (Y, K, & ) :
surface tension
Surface Tension T =
1. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a drop of radius r = Work done against surface tension
(27)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
W = Surface tension (T) change in area (A) = T 4r2 = 4r2T
2. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a soap bubble of radius r.
W = T A or W = T 2 4r2 = 8r2T [ soap bubble has two surfaces]
n drops coalesce (combine) to form a big drop
Now surface energy of one small drop = 4 r2T.
The total initial surface energy of n drops is Einitial = n(4r2T)
The final surface energy of big drop is Einitial = 4R2T.
Therefore, the amount of surface energy released or surface energy loss is
E = Ei Ef = 4nr2T 4R2T
E or Work (W)
Excess Pressure Inside a Curved Liquid Surface
(i) Excess pressure inside the drop
(ii) Excess pressure inside soap bubble
excess pressure = Pi PO =
(iii) Excess pressure inside the cavity or air bubble in liquid
Relative Density:
If a body is weighed in air (WA), in water (Ww) and in a liquid (WL), then
(28)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Bernoulli's theorem : The sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit
volume remains constant along a streamline in an ideal fluid flow i.e.,
or
h = H h or h = H/2
Newton's law of viscosity
Where is a constant called coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
Poiseuille's Formula
In case of steady flow of liquid of viscosity () in a capillary tube of length (L) and radius (r) under
a pressure difference (P) across it, the volume of liquid flowing per second is given by :
Stoke's law and terminal velocity
Stoke showed that if a small sphere of radius r is moving with a velocity v through a stationary
medium (liquid or gas) of viscosity then the viscous force acting on the sphere is Fv = 6rv. It
is called Stoke's law.
Terminal Velocity :
where r = radius of body = density of body
= density of liquid = coefficient of viscosity
Graph :
where variation of velocity with time (or distance) is shown in the adjascent graph.
(29)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Reynolds Number(Re)
The type of flow pattern (laminar or turbulent) is determined by a non-dimensional number called
Hence,
Linear expansion
= 0(1 + ) = 0
Superficial (areal) expansion :
A = A0(1 + )
= 2
Volume expansion :
V = V0(1 + )
= 3
Anomalous expansion of water : Generally matter expands on heating and contracts on cooling. In case
of water, it expands on heating if its temperature is greater than 4oC. In the range 0oC to 4oC, wa-
ter contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e., is netagive. This behaviour of water in the
range from 0oC to 4oC is called anomalous expnasion.
(30)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Thermal Capacity
Thermal capacity = mass specific heat
Heating curve
If to a given mass (m) of a solid, heat is supplied at constant rate and a graph is plotted between
temperature and time as shown in figure.
Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity : The heat conducted by a rod is given by the relation:
Q=
where K = Coefficient of thermal conductivity, A = Area normal to the heat flow
1 2 = Temperature difference, t = Time, L = Length of the rod
Heat Current
Wiedmann-Franz law : The ratio of thermal and electrical conductivities (K & ) at a particular
(31)
temperature (T K) is same for all metals (except mica)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
i.e., = constant
Growth of ice on ponds :
Kirchhoff's Law
At a given temperature for all bodies the ratio of their spectral emissive power (e) to spectral
absorptive power (a) is constant and this constant is equal to spectral emissive (E) of the ideal
black body at same temperature
= constant = constant e a
Good absorbers are good emitters and bad absorbers are bad emitters.
Stefans Law [or stefan-Boltzmann Law]
The amount of radiation emitted per second per unit area by a black body is directly proportional
to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
E T 4
T = temperature of ideal black body (in K)
E = T 4
E = amount of radiation emitted
This law is true for only ideal black body.
Newton's Law of Cooling
Wiens Displacedment Law
T=
Where S = solar constants.
Equation of state for ideal gas
Where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume, N is the total number of moles present in the
gas, T is the temperature in absolute (kelvin) units and R is the universal gas constant. The value
of R is same for all gases.
R = 8.314 J/mol-K
Gas laws
(32)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
4. Avogadros Law : - At same temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases contains equal
number of molecules.
N1 = N2 if P, V, and T are same
5. Daltons Law : - According to this law, the pressure exerted by a mixture of several gases equals
the sum of the pressure exerted by each component gas present in the mixture i.e.
Pmix. = P1 + P2 + P3 ...........................
Grahams Law of diffusion : - Accroding to this law, at same temperature and pressure, the rate
of diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of gas i.e.,
This is average translational K.E. per mole
Degree of freedom for different gases : - (Acc. to atomicity of gas)
Relation between degree of freedom & specific heat of gas
Energy related with each degree of freedom = RT/2
Energy related with all degree of freedom = fRT/2
Internal Energy of one Mole of Ideal gas (Total K.E.) U = fRT/2 [U = fRT/2]
(33)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Total internal energy of ideal gas is kinetic energy.
(ii) Energy per unit Volume or Energy Density(Ev)
(iii) Molar K.E. or Mean Molar K.E. (E)
Average velocity
Because molecules are in random motion in all possible direction in all possible velocity. Therefore,
the average velocity of the gas in molecules in container is zero.
rms speed of molecules
Mean speed of molecules
By maxwells velocity distribution law vM or = vmean
Most probable speed of molecules (vmp)
At a given temperature, the speed to which maximum number of molecules belongs is called as
most probable speed (vmp)
(34)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
first law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics is in accordance with law of conservation of energy. According to
Clausius statement of first law of thermodynamics, the heat given to a system (dQ) is used up in
two ways :
(i) In increasing the temperature of system and hence in increasing internal energy of the sys-
tem. It is represented by dU.
(ii) In doing work against external pressure. It is represented by dW.
dQ = dU + dW where dW = PdV
Specific heat Capacity
Molar specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) : It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one mole of a gas by 1C at constant pressure.
Cp =
Specific heat at constant volume (sv) : It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
(ii)
the temperature of unit mass of a gas by 1C at constant volume.
sV =
Molar specific heat at constant volume (CV) : The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
on one mole of a gas by 1C at constant volume is called molar specific heat at constant volume.
CV =
If Mw be the molecular mass of the gas, then
Relation between CP and CV
......(Mayers relation)
Isothermal Process
T = constant or T = 0 PV = constant
In this process U = CVT = 0
Q = W = RT
Adiabatic Process
PV = constant or TP1 = constant or TV 1 = constant
In this process Q = 0 and W = U
( PV = RT)
Slope of adiabatic is greater than the slope of isotherm
Isobaric Process
(35)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
P = constant V T; Q = CP T, U = CVT, W = P (V2 V1) = RT
Isochoric Process
V = constant P T; Q = U = CVT, W = 0
Polytropic Process : PVx = constant
Refrigerator
Oscilation
(36)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
or,
a=
a=
ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
The restoring force F = kx is analogous to the spring force which is conservative. The associated
potential energy
.....
The kinetic energy
.....
Total enery
(37)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
.....
Figure shows the graphs of total energy (E), potential energy (U) and the kinetic energy (K) versus
the displacement [x] from the equilibrium postion
The frequency of oscillations of each of U and K is twice the frequency
of the SHM.
, so
its frequency is four times the frequency of SHM.
Spring Block System
(1) If m s be the mass of the spring, then the expression of time period is modified as
(2) If a spring of force constant k is divided into n equal parts and one such part is attached to a mass
m, then the time period is given by
(38)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
them, then the time period is given by
where k = k1 + k2
(4) If two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are connected in series and a mass m is attached to them,
then the time period is given by
where = or
(5) If two masses m1 and m2 are connected to the two ends of a spring, then the time period is given
by
where
Here m is known as reduced mass.
Some more points about a Pendulum
(1) The period T does not depend of the amplitude if it is small.
(2) The formula is true only for << R (radius of the Earth)
(5) Due to thermal expansion, where a is coefficient of thermal expansion and = change
in temperature
(39)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
or
so or
Hence a pendulum clock will be slow by]
If h = 1 km, loss of time = 13.6 s per day.
(8) A simple pendulum with period 2 seconds, is called seconds pendulum. Its length is about 1 m on
the earths surface.
(9) If the length of the pendulum is comparable to the radius (R) of the Earth, the formula for time
period is
(15) If is horizontal,
(16) In a freely falling lift, geff = 0, so T =
(40)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
i.e., the pendulum will not oscillate. This is also true inside a satellite because geff = 0. So, a pen-
dulum clock cannot work iniside a satellite.
(17) In addion to gravity, if other force (e.g., electrostatic force) also acts on the
bob of mass m, then
(18) If a simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a cart sliding on a smooth inclined plane
of inclination q,
Torsional pendulum
y = a sin
Relation between particle velocity and wave velocity :
Wave velocity
Relation between Phase difference, Path difference & Time difference
Phase () 0 2 3
Wave length () 0
Time-period (T) 0 T
(41)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
For solid medium vliquid = Where E = B, where B = volume elasticity coefficient of liquid
Laplace Correction
As velocity of sound v =
So pressure has no effect on velocity of sound in a gas as long as temperature remain constant.
Vibration of air columns in open organ pipe (OOP)
So
Hence freuency of overtones is given by n1 : n2 : n3 ....... = 1 : 3 : 5 ............
DOPPLER EFFECT
1. If medium (air) is also moving with vm velocity in direction of source and observer. Then velocity
of sound relative to observer will be v vm(ve sign, if vm is opposite to sound velocity).
So, n' = n
(42)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
2. If medium moves in a direction opposite to the direction of propagation of sound, then
n' =
3. Source in motion towards the observer. Both medium and observer are at rest. n'= {v/(v
vs)}/n
So, when a source of sound approaches a stationary abserver, the apparent frequency is more
than the actual frequency.
4. Source in motion away from the observer. Both medium and observer are at rest.n'={v/(v + vs)}/n
So, when a source of sound moves away from a stationary observer, the apparent frequency is
less than actual frequency.
5. Observer in motion towards the source. Both medium and source are at rest. n' = {(v + vo)/v}n
So, when observer is in motion towards the source, the apparent frequency is more than the
actual frequency.
6. Observer in motion away from the source. Both medium and source are at rest. n' = {(v vo)/v}
n So, when observer is in motion away from the source, the apparent frequency is less than the
actual frequency.
7. Both source and observer are moving away from each other. Medium at rest.
n' = {(v vo)/(v + vs)}n
Electrostatics
COULOMBS LAW
F= where, k = , if charges are placed in vacuum.
ELECTRIC FIELD
Field of isolated point charge :
Electric field
Electric field due to charged ring
(43)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
E=
Electric flux =
Electric Flux through various surfaces
(i) |in| = R2E (ii) out = in = R2E (iii) in = out = Ea2
|out| = R2E total = 0.
T = 0
(iv) (v) T = 2R2E
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Dipole placed in uniform electric field
Electric field due to an electric dipole
(i) At a point on the axis of a dipole :
E = E1 E2
E= ( p = q 2)
(44)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
If r >>> E =
(ii) At a point on equatorial line of dipole :
E =
If r >>> E =
At any point
Enet =
tan =
ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE
P=
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (V)
V=
Potential due to group of charges
V = V1 + V2 + ...........................+Vn =
Potential difference
Vab =
Electric potential gradient
(45)
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Electric Field =
Electric potential due to charged ring
V=
V=
(ii) At surface
V=
(iii) Inside the surface
so V=
Electric potential due to dipole
Net potential V = V1 + V2 = = 0 So V = 0
(iii) Electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point
(46)
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Wsys = Usys =
(a) B.E. = Usys = +
usys =
(b)
= K (3-pairs)
NP = Number of pairs =
(c) Number of charges.
Capacitor and Capacitance
Capacitance C = Q/V
Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor of radius R, C = 40R
Energy stored in a charged conductor/capacitor
If medium between the plates is air or vacuum, then r = 1, C0 = 0A/d
(47)
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Magnitude of force F =
C = 4 r 0
(ii) Inner sphere is earthed
C = =
Capacitor in series :
5.2 Capacitors in parallel
Cp = C 1 + C 2 + C 3
When dielectric is completely filled between plates
If a dielectric slab is fills completely the gap between the plates, capacitance increases by K times i.e., C
(48)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
C=
C' = C' =
COMBINATION OF DROPS (49)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Suppose we have n identical drops each having Radius r, Capacitance c, Charge q, Potential v
and Energy u.
If these drops are combined to form a big drop of Radius R, Capacitance C, Charge Q, Potential
V and Energy U then
(i) Charge on big drop : Q = nq
(ii) Radius of big drop : Volume of big drop = n volume of a single drop
i.e., , R = n1/3r
Capacitance of big drop : C = n1/3c
(iii)
At t = , Q = Q0, then capacitor gets fully charged
Q = CV, Q0 = CE
Discharging of a capacitor :
at t = I = 0, q = 0, then capacitor gets fully discharged
at t = RC (time constant) Q=
Time constant is that time in which the charge decays to 0.37 or 37% of the maximum charge.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
(50)
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The current density at a point in a conductor is the ratio of the current at that point in the conductor
to the area of cross-section of the conductor of that point.
Unit = i = , i=
Electric current is the flux of current density.
DRIFT VELOCITY
Relaxation Time()
Average time elapsed between two successive collisions.It is of the order of 1014 s
It is a temperature dependent characteristic of the material of the conductor.
It decreases with increases in temperature.
Mean Free Path()
The distance travelled by a conduction electron during relaxation time is known as mean free path.
Mean free path of conduction electron = Thermal velocity Relaxation time
RELATION BETWEEN CURRENT DENSITY, CONDUCTIVITY & ELECTRIC FIELD
In vector
depends only on the material of the conductor and its temperature.
OHMS LAW
At constant temperature, current is directly proportional to the applied potential difference. This
law is called ohms law and substance which obey it are called ohmic or linear conductors.
V = Ri
R is constant, its unit is ohm ().
Resistance depends on
(1) length of the conductor (R )
(2) area of cross - section of the conductor (R 1/A)
R0 = Resistance at 0C
(51)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
t = Change in temperature
= Temperature coefficient of resistance
Resistivity depends on
(i) Nature of material (ii) Temperature of material
does not depend on the size and shape of the material because it is the characteristic property
of the conductor material.
(i) Series Combination
Same current passes through each resistance
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Where R = equivalent resistance
(ii) Parallel Combination
There is same drop of potential across each resistance.
KIRCHHOFFS LAW
First law
In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction in the circuit is zero.
This is based on law of conservation of charge.
Second law
In any closed circuit the algebraic sum of e.m.f.s and algebraic sum of potential drops is zero.
This law is based on law of conservation of energy.
CELL
Cell convert chemical energy in to electrical energy.
Combination of Cells
(i) Series combination
equivalent internal resistance r = r1 + r2 + r3 + .... equivalent emf = E = E1 + E2 + E3 + ......
If nr >> R, i = current from one cell; If nr << R, i = n current from one cell
(ii) Parallel combination
If m identical cell connected in parallel then total internal resistance of this combination
(52)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
i=
Current in the circuit is maximum when external resistance in the circuit is equal to the total internal
(53)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
VD = VB or
Potentiometer
Comparision of emf of two cells
Internal resistance of a given primary cell
Jouless Law of Heating
When a current i is made to flow through a passive or ohmic resistance R for time t, heat Q is
(54)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
P = Vi = SI unit : Watt
Combination of Bulbs
(i) Series combination of resistors (bulbs)
Brightness Power consumed by bulb i . Bulb of greater wattage will shine more.
ForsameVmorepowerwillbeconsumedinsmallerresistanceasP
.
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Magnetic Flux ()
The number of magnetic field lines which are crossing through given area of cross section is called
magnetic flux of that area.
Biot-Savarts law
In SI units,
In cgs system,
(55)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
B=
Special Cases
(i) When the conductor XY is of infinite length and the point P lies near the centre of the conductor
then 1 = 2 = 90
So,
(ii) When the conductor XY is of infinite length but the point P lies near the end Y (or X), then 1 = 90
and 2 = 0.
So,
2. Magnetic Field at a Point on the Axis of a Circular Coil Carrying Current
The line integral of the resultant magnetic field along a closed plane curve is
equal to 0 times the algebraic of the currents crossing the area bounded by the closed curve if the
(56)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
electric field inside the loop remains constant. i.e.,
Magnetic field due to infinite long solid cylinderical wire
(a) Solid cylinderical wire
r > R Bout (2 r) = 0I
Bout
r = 0
(57)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
The magnetic field at an axial point P (figure) of a solenoid of any length is given by
Case I: If the length of solenoid is infinite and P is well-inside the solenoid then,
So,
Case II: If the length is infinite but point P is near an end then,
1 = 0 and 2 =
Magnetic field due to toroid
A toroid can be considered as a ring shaped closed solenoid also called end less solenoid. Magnetic
n (turn density) =
N = total number of turns
Rm (mean radius of toroid) =
R1 & R2 = internal and external radius of toroid respectively.
(58)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Time period (T)
Pitch of helix (p) : The linear distance travelled by the charge particle in one rotation along external
magnetic field direction is called pitch of helix.
p = (v cos)T, where T =
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC
FIELD
F = I l B sin
where is the smaller angle between and
.
Special Cases
Case I. If = 0 or 180, sin = 0.
F = I lB (0) = 0 (Minimum)
Case II. If = 90, sin = 1,
F = I lB 1 = I lB (Maximum)
Magnetic Force Between two Long Parallel Current Carrying Conductors or Wires
(59)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
torque on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field
where, n IA = M = magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the rectangular current loop
Cases:
1. If the coil is set with its plane parallel to the direction of magnetic field B, then
= 0 and cos = 1
Torque, = nIBA (1) = nIBA (Maximum)
This is the case with a radial field.
2. If the coil is set with its plane perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field B, then
= 90 and cos = 0
Torque, = nIBA (0) = 0 (Minimum)
MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD
magnitude form
Vector form
Work done in Rotating a Magnetic Dipole
so work done in rotating a dipole from angular position 1 to 2 with respect to the magnetic field
Potential Energy of Magnetic Dipole
The potential energy of dipole defined as work done in rotating the dipole through an angle
with respect to a direction perpendicular to the field :
U = W W90 U = MB (1 cos) MB
Tangent Law
When the magnet is in the equilibrium position,
(60)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
or
when a magnet is simultaneously acted upon by two uniform fields at right angle to each other,
it will be deflected through an angle , such that the tangent of the angle of deflection gives the
ratio of the two fields.
Unit of : Ampere/meter
(iii) Magnetic susceptibility (m)
It measures the degree to which a magnetic material can be penetrated (or permeated) by the
magnetic field lines.
(vi) Curies Law and Curie Temperature :
(61)
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(T = absolute temperature)
(vii) Curie Temperature :
The magnetic susceptibility of these substances decreases on increasing the temperature, a fer-
romagnetic substance behaves like a paramagnetic substance. This particular temperature is called
the curie temperature of the substance.
Curie temperature of iron and nickel is 770oC and 370oC.
(viii) Curie-Weiss law :
At temperature above curie point, the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance is in-
versely proportional to (TTc)
Lenzs Law
MOTIONAL EMF FROM LORENTZ FORCE
Motional emf in wire acb in a uniform magnetic field is the motional emf in an imaginary wire ab.
Thus eacb = eab = (length of ab) = the component of velocity perpendicular to both
and ab. From right hand rule b is at higher potential and a at lower potential.
Hence, Vba = Vb Va = (ab) (v cos) (B)
Induced E.M.F. Due to Rotation of a Conductor Rod in a Uniform Magnetic Field
SELF INDUCTANCE
(62)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
L=
Self- Inductance of a Plane Coil
Total magnetic flux linked with N turns,
Self-Inductance of a Solenoid
Let cross-sectional area of solenoid = A, Current flowing through it = I
Lm =
Grouping of Coils
(a) Coils in Series
MUTUAL INDUCTION
For two magnetically coupled coils :
here K is coupling factor between two coils and its range 0 K 1
For ideal coupling Kmax = 1 Mmax = (where M is geometrical mean of L1 and L2)
(63)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Two coils are connected in parallel :
GROWTH AND DECAY OF CURRENT IN AN INDUCTOR
Growth of current.
where
If = L/R, then
I = I0(1 0.368) = 0.632 I0 = 63.2% I0.
We may define time constant of LR circuit as the time in which current
in the circuit grows to 63.2% of the maximum value of current.
Again, we find that for I = I0, et/ = 0 or t =
Decay of current.
where
Again, I=0
et/ = 0
or t=
Efficiency of the d.c. motor.
(64)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Transformer
From equation (2) and (3), we get
Efficiency of a transformer
It is defined as the ratio of the output power of a transformer to the input power supplied to the
transformer. Mathematically
Alternating Current
AVERAGE VALUE OR MEAN VALUE
(65)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
This shows that capacitor blocks the flow of d.c. but provides an easy path for a.c.
(66)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
(67)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
(68)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
RAY OPTICS
Reflection from plane mirror
If there are two plane mirror inclined to each other at an angle the number of image of a point
object formed are determined as follows :
Mirror formula
Magnification
Other formulae of magnification
Area of image :
Power of a mirror
The power of a mirror is defined as
refractiVE INDEX
= Refractive index of glass with respect to water and light is travelling from water to glass.
w g
Refractive index depend on wavelength, nature of medium and on temperature.
(69)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Apparent depth and normal shift
Object in a rarer medium is seen from a denser medium
Lateral Shift
total internal reflection
Conditions
(i) Angle of incident > Critical angle [i = C]
(ii) Light should travel from denser to rare medium Glass to air, water to air, Glass to water
When light ray travel from refractive index medium to air then R = 1, D =
Angle which the eye of fish make = 2C = 2 49 = 98. This angle does not depend on depth of
liquid.
Refraction from curved surface
Lens-makers formula :
(70)
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Linear magnification produced by a lens :
Power of lens
Power of a lens is defined as the ability of the lens to converge a beam of light falling on the lens.
It is measured as the reciprocal of focal length of the lens
i.e.
Focal Length of equivalent lens
Newton's Formula :
f=
x1 = distance of object from first focus.
x2 = distance of image from second focus.
Displacement Method :
Achromatism
Refractive Index of the prism
when prism is thin.
Angular dispersion
It is the difference of angle of deviation of violet colour and red colour
Angular dispersion = V R = (V 1)A (R 1)A = (V R)A
Refractive index of mean colour (y) = (v + R)/2
Deviation without dispersion ( = 0)
(71)
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Dispersion without deviation : ( = 0)
Simple microscope
(Minimum Magnification)
(Maximum Magnificaiton)
Compound Microscope
When final image is formed at minimum, distance of distinct vision.
When final image is formed at infinity
Astronomical Telescope
If the final image is at infinity
Constructive Interference
When both waves are in same phase. So phase difference is an even multiple of
(72)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
= 2n; n = 0, 1, 2,....
Destructive interference
When both the waves are in opposite phase. So phase difference is an odd multiple of .
= (2n 1); n = 1, 2,....
Young's Double Slit Experiment (YDSE)
Condition for bright and dark fringes
Bright Fringe
The distance of nth bright fringe from the central bright fringe xn = n
Dark Fringe
The distance of the mth dark fringe from the central bright fringe
xm =
Fringe width
=
Angular Fringe width
Colours in thin films
For minima or destructive interference
When path differnece is odd multiple of /2
So the film will appear dark if 2t cos r = n
For transmitted system
Since No additional path difference the transmitted rays CT1 and ET2.
So the net path difference between them is x = 2t cos r
(73)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
sin is called numerical aperture of the microscope.
To increase resolving power of microscope. We decrease i.e., use blue light of smaller wavelength.
We cannot increase because in that case aperture of the lens would increase.
Resolving Power of Telescope
Law of Malus
I cos2
Brewsters angle B is given by
where n1 is the refractive index of the medium through which the incident and reflected rays travel
and n2 is the refractive index of the medium from which the light reflects.
MODERN PHYSICS
einsteins photo electric equation
h = (K.E.max) + 0
Quantum efficiency =
Linear momentum of photon
Momentum of photon
(74)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Effective mass of photon
Intensity of light
.... (i)
Here P = power of source, A = Area, t = time taken
E = Energy incident in t time = Nh
N = number of photon incident in t time
De Broglie Wavelength Associated with Uncharged Particles
Orbital Radius of electron
(75)
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Wavelength of Radiation
Absorption of X-ray
Rutherford and Soddys Law
Half Life (Th)
Mean or Average Life (Ta)
It is the average of age of all active nuclei.
Activity(A) or Decay Rate (R)
It is the rate of decay of a radioactive sample.
or R = R0et
unit of R is becqueral
(76)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
1 Bq = 1 decay/sec.
1 Ci(Curie) = 3.7 1010 decay/sec
1 Rutherford (1 Rd) = 106 decay/sec
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS:MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
DC current gain
AC current gain
ac =
AC voltage gain
AV =
AC power gain
DC current gain
=
AC current gain
ac =
(77)
Must know Formula on Physics' for AIPMT
Voltage Gain
Av = ac
AC power gain =
AC power gain =
Relation between and
= or =
Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
OR GATE
AND GATE
NOT GATE
(78)
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Size of antennas required for their efficient radiation would be large i.e. about 75 km as
explained below:
For efficient radiation of a signal, the minimum length of an antenna is one quarter wavelength
.
Effective power (P) radiated by an antenna is given by P
(79)