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Communications Coaching Notes 6
Communications Coaching Notes 6
Intermediate frequencies:
AM 455 kHz
FM 10.7 MHz
Radar 30MHz
TV receiver 36-46 MHz
GLONASS
-Russian counterpart of the USAs GPS
-24 satellites (21 operating, 3 spare), 45 degrees separation
-3 orbital planes, 120 degrees separation
-64.8 degrees angle of inclination
-19100 km altitude
-11 hours and 15 minutes approximate orbit time
Group of faxes:
Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take 6
minutes to transmit a single pace, with vertical resolution of 98 scan lines per
inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.3. Group 2
faxes take 3 minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 100
scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete and no longer
manufactured. Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.
Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.4. Group 3 fax
machines take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single pace (not including
the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The
horizontal and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among
a set of fixed resolutions:
o Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch; Vertical 100 scan lines per inch
o H: 200 or 204 SL/inch; V: 100 or 98 SL/inch (standard); V: 200 or 196
SL/inch (fine); V: 400 or 391 SL/inch (super fine)
o H: 300 SL/inch; V: 300 SL/inch
o H: 400 or 408 SL/inch; V: 400 or 391 SL/inch
Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.62,
T.70, T.72, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to operate over 64kbit/s digital
ISDN circuits. Their resolution is determined by the T.6 recommendation, which
is a superset of the T.4 recommendation. (okay, pag Malabo tong part na to, sorry.
Putol kasi yung photocopy.)
RF-ID
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Systems) are intended to carry data in suitable
transponders, generally known as tags, and to retrieve data, by hand- or machine-
means, at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular application needs. (eto din,
putol)
RFID (radio Frequency Identity) systems employ tiny chips and wireless antennas
that can be imbedded into products and used for unique identification purposes. It is a
contact-less solution that works with proximity readers and RFID tags.
RFID tag a microchip attached to an antenna than picks up signals from and sends
signals to a reader. A tag contains a unique number, but may have other information
as customers account number
The use and operation of RFIDs shall be allowed in the following frequency bands:
13.553 13.567 Mhz
918 920 Mhz
2446 2454 Mhz
Sale of unregistered RFID proximity reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture
of equipment
Selling of RFID tags not covered by Permit Fee, PHP 2,500.00 for the 1st offense,
PHP 5,000.00 for the 2nd offense, PHP 7,500.00 for the 3rd and so on.
Illegal acquisition of RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit and/or with forfeiture of
equipment.
Sale of illegally acquired RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture of
equipment.
Non-registration of imported RFID readers within five (5) days from release from the
Bureau of Customs, PHP 1,000.00 per unit
Operating RFID proximity reader without valid registration, PHP 5,000 per reader
WI-FI
peak operating speed of around 54 Mbps
802.11a wireless network bearer operating in the 5Ghz ISM band with data
rate up to 54 Mbps (orthogonal frequency division multiplex)
802.11b wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4Ghz ISM band with
data rate up to 11Mbps (direct sequence spread spectrum)
802.11e quality of service and prioritization
802.11f handover
802.11g wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4 Ghz ISM band with
data rates up to 54Mbps
802.11h power control
802.11i authentication and encryption
802.11j internetworking
802.11k measurement reporting
802.11n stream multiplexing
802.11s mesh networking
Of these standards, the most widely known are the network bearer standards,
802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g
BLUETOOTH
-721kbps, 3 channels
-communications to be established between devices up to a max distance of 100
meters
-running in the 2.4Ghz ISM band, Bluetooth employs frequency hopping
techniques with the carrier modulated using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
(GFSK)
-The standard uses a hopping rate of 1600 hops per second. These are spread over
79 fixed frequencies and they are chosen in a pseudo-random sequence. The fixed
frequencies occur at 2400 + n MHz where the value of n varies from 1 to 79.
These gives frequencies of 2402, 2404 2480 MHz. In some countries, the ISM
band allocation does not allow the full range of frequencies to be used. In France,
Japan and Spain, the hop sequences has to be restricted to only 23 frequencies
because of the ISM band allocation is smaller.
-For correct operation, the level of BT is set to 0.5 and the modulation index must
be between 0.28 and 0.35.
-Power class 1 is designed for long range communications up to about 100m
devices, and this has a maximum output power of 20dBm, next is Power Class 2
which is used for what are termed for ordinary range devices with a range up to
about 10, with a max output power of 4dBm. Finally, there is Power Class 3 for
short range devices. This support communication only to about 10 cm and it has a
max output power of 0dBm.
-The transmitted initial centre frequency must be within 75Khz from the receiver
center frequency.
-There are two ways in which data is transferred. The first is by using what is
termed as Asynchronous Connectionless Communications Link (ACL) 732.2
bits/sec asymmetric mode. When a symmetrical mode is needed with data
transferred at the same rate in both directions, the data transfer rate falls to 433.9
kbits/sec. This is used for file and data transfers. A second method is termed a
Synchronous Connection-orientated Communications Link (SCL) 64 kbits/sec.
This is used for applications such as digital audio.
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
-IEEE 802.16 standard
-point to multi-point broadband technology
-75Mbps uplink/downlink
-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM). It is the fact that WiMax
uses OFDM that enables it to occupy a wide bandwidth and carry the very high
data rates. OFDM uses a large number of close spaced carriers, each modulated
with a fraction of the data payload. The carriers are orthogonal to each other and
in this way they do not interfere with each other.
-uses frequencies in the range 10to 66GHz (LOS)
-max ranges up to 31 miles
-WiMax can transmit data up to a distance of 48km
Parameter Specification:
Frequency Band 1880 to 1900 MHz
Access technique MC/TDMA/TDD Symbol rate 1152 ksymbols/s
Carrier spacing 1728 KHz
Frame duration 10ms
Access channels/RF carrier 12 duplex 32 kbits/channel
Traffic channels/single radio TRX 12
Traffic Channel assignment instant dynamic
Control carriers not required
Modulation GFSK (BT=0.5) and optional higher level modulation schemes
possible
LO Stability 25 ppm
Portable average RF power 10mW
Portable peak RF power 240mW 24dBm
Speech codec 32kbits/s ADPCM
Base station sensitivity at 0.1% BER - -86dBm(for GAP) (typically -90dBm to
-94dBm)
Basic link budget 110dBm (typ. 114dBm to 118dBm)
Protected 64kbits/s bearer service yes
Base station antenna diversity switched, post detection selection - optional
Dual antennas in handset- optional
Tolerance to time dispersion with selection antenna diversity 200ns (500ns
possible with low-cost non-coherent equalizer)