53

Chng 3
Cc khi nim c bn v virus
Virus l cc tc nhn rt nh c th gy bnh mi c th sng. Do
cu to rt n gin nn mun nhn ln chng bt buc phi k sinh trong
t bo v nh b my tng hp ca t bo.
I. c im ca virus
Kch thc nh. Virus c kch thc rt nh t 10nm n 300nm
trong khi kch thc ca vi khun khong 1000nm v kch thc ca hng
cu l 7500nm. V vy virus ch c th quan st c trn knh hin vi
in t.

Hnh 3.1: Hnh thi ca mt s virus

1.i xng a din: [A] polio-, wart-, adeno-, rota-; [B] herpet.
2.i xng xon: [C] khm thuc l; [D] cm;[E] si, quai b, parainfluenza;
[F] di; 3.i xng hn hp:[G] poxvirus; [H] phage T chn

Genome virus ch cha mt loi acid nucleic, c th l DNA hoc

RNA, c th dng thng hoc khp kn, chui n hoc chui kp.
Genome phn on hoc khng phn on.
L dng sng khng c hot tnh trao i cht. Virus khng c
ribosome hot ng hoc khng c b my tng hp protein. Cho nn mc
d mt s virus c enzyme ring cu mnh nhng virus ch c th nhn ln
 54

trong t bo sng, iu khin b my tng hp ca t bo phc v cho

mnh to thnh cc ht virus mi.
II. Cu trc virus
Virus c cu to rt n gin, bao gm li l acid nucleic, tc
genome nm pha trong cn pha ngoi c bao bc bi v protein, v
protein bo v genome khi s tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng v d
nh nuclease trong mu.
V protein c gi l capsid. Capsid c cu to bi cc n v
hnh thi l capsome. Capsome li c cu to bi cc n v cu trc l
protome. Protome c th l monome (ch c mt phn t protein) hoc
polyme (nhiu phn t protein). Capsid v acid nucleic c gi l
nucleocapsid.

Hnh 3.2. Cu trc c bn ca virion

Li l acid nucleic, v l capsome l protein, hp li thnh nucleocapsid.
Nucleocapsid c bao bc bi lp v ngoi (lipoprotein) vi cc gai.
A.S virus a din n gin nht, mi mt hnh a din l tam gic u. nh
do 5 cnh hp thnh. Mi cnh cha 3 capsomer
B. S ca virus hnh que vi cu trc i xng xon (virus khm thuc l).
Capsomer sp xp xon xung quanh si acid nucleic dng xon c.
 55

Mt s virus cn cha v ngoi, bao bc bn ngoi capsid. V ngoi

c bn cht l lipoprotein cha khng nguyn ca virus. V ngoi mt
phn bt ngun t mng sinh cht ca t bo ch khi virus chui ra ngoi
theo li ny chi. mt s virus, v ngoi c ngun gc t mng nhn ca
t bo. Ht virus nguyn vn cn c gi l virion.
Virus c 3 kiu cu trc
Cu trc hnh khi. Capsid c cu trc hnh khi 20 mt tam gic u.
Cu trc xon. Nucleocapsid dng ko di. Cc capsome sp xp xung
quanh theo chiu xon ca acid nucleic. a s virus c cu trc xon c v
ngoi bao bc nucleocapsid xon.
Cu trc phc tp. Cu trc hn hp va dng khi va dng xon. V
d phage c u dng khi, ui dng xon trng nh con nng nc.
III. Nui cy virus
Do virus ch sinh sn bn trong t bo sng nn phi c cc phng
php c bit nui cy chng. C 3 h thng chnh dng nui cy
virus trong phng th nghim.
Nui cy m t bo. Cc t bo c ngun gc t cc m ca ngi
hay ng vt c nui trong bnh cha mi trng nhn to, cho pht
trin v dng lm ngun nguyn liu cy virus.
Phi g. Mt s virus c th nhn ln trong t bo phi g 6- 13
ngy. Ngy nay phng php nui ny c thay th bi t bo nui
cy m. Tuy nhin trong sn xut mt s loi vaccine, phng php ny
vn c s dng.
ng vt thc nghim. Trc y phng php ny c dng
ph bin phn lp v nghin cu virus. Cc ng vt c s dng l
chut, th, kh, chn...Tim hn dch nghi l c virus vo ng vt v
quan st bnh cnh lm sng. Hin nay phng php ny vn c dng
phn lp mt s virus.
IV. nh hng ca virus ln t bo
Virus c th tc ng ln t bo theo 4 cch sau:
Gy cht t bo. Kt qu ca vic nhim virus l lm cho t bo b
hu hoi, dn n lm cht t bo (CPE- Cytopathic effect).
 56

Chuyn dng. T bo b nhim virus nhng khng cht m chuyn

t trng thi bnh thng sang trng thi c bit, thnh cc t bo u hoc
ung th.
Nhim tim tng. Virus tn ti bn trong t bo trng thi hot
ng tim n nhng khng nh hng r rt n chc nng ca t bo.
Gy ngng kt hng cu. Mt s virus trn b mt v ngoi c
cha protein gy ngng kt hng cu (Haemaglutinin) gn trn b mt cc
t bo nhim. Khi thm hng cu vo th hng cu s b kt dnh bi cc t
bo nhim.
V. Phn loi virus
Virus c phn loi da theo c im hnh thi, bn cht ca
genome (DNA hay RNA), c hay khng c v ngoi, v tr lp rp...
U ban quc t phn loi virus quy nh: H virus c tip v ng l -
viridae, h ph virinae v chi- virus. Sau y l mt s virus gy bnh.
Bng 3.1. Virus gy bnh cha genome DNA
Nhm virus Tn virus Tn bnh
Pox Variola u ma
Molluscum (u mm) u mm ly
Herpes Herpes simplex Herpes
Varicella zoster Thu u zona (shingles)
Cytomegalo Nhim trong tho hip min dch
Bnh bch cu n nhn ly nhim
EB ( Epstein- Barr), Bnh ngoi ban t ngt
HH6
Adeno Virus adeno Vim hng
Vim kt mc
Hepadna Vim gan B Vim gan
Papova Papiloma Mn cc
Virus JC Vim cht trng no nhiu tin
trin
Parvo B19 Ban truyn nhim, cn bt sn
 57

Bng 3.2. Virus gy bnh cha genome RNA

Nhm Tn virus Tn bnh
virus
Orthomyxo Virus cm Cm
Paramyxo cm;Hp bo h hp Vim nhim ng h hp
Si Si
Quai b Quai b
Corona Virus corona Gy nhim ng h hp
SARS
Rhabdo Virus di Bnh di
Picorna Entero Vim no, bi lit
Rhino Cm lnh
Vim gan A Vim gan
Calici SRSV (virus c cu trc dng Vim d dy, rut
trn nh- small round structure
virus)
Toga Alpha (virus arbo nhm A) Vim no
Rubi St xut huyt
Rubeon (si c)
Flavi Flavi (virus arbo nhm B) Vim no
St xut huyt
Vim gan C Vim gan
Bunya Mt s virus arbo Vim no
St xut huyt
St, vim thn
Reo Rota Bnh ng tiu ho
Arena Vim mng no m ri mng Vim mng no
mch lympho bo
Virus Machupo
Virus Junin
Virus lassa St xut huyt
Retro HTLV-I, II Ung th t bo T
U lympho
Lit
HIV- 1, 2 AIDS
Filo Virus Marburg St Marburg
Virus E bola St xut huyt Ebola
VI. nh hng ca tc nhn vt l, ho hc n virus
- Nhit cao: a s virus b bt hot 560C trong vng 30 pht,
hoc 1000C trong vi giy.
 58

- Nht thp: a s virus bn nht lnh nn c th bo qun

lu 700C. Mt s virus b bt hot trong qu trnh lm ng lnh hoc
tan bng.
- Kh hn: Kh nng chu kh hn ca virus khc nhau tu loi. Mt
s sng st, mt s b bt hot nhanh iu kin kh hn
- Bc x t ngoi: Virus b bt hot bi tia t ngoi
- Chlorofoc, ete v cc dung mi khc: Cc virus c v ngoi cha
lipid s b bt hot, cn khng cha lipid s bn vng.
- Cc cht oxi ha v cht kh. Virus b bt hot bi di tc dng
ca formaldehyt, clo, iot v H2O2.
- propiolacton v formaldehyd l cc ho cht c dng bt
hot virus trong sn xut vaccine, song a s virus khng b bt hot bi
phenol.
- Cht kh trng virus: Tt nht l dng dung dch hypoclorua (mt
cht n mn) v glutaraldehyt (l cht c th gy mn cm v kch thch
gy kh chu chy nc mt cho ngi dng).
VII. Cc bnh do virus
Virus l tc nhn gy bnh quan trng cho ngi, ng vt, cy
trng v vi sinh vt. a s cc bnh thng gp ngi l do virus. Hu
ht chng gy bnh th nh, bnh nhn t bnh phc sau mt thi gian
nht nh. Nhiu loi tn ti thm lng trong c th. Chng nhn ln
nhng khng gy bt k triu chng no. Tuy nhin vic nhim virus
thng th nh, nhng i khi c th gy bnh trm trng nhng
ngi mn cm bt thng. Mt s do virus gy bnh rt nng v thng
c t l t vong cao.
VIII. Con ng ly nhim ca virus vo c th
Virus vo c th theo 4 con ng chnh:
- Ht th: Qua ng h hp
- n ung: Qua ng tiu ho (d dy- rut)
- Xm nhp qua da, vt xc nim mc (qua quan h tnh dc),
truyn mu, tim chch, phu thut cy ghp hay do cn trng hoc ng
vt cn.
- Bm sinh: Do m truyn qua nhau thai sang con
 59

IX. S xm nhp
C ch gy bnh ch yu ca virus l s xm nhp. Bnh sinh ra
do virus lan truyn trc tip ti cc m v c quan trong c th. S sinh
sn ca virus trong t bo s git cht t bo (tuy nhin c trng hp
khng git t bo). Tc ng gy hu hoi t bo c gi l CPE
(cytopathic effect) s dn n tn thng v hu hoi chc nng ca cc
m v c quan, ri t biu hin ra cc du hiu, triu chng.
X. Cc qu trnh nhn ln ca virus
Virus khng c hot tnh trao i cht m s dng b my trao i
cht ca t bo tng hp cc thnh phn thit yu ca mnh, sau lp
rp to ra cc ht virus con ging nh nguyn bn. V vy ngi ta thng
s dng thut ng nhn ln (nhn bn) ca virus thay cho t sinh sn.
S nhn ln ca virus c th lm tan t bo gi l chu trnh sinh
tan hoc c th gn genome ca mnh vo nhim sc th ca t bo, tn ti
lu di di dng tim n m khng l cht t bo gi l chu trnh tim
tan.
Qu trnh nhn ln ca virus din ra theo 7 giai on
1. Hp ph
a. Gn th th c hiu ca mnh ln th th nm trn mng sinh
cht ca t bo. V c tnh c hiu cao nn ch c virus nht nh mi gn
ln c cc t bo nht nh.
b. S hp ph c tng cng khi c mt ca ion Mg2+ hoc Ca2+
2. Xm nhp
a. Thng thng virus xm nhp vo t bo theo c ch m bo.
- Virus khng c v ngoi : Mng t bo lm vo bao ly virus to
khng bo tm thi. Tip khng bo dung hp cng vi mng li ni
cht gii phng nucleocapsid.
- Virus c v ngoi: V ngoi ca virus dung hp vi mng sinh
cht ri y nucleocapsid vo trong m khng to khng bo. V ngoi
virus ho vi mng sinh cht m khng chui vo t bo cht .
- Mng t bo lm vo bao ly virus cng v ngoi, to khng bo.
Sau mng khng bo (c ngun gc t mng t bo) dung hp vi v
ngoi ca virus ri y nucleocapsid vo t bo cht.
 60

Hnh 3.3: Cc phng thc xm nhp ca virus vo t bo

1-Virus c v ngoi: a) Dung hp vi mng sinh cht, y nucleocapsid vo t

bo. V ngoi virus nm trn mng sinh cht (v d virus paramyxo, herpes).
b) Xm nhp theo li m bo, to khng bo. Dung hp vi mng li ni cht
hoc endosom tiu ha ri gii phng nucleocapsid (v d virus cm, toga v
rabdo)
2.Virus khng c v ngoi. Xm nhp theo li m bo, to khng bo, dung hp
vi endosom tiu ha, tin hnh ci v v gii phng acid nucleic (v d virus
polio, adeno v reo).
3. Ci v
Enzyme tiu ho ca t bo t lysosome tin hnh phn gii v
protein cu virus gii phng acid nucleic hoc genome vo t bo cht.
4. Phin m
- To thnh mRNA ca virus hoc phn t dng sao chp ca genome
(RF- replicative form)
- Thc hin nh enzyme ca t bo hoc ca virus
- Din ra theo c ch iu khin phc tp:
Kiu phin m trc v sau khi sao chp acid nucleic hon ton
khc nhau.
 61

Nhiu genome virus cha promoter v enhancer c tc dng kch

thch qu trnh phin m.
Bn phin m u tin thng c ct ni (splicing) loi b
cc on intron nm xen gia cc exon.
Phin m i khi xy ra theo c ch chng lp. Trong cng mt
gen c nhiu im khi u v nhiu im kt thc, nh to ra nhiu
protein t cng mt on acid nucleic
- V c bn mRNA ca virus c nhng c im sau y (nhng
cng c th khc):
Cha trnh t khi u
C gn m u 5
u 3 c gn ui polyA
5. Tng hp cc thnh phn ca virus
5.1. Tng hp protein ca virus
mRNA ca virus c phin m trn ribosome ca t bo to ra 2
loi protein
- Protein cu trc l protein capsid, protein v ngoi v protein
trong li.
- Protein khngcu trc l enzyme cn cho sao chp genome.
Protein khng cu trc tm thy trong ht virus, tr mt s trng hp c
bit v d enzyme phim m ngc c trong virus HIV hoc virus vim
gan B cha DNA polymerase, mt s virus RNA cha RNA polymerase
5.2.Tng hp acid nucleic ca virus
- Genome ca virus con c sao chp t genome ca virus m.
Trong trng hp genome l mch n th khun l mch b sung mi to
thnh ca genome m.
- Phn ln qu trnh sao chp c thc hin nh polymerase
(replicase) do virus m ho. i vi mt s virus DNA th qu trnh tng
hp c thc hin nh enzyme ca t bo.
6. Lp rp
- Genome v protein mi c to thnh lp rp vi nhau to nn
ht virus mi. a s trng hp protein capsid lp rp to thnh cu trc
 62

rng gi l tin capsid (procapsid) sau do chuyn ng Brao, acid

nucleic chui vo cu trc ny ri hn kn li.
- Lp rp c th xy ra trong nhn t bo, trong t bo cht hoc
ngay st mng sinh cht (i vi a s virus c v ngoi). Mng sinh cht
bao ly nucleocapsid to v ngoi.
7. Gii phng
Virus c th lm tan t bo chui t ra ngoi hoc i vi virus
c v ngoi th chui ra t t theo li ny chi.
XI. Genome virus
C th l DNA hoc RNA m khng bao gi cha c hai.
C dng chui n hoc chui kp.
Dng thng hoc khp kn (ng vng). Virus cha genome DNA
kp thng c kch thc ln, virus cha genome DNA n thng c
kch thc nh.
Genome RNA kp tt c u phn on (trong mi ht virus c
nhiu on). Cn phn ln genome RNA n khng phn on (tr virus
cm v HIV).
Genome RNA n c trnh t nucleotit ging trnh t ca mRNA
th c quy c l genome (+), cn ngc li c gi l genome (-).
Genome ca HepDNAaviridae (v d virus vim gan B) khi sao
chp phi thng qua RNA trung gian (DNA RNA- DNA).
Acid nucleic ca virus c kch thc ln.
C trng lng phn t ln.
M ho cho nhiu protein.
M cho nhiu enzyme cn cho qu trnh nhn ln.
Acid nucleic ca virus c kch thc nh.
C trng lng phn t nh.
Do d kh nng m ho to protein hn ch.
Nhiu trng hp virus phi c gen chng lp.
nhn ln phi dng mt s enzyme ca t bo.
 63

Kh nng gy nhim.
i vi nhiu loi virus, acid nucleic ch c kh nng ly nhim
khi c a vo trong t bo. V d khi c gii phng khi v
capsid, bn thn acid nucleic c th t thc hin qu trnh gy nhim t
bo, bt u chu trnh gy nhim hon chnh nhn ln.
Genome ca cc virus cha RNA (-) khng c kh nng gy
nhim. Mun nhn ln chng phi phin m thnh RNA (+).
XII. Protein ca virus
Tu thuc vo thi gian to thnh m protein ca virus c chia
lm 3 loi
Protein c tng hp ngay sau khi nhim c gi l protein sm
tc protein khng cu trc. y l enzyme cn cho sao chp acid nucleic .
Protein c tng hp mun hn gi l protein mun, thng l
protein cu trc to capsid, v ngoi v protein li.
Protein phn gii, thng l lyzozym gip virus gii phng ra khi
t bo.
Ba loi protein c iu ho tng hp mt cch hp l. Protein
sm l enzyme xc tc nn ch cn mt lng nh, cn protein cu trc th
phi tng hp mt lng ln.
XIII. Cc phng thc nhn ln ca virus
Qu trnh nhn ln ca virus trong t bo ht sc phc tp. Mi
nhm virus c cch nhn ln ring. Virus c chia lm 6 nhm da vo
genome v cch thc tng hp mRNA. Sau y l vi nt n gin ho
qu trnh nhn ln nu bt s khc nhau gia cc nhm.
Cc virus c genome DNA
1. Nhm 1. virus DNA kp
V d virus vaccinia, herpes simplex, adeno, papiloma.
1.1. Dch m
C 2 loi mRNA c tng hp .
mRNA sm: c to thnh trc khi tng hp DNA virus, ch
yu m ho cho cc enzyme tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp acid nucleic
ca virus,
 64

mRNA mun: to thnh sau khi tng hp DNA virus , ch yu m

ho cho cc protein cu trc nh v capsid, v ngoi
1.2. Tng hp DNA virus
- Cc enzyme
Enzyme sao chp DNA ch yu l DNA polymerase ph thuc
DNA.Cc virus c kch thc ln hn (v d vaccinia, herpes simplex) th
t tng hp DNA polymerase ring cho mnh.Cc virus c kch thc nh
(v d adeno, papiloma) th s dng DNA polymerase ca t bo
- Khun: DNA ca virus con c tng hp trn khun genome
DNA ca virus m.
- V tr tng hp: trong nhn t bo (tr virus pox).
- DNA mi to thnh
Dng lm khun to mRNA mun cn cho tng hp protein
mun.
Lm khun to mch tngb cn cho tng hp nhiu genome
ca virus mi.
1.3. Tng hp protein virus
Qu trnh gm 2 giai on tu thuc vo s tng hp mRNA.
- Tng hp protein sm: y l cc enzyme (DNA polymerase ph
thuc DNA ) cn cho sao chp DNA.
- Tng hp protein mun
Din ra sau khi tng hp DNA
Ch yu l cc protein cu trc to v capsid v v ngoi
V tr tng hp : Protein c tng hp trn ribosome trong t bo
cht , sau c vn chuyn ti v tr lp rp.
1.4. Lp rp
Qu trnh lp rp genome vi protein to thnh ht virus mi
xy ra cc v tr khc nhau bn trong t bo.
- Trong nhn t bo: V d virus Herpes simplex, adeno, papiloma.
Ring virus herpes hnh thnh v ngoi bng cch ny chi qua mng
nhn. Mng nhn trc c gn glycoprotein do virus m ho ti
 65

cc v tr c hiu. Virus c bao bi mng nhn khi ra khi nhn, sau

kt hp vi mng li ni cht sn hoc b my Golgi ra khi t bo.
- Trong t bo cht: V d virus vaccinia nhn ln hon ton trong t
bo cht ti cc cm ribosome.
1.5. Virus c genome DNA kp c bit
Virus vim gan B (HBV) c chu trnh nhn ln c bit v phc
tp. Genome gm 2 mch khng bng nhau. Mch (-) di, mch (+) ngn.
Cha enzyme DNA polymerase. Sau khi nhim, DNA c gii phng
vo nhn.
Phin m xy ra trong nhn nh RNA polymerase ca t bo to
ra nhiu loi mRNA trong c RNA kch thc ln c coi l tin
genome mt dng trung gian to genome. Cc RNA i ra t bo cht
tng hp protein ca virus nh protein li v polymerase. Enzyme ny
c 3 hot tnh ( DNA polymerase, enzyme phin m ngc v
ribonuclease H). Tip RNA tin genome lin kt vi DNA polymerase
v protein li to ra ht li (virus cha hon chnh). Enzyme phin m
ngc tin hnh chuyn RNA tin genome thnh mch DNA (-), sau
hu ht RNA tin genome b phn hu nh ribonuclease H. Ch mt on
RNA c gi li dng lm mi cho DNA polymerase tng hp mch
DNA (+) t khun DNA (-) to chui DNA kp. Tip l hon thin
nucleocapsid.
2. Nhm 2. Virus DNA n.
Ch c mt h duy nht l Parvoviridae.
Cc virus cha DNA n thng c genome nh.
Tin hnh sao chp trong nhn nh DNA polymerase ca t bo
to DNA kp trung gian, gi l dng sao chp (RF-replicative form).
RF va dng lm khun tng hp DNA n genome va dng
phin m to mRNA sau dch m tng hp protein .
Mt s virus c khim khuyt nn mun nhn ln cn s h tr
ca cc virus khc.
Cc virus c genome RNA.
Do vt liu di truyn l RNA nn virus c c ch sao chp khng
ging vi cc c th sng khc. Genome RNA ca virus c cc dng phin
m sau y.
 66

- RNA n, (+): Genome ca virus chnh l mRNA.

- RNA n, (-): mRNA c phin m t genome ca virus m .
- RNA kp, phn on: mRNA ca virus c phin m ring t
mi on RNA genome ca m s dng transcriptase lin kt vi mi
on.
Virus RNA c cc c im sau:
Do t bo ch khng c RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA nn
enzyme ny bt buc phi c m ho bi genome virus v thng c
mt trong ht virus trng thnh.
Gen m ho cho RNA polymerase thng l gen ln nht trong
genome v c lp hon ton vi nhn t bo ch trong sao chp v phin
m. Do vy khc vi virus DNA gy nhim eucaryota, rt nhiu virus
tin hnh nhn ln hon ton trong t bo cht.
Cc enzyme RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA hot ng khng
chnh xc nh polymerase ph thuc DNA v khng c kh nng c sa
(proofreading), nn c tn s t bin rt cao, khong 10-3- 10-4 base, qua
mi chu k sao chp xut hin mt t bin, gp 3-4 ln so vi virus
DNA. iu ny dn n 3 h qu:
Tn s t bin virus rt cao nn nu virus c chu k nhn
nhanh th s bin i khng nguyn cng din ra nhanh, v th tnh c
cng pht trin rt nhanh. iu ny c c l do virus RNA thch nghi
rt nhanh vi s thay i ca iu kin mi trng hoc t bo ch.
Mt s virus RNA t bin nhanh n ni chng to thnh v
tn ti cc qun th cha cc genome khc nhau ngay trong mt vt ch.
Vic xc nh chng mc phn t ch c th da vo cc trnh t
chim a s hoc trung bnh.
Do nhiu t bin c hi cho s nhn ln ca virus, nn tn s
t bin t gii hn cao hn kch thc genome RNA, vo khong 10
nucleotit.
Sau y l mt s v d v qu trnh nhn ln ca virus RNA.
3. Nhm 3. Virus RNA n, (+)
V d virus gy bnh bi lit polio. Lc u khng c qu trnh
phin m, v RNA genome c trnh t nucleotid ging vi trnh t ca
mRNA nn lm lun chc nng ca mRNA.
 67

C kh nng gy nhim v genome m ho c cho tt c cc

protein cn thit ca virus.
3.1. Dch m
Genome RNA (+), dng lm mRNA tng hp polypeptit tin cht
ln sau nh protease phn ct thnh cc phn t nh c chc nng khc
nhau nh:
Protein cu trc to capsid.
RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA cn cho qu trnh sao chp (t
bo khng c enzyme ny)
Protease phn ct peptit ln.
Protein gn vo u 5' ca genome (thay cho m) gi l protein
VPg, cn cho khi u sao chp.
3.2. Tng hp RNA ca virus
S to thnh genome mi xy ra trn khun RNA dng sao chp
(RF). Dng ny c to thnh bng cch tng hp RNA (-) b sung trn
khun RNA (+) m.
Genome RNA (+) c tng hp trn khun RNA (-) ca dng sao
chp RF

Hnh 3.3: Chu trnh n gin ho qu trnh nhn ln ca virus RNA (-), n
 68

RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA tham gia tng hp c RF v c

genome RNA (+) mi .
RNA (+) mi c tng hp c nhng chc nng sau:
Lm khun tng hp nhiu RF ri t tng hp nhiu
RNA genome.
Dng lm genome cho cc virus mi
Dng lm mRNA
3.3. Lp rp
Protein c to thnh sau khi phn ct polypeptit tin cht s lp
rp vi RNA genome mi trong t bo cht to ra virus mi
Vi virus polio th s nhn ln hon ton xy ra trong t bo cht
13.3.4. Gii phng
Virus ph v t bo t ngt t ra ngoi .
4. Nhm 4. Virus RNA n, (-)
V d virus cm hoc cm. Chu trnh nhn ln c minh ho
hnh 3.4

Hnh 3.4: Chu trnh n gin ho qu trnh nhn ln ca virus RNA (+), n
c im qu trnh phin m c th tm tt nh sau:
 69

Virus RNA (-) lun mang theo RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA
v t bo khng c enzyme ny.
mRNA c tng hp trong nhn t bo t genome RNA (-) ca
m nh enzyme RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA c trong ht virus .
Virus cm cha genome nhiu on do mi mRNA to thnh
c dng tng hp mt loi protein.
4.1. Tng hp RNA genome.
Khc vi phin m to mRNA, mun tng hp genome RNA (-)
trc ht phI tng hp chui RNA trung gian lm khun. Qu trnh
ny khng cn mi. Tip tng hp RNA (-) genome trn mch khun
trung gian.
4.2. Tng hp protein.
Protein ca virus bao gm:
Enzyme transcriptase (RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA ).
Protein v ngoi gm 2 loi u c gn glucoz (glycosyl ho).
Mt loi c hot tnh haemaglutinin hoc neuraminidase v mt loi c
hot tnh dung hp hoc tan mu.
4.3. Lp rp
Nucleocapsid ca virus c lp rp mng nhn t bo v to v
ngoi khi ny chi qua mng sinh cht.
Virus cm l virus RNA nhiu on, n. Mi on phin m cho
mt m RNA ring t tng hp thnh cc phn t protein c chc
nng khc nhau. RNA mi ca virus c tng hp trong nhn t bo.
Qu trnh ny cn c s tham gia phin m cu t bo ch. Protein virus
c tng hp trong t bo cht ri di chuyn ti b mt t bo. Ti y
glycoprotein v ngoi cng c gn vo cc v tr nht nh. Genome
RNA mi c vn chuyn n b mt t bo v lp rp vi protein mi
tng hp ca virus. Ht virus c bao v ngoi khi ny chi qua mng
sinh cht
5. Nhm 5. Virus RNA kp
Nhm ny bao gm cc virus Reo v Rota.
Tt c cc virus RNA kp u c genome nhiu on.
Mi on phin m cho mt mRNA tng hp mt protein ring.
 70

Ht virus cha RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA .

Phin m thc hin theo c ch bo th v khng i xng, ngha
l ch to thnh mRNA. Mi mRNA li c sao mt ln to chui
RNA kp, cng chnh l genome (s nhn ln c minh ho
hnh sau ).

Hnh 3.5: Chu trnh n gin ho qu trnh nhn ln ca virus Retro

(RT: Enzyme phin m ngc)

Hnh 3.6: Chu trnh n gin ho qu trnh nhn ln ca virus RNA kp

(RdRp: Enzyme RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA)
 71

6. Nhm 6. Virus Retro cha genome DNA n, (+)

Rt nhiu nhng khng phi tt c virus retro c kh nng to khi
u. Khi nhn ln khng git cht t bo m c th chuyn dng thnh t bo
ung th.
Genome l 2 phn t RNA n, (+), gn vi nhau pha u (dng dime).
Cha 3 gen chnh l gap (m cho protein li), gen pol m cho
polymerase phin m ngc (RT) v gen env m cho protein v ngoi.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s gen iu ho.
6.1.Qu trnh nhn ln
Picorma v flavivirus

i genome Genome
RNA (-) 5 RNA (+)

2 6
Enzyme sao
chp Tin polyprotein

3 7
4
Protein cu trc
8
v khng cu

Virus mi
Hnh 3.7. S nhn ln ca virus RNA chui dng, khng to thnh cc
mRNA genome. Sau khi xm nhp v ci v (bc 1), RNA genome c s dng trc
tip tng hp cc polyprotein kch thc ln, cc protein cu trc v khng cu trc
(bc 2 v 3). Protein khng cu trc (enzyme) xc tc sao chp RNA thng qua s
tng hp RNA chui m (i genome) (bc 5 v 6). Qu trnh sao chp to ra nhiu
genome RNA mi phc v cho tng hp cc protein ca virus (bc 6 v 7) v cho lp
rp to virus mi (bc 8).
Mi tn m th hin s tng hp mc cao hn.
 72

Gm 2 giai on:
- Giai on u
Phin m nh enzyme phin m ngc to chui lai RNA/
DNA.
Chuyn chui lai RNA/DNA thnh chui DNA kp. Enzyme RT
c hot tnh ribonuclease H phn gii mch RNA. Cn mch cDNA dng
lm khun tng hp mch DNA b sung.
Ci xen phn t DNA kp mi tng hp vo nhim sc th ca t bo
to ra provirus.
- Giai on hai.
RNA ca virus phin m nh enzyme ca t bo.
Bn sao RNA c 2 chc nng: va l m RNA tng hpj protein
virus, va l genome ca virus mi.
6.2. Tng hp protein
mRNA c phin m t DNA provirus tin hnh tng hp protein
trn ribosome nm trong t bo cht, bao gm: Enzyme phin m ngc,
protein li, protein v ngoi.
6.3. Lp rp
Nucleocapsid c lp rp t genome RNA mi to thnh vi
protein di tr ra b mt t bo. V ngoi c hnh thnh khi virus ny
chi qua mng sinh cht.
 73

Atro, calici, toga, corona v arterivirus

1
Di
genome i genome Genome
mRNA 6 RNA (-) 5 RNA (+)

7 2 9
Protein cu
trc v tin Enzyme sao Tin polyprotein
polyprotein chp khng cu trc

4 3 10
8
Protein khng cu
trc

Protein cu trc 11

Virus mi

Hnh 3.8. S nhn ln ca virus RNA dng, km theo tng hp RNA di

genome. Sau khi xm nhp v ci v (bc 1), RNA genome c dng trc tip lm
mRNA tng hp protein khng cu trc, trong c enzyme RNA polymerase ph
thuc RNA (RdRp) ( bc 2 v 3). RdRp xc tc sao chp RNA, tng hp chui RNA
m (i genome) c kch thc (tng ng RNA genome) ( bc 4 v 5). T chui
m lm khun tin hnh sao chp to ra nhiu chui RNA genome mi (bc 5 v 6).
mRNA di genome (c kch thc nh hn genome) tin hnh dch m to protein
cu trc ( bc 7 v 8). Genome mi to thnh tin hnh dch m to nhiu protein
khng cu trc (bc 9 v 10) v sau lp rp vi protein cu trc to virus mi (
bc 11).
Ch thch: Bc 7. Dch m ca mRNA di genome; Bc 8. Phn ct nh
protease v x l sau dch m; Bc 10. Phn ct nh protease
 74

Phabdo, filo, borna, paramyxo,

orthomyxo v mt s bunya

1
RNA (+) RNA
i genome 5 genome

2 6

Protein mRNA
capsid v
3 7
4
Protein cu trc 8
v khng cu trc

Virus mi

Hnh 3.9. S nhn ln ca virus RNA chui n, m . Sau khi xm nhp v ci

v mt phn( bc 1), RNA tin hnh phin m nh RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA
do virus mang theo to mRNA (bc 2) cho tng hp protein cu trc v khng
cu trc (RdRp) ( bc 3). Enzyme RdRp tin hnh sao chp RNA thng qua bc trung
gian l to RNA chui dng (i genome) (bc 4 v 5). i genome (chui dng)
c dng lm khun tng hp nhiu RNA genome (bc 5). Mt phn RNA genome
c dng tin hnh phin m mnh, to ra mRNA cn cho tng hp protein (bc 7),
mt phn dng lp rp vi protein to virus mi (bc 8).
 75

Virus Reo v Birna

mRNA trong ht Genome RNA kp trong

di mc virus 9 ht di mc virus

5
2 6
4
mRNA virus
8
3 7

10
Protein cu trc v
khng cu trc

Virus
mi

Hnh 3.10. S nhn ln ca virus RNA chui kp. Sau khi xm nhp v ci v
tng phn (bc 1), cc on RNA chui kp vn nm trong li tin hnh phin m nh
enzyme RdRp gn li tng hp mRNA (bc 2) ri t tng hp protein (bc 3).
Cc protein ny lp rp quanh mRNA to ht di mc virus (bc 4). Sau mRNA
trong cc ht ny tin hnh sao chp to RNA genome chui m tham gia to thnh
RNA genome chui kp (bc 5). Cc ht di mc virus c to thnh li tip tc
tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp m RNA (bc 6), tng hp protein (bc 7), sao chp
(bc 8 v 9), lp rp vi protein cu trc to thnh virus mi (bc 10)
Ch thch:
Bc 1. Xm nhp v ci v Bc 10. Lp rp to virus mi.
Bc 4. Lp rp to ht di mc virus.
 76

Virus Retro

1
cDNA (i
DNA kp 3 genome) 2 RNA genome

DNA ci xen RNA cha

(provirut) 5 ch bin
6

7 RNA virus sau ch bin

9
7

Protein cu trc,
khng cu trc v
Cc bn sao protein gy ung th
8
DNA kp ca
virus

Virut mi
Hnh 3.11. S nhn ln ca virus Retro.
Sau khi xm nhp v ci v tng phn (bc 1), RNA genome c phin m
thnh cDNA (i genome), sau thnh DNA chui kp nh enzyme phin m ngc
(bc 2 v 3). Nh enzyme integrase, DNA ca virus ci xen vo nhim sc th t bo
ch (bc 4). C hai loi enzyme trn u nm trong li ca virus. Nh RNA polymerase
ca t bo, provirus phin m to RNA (bc 5) l tin cht ca mRNA (bc 6) tng
hp protein (bc 7) v lp rp to virus mi (bc 8).

Cu hi n tp chng 3
1.Hy gii thch cc thut ng sau y: capsome, capsid,
nucleocapsid, capsid c cu trc xon, khi a din, virus c cu trc phc
tp, v ngoi.
2.Virus khc vi plasmit v khc vi t bo im no.
3.Virus c th tc ng ln t bo nh th no ?
4.Nu cc giai on nhn ln ca virus.
 77

5.Ti sao virus ch c th nhn ln trong cc t bo nht nh ?

6.Trnh by cc phng thc xm nhp ca virus vo t bo ch.
7.Hy nu cc loi genome ca virus, Th no l RNA(+), RNA(-
).Th no l genome chng lp.

8.Dng sao chp (RF) khc vi genome im no ?

9.Ti sao cc virus RNA(-) nht nh phi mang theo enzyme RNA
polymerase.
10.Hy tm tt qu trnh nhn ln ca cc virus AND n, AND
kp,RNA(+), RNA(-).