Chng 9

CC BO QUAN KHC
9.1. Phc h Golgi (Golgi complex)
Phc h Golgi hay b Golgi c pht hin vo nm 1898 bi Golgi.
9.1.1. Cu to hnh thi
B Golgi thng nm gn nhn t bo, t bo ng vt n thng cnh trung
th (centrosome) hay trung tm t bo. B Golgi c to thnh bi cc thnh phn
sau:
- Nhng bao dt xp song song thnh chng nh chng a. Mi bao dt c hnh
mt ci a cong ng knh t 1 - 3m. ng knh ca lng bao t 100 - 200.
- Nhng ti nh hnh cu, ng knh 300 - 1000, nm vng ngoi vi ca
nhng bao dt.
- Nhng khng bo ln hnh cu ng knh khong 5000, c khi ti 30.000.
Chng thng nm u cc bao dt, hoc chen vo gia cc chng bao dt (hnh 9.1).
1 2

Hnh 9.1. B Golgi (theo Bruce Alberts)

1. Pha nhn; 2. Cc ti i vo; 3. Golgi dng ti; 4. Golgi dng bao dt.
 C 3 thnh phn ni trn u
c bao bc bi mng ging vi
mng t bo, c chiu dy 75, nhn
khng c ribosome bm mt ngoi.
B Golgi pht trin cc t bo tit
mnh (t bo tuyn) (hnh 9.2).
9.1.2. Thnh phn ha hc
Cho n nay cha c bit y
v vic tch b Golgi ra khi t bo
nghin cu cn gp kh khn. Tuy
nhin, bng phng php ha t bo
ngi ta thy b Golgi c protein,
phospholipide, mt s loi men nh
phosphatase acid, phosphatase kim.
9.1.3. Chc nng
- Trc y, H. Hacohob (1924)
v Bowen (1929) cho rng vai tr ca
b Golgi c lin quan n s hnh
thnh cht tit ca t bo. Hnh 9.2. Siu cu trc ca b
- Ngy nay, nh cc phng Golgi ca t bo thc vt - to
php nghin cu hin i cho php Chlamydomonas (nh HVT -
cc nh nghin cu a ra quan nim theo George Palade)
v dy chuyn sn xut ni bo v b
Golgi tham gia vi t cch l mt khu trong dy chuyn . B Golgi l ni tp trung,
sp xp, ng gi v c c nhng sn phm ch tit c sn xut bi mng li ni
sinh cht v ch bin thnh cc ht cht tit. Sn phm tp trung vo b Golgi thng l
protein, cc ht non hong (Kessel, 1966), cc hoocmon thuc loi steroit (Duffaire,
1970), cc hoocmon insulin v glucagon (Kawanishi, 1966).
- B Golgi tham gia to ra tin lysosome. t bo dng tinh, b Golgi to ra cc
u ca tinh trng. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu dn liu chng minh vai tr ca b Golgi
khng nhng ch tp trung, sp xp m cn tham gia vo s tng hp cc polysaccharide,
cc glucoprotein. Vai tr ny th hin c t bo ng vt v t bo thc vt (Raugier,
1966, Heban, 1969).
Tm li, khi sn xut protein th ribosome l ni tng hp, cn b Golgi ch l ni
tp trung ch bin v khi sn xut polysaccharide th b Golgi chnh l ni tng hp (m
hnh ca Favard, 1969 - hnh 9.3).
 Acid amin Glucose Galactose

Ribosom
Polysaccharit
Protein
Mucopolysaccharit

Glucoproteide

Li ni
sinh cht

Hnh 9.3. M hnh chc nng ca phc h Golgi (theo Favard)

9.2. Ribosome
Ribosome cn gi l ht palad,
c Palade m t ln u tin vo
nm 1953. ribosome c trong tt c t
bo t vi khun n ng vt bc cao.
9.2.1. Cu to hnh thi
Ribosome l nhng khi hnh
cu hay hnh trng c ng knh
150. S phn b ca ribosome trong
t bo thay i tu vng. Chng c th
dng t do ri rc trong t bo cht,
hay dnh vo mt ngoi ca mng
mng li ni sinh cht hoc mt
ngoi ca mng nhn (hnh 9.4).
Ribosome c th ng ring l
hoc lin kt vi nhau thnh chui bi
mt si mnh c ng knh 15. Ngy
nay, ngi ta bit l si
mARN. Mi chui c t 5 - 70 ribosome Hnh 9.4. Cu trc ribosome
(theo Phm Phan ch)
(theo Rich, 1963-1964). Khong cch
gia cc ribosome l 50 - 150. Mi 1. Tiu phn nh; 2. mARN; 3. tARN;
chui nh vy gi l polysom. 4. Acid amin; 5. Tiu phn ln; 6. Chui
polypeptide; 7. Mng ca li ni cht.
Mi ribosome c to thnh bi 2 n v nh gi l hai tiu phn c lng v
kch thc khc nhau. Hai tiu phn gn vo nhau nh ion Mg++. Khi nng Mg++ thp
hn 0,001M, ribosome tch thnh 2 tiu phn c lng khc nhau (hnh 9.5).
 Ribosome vi khun c lng l 70S; ribosome ca thc vt v ng vt l 80S th
tiu phn ln c lng l 60S, cn tiu phn nh l 40S. ribosome 70S th tiu phn
ln c lng 50S v tiu phn nh l 30S.

Hnh 9.5. Ribosome tch thnh cc tiu phn (theo Phm Phan ch)

Trn tiu phn ln c 3 vng lin kt vi ARN:

- Vng lin kt vi mARN.
- Vng lin kt peptid - tARN (vng P) c nh tARN khi ang lp rp acid
amin vo mch polypeptid.
- Vng lin kt amino - acyl - tARN (vng A) c nh tARN ang mang acid
amin chuyn vo ribosome.
Khi ribosome nh vo li ni bo th n thng c dnh phn ca tiu phn
ln.

9.2.2. Cu to ho hc
Bng phng php phn tch ho hc ngi ta xc nh c thnh phn ho hc
ca ribosome. Mi ribosome cha: rARN, cc enzyme, v cc protein cu trc v nc.
Ribosome 70S cha 50% nc; rARN bng 63% trng lng kh, protein bng
37% trng lng kh.
Ribosome 80S cha 80% nc; rARN bng 50% trng lng kh v protein chim
50% trng lng kh.
Ngoi nhng thnh phn ni trn, trong ribosome cn c ion Mg++, Ca++, cc
enzyme nh ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease dng khng hot tnh,
leuxinaminopeptidase, - galactoridase, cc enzyme phosphatase base v acid.
9.2.3. Chc nng
Chc nng ch yu ca ribosome l ni tng hp protein. Chnh trn ribosome cc
acid amin c hot ho tp hp li v c lp rp ng v tr vo mch polypeptid
theo ng mt m di truyn trong mch mARN (xem phn tng hp protein).
9.3. Lysosome (tiu th)
Lysosome c De Duve (B) nghin cu, m t u tin vo nm 1949 v t tn
vo nm 1955. Lysosome l bo quan c trong hu ht cc t bo ng vt v c ng vt
n bo. t bit th lysosome c nhiu v c kch thc ln trong cc i thc bo v
bch cu.
 9.3.1. Cu to hnh thi
Kch thc, hnh dng ca lysosome rt a dng v tu thuc vo cc cht khc
nhau m th lysosome thu thp vo phn gii.
Lysosome l nhng khi hnh cu ng knh t 0,2 - 0,4, c khi ln n 1 - 2.
Lysosome c bao bi mt mng lipoproteide (mng t bo).
- Tu thuc vo s hnh thnh, thnh phn cng nh hot tnh chc nng ca cc
cht cha trong lysosome m ngi ta phn thnh 4 dng, trong ch c mt dng l
nguyn pht cn 3 dng kia l lysosome th pht.
+ Th lysosome cp I: l dng lysosome nguyn pht. L khi hnh cu nh, cha
nhng enzyme thu phn. Nhng enzyme ny s hot ng khi xung quanh tr thnh acid
(pH < 7).
+ Khng bo tiu ho: c to ra do s gn kt ca khng bo cha d vt vi
lysosome nguyn pht. Trong khng bo tiu ho, d vt dn dn b phn hu nh s hot
ng ca cc enzyme cha trong lysosome nguyn pht.
+ Th cn b: khi cc d vt khng b phn hu hon ton, nhng cn b cn tn ti
trong lysosome to thnh th cn b. Th cn b s b tng ra khi t bo.
+ Cc khng bo t tiu (cn c gi l xitolysosome) l mt dng ca lysosome
cha nhng cu trc ca bn thn t bo (v d: cc ty th, ribosome, cc mnh ca mng
li ni sinh cht,...) ang trong qu trnh b tiu ho. V vy, nhiu tc gi gi khng bo
t tiu l xitolysosome hoc otolysosome. Khng bo t tiu c hnh thnh trong cc
qu trnh sinh l hoc bnh l.
- Da vo qu trnh tiu ho ni bo ngi ta cn phn bit ra 3 kiu lysosome nh
sau:
+ Cc yu t tin lysosome, l cc fagosome hay otofagosome.
+ Cc lysosome cp I v cp II (cc fagolysosome, otolysosome hoc
xitolysosome) (hnh 9.6).
+ Cc yu t hu lysosome, tng ng vi cc th cn li.
Cc yu t tin lysosome ch cha cc d vt - l cc i tng phn gii m
khng cha enzyme.
Cc th lysosome cp I c cha enzyme hydrolase-acid, nhng cha tham gia vo
qu trnh tiu ho.
Cc lysosome cp II cha cc enzyme hydrolase, cha c cc cht cha b tiu ho
hoc ang b tiu ho.
 9.3.2. Cu to ho hc
Mng lysosom l mng sinh cht
(mng t bo) c cu to t protein
v lipid. H thng mng c ngun gc
t mng Golgi hoc mng t bo
(Smith, 1969). Trong lysosom c cha
nhiu men thu phn nh: phosphatase
acid, ADNase, ARNase, protease, lipase,
glucosidase, collagenase, catepsin,... Hin
nay, ngi ta bit chnh xc 40 loi
men khc nhau c trong lysosom.
Nhng men ny ch hot ng
trong mi trng acid (pH = 5) v ch c
gii phng ra khi lysosom b ph hu.

9.3.3. Chc nng

Lysosom tham gia vo qu trnh
tiu ho ni bo. Lysosom tiu hu cc
d vt xm nhp vo t bo, tiu ho
cc bo quan gi khng cn hot ng
c na. i khi lysosom cn tiu
hu ngay bn thn t bo (s t tiu), Hnh 9.6. Lysosom (nh HVT -
men catepsin ng vai tr quan trng theo Daniel)
trong s t tiu. Theo De Duve, qu Phn trn l lysosom cp I
trnh tiu ho ni bo din ra theo s Phn di l lysosom cp II
sau (hnh 9.7).
Cc sn phm do enzyme ca lysosome phn gii mt phn c th c t bo s
dng, cn cc cht c hi cho t bo hoc b thi ra khi t bo hoc c tch lu trong
lysosome dng cc ht lipofucsin.
 Hnh 9.7. Hot ng chc nng ca lysosom (theo De Duve)
1. D vt; 2. i phn t; 3. Khng bo m bo; 4. Th thc bo; 5. Li ni
cht ht; 6. Lysosom nguyn pht; 7. Khng bo tiu ho; 8-9. Th cn b;
10. Cn b bi xut ra ngoi; 11. Khng bo t tiu.

9.4. Peroxysome
9.4.1. Cu to
Peroxysome l bo quan c bao bc bi mt mng n mng, thng nm gn
li ni sinh cht khng ht hoc phn nhn ca li ni sinh cht c ht.
Nhiu tc gi cho rng peroxysome c hnh thnh t li ni sinh cht. Cc
protein ca mng peroxysom c tng hp t li ni sinh cht c ht ri chuyn ti
phn khng ht, t hnh thnh ti ca peroxysome. Cc enzyme trong ti c tng
hp trong t bo cht ri a vo bn trong ti (hnh 9.8). Peroxysome cha catalase v
mt s enzyme oxy ho nh urat oxydase, D. aminoacid oxydase.
 Hnh 9.8 Peroxysome (nh HVDT-
theo Daniel)
3 peroxysome trong t bo gan. C 3
th vi v mng li ni cht u th
hin r.

9.4.2. Chc nng

- Peroxysome dng enzyme oxydase thc hin phn ng oxy ho tch nguyn t
hydrogen t cc c cht c hiu v to H2O2 (hydroperocid):
oxydase
RH2 + O2 R + H2O2
- Enzyme catalase s dng H2O2 t phn ng trn oxy ho nhiu c cht khc
bao gm: phenol, acid formic, formaldehyd v alcol:
catalase
H2O2 + RH2 R + 2H2O
Catalase c th chuyn H2O2 thnh H2O:
catalase
H2O2 2H2O + O2
- Peroxysome trong t bo gan v thn tham gia gii c mt s cht nh etanol
thnh acetaldehyd.
- Peroxysome xc tc cho phn ng phn tch cc acid bo thnh acetyl CoA, cht
ny c a n ty th tham gia vo h hp ca t bo.
Nh vy, peroxysome l bo quan chuyn bit thc hin cc phn ng to
H2O2, ri li s dng H2O2 oxy ho mt s cht khc trong t bo.
9.5. Glyoxysome
L mt vi th cha cc enzyme dng phn hu lipid thc vt thnh ng nui
cy con. T bo ng vt khng c bo quan ny.
9.6. Khng bo (vacuole)
Khng bo c hin ra trong t bo cht nh nhng ti cha nc v
cc cht tan hoc tch nc do t bo cht thi ra. Ti c bao quanh bi mt mng gi
l tonoplast, c th xem nh mng trong ca t bo cht.
C nhiu loi khng bo tng ng vi cc chc nng khc nhau:
mt s nguyn sinh ng vt c khng bo co bp (contractive vacuole) gi
vai tr quan trng trong vic thi cc cht v nc d ra khi t bo. Nhiu nguyn sinh
ng vt cn c khng bo dinh dng (food vacuole) cha cc ht thc n.
Cc t bo thc vt cha trng thnh cha nhiu khng bo nh. Trong qu trnh
ln ln, cc t bo ht thm nc to ra v nhp li vi nhau thnh mt khng bo ln
chim hu ht th tch ca t bo trng thnh. Khng bo ln y t bo cht ra vch t
bo thnh mt lp mng. Khng bo thc vt cha mt dung dch lng c cc cht ho
tan, y l dung dch u trng nn ht nc do p sut thm thu. Do , khng bo to
mt p lc cng ln vch t bo thc vt. Nhiu cht quan trng cho i sng ca t bo
thc vt c cha khng bo nh cc cht hu c cha nitrogen ho tan, c c acid
amin, cc ng v c mt s protein.
Khng bo cn c chc nng cha mt s cht thi, cc enzyme c tit vo
khng bo phn ct cc cht thi thnh cc cht n gin hn c a tr li th
trong sut (cytosol) v ti s dng.
Mt s cht khc nh anthocyanin hay nhm cc sc t c trong dung dch ca
khng bo gi vai tr to cc mu ca hoa, qu v l ma thu.
9.7. Vi ng (microtubule)
Vi ng ph bin cc loi t bo khc nhau, v vy, ngi ta xem chng l cu trc
c nh ca t bo. S lng, v tr v hng sp xp ca chng trong cc t bo khc
nhau rt khc nhau.
Vi ng c cu trc hnh ng rng gia, chiu di c khi t ti 2,5m, ng
knh t 150 - 300, lng ng rng t 100 - 200, thnh ng dy 40 - 60.
Vi ng thng nm lp ngoi ca t bo cht, st vi t c (t bo c vn), hoc
theo trc dc ca t bo (t bo biu b), hoc theo kiu phng x. Vi ng lin quan cht
ch vi ty th, trung t, mng li ni sinh cht v vi mng nhn.
Vi ng c vai tr nh b xng ca t bo, c nhim v nng t bo, ng thi
c vai tr l hng ro nh khu cc bo quan trong t bo, ngoi ra cn c vai tr
chuyn ch v vn ng t bo cht.
Rosh (1970) cho rng tnh cht a chc nng ca vi ng l do kh nng bin i
hnh th khng gian ca ng protein ca vi ng.

9.8. T c (miofibrin)
C th xem t c l cu trc ca t bo c phn ho lm chc nng co rt. C hai
dng t c: t c trn v t c vn. T c trn to nn c trn, t c vn c cu trc vn
ngang to nn c vn. Hai loi ny ph bin ng vt a bo.
 T c trn c trng cho cc ni quan ng vt c xng sng v c th ca nhiu
ng vt khng xng sng bc thp. T c vn to nn c ca c th cng nh c tim ca
ng vt c xng sng v ng vt chn khp.
- T c vn c cu trc si, trn chiu dc c xp xen k nhiu gii ngang hay l
a. Mt s a rng v ti, cn cc a khc hp v sng.
- Di knh hin vi phn cc, cc a ti th hin tnh lng chit quang, v vy c
tn gi l a A (Anisotropie). Cc a sng th khng th hin tnh lng chit quang nn
c tn gi l a I (Isotrope). Cc a A v I ln lt nm xen k nhau sut chiu di t
c.
T c thng c ng knh vo khong 1 - 2m v di khong 10 -
20m cho n vi mm hoc vi cm.
Mi a A li c chia lm i bi 1 gii ngang c gi l gii H, cc a I
chnh gia cng c chia lm i bi mt gii c tn l tm Z. on t c c gii hn
bi hai u tm Z c gi l 1 tit c (sarcomere). Nh vy, c th xem tit c l n v
cu trc tuyn tnh ca t c (hnh 9.9).

3
2

Hnh 9.9. Cu to mt tit c

1. Actin; 2. Myosin; 3. Mt tit c.

Cc t c nm trong t bo cht ca t bo c, lp t bo ny c gi l c
cht (sarcoplasma), trong c nhn t bo, cc ty th v cc bo quan khc.
Di knh hin vi in t cu trc siu hin vi ca t c vn tt c cc ng vt
thuc cc bc phn loi khc nhau ni chung u ging nhau. Mi mt t c gm rt
nhiu si b hn gi l tiu t c (protofibrin). Tiu t c chia lm hai loi:
+ Tiu t c dy c cu trc protein miozin.
+ Tiu t c mnh gm protein actin.
Chnh cc tiu t c quyt nh cu trc cc a v gii ca t c vn. Tiu t c
dy ch c a A i qua gii H; tiu t c mnh th chy sut a I v xuyn qua a A
xen k vi tiu t c dy cho n gii H. Nh vy, gii H l vng ch c tiu t c dy,
a I l vng ch c tiu t c mnh v a A l vng c cha c tiu t c dy v tiu t
c mnh.
 - T c trn: khc vi t c vn, cc t c trn ch gm c mt loi tiu t c, c
ng knh vo khong 1000 v c chiu di bng chiu di c trn.
- Chc nng: s vn ng ca hai tiu t c (actin v miozim) l tng i vi
nhau. l c s ca nhiu kiu vn ng nh: s co c, s di chuyn kiu amip, s tht
li gia t bo khi phn chia, cng nh s vn chuyn cc ti nh trong t bo.
- Cc vi si ch gm c actin ng vai tr cu trc. Chng to nn sn ni bo
(cytoskeleton) l mt h thng cc rnh phc tp gip duy tr hnh dng t bo.
9.9. T nng (tonofibrin)
T nng thng gp nhiu t bo ca c th a bo, v d t bo thng b,
t bo sinh vt n bo.
T nng c cu trc si v thng gm nhng b si c kch thc siu hin vi
xp song song; mi si c ng knh t 60 - 150. Mi b si c hng trm si siu
hin vi.
t bo thng b, t nng xp thng gc vi mng t bo v khng xuyn qua
mng sang t bo bn cnh.
T nng c chc nng nng (v d t bo n bo) hoc c vai tr tng
cng mi lin h gia cc t bo (i vi t bo thng b).
9.10. Tin mao (flagella) v tim mao (cillia)
Tin mao v tim mao thng nm trn b mt ca t bo, l c quan vn ng
ca t bo, c bit l sinh vt n bo.
V cu trc gia tin mao v tim mao khng khc nhau, chng ch
khc nhau v kch thc v s lng. Khi trn b mt t bo c s lng nhiu nhng
ngn th gi l tim mao, khi c s lng t v di th gi l tin mao.
Tim mao c tho trng, t bo sinh vt a bo, v d nh t bo biu m c
lng t lt ng tiu ho, lt ng h hp, ng sinh dc... Tin mao c nhiu sinh vt n
bo, tinh trng.
Tin mao v tim mao u c bao bi 1 lp mng c cu trc 3 lp - chnh l do
s ko di ca mng t bo m thnh. Bn trong c cu trc si. Cc si sp xp theo s
c trnh by trong hnh 9.10.
S cho thy pha trong mng c 9 cp vi ng nm ngoi dy 300. chnh gia
c 2 si trung tm c bc trong mt bao trung tm dy 150. gia si ngoi vi v
si trung tm c 9 si th cp nh hn.
 Thnh phn ho hc ch
yu ca tin mao v tim mao
l protein, ngoi ra cn c lipid.
Protein v lipid l 2 thnh phn
ch yu to nn si microfibrin v
si falagelin. Falagelin tng ng
vi myosin ca si c ( y
khng c actin). Tin mao v
tim mao c th rng i, mt i
v loi mi s dc pht trin
t cht nn. Th nn c ngun
gc t trung t.
Chc nng: l c quan
vn ng ca t bo. Nng
lng cn cho hot ng ca Hnh 9.10. Cu trc hin vi ca lng bi
chng cng l ATP. v s ct ngang 3 vng (ngn roi,
gn gc roi v trong gc roi) (theo
9.11. Thnh v v t bo Pechenik)

T bo thc vt c bao bc bi nhng thnh t bo, cc thnh ny nm ngoi

mng sinh cht v l t hp n gin ca gluxit. t lu, cc nh sinh hc bit t bo
thc vt, nm v phn ln cc vi khun c thnh dy v cht giu gluxit.
Nhng ch nhng nm gn y ngi ta mi nhn thy rng t bo ng vt cng
c gluxit mt ngoi ca chng. Cc gluxit t bo ng vt khng to nn thnh ca
t bo, tuy nhin chng hot ng nh nhng
nhm pha ngoi khng ph thuc vo mt s lipid v ptotein mng. Mc du khng lin
h vi nhau, cc nhm gluxit ny thng c m t l v t bo v v ny ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic xc nh mt s c tnh ca t bo. S c mt ca gluxit trn
b nt ngoi ca cc t bo lm xut hin cc c tnh chung ca chng.
Tuy nhin, cng cn phn bit: mt bn l thnh t bo d nhn thy, dy v tng
i cng ca thc vt, nm v vi khun. Bn kia l lp v kh
thy, mng v mm ca t bo ng vt.
- Thnh t bo thc vt, nm v vi khun: thnh t bo thc vt, ni chung, khng
c coi l mt phn ca mng sinh cht, mc du n l sn phm ca t bo. Thnh
phn cu trc c bn ca thnh t bo l loi polysaccharide tng hp - cellulose - c cu
trc dng si. Si cellulose gn vi nhau nh khun ca cc dn xut gluxit khc, trong
, c pectin v hemicellulose. Khun ny khng hon ton lp y cc khong trng
gia cc si v chng cho php nc, khng kh, cc cht ho tan i qua thnh t bo mt
cch t do.
 Phn u tin ca thnh t bo do t bo tr ang pht trin to ra gi l thnh s
cp. Ni thnh ca 2 t bo chm nhau, lp gia chng c gi l tm trung gian s gn
chng vi nhau. Pectin mt polysaccharide tng hp trong dng pectatecanxi l cu trc
c bn ca tm trung gian. Nu pectin b ho tan, t bo s km lin kt cht ch vi
nhau. V d: khi qu chn, pectatecanxi chuyn ho mt phn thnh dng khc d ho tan
hn, cc t bo tr nn mm hn.
T bo ca cc m mm thc vt ch c thnh s cp v tm trung gian gia cc
t bo. Sau khi ngng pht trin, cc t bo to phn g cng hn v cc lp tip tc pht
trin hnh thnh nn thnh th cp.
Thnh th cp thng dy hn thnh s cp v c cu to t cc lp rt cht
hoc tm. Si cellulose ca mi si tm nm song song vi nhau v c gc 60 - 900 vi
si ca tm bn cnh. Ngoi cellulose, thnh th cp cn cha cc cht khc nh lignin
lm cho chng chc hn.
Trn thnh t bo c nhng cu ni, qua , cc t bo cnh nhau lin h vi nhau
gi l, cu sinh cht (plasmadesmata). C 2 dng:
+ Dng th nht l cc ng ng qua mng, qua nguyn sinh cht ca tng t
bo ring bit trong mt c th thc vt a bo lin kt v trao i vi nguyn sinh cht
ca t bo khc. Cc nguyn sinh cht lin kt vi nhau thnh mt h thng gi l hp
bo (symplaste). Phn ln s trao i cht gia cc t bo nh trao i ng v acid
amino thng xy ra qua cu sinh cht ca hp bo.
+ Dng th 2 gi l lm, l vt cn c tnh thm chn lc do thnh s cp to
nn.
Thnh t bo ca nm v cc vi khun c cu to t chitin (thc vt t cellulose)
l dn xut ca amino glucosamine. vi khun, thnh t bo c cha vi dng c cht
hu c thay i theo tng nhm. Phn ng c bit ca cc c cht hu c ny i vi
cc cht nhum mu l du hiu phn loi vi khun trong phng th nghim.
Nh c thnh t bo m t bo thc vt, nm v vi khun khng b v mi trng
ngoi rt long (nhc trng). mi trng ny t bo phng ln do p lc trng v
s p vo thnh t bo. p lc trng trn thc t cn lm cho cu trc c hc ca cy
xanh mnh hn (hnh 9.11).
 1
2
3

Hnh 9.11. Vch t bo (theo Phm Thnh H)

1. Vch th cp; 2. Phin gia; 3. Vch s cp; 4. Gia t bo.

- Glucocalix: t bo ng vt, gluxit (chnh l olygosaccharide) gn vo

protein hoc lipid mt ngoi t bo to thnh glycoprotein v glucolipid. S lin kt
gia oligosaccharide vi protein v lipid mt ngoi t bo ng vt nh vy c gi l
glycocalix (hnh 9.12).
Theo nhng nghin cu mi nht th glycocalix chnh l im nhn bit trn b mt
t bo, to cho n kh nng tng tc vi cc t bo khc. V d: khi trn t bo gan v
thn ring r trong mi trng nui cy, cc t bo gan s nhn bit nhau v s ti kt
hp, cc t bo thn cng s tch ra v ti kt hp.
S nhn bit ca cc t bo trong qu trnh pht trin phi v c s kim sot qu
trnh pht trin ca t bo cng ph thuc vo glycocalyse.

Ngy nay, ngi ta cn cho rng s nhn bit ca t bo vt ch vi rt c l cng

ph thuc vo glucocalix. V glucocalix ca t bo ngoi lai chnh l du hiu phn t
khng th ca h min dch dng nhn bit vt gy bnh.
 1
2

Hnh 9.12. S lp thnh v v t bo (glycocalyx) (theo Bruce Alberts)

1. ng d; 2. Glycoprotein hp th; 3. Glycoprotein vn chuyn qua mng;
4. Glycolipide; 5. T bo cht; 6. Lp lipid kp; 7. Thnh t bo (glycocalyx).

Glucocalyse c to nn t oligosaccharit pha ngoi ca gluco, lipid v

glucoprotein v ca adsobedglycoprotein v proteoglycans.

9.12. Trung th (centrosome)

9.12.1. Cu to
Trung th cn gi l trung tm t bo (cytocentrom), l bo quan c trong tt c t
bo ng vt a bo, n bo v trong t bo mt s thc vt (to, nm, ru, dng x v
mt s ht trn). Trong t bo ca thc vt ht kn, ngi ta cha quan st thy trung th,
tuy rng, c mt s tc gi c m t cc cu trc tng t.
Trung th tn ti trong t bo cht ngay c trong thi gian t bo khng phn chia,
v xut hin r khi phn chia nguyn nhim (mitose).
Trong t bo khng phn chia th trung th c trong t bo cht, nm cnh nhn v
gia c 2 ht bt mu sng nm vung gc vi nhau gi l trung t (9.13).
Trung t (centriole) c kch thc t 0,2 - 0,3m. Di knh hin vi in t, trung
t xut hin nh ci ng tr trn, di 0,3 - 0,6m v ng knh 1000 - 2000. Thnh
ng c cu to bi 9 nhm ng nh, mi nhm c 3 ng nh. Trong 3 ng c 1 ng
hon chnh (A) dnh vi 2 ng khng hon chnh (B,C) (hnh 9.14 v 9.15).
 9.12.2. Chc nng
1 1
Trung t ng vai tr quan
trng trong qu trnh phn bo.
Trong qu trnh phn bo, trung t
2
phn chia v di chuyn v 2 cc
3
i lp ca t bo v hot ng
nh tm im cho thoi v sc v 4
hnh thnh nhn ca t bo con.
Tuy nhin, nhng t bo khng c
trung t thoi v sc cng c
hnh thnh.
Hnh 9.13. V tr ca trung th trong t bo
1. Trung tm t bo; 2. Trung t; 3. ng vi th; 4. Nhn.

Hnh 9.14. Cu to trung t

Hnh 9.15. Trung th c v (theo Phillips)
tinh gn vo (theo Phm A. Nhn t bn; B. Lt ct ngang; C. B ba
cc ng siu vi.