Power Electronics

Chapter 3
DC to DC Converters
(Choppers)
Power Electronics Outline
3.1 Basic DC to DC converters
3.1.1 Buck converter (Step-down converter)
3.1.2 Boost converter (Step-up converter)
3.1.3 Buck-Boost converter (Step-down/step-up converter) and
Cuk converter
3.1.4 Sepic converter and Zeta converter
3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of
multiple DC/DC converters
3.2.1 A current-reversible chopper
3.2.2 Bridge chopper (H-bridge DC/DC converter)
3.2.3 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converters

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Power Electronics 3.1 Basic DC to DC converters
IntroductionBuck converter

SPDT switch changes dc

component

Switch output voltage

waveform

Duty cycle D:
0D1
complement D:
D = 1 - D

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Power Electronics Dc component of switch output voltage

Fourier analysis: Dc component = average value

4
 Insertion of low-pass filter to remove switching
Power Electronics harmonics and pass only dc component

5
Power Electronics Basic operation principle of buck converter

Buck converter with

ideal switch

Realization using
power MOSFET
and diode

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 Thought process in analyzing basic
Power Electronics DC/DC converters

Basic operation principle (qualitative analysis)

How does current flows during different switching states
How is energy transferred during different switching states
Verification of small ripple approximation
Derivation of inductor voltage waveform during different
switching states
Quantitative analysis according to inductor volt-second
balance or capacitor charge balance

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 Actual output voltage waveform of
Power Electronics buck converter

Buck converter
containing practical
low-pass filter

Actual output voltage

waveform

v(t) = V + vripple(t)

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Power Electronics The small ripple approximation

v(t) = V + vripple(t)

In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is

small. Hence, the waveforms can be easily determined by
ignoring the ripple:

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 Buck converter analysis:
Power Electronics inductor current waveform

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 Inductor voltage and current
Power Electronics subinterval 1: switch in position 1

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 Inductor voltage and current
Power Electronics subinterval 2: switch in position 2

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Power Electronics Inductor voltage and current waveforms

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 Determination of inductor
Power Electronics current ripple magnitude

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 Inductor current waveform
Power Electronics during start-up transient

15
 The principle of inductor volt-second
Power Electronics balance: Derivation

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 Inductor volt-second balance:
Power Electronics Buck converter example

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 The principle of capacitor charge
Power Electronics balance: Derivation

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Power Electronics Boost converter example

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Power Electronics Boost converter analysis

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Power Electronics Subinterval 1: switch in position 1

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Power Electronics Subinterval 2: switch in position 2

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 Inductor voltage and capacitor current
Power Electronics waveforms

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Power Electronics Inductor volt-second balance

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 Conversion ratio M(D) of
Power Electronics the boost converter

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 Determination of inductor current
Power Electronics dc component

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 Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and
Power Electronics Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of buck
L io R
V
iG +
E EM
VD uo M
-

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 Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and
Power Electronics Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of boost
L VD

M EM V uo E

a)

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 3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and
Power Electronics connection of multiple DC/DC converters
A current reversible chopper

V1
VD2
E L R io
V2
VD1 uo M EM

Can be considered as a
combination of a Buck and a
Boost
Can realize two-quadrant ( I & II)
operation of DC motor:
forward motoring,
forward braking

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Power Electronics Bridge chopper (H-bridge chopper)

V1 V3
uo
VD1 VD3
E L R io
M
V2
VD2 + - VD4
EM
V4

Can be considered as the combination of two

current-reversible choppers.
Can realize 4-quadrant operation of DC motor.

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 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC
Power Electronics converter
V1 i 1 L1

L V2 i2 L2 io
V3 i3 L3

C VD3 VD2 VD1 M uo

E

u3 u2 u1

Current output capability is

increased due to multi-channel
paralleling.
Ripple in the output voltage and
current is reduced due to multi-
channel paralleling.
Ripple in the input current is
reduced due to multi-phase
paralleling.
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