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Pipe Flow Problems-III: Example 1
Pipe Flow Problems-III: Example 1
Example 1
A centrifugal pump has a 100 mm diameter suction pipe and a 75 mm diameter delivery
pipe. When discharging 15 l/s of water, the inlet water mercury manometer with one
limb exposed to the atmosphere recorded a vacuum deflection of 198 mm; the mercury
level on the suction side was 100 mm below the pipe centerline. The delivery pressure
gauge, 200 mm above the pump inlet, recorded a pressure of 0.95 bar. The measured in
put power was 3.2 kW. Calculate the pump efficiency. (See fig.1)
Solution;
Manometric head = rise in total head
p2 V22 p V2
Hm z 1 1 1bar 10.198m of water
g 2 g g 2 g
p2
0.95 *10.198 9.65m of water
g
V22
V2 3.39m / s; 0.588m
2g
V12
V1 1.91m / s; 0.186m
2g
Then Hm 9.69 0.588 0.2 - (-2.793 0.186) 13.09m
output power gQHm( watts )
Efficiency ( )
input power 3200( watts )
3.2 0.015 13.09
0.602 (60.2 percent )
3.2
Fig 1.
Example 2 (Pipeline selection in pumping system design)
As existing pump, having the tabulated characteristics is to be used to pump raw sewage
to a treatment plant through a static lift of 20 m. An uPVC pipeline 10 km long is to be
used. Allowing for minor losses totaling 10 V2/2g and taking an effective roughness of
0.15 mm because of sliming, select a suitable commercially available pipe size to
achieve a discharge of 60 l/s. Calculate this power consumption.
Discharge (l/s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Total head (m) 45 44.7 43.7 42.5 40.6 38 35 31
Overall efficiency
35 50 57 60 60 53 40
(per cent)
Solution;
At 60 l/s, total head = 35.0 m, therefore the sum of the static lift and pipeline losses
must not exceed 35.0 m.
2
Friction head loss 0.019 10000 0.85 23.32m
0.3 19.62
Hs + hf = 43.32 (> 35) pipe diameter too small
10 0.624 2
0 .2 m
Hf=10.48m; hm 19.612
The pump would deliver approximately 70 l/s through the 350 mm pipe and to regulate
the flow to 60 l/s an additional head loss of 4.32 m by valve closure would be required.
Pump Characteristics
discharge (l/s) 0 10 20 30 40
Total head (m) 30 27.5 23.5 17 7.5
Overall efficiency (per cent) 44 58 50 18
Solution;
The system curve is computed as in the previous examples; this is, of course ,
independent of the pump characteristics. Calculated system heads (H) are tabulated
below for discrete discharges (Q)
H HsT h f hm
Q (l/s) 10 20 30 40
H (m) 16.53 20.8 27.37 36.48
(a) Parallel operation
The predicted head v. discharge curve for dual pump operation in parallel mode is
obtained as described,.i.e. by doubling she discharge over the range of heads (since
the pumps are identical in this case). The system and efficiency curves are added as
shown in fig. 2. From the intersection of the characteristic and system curves the
following results are obtained:
Note that for this particular pipe system, comparing the relative power consumptions the
parallel operation is more efficient in producing an increase in discharge than the series
operation.
Example 4
p p
z 5 z1 1 v 0.55 NPSH 8.84 0.1254 0.55 2.27 5.89m
Example 4
The pump of Fig 4a.is placed in a 10-in- diameter pipe (f=0.020), 1300 ft long, which is
used to lift water from one reservoir to another. The difference in water surface
elevations between the reservoirs fluctuates from 20ft to 100ft. Plot a curve showing
delivery rate versus water surface elevation difference. Plot also the corresponding
efficiencies. The pump is operated at a constant speed of 1450 rpm. Neglect minor
losses.
Solution;
Plot the pump characteristic curve and pipe system curves for a variety of zs.
Solution;
Example 6
A pump is delivering 7500 gpm of water at 140 F at a head of 240 ft, and the
barometric pressure is 13.8 psia. Determine the reading on a pressure gage in inches of
mercury vacuum at the suction flange when cavitation is incipient. Assume the suction
pipe diameter equals 2 ft and neglect the effects of prerotation. Take c=0.085
Solution;
p s abs / Vs2 / 2 g p v / / h
let p gage pressure at suction flange
p s abs p atm p 13.8 p
Vs Q / As 7500 0.002228 / 2 2 / 4 5.319 ft
p v / 416 / 61.4 6.775 ft
0.085 13.8 p 144 / 61.4 5.319 2 /( 2 * 32.2) 6.775 / 240
p 2.400 lb / in 2.400 29.9 / 14.7 4.88 inHg
2
or 4.88 in Hg vacuum
Example 7
Water is being pumped from a reservoir to the top of a hill, where it is discharged, as
shown in Fig. The pump, which is 70 % efficient, is rated at 150kW. Find the flow rate
at which water is being discharged from the pipe. Neglect minor losses
Solution;
p1 / V12 / 2 g z1 E p p 2 / V 22 / 2 g z 2 h L
E P P / Q 150 0.7 / Q9.79 10.725 / Q
2
V Q/ A V2 Q /
500
/ 4 5.093Q
h L h f f L / D V 2 / 2 g
1000
Assume
500
f 0.018, hL 0.018 975 /
5.093Q) / 2 * 9.807 46.42Q
2 2
1000
.
0 0 111 .0 10.725 / Q 0 5.093Q) 2 / 2 * 9.807 150.2 46.42Q 2
Q 0.254 m 3 / s (by trial and error)
This solution was based on the assumed value of f of 0.018. However, the value of f is
dependent on the Reynolds number and relative roughness. Therefore a new value of f
should be determined based on the computed value of Q of 0.254 m3/s.
Example 8
Oil with a specific gravity of 0.87 is being pumped from a lower reservoir to an
elevated tank as shown in Fig. The pump in the system is 78% efficient and is rated at
185 KW. Determine the flow rate of the oil in the pipe if the total head loss from point 1
to 2 is 12 of oil.
Solution;
p1 / v12 / 2 g z1 E p p 2 / v 22 / 2 g z 2 hL p1 / p 2 / v 22 / 2 g 0
z1 150m
P QE P 0.78185 Q * 0.87 * 9.79 E P EP 16.94 / Q
v 22 / 2 g Q / A / 2 g Q / 0.160 / 4 /( 2 * 9.807) 126.12Q 2
2 2 2