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This is a Per$ian transiation of
The Communist Manifesto Nola
S ocialht Re gister, I 99 I
Edited by Leo Panirch and ColiD Levs
The Merlin Press. Suffolk, 1998
Translaled bv Hassan Monazavi
Atah Publishing House, Tehran. 2001
Reprinted 2002 & 2008
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7. H. Lefebvre, The SuNival of Capitalism, New York, 1976
8. L Nleszaros, Beyond Capital, London and New York, 1995; D. Harvey,
Justice, Naturc and the Geography of Differcnce,1996
9. D Harvey, op. cit., 1996
10. Cited in L l\,4eszaros, op cit.. 1995. p. xii
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12. World Bank, Wo d development tepoft: Wotkers in an integrating world,
New York, 1995, p. 9.
13. lnternational Labour Office, Wo d empolyment 199617: National policies in
tac:jllrl,r
a global context, lnternational Labour Office 1996, p. 2
14. United Nations Development PtogAm, Human development repoft, 1996, 1. G W. Hegel, Philosophy ot Right, New York 1967, pp 150-2.
New York 1996, p. 94 2. S. Avineri, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State, London 1972, P. 132.
15. J. Seabrook, J. In the cities of the South: Scenes from a developing world,
J.,'-:) ,gG,rt.r[-t ;i-s| 3,*:.' /; ]) ! J< J'!Jj--l J,l ,a-; dlr-:e,. .l
London, 1996, chapter 6.
16. United Nations Development Program, op. cit, 1996, p. 13 ^3.?L-- "fe t\s;t "\ iJ'- ,-;L. *-:t f ," rl "-& g;G,,j
17. World Bank, op. cit., 1996, p 3 rq- *L- i S t-J )'* -. ,'t^ S 'r-J C=!t ,: c-J r f'r t*-.
18. J. Seabrook, op cit 1996, pp. 103-5 .53-,-ri 1, ,JLoL- ,, .: t.i... 's.rrl;a'. J;^(- c;I.,r,,t-(i ..,.,rt.,
19. loc. cit. .:,:1: ! *L;L -3g j-t gt f* nE..'.i,. +1 .,41;.'4"ot J.)
20 K Marx, op cit. 1976, p. 364-5.
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21. B. Berbert, 'Brutality in Vietnam', New York Times, N.4arch 28th, 1997,
A 29. t "lF !q 6G,,*: L Jt- $K :,5;3.o,-Lr- .:.-:Lil !) :r--?,;.,.
22. Goodman, e., "Why not a labor label?" Baltimore Sun, July 19, 1996, ! s--lJjn .j-jLl ,1Lr- c^-:bl Jj rAlF iJ" rEL t ,"*! rcG.:y;-)
25 A; Greenhous, S., 1997a, 'Voluntary rules on apparal labor proving -:--iU .j-!t:, )JrJ:-&1. r, -31 -:-L 'S Sr;r- -*.) r)):J ++
elusive", Nery York Times, Februray 1, 1997, 1; Greenhouse, S 1997b,
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April 13, 1997, 1.
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23. N Smith, 'Geography, difterence and the politics of scale, in Doherty, J. ;-" ;: ;-l ,r!- c*F ( S.r !-r {-Gr' J\ j.' t l-, .r-:r -!:*
Graham, E., and Malek, lvl., (eds) Postmodernism and the social sciences .c-i-,:<--j--
London, 1992.
3 D. Harvey, Ihe Limits to Capital, oxford 1982, Chapter 13 a.f
',. S'L-, -lj;61y
BUILD LsG)lJrrJ- rr yf D. HaNey, "The Spatial Fixt Hegel, Von Thunen, and N,larx, a, t: jilrr-::
M. Cooper, 'When push comes to shovei Who is welfare retorm really
4 AntiPode, 13, No 2, 1981
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-The SPD in the Volkskarhmer in 1990i A New Party in
7. Dieter Segert:
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Doschouwer (eds): Social Democracy in Post-Communist Europe (Frank
Cass, 1994),
8. Shron Wolchik, Czechoslovakia in Transition, (Printer, 1991), and James P.
Mccrogor: ryalue Shuctures in a Developed Socialist System: the Case of
Czechoslovakia: Comparative Politlcs, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1991.
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1. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Bevolution, London, 1962; The Age of Capital,
London, 1975. trr].rJdSr:rl f ..ti.rl-y, *-ec ^, uolk
a-.Lor,',,.rrvrJL-r,,,*.1::;fr;t;,:;,y..:
s.:it_ L stta o,,z Jl-t,,f c.-4t S c*;4te irJjlF ! .jrJ,.l
2. Marshall Berman, A// That Is Solid Melts into Ak: The Expeience of eri -,7.: .t. .:-l 5--r;..: L +- a-.--o;l ,j:-i d u,-Lau:.;- di J) 4j
Modenity, Vetso, London, 1982, P 92
a, rj;,r. rlr j ,:- ozoi r.) '-;;^ L ra-- dlt-c I ulSJ]l
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Allen and Unwin, London, 1929, Vol 1, p 164
jl Jdi) d-!;Ja. S Ju*t.:^-l 6l"JlL;l ,u,--)]* L-131 ,lt:Jlt'.f

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20. Walter Benjamin, 'The Concept of Criticism

in German Romanticism" .:,+ '\ q\ t -'- -r.f j7 -:'t 1t:::1. - - ' rl- .J*<' '!r ',I
.-._<-
Harvard University
(19200, in his Se/ected Wdd,gs Votume 1, 1913-1926'
pp 185-6' note 3'
o!r-:-:-jl ij--j ,Ss-. )t ,:,-:,:6! r,.!9 i-.y ,:-1 ,r-: arr<O)q-fVV
Press, Cambridge M A aod London' 1996' .*-l dL .;L::l dJ<l r o5L ";([JgG*r; L-.y !,t -^
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Liteftry 6. Berman, All That ls Solid, pp. 89, 102.
See also Philippe Lacou -Labarthe and Jean- Luc Nancy' The
trans Philip 7. Peter osborne, The Plitics of Time: I"4adernity and Avant-Grade, Verso,
Absolute: The Theary of Litercture in German Romanticism'
London and New York, 1955, pp. 13-14, 23.
Bernard and Cheryle Lester' SUNY' 1998
21. Benjamin "The Auihor as Producei' in his Underctanding
Brecht' tans I Anna LaMon and Herbert Eagle Cohell University Press, lthaca and
Lelt Books' London' 1977' p' 89 London, 1988, pp 51'2; 'Maniiesto of Surrealism' in Andr6 Breton,
Anna Bostock, New
in his Manilesto a{ Suffealism, trans, Richard Seaver and Helen B. Lane,
22. Benjamin, 'The Work of Ad in the Age of Mechanical Beproduction"
p 239 University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 19?2, p. 47.
llluminations, Fohtana, London' 1973,
23. ibid.
9. Berman, A That Is Solid, p 121.
al Knowledge' 10 Karl Marx, "The Poverty of Philosophy' (1947) in Marx/Engels, Collected
24. Jacques rancidre, Ihe Names of Histary: On the Paetics
1994 Works 6, p. 127
lrans. Hassan Melehy, Minnesota' University Press' l\'4inneapolis'
25. Tristan Tzara, "Dada lvlanifesto' (1918), in his Sevet Dada Manifestos and 11 Walter Benjamin,'central Park", trans Lloyd Spencer, Ne / Ge/.mat
trans Barbara Wright' Calder Poblications' London' 1977' Critique 34 (Winter 1985), p. 46; Theodor W Adorno, Aesthetic Theary,
Lampisteries,
p.3. trans, C. Lenhardt, Rouiledge, London and New York, 1984, p 41.
26.fzata.'Dada lvlanifesto on Feeble Love and Bitter Love" in lbid' p 33 12. See Osborne, The Pafitics al Time, pp.3 23-32.
27. Tzarc,'Dada Manifesto', in lbid' p 3

13. lmmanuel Kanl, Ctitique of Judgment (1790), trans Werner S Pluhar,
Hackette, lndianapolis/Cambridge, 1987 p. 58
28. Howard Caygll, Walter Beniamin: The Colout Expe e'ce' Boutledge'
'; \'' : j -s" ,f(-;i ij
London and New York, 199a' P 71' -L:i :-"r ), ^:,5r" 3,t-:iL y' -,, -:-,;il--
) i-e L. ?=, '-1 ;' -":\*. ':- -j .' J'-C - 5'7', i t.- ;''' '4 J r\L:;-l Lectures on Kant's Political Philosaphy f ..:jq 1t -5,-,.-1"-
-s:.-r' lf "rU:-l :l;* Be in alexanderplatz .{1i+, 'r rr .t -<-. .; !. .K: ,
29. A That ls Solid, P 122 .,!r!,.<6 5'..L* u:- -L -* J;l*r
30 Jeff Wall, Dan Graham's Kammerspiel' Art Metropole' Toronto' p 100
lqace' *:r:;l-L r,--J r:f . _---: L ). -r^ artu')
31. Etienne Balibar, in Etienne Balibar ahd lmmanuel Wallerstein'
15. Engels, 'Draft of a Commuhist Confession of Faith, n l\/arxlEngels,
Natlot, C/assr Ambiguous /de,tlties, trans chris Tunner' Verso London
Callected Wotks 6, p. 96.
and New York 1991, P 8
On-Way Streed 16 Engels, 'Principles of Communism', in ibid , p 341
32. Walter Benjamin, 'A Small History of Photography" in his
17. Emile Benveniste, Probtems in Genetal Linguistics trans, Mary Elizabeth
and other Writings trans Ednund Jephcott and Kingsley shorier' Ne\e
Meek University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, 1971, pp. 195 215
Lefl Boo^s Londor, 1979 P 243
18. Fusslar Futu sm, p.52.
19 Walter Benjamin '[Re The Theory of Knowledge, Theory ot Progress]', in
cary Smith (ed) Benjanin: Philosophy, Aesrheilc, Hlslo4,,, Chicago
University Press, Chicago, 1989, pp. 50ff.
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1. Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa'das GesPenst des Kommunismus +, +3 tSu, .ibr- | S-S1J sl,)r i;^S 6f y'":="5
2 Wilhelm Schulz 3. Staatslexikon ,--,;-- ,:*i4J ,2;V--z aS :;l- r-' u-S)J t"tta; 2lJl
4. Seit wenigen Jahren ist in Deutschland vom Kommunismus die rede' und
schon ist er zum drohenden Gespenst geworden vordeh einen sich ,-tao 21.., i-:i u'rK -) t:- r+lz j<S ), ,Ss oS c--+:.5
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1. Deutsche Londoner Zeilung

I
Yfl u,:;t,,tu
.rJ Ln (\ .0 *;)
Genesls des histotischen Materialismus' Vienna' 1965') 'r- ;lE ;') J15 O
(1965' p s7 ff
;, <-Jl..; 6!L q!' ;-tt-loi y n( .'r5,r. ,:.13 Jr-!' J -!:- L
1
,L+ --J!--"- dGt;'[l -jr",' jt * S; Sl '3 '9 ' 'r-: ':-'r! 'r4.l!
'
)JJ
6. See David McLellan, Kart Marl.: His Life and Thought, London: Macmillan
Press, 1973, pp. 1-16; Woltgang Mdnke, "lntroduction', Moses Hess
Philosophische und sozialistische Schiften 1837-1850' Vadzu/Liechtenstein
Topos Verlag, 1980, pp. xii-xvii; Ernst SchraePler''Der Bund der Gerechtenl
Seine Tdtigkeit in London 1840-1847', Archive ltr Sozialgeschichte' 11,1962'
p.5.
J-'<--:i- ;L r-' r, .r'-=ll, J- i-.t' -r" y. J.r-li q.- - ';-'r!

"5
v
The Sacrcd History of btj,e L. ,-^ ;;:- ,.111 .r:rt .:,rL- ,J,)lS l-J tac;jlrrl.r
Mankind As It ls and As It Jli"--e L. -<J.--1, ,teL ,r;t Mankind F$n
The socialism and llP ! .-"L_.;l i,. rr:l ;l ),ought ro ae (1839)
d ;:it.,r.+ J-j--.;45Jil L.\
t,rr,r i.,r; !-trt)1
-communism of Prcsent Day France fa42) "l-Jj,r..rJr: "Loi;it
r-jJJ"tr!,", rrj">L-.! -,1 +.Jrt; i;- '.^ -,r., l',:.-.5
,JlJi, Lr.E Schraepler;l )1 ,1tu )JLa' r-l "-rrf cll ,:19,lri 4t.-,JlL A
Ka Mad: Chrcnik seires Lebens rn ,-, r; JL-;l Ld1 -
op cit rL- lrL. "S
D. t!4clellan ilJ-!*a..:-l"Jj a:;J<"Der Bund der Gerechten"'
a,
,-S ,,) j,r<- l-.r..Kl-06t: .r. s +s A., Einzetdaten
""rri
\ , i;u ,1--:;t"S c--;4L t F Bender LJtu -)Karl Matx' op cit 'll,lr !
:-l
JL 1r {y31 1r W. W Norton & co. o!L::l r "'f 6l:-rr Jl 'r 6 lvlakol Verlag n. d., pp.48-49; Karl MaDdFriedrich Engels: Hlsfor.lsch
Zur Geschichte des Bundes det J)3Jl;l ):' J "rt:j- \\ A ktitische Gesamtausgabe (hereafter l\,,lEGA), Pt. I, Vol. 6, edited by D.
Ryazanotf and V. Adoratski, Berlin: Marx-Engels Verlag, p. 683.
' ;'t .r.]lir ;t4s- .tstL" J16 .1Ei v
L -y \ J--: |MEW Kommunisten
-.-..r .J.
2. Communist Manifest: Sacialist Landmatk, an appreciation, together vvith the
r>.;-\ or> 6f ,- ",:=-S j fJ- f----"*!t i-y 6;1:-t1-:_
--Jt--,- originial text and prefaces, written for the Labour Party by Harold Laski,
.tf 3-tl'f '*;- 'Oieu
Verlag
'rJY ":Ul Londont George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1984, p 101. See also the preface
? 'o-i- "Der Bund der Gerechten" op. cit al jt't lE SchraePler il a' q to the 1888 edilion (ibid., p. 112)
eit
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.(00-Y0. c,L-j- ,Dieb Verlag ''J-r ',:Ul --!!--- r-;" 4 Communist Manifest: Socialist Landmark, op. cot., p. 116
11. E. Schraepler, 'Der Bund der Gerechten', op cit p 613 .,-rt-Ji,rLj '-. c*t=;L. \ J]..' .l+ i .I-<1 LJ; )) + j,.-^ ,:
^l
I
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..,,Js)lF .d!Lr erl ! ,rLj .rrl: ;L.J'! .(J- a.+ J,/\EGA2 .t: \/.,\? sii ? 3tE t o61.," Carl Schapper LL
"Pl]j"
n..:;,r,;l5q e..f;L ! G,ei-;ql Lr '3 (;i '11' 1" 3-l ';"rq) -l-,tr :i .r{1.rrIr. l;-.1:,r!
uL-- .Yl tJ- '\'4ECW I 4l- {ail Jn 1 a5J'i.2t tLLrL) 'dJrL J)15 \ q 13. See Max Nettlau, 'Londoner deutsche kommunistische Diskussionen,
1a45", Atchiv ftit die Geschichte des Sozialismus und det
js* S:G,r )t r::y olL-o .:f ." ,.|;1G,)i. .r{L .< i'jtL I-Yt\ Arbeitebewegung, x, 1925, pp, 360-381.
4\;-t.rL&4L; c'ufui '-Je Jr-: o'!t;") .(a,! .,;U-l "J.- ----- 11 Xl 1846, t JSJt ir*-' L ,id.:,r.-15. i:J.rl;lL a,jJ* ctt \f
.lt.-lo1 ,\^\ - \YY c,L"-,J31 tJ- MECW ;: (Jjr- ':'LiL---<" .:5 2nUeelZ, pt. lll, Vol. 2, pp.317-20
.10^ - llY
20 s,ee Ka Marx: Chrcnik, op. cit , P. 14'' MEGA, Pt. I' Vol l ' p 309i Marx to ,t-i 6- L;;,c*-l ".t_.-i;i-11 s.s- r- u31J .!t;;1 "1i:,el ,r;.; \o
Ruge, 30. 11. 1842, The Letterc of Karl Marx' selected and edited by Saul ,t .a^,,.,* -,1,-r A.i r)J.,trtg, L2r^ - :=:L. i-;28 e,,S\;Gt-t"
Padover, Englewood cliffs New Jerseyl Prentice'Hall, 1979, Pp 19' :L.a:-i! .t;) r' 3,t i.1,t,, J)l- Jr,S Lr:" L. iJ- S'r..ry'Ly' gr- jL
21. see Ka Matx: Chronik, op. cit'., P 13l MEGA, Pt l, Vol 1, pp 263' 314'
;l l4ad Before Marxisn t\rl-\r\ .rLc-.I1 tC MECW .;: u-L-
573-4.
(Lr;J) lSJJljyrL---i ,\qVY .jJJ-<.....- .:,!L:r;l jl David McLellah
,rr.irp--:13. .I{U-J Karl Mad: Chronik, op cit', p 17 a YY
.r.: ir+ .Terte zu materialistischen Geschichtsauffassurg r----i Helmut Reichelt
;3-j1* ,3$ r^rY/Y/\Y LL r 6,4, ci61- \^tl/l /Yo LL. '-11-1, ;\ o-t L- LLs\Aa'\ -,1*L- '\1V0 .ullstein ullj-Ljl .a)ri-klp
$ e;..t 7) .,-t t ost c\ a\rt )\ os)u ars: v j +'UL L L* 'l ,&:"-ra. urlt -il uStU LE ;\ ' - \? uL-;r David l\4cLellan
Ka Mad, op cit ' PP.21'23' 23-24' 32'34
.(The Lettets ot
^--.:1, 9
j ucL.al\t;l:\\ft rceorge Allen & unwin
'!L:-ijt
.dJ E. Fitzgerald
L*J tv-Yr .!Li,
,C- cit !,\^tt/,r/t t 3J- 6qr1 1 e{L LL ',.YY
Bob Jessop and CHarlie l\,'lalcolm-8rown (Editors) ;l ,;.$t ,)rt! a4
J.J
o!L:;l ,Jjta; ,(l\4arx's Life and Theoretical Development) JJI rL-
l y 1- I .:,!-; .qy,-.r1-: J,tEcw ,Jg'a ,i- i;'J4lu: 2rgl".ti' ,u31\-J1\9 \\
r'J ise-.t .t 11' ,Boutledge, Chapman and Hall
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lJLa.Y.- \^ ,\0- \ Y .rLi.." ,JJl -d- Ji.tFcw.\^lV r-ly I ' - I l
W. Mdnke, Moses Hessr Phitosophische und sozialistische schtften,
o:i-,\'4ECA2;: lL-,;1.;1 ., ,a-1: ,{L ,JL .,,-GrK j1 .,!.i diiu. .lV
; YOq - YY 1 c,L-L- ;;- 4J,,:-: r'
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-'*'*'
+ (J'J ylo :-i- t\y -1.--- MEw.\^f y lrp \, ,i ,JL LL a, .1,r
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J 'r; o.r olL; (-Jl \\ a\JPg.r Lttli i t;
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;i la Ma^: Chronik op cit pp 3l-2 rr \ c*) r 6i* ,, t g1,:,,,:-, 6tal a "*i )' o" \^,
-)v e)'rr. . i-'* . J,u aLit
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e;b rr- j,J+..-"i (t Y . - t \ .:, Li-. Jr trl- ' JJli,:-
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Jr- st, Ci- aL" '\^f t/t/\o 2r Gustav Gdttgen u u31L LN ,1r tE MEcw) (\u/.Jt S') 6- ;l ^J\J' t.5'[Ll ,5G':;l:r!r ,r,JlL
,: Lij '-iu--t U j!- y'.l;jriJ iG.r--+! 3 j.' ":t-s'. ' l;j
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,.5L '-.r .r-L<l LL \+3 O"? Karl Marx: Chrcnik, op clt ' p 31 " Yl j:;-.llEGA2 t: ; )-t3 .trL'^-..e 0Al-ffV ,L\i*,7r. 'tl-. 'J:l ,-r+
.r;51r.r 1Y-1\ .,t=;!.fA rl' lt'tEcw '\Af t rrL'- J."lr .c-1 ,r1 jL:l0V9-YVq Jt-;r,tf,rI 'g:.) rl-. 'pQl
From the Essay 'A Wonderful 10 Years"' Reminiscences of ''"5:1 Jj! l0 29. See MECW, Vol. 3, P 231.
r;-:*r.YV\ 'A;- ,,i.)V,5bt-rL; I u!L-l :;K- 'l\'4arx and Engels .M Nicolaus ',*J, ^-.,,-erL;tJ ! ,,6L \,t0.1
.y' -1U- ,J!---l
cit pp 31'2 .r:-5LrF.r \.^ :.-; o!L:l Li-l;j-!j:lG
3:- ,JitJ "- .J"-.' LL----j J Karl Mad: chrcnik' op ' '\qvr ,r-rlK*!
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"t: .r.:::-fhe NEW Moral World s 61l,rt r', ,-Kt 6G"--;t"L-
' .:1..;* ;, .,.5 .,,G.:11-i-1 ,;"4 .rJ
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.r*r..,i ,,.-,*', .li;- 3i";r"i a .5! iLJ' :';-i ) r" +S;'- 3 t-tj Moses Hess. PhilosoPhische und soziatistische) )t a<;3- Ll c-l "rrJ
6:LaJl -,1:;L-.-c ,;r! ,G,)i i"- dl-t a'.,5ri 'rJ, "'r-: ;p:; \L; Sl ^. ^Sl1 u^,r\i' 1- (Schriften, 1837-50, op cit note 172 a' p 506
i-t .c-l ".f C-: .,r:.t-l
^'.,-aKtj e'J Ch sp e '[ lx; otvr '.1 ! ,,1!jj;v
See Karl Marx: Chronik, op cit., p 14
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^rtlv/Y. 3;- '1f \ tstJ ,Jbr.-J i)Jj a (.5L LL ! J*'-". i+5 LJ-J chrcnik, op cit, P 28
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F. Mehring, f\atl Mad, op cit, lMcLallen' Ka MaDa' op cil Pp lTl'2 ! 'r \ Orq- \q .t-^ .\'-O ;*;r .i.! r- JV,ECW L jLJi SiJJJiJ'-t.: tli
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\-tt C"J" r) ri 'c#J
rl^l;: 'jl3 a'-l aSlf r-)u" j; ^' JL- d*)J._ttf* (bis september 1847, Hamburg: Hauswedell & Co, 1969
j}-r- J!;l I .rr'-Ku'1. I'L1LJ3y .:--55- I 61".-la- i-V J)ai Karl Marx, o-.:-l u^L- 1t-- ju; ) *4;J-l 3.,..r,
"6t -.+3 ')J. )'
Pages ot Socia/lst Hlsfo4l, New York: C. B. -): Verlaam Tcherkesotf ]Li 'lnkoduction", ,.-r 45c-L;-l lT U--.1op.
cit., pp. 137'47
)l ,/31 J u-S;J ^S 'g G:l .rJ.:-! i:-1r! Cooper, 1902, pp 55-66 Karl Ma ,
f--\ J
Bender) (Ihe Cammunist Manifesto. oP. cit., pp, 12-13)
6l-J:-o L Rondel Davidson ;l a, 1.r1")Ji dJllo-i Considdrant LrGa-i.-J,l QJJ-]l.' rc--

t-/ -'l, 5"j.-)prrop.) {Mclallen cit. pp 172-83
'Reform versus Revolution: Victor Considdrant and lhe Corrmutlst .i;1.;; J. ,,:[ l, rL,l ,,1 ,r$L
.L; A-)Manifesto,
"Soc/a/ Science Qoafto y,58 (1), 1997, pp. 74-85 43. See 'Bules of the Communist League (June 1847)", 'A Circular of the First
L 6rf-yr'"--t-z- -<:-t' fV- \ Afi JL-r:;*"

trlr:--r n"..t-lr-r.0. Congress of the Cohmunist League to the League Members. June I
.- tJ-a J-:i- r )l Rheinische Jahhiicher zut gesellschaftlichen Reform '1847', 'The Centeral Authority to the League', MECW, Vol. 6, pp. 585-588,
W. M6nke, Jr "Kommunistisches Bekenntniss in Fragen und Antworten' 589-600, 601-15.
Moses Hessj Phllosophische und soziallstlsche Schrilter, op. cit., pp. 44. Ehgels lo Mar,.,2324 Xl 1a47, MECW, Vol. 38, p. 149.
.JJ"Ki .::Lc- ;,:."-"s .J{UrJ.359'368
1, boc<ii-Doodii 45. See, for example, Arnold Winkler, Dle Entstehung des 'Kommunistischen
Birth of the Commuist i uLKt ;t (,;-+F Lt-l- .r".ri,r.:iiD .---i .O \ Manifestes": Eine Untersuchung, kitik Und kla;rung, Vienna: Manzsche
'Kommunistisches Bekenntnis in u-o )t.y;l jManilesto, op. cit, pp. 163 Verlag, 1936, pp. 24O-44t H. Laski,'lntroduction, Communist Manitesto,
Moses Hess. Philosophische und sozialistische )tFragen Und Ahtworten' op. cit., pp.24-5; F. Mehring, Ka Mad, op. cif., pp. 147-8; F. Bender,
.tiS g':.t Schrifte.n, op. cit., Pp. 362-4 'Historical and Theoretical Backgrounds of the Communist Manifesto',fhe
j-+.r Ll:y a-l.9.iJ;.9G.1; tSlr;tJ _y ,,.:.,- L;- rG)151: Jf-:lv.6'1 communist Manifesto, op. cit., pp. 1214,
.\AfV;-L-> 1r..riaQ-.r- L \^fv JjJj ; Jz-l o-.t-y,L-'t i--1"; t.f t
J,- . LJr ar iu , .:-r .,: )u l-g: ii-+ .J J,Itu, .:1'r r1- j .:-l .cl. MECW, Vol. 6, pp. 585-88, 633-38 .s;L | ,+Ll- .:--:l:y olgy
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.()J g-.rConmunist Manifesto, op cit, pp 163 .rJ6r.r tf-f .r .tL-;.., rl-,lvtEcw
;*..r-J,LJl ar,S't..,.-,2 El:.' J.,,..,, !-)t C-r;)!rJ oY J cr-.! ri!- '.L)t ,t, t: ' ; 619 .t=3 gaz Ka Ma , op cit, p 40 a, f A
Mark Poster (edilot), Hamonian Man: Selected writings ol Cha s Fourier, W. M<jnke, Moses Hess Phitosophische und o' ')ljti 1, o-l<l J ,/Jt"
Gardeh City New Yorki Doubleday & Co, 1971, pp. 75-89, 115119, .J-Kl LU ,,.r-r-.- tJ{ LJ-J sozlallstlsche schriften, op. cit., Pp xcvi'c
202-237, 238-240. ,Y^)J- ECw.1^rtll/\t i:- ,F:t'., *+/ oL--L<. L=J a,
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o!l-,,.,-rb .i -- -l c-:nL JL-L) "J rr-i.,. .lre; ;; ,r,l ;: .r.lrl 1r 'Principles of qLa- Victor Consid6rant ;l )l l, a].L-,'l J,il t5 ")J- #)
' r-J-; :4v J)jl L;Ur J "* "r'r -jj C-J (J..r- 1r ! j'-;L JL 2r Socialism: Mahilesto oJ the Democracy of the Nineteenih Century"
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t- !,;e-)t5o5L 6 u.,,'- F.: YY-Y\ .:,1-i- '\1il '& Russel lnc

.tJ p-.t *t-i soziatlstische Scbr,ftet' op cit, pP 359'361
to Marx, 25'26 X 1A47, MECW' Vol 38, pp 138-9'
dd o-..i lrr -t-lrl t J,lrl I ujy,:--: -'?t l.l .J.-:t ":t'; qt- .213r Jvl 56. See Engels
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