Stoichiometry

1. Objectives
a. Examine the truth of the law of conservation of mass
b. Find the relationship of mass of the elements in compounds
c. Determine the mol ratio of reacted substances
2. Basic Theory
Stoichiometry
We use stoichiometry to calculate such things as the amount of reactant needed in
order to make a certain amount of product or how much product we can expect from a
certain amount of reactant. Chemists mix reactants to create products. The formula
they follow come in the form of balanced chemical equations. For example :
H 2+ I 2 2 HI
Balanced chemical equation for formation of hydrogen iodide
Supposed you wanted to make 10 g of HI. How could you do the reaction in a
balanced way, using the right amounts of H2 and I2 so that when the reaction was
over, both reactants were completely gone and the only thing in the reaction vessel
was 10 gram of HI. ( Steve Russo, Mike Silver.2007;273 ) ( Introductory Chemistry
Double-Displacement Reactions
In double-displacement reactions, the ions of two compounds exchange place in
an aqueous solution to form two new compounds. One of the compounds formed is
usuallya a precipitate, an insoluble gas that bubbles out of the solution, or a molecular
compound, usually water. The other compound is often soluble and remains dissolved
in solution. A double-displacement reaction is represented by the following general
equation.
AX + BY AY + BX
(282)
Law of mass
The Mole
As the size or mass of an atom is too small to measure, it is impractical to state the
amount of a substance. Therefore, a much larger unit is required; the unit is called
mole. Mole relates the number of particles in a substance that is stated in mol unit with
its mass or volume.
The mole states the number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) ina substance,
expressed in mol. One mole ( 1 mol ) contains the same number of particles as a 12.0
gram of caebon-12, which is 6.02 x 1023 particles. This value is known as Avogadros
number (NA), or in Germany Loschmidt number (L). (172) (Johari,J.M.C, and
Rachmawati,M.2009.Chemistry 1 for Senior High School Grade X.Jakarta:Erlangga.
3. Apparatus and Reagent
Apparatus :
a. Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml
b. Test tube 75 x 12 mm
c. Analytical balance
d. Burner
 e. Stative and clamps
f. Spatula
g. Graduated cylinders
h. Beaker
i. Termometer
Reagent :
a. NaOH 0,2 M solution
b. H2SO4 0,2 M solution
c. CuSO4 0,2 M solution
d. KI 0,1 M solution
e. Pb(NO3)2 0,1 M solution
f. Copper metal
g. Sulphur Powder
4. Procedure
a) The conservation of mass in chemical reactions

Put 10 ml of NaOH solution

into the erlenmeyer
Put 5 ml of CuSO4 solution
5. Observation Sheet
into test tube
a. The conservation of mass in chemical reactions
1) The reaction between NaOH and CuSO4 solution.
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 126.4649 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 126.4583 gram
The change of substance states after filtration
Before reaction After reaction
NaOH (aq )+CuSO 4 (aq) Cu (OH )2(aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (s)
(Transparent) (Blue) (Blue) (Transparent)
2) The reaction between KI and Pb(NO3)2
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction : 126.9268 gram
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction : 126.9265 gram
The change substance states after filtration
Before reaction After reaction
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) PbI 2(s) +2 KNO3(aq)
2 KI (aq) +
(Transparent) (Transparent) (Yellow) (Transparent)
b. The relationship between the mass elements in the compound
Amount of sulfur (spatula tip) 1 2 3 4 5
The length of remained Cu (mm) 12 12 12 12 12
 The relationship of the length of remained Cu vs the amount of S
14
12
10
8
The length of Cu remained (mm) 6 Column2
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
Amount of S (spatula tip)

c. Determination of reactant moles ratio

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vol Pb(NO3)2 (ml) 1 2 3 4 7 9
Vol KI (ml) 9 8 7 5 3 1
Height of precipitate (mm) 6 7 5 5 6 4

The Relationship of height of precipitate vs volume Pb(NO3)2 or volume KI

12

10

The height of precipitate (mm) 6

0
d. Acid base stoichiometry
2 NaOH (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) +2 H 2 O2(aq)

Volume of NaOH Volume of H2SO4 TM TA T

(ml) ()ml
0 30 27 27 0
5 25 27.5 27.5 0
10 20 27.5 28 0.5
15 15 27.5 29 1.5
20 10 27.5 29 1.5
25 5 27.5 27.5 0
30 0 28 28 0
 Relationship T vs volume of acid-base

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
T 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

V NaOH (mL)
V H2SO4 (ml)

6. Data Analysis
a) The conservation of mass in chemical reactions
NaOH (aq )+CuSO 4 (aq) Cu (OH )2(aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (s)
126.9268 gram 126.4583 gram
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) PbI 2(s) +2 KNO3(aq)
2 KI (aq) +
126.9268 gram 126.9265 gram
b) The relationship between the mass elements in the compound
Amount of sulfur (spatula tip) 1 2 3 4 5
The length of remained Cu (mm) 12 12 12 12 12
length (mm) 0 0 0 0 0

c) Determination of reactant moles ratio

1) Reaction in the first test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) PbI 2 (s ) +2 KNO 3(aq)

M 0,1 mmol 0,9 mmol
R 0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol
S - 0,7 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,2 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,1 X 461=46,1 mg
2) Reaction in the second test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) PbI 2 (s ) +2 KNO 3(aq)

M 0,2 mmol 0,8 mmol
 R 0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol
S - 0,4 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,4 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,2 X 461=92,2mg
3) Reaction in the third test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) Pb I 2(s )+ 2 KNO3 (aq)

M 0,3 mmol 0,7 mmol
R 0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol
S - 0,1 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,3 X 461=138,3 mg
4) Reaction in the forth test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) PbI 2 (s ) +2 KNO 3(aq)

M 0,5 mmol 0,5 mmol
R 0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol 0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol
S 0,25 mmol - 0,25 mmol 0,5 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,25 X 461=115,25 mg
5) Reaction in the fifth test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) PbI 2 (s ) +2 KNO 3(aq)

M 0,7 mmol 0,3 mmol
R 0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol 0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol
S 0,55 mmol - 0,15 mmol 0,3 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,15 X 461=69,15 mg
6) Reaction in the sixth test tube
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) +2 KI (aq ) PbI 2 (s ) +2 KNO 3(aq)

M 0,9 mmol 0,1 mmol
R 0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol 0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol
S 0,85 mmol - 0,05 mmol 0,1 mmol
Mass of PbI 2=0,05 X 461=23,05 mg
d) Acid-base Stoichiometry
1) Reaction between 0 ml NaOH and 30 mL H2SO4 (T = 0)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 0 0,2 x 30
0 mmol 6 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 0 : 6
2) Reaction between 5 ml NaOH and 25 mL H2SO4 (T = 0)
 mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 5 0,2 x 25
1mmol 5 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 1 : 5
3) Reaction between 10 ml NaOH and 20 mL H2SO4 (T = 0,5)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 10 0,2 x 20
2 mmol 4 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 1 : 2
4) Reaction between 15 ml NaOH and 15 mL H2SO4 (T = 1,5)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 15 0,2 x 15
3 mmol 3 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 1 : 1
5) Reaction between 20 ml NaOH and 10 mL H2SO4 (T = 1,5)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 20 0,2 x 10
4 mmol 2 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 2 : 1
6) Reaction between 25 ml NaOH and 5 mL H2SO4 (T = 0)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 25 0,2 x 5
5 mmol 1mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 5 : 1
7) Reaction between 30 ml NaOH and 0 mL H2SO4 (T = 0)
mol NaOH=M x V mol H 2 SO 4 =M x V
0,2 x 30 0,2 x 0
6 mmol 0 mmol
The ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 = 6 : 0
7. Discussion
a) The conservation of mass in chemical reactions
At the first experiment, after mixing 10 ml of NaOH solution and 5 ml of
CuSO4 solution there is color changing of the reactant. Before mixing the product
is transparent, but before the reaction is done, the color become blue precipitate,
with the following reaction :
Before reaction After reaction
NaOH (aq )+CuSO 4 (aq) Cu (OH )2(aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (s)
(Transparent) (Blue) (Blue) (Transparent)
When 10 ml of KI solution and 5 ml of Pb(NO3)2 solution are mixed, the color of
reactant also changed. It become yellow precipitate. With the following reaction:
Before reaction After reaction
NaOH (aq )+CuSO 4 (aq) Cu (OH )2(aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (s)
(Transparent) (Blue) (Blue) (Transparent)
 From the two experiments, the mass of matter before chemical reaction (before
mixed) is the same as the mass of matter after chemical reaction (after mixed). It
showed that The Law of Mass Conservation is used in this experiments.
b) The relationship netween the mass elements in compound
We were heating copper and sulfur to determine the relationship between the
mass of the element in the compound. Sulfur initially prepared in a spatula, copper
plate added and heated until the sulfur depleted. The experiments was done five
times.
At the second experiments, our group failed the experiment. Our data was
always constant. The lenght of the remaining copper was 12 mm. We failed the
experiment because
After copper and sulfur was heated, copper and sulfur reacted. When the sulfur
used up, the length of copper plate is supposed to be reduce. In this case the sulfur
acted as a limiting reactant completely react with copper. The reaction is complete
when the sulfur has reacted completely left nothing.
c) Determination of reactant moles ratio
In this experiment, we mixed 0,5 M Pb(NO3)2 solution and 0,5 M KI solution in
six test tubes. In every test tube, the volume of mixture is the same 30 mL. It
produced a yellow precipitate by PbI2. Then, the height of the precipitation is
measures
With the following reaction :
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) PbI 2(s) +2 KNO3(aq)
2 KI (aq) +
(Transparent) (Transparent) (Yellow) (Transparent)

In this experiment, we use ratio Pb(NO3)2 and KI like that 1:9 ; 2:8 ; 3:7 ; 5:5 ;
7:3 ; 9:1. After mixing, the precipitate height (PbI2) in every test tube was 6 mm, 7
mm, 5 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, and 4 mm. From the graph of the precipitate height
between the composition of the mixture , the composition of 2 mL Pb(NO3)2and 8
mL of KI had the highest of participate (7,0 mm) among the other. To determine the
mole ratio of reactants, a smaller number of reagents that determine the amount of
reaction products is called the reaction barrier / limiting reactants. The composition
and molar volumes of reactants determined the result of the reaction, and the
composition of every tubes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 is not the same reactants. The tubes 1,2,
and 3 are the limiting reagent Pb(NO3)2. Because Pb(NO3)2 has small reagent mole
and unlike the tube 4, 5 and 6 which is the limiting reagent KI.
Error-ing in this experiment was caused by not letting the sediment go down
completely and not measuring the height of precipitate accurately . So the result of
the experiment couldnt be maximal.
d) Acid base stoichiometry
In the last experiment, various volume of NaOH and H2SO4 were mixed in the
beaker glass. The number of molecules reacting NaOH and H2SO4 were 0 : 6, 1 : 5,
1 : 2, 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 6:0. Before and after mixing, the temperature of each solution
were measured. Ti is the temperature before mixing (initial temperature), Tf is the
temperature after mixing (final temperature). So, the temperature difference marked
by T = Ti Tf (or the opposite).
With the following reaction :
2 NaOH (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) +2 H 2 O2(aq)
To determine the acid-base reaction stoichiometry we can use the temperature
changing. Stoichiometry can be determined from the changing of maximum
temperature. The highest temperature changing in the composition 15 mL of NaOH
solution and 15 mL of H2SO4 solution and also 20 mL NaOH solution and 10 mL
H2SO4 solution. Stoichiometry reaction occured or reached the maximum at a
volume ratio of NaOH and H2SO4 were 1:1 and 2 : 1.