DIVERSITYTECHNIQUES

Preparedby
Deepa.T,Asst.Prof./TCE
 Introduction

Threetechniquesareusedindependentlyorintandemto
improvereceiversignalquality
EqualizationcompensatesforISIcreatedbymultipathwith
timedispersivechannels(W>BC)
Linearequalization,nonlinearequalization
Diversityalsocompensatesforfadingchannelimpairments,
andisusuallyimplementedbyusingtwoormore
receivingantennas
Spatialdiversity,antennapolarizationdiversity,frequency
diversity,timediversity
 Diversity

Diversity: Itisthetechniqueusedtocompensate
forfadingchannelimpairments.Itisimplemented
byusingtwoormorereceivingantennas.While
EqualizationisusedtocountertheeffectsofISI,
Diversityisusuallyemployedtoreducethedepth
anddurationofthefadesexperiencedbyareceiver
inaflatfadingchannel.Thesetechniquescanbe
employedatbothbasestationandmobile
receivers.SpatialDiversityisthemostwidelyused
diversitytechnique.
 SpatialDiversityTechnique A
BriefDescription

Inthistechniquemultipleantennasarestrategically
spacedandconnectedtocommonreceiving
system.Whileoneantennaseesasignalnull,oneof
theotherantennasmayseeasignalpeak,andthe
receiverisabletoselecttheantennawiththebest
signalatanytime.TheCDMAsystemsuseRake
receiverswhichprovideimprovementthroughtime
diversity.
DiversityTechniques Highlights

UnlikeEqualization,Diversityrequiresno
trainingoverheadasatransmitterdoesnt
requireone.
Itprovidessignificantlinkimprovement
withlittleaddedcost.
Itexploitsrandomnatureofwave
propagationbyfindingindependent(
uncorrelated)signalpathsfor
communication.
FundamentalsofEqualization

ISIhasbeenrecognizedasthemajorobstacletohigh
speeddatatransmissionovermobileradiochannels.
Equalizationisatechniqueusedtocombatinter
symbolinterference.Asthemobilefadingchannels
arerandomandtimevarying,equalizersmusttrack
thetimevaryingcharacteristicsofthemobile
channel,andthusarecalledadaptiveequalizers.
DiversityTechniques Highlights

Itisaverysimpleconceptwhereinone
pathundergoesadeepfadeandanother
independentpathmayhaveastrongsignal.
Asthereismorethanonepathtoselect
from,boththeinstantaneousandaverage
SNRsatthereceivermaybeimproved,
oftenasmuchas2030dB
 ChannelCoding

Channelcoding:Itisthetechniquewhichimproves
mobilecommunicationlinkperformancebyadding
redundantdatabitsinthetransmittedmessage.In
thistechnique,thebasebandportionofthe
transmitter,achannelcodermapsadigital
messagesequenceintoanotherspecificcontaining
greaternumberofbitsthanoriginallycontainedin
themessage.Thecodedmessageisthen
modulatedfortransmissioninthewireless
channel.
 ChannelCoding(Contd)

ChannelCodingisusedbythereceiverto
detectorcorrectsomeoralloftheerrors
introducedbythechannelinaparticular
sequenceofmessagebits.Theaddedcoding
bitslowerthesetherawdatatransmissionrate
throughthechannel.Therearetwotypesof
codes:Blockcodesandconvolutionalcodes.
 Operatingmodesofadaptive
equalizer

1) Trainingmode

2) TrackingMode
 DIVERSITY

Adiversityscheme isamethodthatisusedtodevelop
informationfromseveralsignalstransmittedover
independentfadingpaths.

Itexploitstherandomnatureofradiopropagationbyfinding
independent(uncorrelated)signalpathsforcommunication.
 DiversityTechnique

Objective:

Combining the multiple signals in such a fashion so as to

reduce the effects of excessive deep fades.
Types:

Diversity

Macroscopic diversity Microscopic diversity


TypesOfDiversity
MACROSCOPICDIVERSITY
PreventsLargeScalefading.
LargeScalefadingiscausedby
shadowingduetovariationinboth
theterrainprofileandthenatureof
thesurroundings.
LargeScalefadingislognormally
distributedsignal.
Thisfadingispreventedbyselecting
anantennawhichisnotshadowed
whenothersare,thisallowsincrease
inthesignaltonoiseratio.
Diversity Technique
MICROSCOPICDIVERSITY
PreventsSmallScalefading.
SmallScalefadingiscausedby
multiplereflectionsfromthe
surroundings.Itischaracterizedby
deepandrapidamplitude
fluctuationswhichoccurasthe
mobilemovesoverdistancesofafew
wavelength.
Thisfadingispreventedbyselecting
anantennawhichgivesastrong
signalthatmitigatesthissmallsignal
fadingeffect.
 SpaceDiversity

Principle:

Amethodoftransmissionorreception,or
both,inwhichtheeffectsoffadingareminimized
bythesimultaneoususeoftwoormorephysically
separatedantennas,ideallyseparatedbyonehalf
ormorewavelengths.
 SpaceDiversity

Signalsreceivedfromspatiallyseparatedantennasonthemobile
wouldhaveessentiallyuncorrelatedenvelopesforantennaseparations
ofonehalfwavelengthormore.

Generalizedblockdiagramof
spacediversity.

Space Diversity

Selection Diversity Scanning Diversity Maximal Ratio Combining Equal Gain Combining
 SelectionDiversity

Principle:

Selectingthebestsignalamongallthe
signalsreceivedfromdifferentbrachesatthe
receivingend.
 DerivationofSelection
DiversityImprovement
ConsiderM independentRayleighfadingchannels availableat
receiver

Diversitybranch

Assumptions:
EachbranchhasthesameaverageSNR
InstantaneousSNRforeachbranch=i
 SelectionDiversity
TheSignaltoNoiseratioisdefinedasfollows

E
SNR = = b
2
Eb ,N0 areconstants
N 0
Where
Eb AverageCarrierEnergy
N0 Noisepowerspectraldensity
Arandomvariableusedtorepresent
amplitudevaluesofthefadingchannelwith
respecttoEb/N0

TheinstantaneousSNR(i)canbedefinedas

i= Instantaneoussignalpowerperbranch
Meannoisepowerperbranch
 SelectionDiversity(contd)

ForRayleighfadingchannels,hasaRayleigh
distributionandso2 andconsequentlyihavea
chisquaredistribution withtwodegreesoffreedom.

Theprobabilitydensityfunction forsuchachannelis
1
p ( i ) = exp i i 0

ThepdfforasinglebranchthathasSNRlessthansome
threshold is

1
Pr ( i ) =
0
p ( i ) d i =
0

exp( i ) d

i = 1 e
 SelectionDiversity(contd)
TheprobabilitythatallMindependentdiversitybranches
receivesignalswhicharelessthanathresholdis

M

P r ( 1 ,...... M ) = 1 e
= PM ( )

IfasignalbranchachievesSNR>thentheprobability
thatSNR>foroneormorebranchesis

M

Pr ( i ) = 1 - PM ( ) = 1 1 e


 Selection Diversity
Cumulativedistributioncurves foroutputsignalsfromselection
diversityforvariousvaluesofM

Thepercentageoftotal
timeintervalduring
whichasignalis
belowanygivenlevel
iscalledoutagerate
atthatlevel.

WhenM=1
/ =1
10Log(/ )=0

[
Pr = 1 1 e 1 ] 1

= e 1 = 0 . 36 = 36 %
 Determinationofaverage
signaltonoiseratio
Findthepdfofthefadingsignal
ComputethederivativeofPM()

M -1
d M
p M ( ) = PM ( ) = 1 e

e

ThemeanSNRis d

= p M ( )d = Mx [1 e ]
x M -1
e x dx
0 0
Where

x =

 Selection Diversity

EvaluatingthisequationtheaverageSNRimprovementusingselection
canbefound

M
1

=
k =1 k
 Selection Diversity

SelectionDiversityExample

Assumingfourbranchdiversityisused,whereeachbranchreceives
anindependentRayleighfadingsignal.IftheaverageSNR is20dB,
determinetheprobabilitythattheSNRwilldropbelow10dB.
Comparethiswiththecaseofasinglereceiverwithoutdiversity.
=10dB
=20dB
/ =0.1
WithSelectionDiversity

P 4 ( 10 dB) [
= 1 e 0 .1
]
4
= 0 .000082
WithoutDiversity

P 1 ( 10 dB) [
= 1 e 0 .1
] 1
= 0 .095
 Selection Diversity

Conclusion

Selectiondiversityoffersanaverageimprovementinthelink
marginwithoutrequiringadditionaltransmitterpower or
sophisticatedreceivercircuitry.
Selectiondiversityiseasytoimplement becauseallthatis
neededisasidemonitoringstationandanantennaswitchat
thereceiver.
Howeveritisnotanoptimaldiversitytechnique becauseit
doesnotuseallofthepossiblebranchessimultaneously.
InpracticetheSNRismeasuredas(S+N)/N,sinceitisdifficult
tomeasureSNR.
 Scanning Diversity

Conclusion

Thismethodisverysimpletoimplement,requiringonlyone
receiver.

Theresultingfadingstatisticsaresomewhatinferiortothose
obtainedbytheothermethods.
 MaximalRatioCombining

Principle:

Combiningallthesignalsinacophased
andweightedmannersoastohavethe
highestachievableSNRatthereceiveratall
times.
 Maximum Ratio Combining
DerivationofMaximumRatio
CombiningImprovement

ConsiderMbrancheswhicharemaximalratiocombinedinacophased
andweightedmannerinordertoachievehighSNR
 Maximal Ratio Combining

Assumptions:

Thevoltagesignali fromeachoftheMdiversity
branchesarecophasedtoprovidecoherentvoltage
additionandareindividuallyweightedtoprovide
optimalSNR.
EachbranchhasgainGi
EachbranchhassameaveragenoisepowerN
 Maximal Ratio Combining

Resultingsignalenvelopeappliedtothedetectoris
M Assumingthatallamplifiershaveadditive
rM = Gr
i =1
i i
noiseattheirinputandthatthenoiseis
uncorrelatedbetweendifferentamplifiers.
ThetotalnoisepowerNT appliedtothedetectoristheweightedsumof
thenoiseineachbranch.
M
N T = N G i2
i =1
WhichresultsinaSNRappliedtothedetectorM
rM2
M =
2NT
UsingChebychevsinequalityMismaximizedwhen
ri
Gi =
N
 MaximalRatioCombining
TheMaximizedvalueis

Now
( ) =
2
ri 2 M
ri 2 M
M =
N( ) =
1 N 1
2 ri 2 2 i
N 2 i =1 N i =1
Wehave TheEfield
i =
1 2
2N
ri =
1
2N
receivedenvelop
T c2 + T s 2 ( )
E z (t ) = T c2 ( t ) + T s 2 ( t ) = r ( t ) = r i

Thereceivedsignalenvelopeforafadingmobileradiosignalcanbemodeled
fromtwoindependentGaussianrandomvariablesTc andTs eachhaving
zeromeanandequalvariance2 .
 MaximalRatioCombining

Hence M isachisquaredistributionof2MGaussianrandom
variablewithvariance
2
=
2N 2

Theresultingpdffor M is

M
M 1
e
p ( M ) = M
for M 0
M
( M 1) !

Theprobabilitythat M islessthansomeSNRthreshold is

Pr { M } =
M
( )
k 1

p ( M )d M = 1 e
(k 1 )!
k =1
0
 Maximal Ratio Combining

Determinationofaverage
signaltonoiseratio
Thebeforeequationistheprobabilitydistributionformaximalratio
combining.

HencethemeanSNRis

M M
M =
i =1
i = = M
i =1
 EqualGainCombining

Principle:

Combiningallthesignalsinacophased
mannerwithunityweightsforallsignallevels
soastohavethehighestachievableSNRat
thereceiveratalltimes.
EqualGainCombining

Equal Gain Combining

 EqualGainCombining

Incertaincasesitisnotconvenienttoprovideforthe
variableweightingcapability.

Thisallowsthereceivertoexploitsignalsthatare
simultaneouslyreceivedoneachbranch.

Theprobabilityofproducinganacceptablesignalfroma
numberofunacceptableinputsisstillretained.

Theperformanceismarginallyinferiortomaximalratio
combiningandsuperiortoselectionDiversity.
 PolarizationDiversity

Principle:

Polarization diversity relies on

the decorrelation of the two
receive ports to achieve diversity
gain. The two receiver ports must
remain cross-polarized.
 PolarizationDiversity

EffectiveDiversityisobtainedwithaCorrelationCoefficient
below0.7
Inordertokeepthecorrelationatthislevel
spacediversityatabasestationrequiresantenna
spacingofupto20wavelengthsforthebroadsidecase,
andevenmorefortheinlinecase.
Polarizationdiversityatabasestationdoesnotrequire
antennaspacing.
 PolarizationDiversity(contd)

Atthebasestation,spacediversityisconsiderablyless
practicalthanatthemobilebecausethenarrowangle
ofincidentfieldsrequireslargeantennaspacing.

Thecomparativelyhighcostofusingspacediversityat
thebasestationpromptstheconsiderationofusing
orthogonalpolarization.

Polarizationdiversityprovidestwodiversitybranches
andallowstheantennaelementstobeconsidered.
PolarizationDiversity
Intheearlydaysofcellularradio,allsubscriberunitsweremountedin
vehiclesorusedverticalwhipantennas.Today,however,overhalfof
thesubscriberunitsareportable.Thismeansthatmostsubscribers
arenolongerusingverticalpolarizationduetohandtiltingwhenthe
portablecellularphoneisused.Thisrecentphenomenonhassparkled
interestinpolarizationdiversityatthebasestation.
 FrequencyDiversity

Principle:

Thesameinformationsignalistransmitted
andreceivedsimultaneouslyontwoormore
independentfadingcarrierfrequencies.
FrequencyDiversity

Therationalbehindthistechniqueisthatfrequencies
separatedbymorethanthecoherencebandwidthof
thechannelwillnotexperiencethesamefade.

Theprobabilityofsimultaneousfadewillbethe
productoftheindividualfadingprobabilities.

ThisisoftenemployedinmicrowaveLOSlinkswhich
carryseveralchannelsinafrequencydivisionmultiplex
mode(FDM).
 FrequencyDiversity
Thistechniquenotonlyrequiressparebandwidth,butalso
requiresthattherebeasmanyreceiversasthereare
channelsusedforthefrequencydiversity.
However,forcriticaltraffic,theexpensemaybe
justified.
 TimeDiversity

Principle:

Thesignalsrepresentingthesame
informationaresentoverthesamechannelat
differenttimes.
 TimeDiversity

TimeDiversityrepeatedlytransmitsinformationat
timespacingthatexceedsthecoherencetimeof
thechannel.
Multiplerepetitionsofthesignalwillbereceived
withmultiplefadingconditions,therebyproviding
fordiversity.
Amodernimplementationoftimediversity
involvestheuseofRAKEreceiverforspread
spectrumCDMA,wheremultipathchannel
providesredundancyinthetransmittedmessage.
 Diversity

Polorization Diversity Space Diversity Frequency Diversity Time Diversity

Selection Diversity Scanning Diversity Maximal Ratio Combining Equal Gain Combining
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