A PSERC Tutorial

on

Contemporary Topics in
Electric Power Quality Alias
G. T. Heydt
Arizona State University A Tutrial on Power Quality

2000 Arizona State University

1 2

PROGRAM

1. Power quality indices / pitfalls / three phase

phenomena and applications / interharmonics
and other non-harmonics
2. Power acceptability, when is electric power Power Quality Indices
delivered acceptable, vulnerability of loads
3. Series voltage boost hardware
4. Rectifier loads
5. Power quality standards
6. Why is power quality important? The salability of
power quality
3 4

Power Quality Indices

Index
Total harmonic dis-
Definition

Main applications EVEN HARMONICS
tortion (THD)


i=2
I i / I1

General purpose; standards

Power factor (PF)

Telephone influence
Ptot /|Vrms || I rms |

Potentially in revenue metering THEORETICALLY IMPOSSIBLE FOR
factor


w I
i =2
2
i i
/ I rms
Audio circuit interference SIGNALS THAT ARE SYMMETRIC ABOUT

c I 2

/ I rms THE TIME AXIS
C message index i =2
i i
Communications interference

IT product
Audio circuit interference; shunt capacitor PRESENCE OF EVEN HARMONICS DO NOT
wi2 I i2
i =1

stress
IMPLY DC COMPONENTS IN THE GIVEN
VT product
i =1
wi2Vi 2
Voltage distortion index SIGNAL
2 2 2
K factor
h Ih / Ih
h=1 h =1 Transformer derating
MOST COMMON OCCURRENCE OF EVEN
Crest factor V peak / Vrms Dielectric stress HARMONICS IS IN THE SUPPLY CURRENT
|V |/|V+ |
Unbalance factor Three phase circuit balance
Incandescent lamp operation; bus voltage
OF TRANSFORMERS WHOSE LOAD SIDE
Flicker factor V /|V | regulation; sufficiency of short circuit ca- HAVE DC CURRENT COMPONENTS
pacity
5 6

1
 EVEN HARMONICS
Displacement factor (True) power factor
AC AC + DC COMPONENT

LOAD
60)
DF = cos( PF =
V P)/|Vrms||Irms|
(
Power frequency
I power factor Total power over
V total volt-amperes

PRESENCE OF DC ON
SUPPLY SIDE INDICATIVE I TPF DF
OF DC ON LOAD SIDE 7 8

P = (1)(1)cos30o + (0.2)(0.2)cos60o +
EXAMPLE (0.05)(0.15)cos(30o)
= 0.892
RMS 60 Hz 180 Hz 420 Hz
(Vrms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.052
V 0o
1 20o
0.2 0.5 10o
Vrms = 1.021
I -30o
1 80o
0.2 0.15 -20o
(Irms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.152
Irms = 1.031
9 S = (Vrms)(Irms) = 1.052 10

POWER FACTOR MULTIPLIERS

BILLING MULTI[PLIERS TO SEND THE CUSTOMER THE
PROPER SIGNAL CONCERNING POWER FACTOR
MULTIPLIER NEAT 1.0 FOR ~86%PF LAG
TPF = P / S = 0.848 MULTIPLIER INCREASES TO ~1.3 FOR DECREASING
POWER FACTOR
MULTIPLIER DECREASES TO ~0.95 FOR PF NEAR UNITY
e.g., 0.06 $/kWh AT 86% PF LAG, 0.08 $/kWh AT LOW
DF = DPF = cos(30o) = 0.866 (lag) POWER FACTOR
WHICH PF? TPF? DISPLACEMENT FACTOR?
CUSTOMERS FAVOR USE OF DF, UTILITIES FAVOR TPF
LOSSES MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO TPF THAN DF
REQUIRED kVA OF SUPPLY EQUIPMENT MORE CLOSELY
RELATED TO TPF
11 INSTRUMENTATION ISSUES 12

2
 THD THD
RMS 60 Hz 180 Hz 420 Hz THE THD OF A SQUARE WAVE OF AMPLITUDE
1 IS EASILY FOUND NOTING THAT THE RMS
VALUE OF SUCH A WAVE IS 1.000 AND THE
V 0o
1 20o
0.2 0.5 10o FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT IS 4/ (ZERO TO
PEAK). THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT IS
I -30o
1 80o
0.2 0.15 -20o ) = (0.9002). THEREFORE THE SUM
(0.707)(4/
OF THE SQUARES OF THE HARMONIC
VTHD2 = 0.22 + 0.052 / 1 COMPONENTS IS 12-0.90022 = (0.1896).
ITHD2 = 0.22 + 0.152 / 1 THEN,

VTHD = 20.62% ITHD = 25% THD2 = 0.1896/0.9002

13
THD = 45.89% 14

THD - ANOTHER EXAMPLE

f |V| |I| Three Phase Considerations
60 1.00 1.00
180 0.01 0.31 Balanced THD
300 0.04 0.15 Based on positive and negative
sequence THDs only
420 0.03 0.07
540 0.02 0.03
Residual THD
660 0.01 0.02
Based on zero sequence only
VTHD = 0.01 + 0.04 + 0.03 + 0.022 + 0.012
2 2 2 2

VTHD = 5.57%
ITHD = 35.33% 15 16

THD
THD
ADVANTAGE: EVERYONE USES IT,
THE RESIDUAL THD IS GENERALLY EASY TO CALCULATE, WIDELY
FAR MORE HARMFUL THAN USED IN STANDARDS AND GUIDES
BALANCED THD BECAUSE THERE
IS NO CANCELLATION EFFECT OF
DISADVANTAGES: DOES NOT
THE THREE PHASES OUT OF PHASE
ACCELERATE WITH FREQUENCY,
BY 120o
BALANCED AND RESIDUAL THD
NOT AS WELL KNOWN, DOES NOT
TRULY SHOW THE INTERFERENCE
17
IMPACT OF THE SIGNAL 18

3
 TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION
DISTORTION INDEX (DIN)
(TDD)
TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION IS A

i
MEASURE OF THE THD TAKING INTO 2
ACCOUNT THE CIRCUIT RATING. AS
CIRCUIT RATING VERSUS LOAD CURRENT
I
RISES, TDD DROPS
DIN = 2

TDD = THD * (Fundamental load current / Circuit rating) I rms

19 20

TELEPHONE INFLUENCE
T PRODUCT
I
FACTOR

i Ii
w 2 2
IT = TIF * Irms
TIF = 1

I rms
21 22

PEAK VALUES
V*T PRODUCT
PEAK VALUES CAN BE CHARACTERIZED BY
A CREST FACTOR:
DEFINED LIKE I*T PRODUCT USING
CF = PEAK VALUE / RMS VALUE
VOLTAGE
= 1.414 FOR A PERFECT SINE WAVE
kVT = 1000 VT
BALANCED AND RESIDUAL V*T
PRODUCT ABSOLUTE LARGEST VALUE CAN BE
OVERESTIMATED FOR ASYNCHRONOUS
USED IN SHUNT CAPACITOR
SIGNALS AS THE SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC SUM
STANDARDS - TO LIMIT HARMONIC
OF THE AMPLITUDES OF THE
CURRENTS
23
ASYNCHRONOUS FREQUENCIES 24

4
 RMS VALUES
RMS VALUES
If the function is not periodic, take limit
as T --> infinity
1 T
FRMS =
T 0
f 2 (t )dt Parsevals theorem -- for signals of
different frequencies,

(Vrms)2= (V1rms)2+(V2rms)2+(V3rms)2+...
25 26

RMS VALUES RMS VALUES

If signals are of the same Examples
frequency, need to combine the 10cos(t) + 2cos(2t)+ sin(3t)

same frequency terms using 10 2 cos(t ) + 10 2 sin(t )

phasor arithmetic, and then apply 10 cos(t ) + 10 sin( 2t )
Parsevals theorem without regard
for phase angles 440 2 cos(314t ) + 50 2 sin(314t ) + 80 2 sin( 492t ) + 10 cos(1570t )

27 28

RMS VALUES
RMS VALUES
Second example
First example 1. Gather like frequency terms

F 2 10 2 1
= ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
f (t ) = 10 2 ( 2 cos(t + 45 o ))
rms
2 2 2
2. Find RMS value of result
= 5.123
20
2
Frms = = 14.14
29 2 30

5
 RMS VALUES RMS VALUES
Third example Fourth example
This example is aperiodic -- but no change in First combine fundamental term
application of Parsevals theorem:
F1,rms = 440 2 + 50 2 = 442.83
1 2 1
2
Frms =( ) + ( )2
2 2 Then apply Parsevals theorem
Frms = 1.00
Frms = 442.832 + 80 2 + 10 2 = 450.11
31 32

CONSEQUENCES OF TRANSFORMER DERATING

HARMONICS DEFINE PLL-R AND PEC-R AS THE FULL LOAD
LOSSES AND CORE LOSSES PER-
I2R HEATING DUE TO EXCESS UNITIZED BY THE I2R LOSSES. THEN THE
CURRENT DERATED TRANSFORMER MAXIMUM
TRANSFORMER MAGNETIC LOSSES CURRENT IN PER UNIT IS
INCREASED MOTOR LOSSES
PLL R
INCREASED CREST CURRENT
I derated =
CIRCUIT BOARD HEATING
1 + KPEC R
33 34

APPLICATION OF IEEE C57.110

DERATING
TRANSFORMER DERATING BASIC METHOD
CALCULATE TOTAL CORE LOSSES PEC
THIS DERATING IS CONSERVATIVE
CALCULATE I2R LOSSES, PI2R
IN THAT ALL CORE LOSSES ARE
CALCULATE TOTAL FULL LOAD LOSSES PLL
INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF K --
PERUNITIZE PLL AND PEC BY PI2R
THIS IS AN OVERESTIMATE OF THE
CALCULATE THE K-FACTOR OF THE LOAD
B-H LOSSES. THE METHOD IS IN
CURRENT
COMMON USE AS PRESCRIBED BY
CALCULATE DERATED RATING OF LOAD
IEEE STANDARD C57.110, UL 1561 CURRENT
AND UL1562. PLL R
I derated =
1 + KPEC R
35 36

6
 EXAMPLE
A 67.5 kVA 1 DISTRIBUTION
IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO TRANSFORMER IS RATED 7200 / 240 V.
THE CORE LOSSES ARE 75 W AT RATED
CALCULATE I R LOSSES USING FULL
2
VOLTAGE, AND THE FULL LOAD LOSSES
LOAD CURRENT AND NAMEPLATE ARE 190 W. THE WINDING RESISTANCES
RATING OF RESISTANCE --OR AN ARE 0.5% TOTAL. FIND THE DERATED
ESTIMATE OF THE RESISTANCE. TRANSFORMER CAPACITY TO CARRY A
LOAD CURRENT OF 150% THD WHICH IS
COMPOSED OF FUNDAMENTAL AND
THIRD HARMONIC.
37 38

SOLUTION SOLUTION
PLL R
I derated =
1 + KPEC R Irated = (67.5 k) / 240 = 281.25 A

0.563 Iderated = (281.25)(0.479)

=
1 + (6.54)(0.222) = 138 A
= 0.479 pu
39 40

Power Acceptability Curves

APPROXIMATION
250

200

C
OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

150

B
PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

0.5 CYCLE

PLL-R = PEC-R + 1
100

E 50

M 0 ACCEPTABLE
POWER
RATED
VOLTAGE

A
8.33 ms

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

-100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
41 TIME IN SECONDS 42

7
 Power Acceptability Curves Power Acceptability Curves
250

200 BUS B

I
OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

BUS A FAULT
150
z+, z-, z0

T
PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

0.5 CYCLE

100

I z+, z-, z0 CIRCUIT BREAKER

50

C
+-- 10%
SOURCE
RATED z+, z-, z0
0 ACCEPTABLE
POWER VOLTAGE

BUS C
8.33 ms

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS
LOAD

-100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
43 44
TIME IN SECONDS

Power Acceptability Curves Power Acceptability Curves

Disturbances to loads, whether they be
overvoltages or undervoltages, have an impact
depending on how much excess energy is
Main challenges
delivered to the load (in the overvoltage case) or
how much energy was not delivered to the load (in How to sell power quality as a service
the undervoltage case). If the cited energy level is
too great, the operation of the load will be How to sell PQ measurement services
disrupted. This basic assumption is termed the How to compensate customers for
constant energy model because it implies that unacceptable power
the power acceptability curves are loci of constant
energy. When the disturbance energy exceeds the
locus plotted, the power supply is unacceptable. 45 46

IEEE P1346 - Displaying Sag Data

Voltage Sags for Equipment Compatibility
Interruption and Sag Rate Probabilties as a Function
of Ev ent Voltage Magnitude and Duration
90
Variations in voltage
that last
80

less than 1 minute. 15-20 70

10-15 events 60
Magnitude (%)

50
5-10 events per
Characterized by site per year
40
rms voltage vs. time 0-5 events per

plot. site per year 30

20

10
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 180 300 >3000
D uration (C ycles)
47 48

8
 System Average RMS (Variation) Experimental Results Taken by
Frequency Index Voltage EPRI / Electrotek
Threshold -- SARFI%V for SARFI70%
Number of specified
short-duration rms SARFI%V =
N i
30%
Rate of Voltage Drops below 70% at Each Monitoring Site
100%
90%

variation per system NT 25%

Cumulative Frequency
80%
Mean: 17.72
customer 20% Standard Deviation: 1.63 70%

Frequency
95% Confidence Interval: 60%
Voltage threshold %V rms voltage threshold 14.52 to 20.92
15% 50%
allows assessment of 140, 120, 110, 90, 80, 70, 50, 10
40%
compatibility for Ni # customers experiencing 10%
30%
rms < %V for variation i
voltage-sensitive (rms > %V for %V >100) 5%
20%
devices NT total # system customers 10%

60 second aggregation 0% 0%

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
0
Sags and Interruptions below 70% per 365 Days
49 50

Inject series voltage

for phase control /
exchange energy
between phases
Series Voltage Boost Shunt positioning in
Hardware system to inject
current

Back - to - back
rectifier / DC link /
inverter
51 52

The UPFC is intended for

The UPFC and
AC - AC Converter use at transmission levels
DVR and the DVR is intended
Technologies for use at distribution
levels
RECTIFIER DC link

POWER FLOW SERIES XFORMER

PWM INVERTER SUPPLY LOAD

THE UNIFIED POWER FLOW
CONTROLLER AND DYNAMIC AC/AC PWM
VOLTAGE RESTORER UTILIZE IGBT CONVERTER
TECHNOLOGY TO GENERATE PWM
SIGNALS OF CONTROLLABLE
MAGNITUDE / PHASE. THIS
EFFECTIVELY CONTROLS THE
ACTIVE POWER FLOW WHEN
INJECTED AS A SERIES VOLTAGE 53 54

9
 THE UPFC and DVR THE UPFC / DVR
1/4 cycle response time Cost is very high
Very low DC link power
Local solution (?)
Can be protected by crowbaring
supply Controls are tricky
LOAD Individual phase control / exchange Solution of diversity of
VOLTAGE energy between phases ownership problems
Controls slow variations in supply
voltage
Relatively low power
The distribution version (DVR) can
injected
SERIES improve supply power factor and Limited experience in
power quality applications
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
For the distribution version,
VOLTAGE potential elimination of vulnerable
load problems
LOAD For UPFC, can reduce transmission
CURRENT congestion as well as improve
55
dynamic response 56

Vser
DVR FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
SUPPLY
AT THE DISTRIBUTION LEVEL
BUS

OPTIONAL
420 LOAD
ENERGY
PULSE VOLTAGE
PHASE B VOLTAGE (V)

STORAGE
WIDTH
280
LOAD
ELEMENT INJECTION
MODULATOR BUS
RECTIFIER 140
OF REACTIVE u MAXIMUM
POWER Vser
SUPPLY
0 VOLTAGE
19.53
29.30
39.06
48.83
58.59
68.36
78.13
87.89
97.66
0.00
9.77

DC
|V | cos
PWM -140 L

-280
C
-420 LOAD
Tshift
CURRENT
CONTROLS Ma TIME (ms)

57 58

DVR FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION

AT THE DISTRIBUTION LEVEL
APPARENT (REACTIVE) POWER
MINIMUM SUPPLY VOLTAGE INJECTED BY SERIES
CORRECTABLE TRANSFORMER (PU)

VL
TO 1.0 PER UNIT

INCREASING
Rectifier Loads and
|VL ||IL |

2
|VL | - |Vser, max|
2
|V1 | = 0.25 |VL|
|V 1 |
their Harmonic
|V1 | = 0.5 |VL|

Impact
0.5|VL ||IL |

|V L| - |Vser, max|
|V1 | = 0.71 |VL|

0
0 ARCSIN( |Vser| / |VL| ) 1.0 |V1 | = 0.9|VL|
0
LAGGING LOAD POWER FACTOR 0 0.5 1.0
LAGGING POWER FACTOR

59 60

10
 1 RECTIFIER LOADS 1 RECTIFIER LOADS
LINE COMMUTATED 2 2
INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE V = V

dc ac
FIXED DC CURRENT LINE COMMUTATED 2 I dc L s
2 2 INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE cos( u ) = 1
ZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE I = I 2V s
FIXED DC CURRENT
a c fu n d a m e n ta l
dc

= I / h
NONZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE 2 2 2 L s I dc
I s u p p ly ,h a c fu n d a m e n ta l V dc = Vs

T H D = 4 8 .4 3 %
u
D P F = 1 DPF cos( )
2
2 2 P = V s I ac , fundamenta DPF = V dc I dc
T P F = l

2 2
Pdc = Pac = V I
s ,r m s dc

61 62

A NOTE ON SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER

LOADS SUPPLIED BY A THREE PHASE
1 RECTIFIER LOADS SYSTEM
FORCED COMMUTATED 2 L s I dc
cos( + u ) = cos( )
INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE Vs 2
FIXED DC CURRENT
u CURRENT
NONZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE DPF = cos( + ) Ia Ib Ic
2

2 2 2 L s
1 ph
bridge
1 ph
bridge
1 ph
bridge A
V s I dc cos( ) I dc2 rect rect rect

I sup ply =
fundamenta l
V s cos( +
u
2
) B
2 2 2
V dc = V s cos( ) L s I dc C

63
SUM time
64

3 RECTIFIER LOADS 3 RECTIFIER LOADS

six pulse six pulse
LINE COMMUTATED 3 2
SIX PULSE V = V
dc
LL
INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE LINE COMMUTATED 3 2 3LS
FIXED DC CURRENT I = 2 / 3I SIX PULSE Vdc = V LL I dc
ZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE
s ,r m s dc
INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE
6 FIXED DC CURRENT 2Ls I dc
I = I NONZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE cos( u ) = 1

su p ly , fu n d a m e n ta l dc
2VLL
D PF = 1 u
DPF cos( )
3 2
TPF =
u
P = 3VLL I sup ply , fundamenta l cos( ) = Vdc I dc
T H D = 3 1 . 0 8 % ( 5 , 7 ,1 1 , . . . ) 2

65 66

11
 CALCULATION OF HARMONIC LOADS
3 RECTIFIER LOADS
CURRENTS FROM SINGLE PHASE AND
six pulse THREE PHASE RECTIFIERS
THE HARMONIC LOAD CURRENT
FORCED COMMUTATED 3 2 3 L S DEMANDS OF RECTIFIERS MAY BE
SIX PULSE V = V cos( ) I dc
CALCULATED FROM THE
dc LL
INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE
FIXED DC CURRENT 2 L s I dc
NONZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE cos( + u ) = cos( )
2 V LL
RECTIFIER FORMULAS TO FIND I1 -
u THEN FIND THE ODD HARMONICS
DPF cos( + )
2 (SINGLE PHASE) OR 5, 7, 11, 13TH
HARMONICS (SIX PULSE) USING
THE 1/h RULE
67 68

SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
A 1000 kVA three phase six-pulse rectifier Find transformer reactance
serves a 2000 V DC load using the delay 2
xbase = v / s = [(6900/ 3 )2 / (1.1M/3)]
angle to hold the DC voltage constant over
all loads in the range 100 to 250 kW. The = 43.28 ohms
supply transformer is rated 1100 kVA, 13.8
kV / 6900 V, x=20%, 50 Hz. Estimate the fifth Ls = xs = 8.656 ohms
and seventh harmonic currents on the high
voltage side of the transformer in the 100 -
250 kW operating range.
69 70

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
FORCED COMMUTATED 3 2 3 L S
SIX PULSE V = V cos( ) I dc
dc
LL

INFINITE DC INDUCTANCE
FIXED DC CURRENT 2 L s I dc
cos( + u) = cos - (2 LsIdc/ 2 VLL)
NONZERO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE cos( + u ) = cos( )
2 V LL
u
DPF cos( + ) cos(71.003+u)=cos (71.003)-(2)(8.656)(250k)/(6900)( 2)(2k)
2

u = 13.042o
At 250 kW
2000 = (3 2 / )(6900)(cos ) - ((3)(8.656)/)(250k/2k)
DPF = cos( + u/2) = 0.216

= 71.003o 71 72

12
 SOLUTION SOLUTION

I1 = S/V = (1.157M/3)/(13.8k/1.732) DPF = cos( + u/2) = 0.2149

= 48.405 A
I5 = (1/5) I1 = 9.68 A
I7 = (1/7) I1 = 6.92 A
S = P/DPF = 100k/0.2149 = 465.4 kVA
I1 = S/V = (465.4k/3)/(13.8k/1.732)
= 19.472 A
I5 = (1/5) I1 = 3.89 A
73
I7 = (1/7) I1 = 2.78 A 74

ANALYSIS OF HIGHER PULSE

SUMMARY
ORDER CONVERTERS
100 kVA operation 250 kVA operation
BREAK CIRCUIT INTO SEVERAL
9.68 A IDENTICAL SIX PULSE
CONVERTERS
6.92 A
EACH SIX PULSE CONVERTER
3.98 A 5 OPERATES AT IDENTICAL P, I, V
2.78 A 7 HARMONICS AT pn 1
5
7
75 76

ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES PWM DRIVES

Analysis as for
DC machine drives rectifiers
Controlled rectifier types
THE PWM DRIVE TECHNOLOGY RELIES ON
Synchronous machine drives
PWM
THE USE OF A PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
PWM analysis THAT MODULATES A HIGH FREQUENCY
Rectifier-inverter
Cycloconverter WAVE (e.g., 10 kHz, THE CARRIER) WITH A
Induction machine drives SINUSOIDAL WAVE OF ARBITRARY
Chopper FREQUENCY AND PHASE
PWM
analysis
Rectifier - inverter
Cycloconverter
77 78

13
 V(f)
switching frequency
much higher than
carrier

fo fc
Power Quality
carrier Standards
PWM
control adjustable
amplitude

adjustable
phase
79 80

Who Develops PQ
Structure of Basic and Generic
Standards? EMC Standards
International Standards Groups Part 1: General (IEC Pub 1000-1)
IEC (mostly TC 77) fundamental principles, definitions, terminology
CIGRE (SC 36) Part 2: Environment (IEC Pub 1000-2)
description, classification and compatibility levels
The European Norm (EN)
Part 3: Limits (IEC Limits 1000-3)
National standards worldwide (e.g., BNS) emission and immunity limits, generic standards
Standards Groups in North America Part 4: Testing and measurement (IEC Pub 1000-4)
techniques for conducting
IEEE (really international, mostly PES and IAS)
Part 5: Installation and mitigation (IEC Guide 1000-5)
ANSI installation guidelines, mitigation methods and devices
UL, NEMA, NFPA, NIST
81 82

IEC Approach IEC Equipment Limits

(IEC 1000-3-3, IEC 1000-3-5)
Limit harmonic currents for individual
equipment (type testing) Limits for unbalance
IEC 1000-3-2 for equipment up to 16 amps LV-MV: 2%
IEC 1000-3-4 for equipment up to 75 amps HV: 1%
(under development) Limits for flicker
This should limit overall harmonic Voltage Level Pst (pu) Plt (pu)
distortion levels to acceptable values
Procedure for evaluating customers LV 1 0.74
supplied at medium voltage and high MV 1 0.74
voltage (1000-3-6) HV 0.85 0.62
83
EHV 0.7 0.5 84

14
 IEC Standards for Harmonic IEC 1000-2-2 Compatibility Levels
Distortion Levels Harmonic Voltage COMPATIBILITY LEVELS (IEC 1000-2-2)

ODD HARMONICS EVEN HARMONICS

Customer/System Limits not multiple of 3

Harmonic Voltage (%)
multiples of 3
Harmonic Voltage (%) Harmonic Voltage (%)
IEEE 519-1992 Order h LV-MV HV Order h LV-MV HV Order h LV-MV HV
IEC 1000-2-2 (Compatibility Levels)
IEC 1000-3-6 5 6 2 3 5 2 2 2 2
7 5 2 9 1.5 1 4 1 1
G5/3 (United Kingdom) 11 3.5 1.5 15 0.3 0.3 6 0.5 0.5

Equipment Limits 13
17
3
2
1.5
1
21 0.2 0.2 8
10
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
IEC 1000-3-2 (Formerly IEC 555-2) up to 16 amps 19 1.5 1 >21 0.2 0.2 12 0.2 0.2
IEC 1000-3-4 16-75 amps 23 1.5 0.7
25 1.5 0.7 >12 0.2 0.2
New Task Force in IEEE (Harmonic Limits for Single Phase
Loads)
>25 0.2+1.3(25/h) 0.2+0.5(25/h)
How to Measure Harmonics
IEC 1000-4-7 THD Limit = 8% for LV-MV Systems
85 86

Key PQ Publications /
Commonly used standards
Guide
IEEE
IEEE P519A - Harmonics
IEEE 1250
Recommended
IEEE P1346 - Voltage sags
Practice
Gold book - Reliability
IEC 1000-5-#
Standard
87 88

Power Quality Related

Standards of the IEEE Philosophy of IEEE 519
Recommended Practices The utility is
IEEE 446 - Emergency and Standby Power responsible for
IEEE 519 - Harmonic Control
maintaining
quality of voltage
IEEE 1001 - Interface with Dispersed Generation
waveform.
IEEE 1100 - Power and Grounding Electronics
IEEE 1159 - Monitoring Power Quality The customer is
IEEE 1250 - Service to Critical Loads responsible for
IEEE 1346 - System Compatibility in Industrial limiting harmonic
Environments currents injected
IEEE 1366 - Electric Utility Reliability Indices onto the power
89 system. 90

15
 IEEE 519 Harmonic Voltage
Meeting Voltage Distortion Limits
Limits
Maximum Individual Maximum Limit the harmonic currents from
Bus Voltage Harmonic Component (%) THD (%) nonlinear devices on the system
(customer harmonic current limits)
69 kV and below 3.0% 5.0%

115 kV to 161 kV 1.5% 2.5%

Make sure that system resonances do not
Above 161 kV 1.0% 1.5%
result in excessive magnification of the
customer harmonic currents (utility
control of system response)
Harmonic Voltage Limits - Utility Responsibility

91 92

IEEE 519 Harmonic Current Transients: ANSI C62.41

Limits
2.0
Harmonic Current Limits - Customer Responsibility 34.5 kV Bus Voltage
Capacitor Switching Transien
SCR =Isc/IL <11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD 1.5

<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0

1.0
20 - 50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
Voltage (V pu)

50 - 100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0 0.5

100 - 1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0

0.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
-0.5
Values shown are in percent of average maximum demand load current
SCR = short circuit ratio (utility short circuit current at point of common -1.0
coupling divided by customer average maximum demand load current)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion (uses maximum demand load current as -1.5
the base, rather than the fundamental current) 0 20 40 60 80 100
PCC = measurements taken at point of common coupling Time (mS)
93 94

Environment - (IEEE/ANSI C62.41)

103
Clearance
Sparkover
102
Graph for a 1 kV
circuit Why is Power Quality
101
High
Rate of surge Important?
Surges/Year Exposure occurrences
1 versus
Medium voltage level at
Exposure
unprotected
10-1
Low
locations
Exposure
10-2
0.3 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Surge Crest (kV)
95

16
 Cost The Cost of Power Quality
Competitiveness
Calculated by the sum of the costs of
Down time the measures taken to improve PQ;
Losses or the cost of customer losses in
Loss of life industrial production; or the
payment to customers for PQ
Metering error problems; or the total active power
EMC energy loss plus metering error plus
Proper service to the load loss of life plus cost to serve peak
including harmonic loss?
97 98

The Cost of Power Quality Losses and Loss of Life

Losses depend on |I|2R
Alternatively estimated at 6B$ (BMI /
Excess heating in iron components
Electrotek), 3B$ annually (EPRI) or
may be problematic
1B$ (Heydt at IEEE-T&D Meeting)
Losses = costs, especially at peak
periods
Whatever the figure is, it is avoidable Loss of life depends on Dakins rule,
to some degree, and when costs rate of reaction doubles every 20O C
occur, they can create real problems rise
99 100

Downtime / Proper service

Questions?
to Load
Telephone interference (TIF)
Comments?
Computer interference (C-message
weight index)
Momentary outage hardening (CBEMA, Complaints?
ITIC)
UPS and power conditioner applications

101 102

17