CONCLUSION

Based on this experiment, the main objective was successfully achieved to synthesize a
sample of hard soap and to test soap produced. From this experiment, the produce of making
soap involves the basic hydrolysis of an ester to form an alcohol and the salt of carboxylic acid
which hydrolysis of ester linkages between fatty acid and glycerol. The formation of making a
soap is called as saponification . When the 0.25g sodium hydroxide were added with 1mL of
distilled water and 1mL of 95% of ethanol, the sodium hydroxide was dissolved and the solution
become colorless. The mixture did not completely dissolved when sodium hydroxide solution
was added with vegetable oil. After heating the mixture around 20 minutes under 100 degree
Celsius, whitish suspension was present. Then, the mixture was added into 4mL of sodium
chloride solution and was cooled in ice water bath. The results showed the saponified was
formed. From the analysis test, the soap was added with 3 mL of distilled water and the results
showed colourless with 4.0 mL of foams

were formed. Then, the soap was added with 4% of calcium chloride solution and the results
remained constant. Foams were disappeared and the layer of impurities were observes at the
surface of mixture. This is because, soap does not react excellently as it does not work well in
hard water as it contain the solution of cation, Ca2+ . Then, the soap was mixed with trisodium
phosphate and colourless solution turns cloudy with the present of colloid. It is because, the
trisodium phosphate act as water sotfner. It also helps to prevent soap molecules from reacting
with Ca2+ ion.So, the cleaning process will not affected.
RECOMMENDATION

In order to get good results, some step can be taken. Firstly, make sure that the sodium
hydroxide was completely dissolved in the mixture of distilled water and ethanol. Then, cool
the soap for longer time in order to get soap more solid and easier to handle it. Furthermore, its
better use heated distilled water when diluting sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide to make
sure that the reactant soluble in water. Besides, the eyes of the observed must be perpendicular
to the meniscus to prevent parallax error. In addition , it is necessary to stir the soap solution after
adding common salt to it. It is because in order to get the precipitate out the soap in solid form.
Lastly, before running experiment, make sure all the apparatus was rinsed to avoid contamination
with other subtances.