Materials of Construction

index
Engineering
Data
Motor Data-Design and Code Letter Designations
Motor Data-Efficiency Calculations
Useful Formulas
NPSH
NPSH & Cavitation
Cavitation
Corrosion - Abrasion
Useful Hydraulic Formulas
Useful Electrical Formulas
 SECTION PAGE
PRODUCT DATA ENGINEERING
SECTION 1
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 1/97

MAJOR SERIES 3000 (CP,CT,CS,DS,HS) PUMPS

IMPELLER
PUMP CASTINGS
MODEL Material Code Material Code
No. No.
C 3041(SS) 4 4
D 3041 2 10
C 3060(SS) 4 4
D 3080 2,1 10 or 11
D 3080 (B) 9 9
C/D 3085 2 2
C 3102 2 2
C 3126 (SS) 4 4
D 3126 (SS) 4 4
C 3127 2 2
H 3127 2 6
C 3140 2 2
C 3152 2 2
H 3152 2 6
C 3170 2 2
C 3201 2 2
H 3201 2 6 CP, CT, CS
C 3201(SS) 4 4
C 3201 (B) 9 9
C 3230 2 2
C 3300 2 2
C 3300 (SS) 4 4
C 3305 2 2 DS HS
C 3311 2 2,4
C 3351 2 2,4
C 3500 2 2,4
C 3530 2 2,4
C 3531 2 2,4
C 3601 2 2,4
C 3602 2 2,4

CP/CT/CS = Centrifugal Impeller HS = Heavy Duty Slurry DS = Vortex Impeller B = Bronze SS = Stainless Steel

Materials used in Pump Construction

Material Code Material Code
Material Material
No. No.

1 Aluminum Alloy 7 Hardened Spheroidal Graphite Iron

2 Cast Iron 8 Nitril Rubber on Steel Core
3 Steel 9 Aluminum Bronze
4 Stainless Steel 10 Ni - Hard
5 Forged Spring Steel 11 Ni - Resist
6 Alloyed White Iron 12 Noryl (fiberglass reinforced)

For more detailed information on materials of construction contact your local source of ITT Flygt
products. In some cases, other than the standard materials listed may be available on special order.
 SECTION PAGE
PRODUCT DATA ENGINEERING
SECTION 2
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
MOTOR DATA 1/97
Squirrel Cage Induction Motors are classified by NEMA in accordance to their locked-rotor torque, breakdown torque,
slip, starting current, etc., in other words, in accordance with their design and performance characteristics, in Design
Classes B, C, and D.
NEMA also assigns a Code Letter depending on the locked rotor kVA/HP ratio measured at full voltage and rated
frequency.
DO NOT CONFUSE THE DESIGN LETTER WITH THE CODE LETTER !

DESIGN LETTERS CODE LETTERS

Letter Kilovolt-Amperes per
Designation Horsepower with Locked Rotor
A 0.0 - 3.14
CLASS B, most common type, has normal starting torque,
B 3.15 - 3.54
low starting current. Locked-rotor torque (minimum torque
C 3.55 - 3.99
at standstill and full voltage) is not less than 100% full-load
D 4.0 - 4.49
for 2-and 4-pole motors, 200 hp and less; 40 to 75% for
E 4.5 - 4.99
larger 2-pole motors; 50 to 125% for larger 4-pole motors.
F 5.0 - 5.59
G 5.6 - 6.29
CLASS C features high starting torque (locked-rotor over
H 6.3 - 7.09
200%), low starting current. Breakdown torque not less
J 7.1 - 7.99
than 190% full-load torque. Slip at full load is between 1-
K 8.0 - 8.99
1/2 and 3%.
L 9.0 - 9.99
M 10.0 - 11.19
CLASS D have high slip, high starting torque, low starting
N 11.2 - 12.49
current; are used on loads with high intermittent peaks.
P 12.5 - 13.99
Driven machine usually has high-inertia flywheel. At no
R 14.0 - 15.99
load motor has little slip; when peak load is applied, motor
S 16.0 - 17.99
slip increases.
T 18.0 - 19.99
U 20.0 - 22.39
V 22.4 - and up

Formulas to find the value of the NEMA Code Letter:

(3) NEMA Code Letter = LRA x V x 1.732
1000 x HP
(1) NEMA Code Letter = LRA x V
1000 x HP
Example: Motor 35-28-12
460 volts, 3, LRA = 145, HP = 34
NEMA Code Letter = 145 x 460 x 1.732 = 3.390
1000 x 34
From code letter chart, the value of 3.398 equals Letter Designation "B".
 SECTION PAGE
PRODUCT DATA ENGINEERING
SECTION 3
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
MOTOR DATA 1/97
An Electric Submersible Pump is an integral unit of an electrical motor and a centrifugal (or propeller) pump on a
common shaft, held together by a hermetically closed (waterproof) enclosure. The motor must be strong enough to
start up and drive the impeller (propeller) across the whole Q/H performance range, keeping the temperature rise below
an established limit.
Electric Power Supply

Power Input

Motor Mechanical
Electrical
Losses Losses

Drive End
Shaft Power = Rated Power

Liquid
Power Hydraulic Hydraulic
Output End Losses

Electrical Losses include Resistance Losses and Iron Losses.

Mechanical Losses include Friction Losses in the Bearings and in the Mechanical Shaft Seal and Air Drag.
Hydraulic Losses include Turbulence and Shock Losses, Internal Leakage (Back Flow) and Disk HP.
Liquid Power Output = (Power Input) - (Electrical, Mechanical and Hydraulic Losses)
Shaft (Rated) Power = (Power Input) - (Electrical & Mechanical Losses)
Total Efficiency = (Liquid Power Output)
(Power Input)
Hydraulic Efficiency = (Liquid Power Output)
(Shaft Power)
Mathematically:
Liquid Power Output (Water HP) = GPM x FT x Sp. Gr. Brake kW = l/s x m x Sp. G.
3960 102.12 x Eff.
Shaft Power (HP) = GPM x FT x Sp. Gr.
3960 x Hydr. Eff.
Total (Wire-to-Water) Efficiency = GPM x FT x Sp. Gr
3960 x KW Input x 1.34
 SECTION PAGE
FORMULAS & CONVERSIONS ENGINEERING
SECTION 4
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
USEFUL FORMULAS 1/97
The Affinity Laws show how a centrifugal pump reacts to a change in either the speed or diameter of the impeller.
Changes in Head, G.P.M. and Brake Horsepower caused by either speed or diameter changes are determined by the
following formulas. For a graphic illustration of the effect of speed changes refer to the chart below.
Note: H = Head in feet and d = Diameter.
1. Capacity Varies Directly with the Speed or Diameter:
RPM2 d2
GPM2 = GPM1 X or GPM2 = GPM1 X
RPM1 d1

2. Total Head Varies Directly with the Square of the Speed or Diameter:
2 2

H2 = H 1 X ( RPM2
RPM1 ) or H 2 = H1 X ( )
d2
d1

3. Brake Horsepower Varies Directly with the Cube of the Speed or Diameter:
3 3

BHP2 = BHP1 X
( RPM2
RPM1 ) or BHP2 = BHP1 X ( )
d2
d1
 SECTION PAGE
PUMP ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
SECTION 5
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
NPSH & CAVITATION 1/97
NPSH can be defined as the head that causes liquid to flow through the suction piping and finally enter the eye of the
impeller.
Head that causes flow comes from either the pressure of the atmosphere or from static head plus atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is the only pressure source available to cause flow when the pump is operating under a suction
lift condition. The work that can be done, therefore, on the suction side of a pump is limited, so NPSH becomes very
important. There are two values of NPSH to consider.
REQUIRED NPSH is a function of the pump design. It varies between different makes of pumps, between different
pumps of the same make and varies with the capacity and speed of any one pump. This is a value that must be supplied
by the pump manufacturer.
AVAILABLE NPSH is a function of the system in which the pump operates. It can be calculated for any installation.
Any pump installation, to operate successfully, must have an available NPSH equal to or greater than the required
NPSH of the pump at the desired pump conditions.
When the source of liquid is above the pump: (As with Flygt's BS,CP,CS,DP,DS,HS type submersible pumps)
NPSH = Barometric Pressure, ft. + Static Head on suction, ft.
- friction losses in suction piping, ft.- Vapor Pressure of liquid, ft.
When the source of liquid is below the pump: (As with Flygt's CT type submersible pumps)
NPSH = Barometric Pressure, ft. - Static Suction lift, ft.
- friction losses in Suction piping, ft. - Vapor Pressure of liquid, ft.
Example 1.
The required NPSH of a water pump at rated capacity is 16 ft. The water temperature is 80F. The elevation is 1000
ft. above sea level. Calculated entrance and friction losses in suction piping = 3 ft. What will be the maximum suction
lift permissible?

Static Suction lift permissible = 32.9' - (3.0 + 16.0 + 1.2) = 12.7'

Losses in suction - Calculate from hydraulics of the piping system = 3'

NPSH Required = 16' Obtain from pump Manufacturer.

Vapor Pressure for 80F from Tables = 0.51 psi x 2.35 = 1.2 ft.
 SECTION PAGE
PUMP ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
SECTION 6
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
NPSH & CAVITATION 1/97
Example 2.
In this example we will use the same data as in example 1 except the water temperature will now be 195F. What will
be the suction lift or head required?
Water, at 195F, has a specific gravity of 0.96. The vapor pressure is 10.4 psi.
Note: In these examples, all heads must be in feet of head of the liquid.

Losses in suction -
Calculate from hydraulics of Static Head Required
piping system = 3' at Suction Flange =
(24.9 + 16.0 + 3) - 33.8 = 10.1 ft.

NPSH Required = 16'

Obtain from pump Manufacturer.

Vapor Pressure for 195F from

Tables = 10.4 psi x 2.39 = 24.9 ft.

In example 2, the sum of vapor pressure + NPSH required + losses in the suction system exceed the barometric
pressure,therefore, a positive head or submergence must be provided to insure uninterrupted water flow to the pump.
The principles involving NPSH apply to any type of pump. However, special attention should be taken when dealing
with centrifugal, angle, mixed-flow or propeller pumps as the suction conditions must be correct or the pump will not
operate efficiently or it may not function at all.
CAVITATION is a term used to describe a complex phenomenon that may exist in a pumping installation. In a
centrifugal pump this may be explained as follows:
When a liquid flows through the suction line and enters the eye of the pump impeller an increase in velocity takes place.
The increase in velocity is accompanied by a reduction in pressure. If the pressure falls below the vapor pressure
corresponding to the temperature of the liquid, the liquid will vaporize and the flowing stream will consist of liquid
plus pockets of vapor. Flowing further through the impeller, the liquid reaches a region of higher pressure and the
cavities of vapor collapse. It is this collapse of vapor pockets that causes the noise associated with cavitation.
Cavitation varies from very mild to very severe. A pump can operate quietly yet be cavitating mildly. The only adverse
effect might be a slight decrease in efficiency. On the other hand, severe cavitation will be very noisy and will destroy
the pump impeller and/or other parts of the pump.
 SECTION PAGE
PUMP ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
SECTION 7
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
NPSH & CAVITATION 1/97
If the pump is properly designed and installed, cavitation need not be a problem. When selecting a pump and planning
the installation, be careful to avoid the following conditions:
Heads much lower than head at peak efficiency of pump.
Capacity much higher than capacity at peak efficiency of pump.
Suction lift higher or positive head lower than recommended by manufacturer.
Liquid temperatures higher than that for which the system was originally designed.
Speeds higher than manufacturers recommendation.
The above explanation of cavitation in centrifugal pumps cannot be used when dealing with propeller pumps. The water
entering the propeller pump in a large bell-mouth inlet will be guided to the smallest section, called throat, immediately
ahead of the propeller. The velocity there should not be excessive and should provide a sufficiently large capacity to
fill the ports between the propeller blades. As the propeller blades are widely spaced, not much guidance can be given
to the stream of water. When the head is increased beyond a safe limit, the capacity is reduced to a quantity insufficient
to fill up the space between the propeller vanes. The stream of water will separate from the propeller vanes, creating
a small space where pressure is close to a perfect vacuum. In a very small fraction of a second, this small vacuum space
will be smashed by the liquid hitting the smooth surface of the propeller vane with an enormous force which starts the
process of surface pitting of the vane. At the same time one will hear sounds resembling rocks being thrown around
in a barrel or a mountain stream tumbling boulders.
When selecting a propeller pump and planning the installation be careful to avoid the following conditions:
Heads much higher than at peak efficiency of pump.
Capacity much lower than capacity at peak efficiency of pump.
Suction lift higher or positive head lower than recommended by manufacturer.
Liquid temperatures higher than that for which the system was originally designed.
Speeds higher than manufacturers recommendation.
Cavitation is not confined to pumping equipment alone. It also occurs in piping systems where the liquid velocity is
high and the pressure low. Cavitation should be suspected when noise is heard in pipe lines at sudden enlargements
of the pipe cross-section, sharp bends, throttled valves or similar situations.
 SECTION PAGE
PUMP ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
SECTION 8
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
CORROSION - ABRASION 1/97
Corrosion:
The term corrosion is defined as an attack on a material through chemical or electromechanical reaction with the
surrounding medium and it can refer to the process itself or to the damage by the corrosion process. When no reference
is made to the material, it is normally understood that a metal is being attacked. The most important characteristics of
a liquid influencing corrosion are the pH factor (acidity/alkalinity), Salt Content (dissolved substances), Oxygen
Concentration and Temperature. If any of these characteristics deserves special attention, contact ITT Flygts
Application Engineering.
Abrasion:
The fastest wearing part of a centrifugal pump is the impeller. Impeller wear is roughly proportional to the cube of the
speed ratio. Also, to generate a certain head, the impeller peripheral velocity must be maintained regardless of the
diameter. In practical terms this means that half the speed equals six times the life - half the head equals three times
the life. Abrasion will also be influenced by corrosion and cavitation damage. Otherwise, abrasive wear in pumps is
generalized into three types:
Gouging abrasion, which occurs when coarse particles impinge with such force that high-impact stresses are imposed,
resulting in the tearing of sizable pieces from the wearing surfaces.
Grinding abrasion, which results from the crushing action of the particles between two rubbing surfaces.
Erosion abrasion, which occurs from the impingement of free-moving particles (sometimes parallel to the surface)
at high or low velocities on the wearing surface.
The pumps presented in this catalog are intended for light, accidental slurries only, where the presence of solids is
accidental. (A deliberate slurry is a liquid/solid mixture where the main task of the pump is transporting solids).
Since the required power is proportional to the Specific Gravity of the liquid, attention must be paid to the combined
Specific Gravity of the mixture:
SGM = S.G.L
1 + S.C. SGL
( SG 1) S

Where SGM = Specific Gravity of Mixture

SGL = Specific Gravity of Liquid
SGS = Specific Gravity of Solids
SC = Solids Concentration in percentage
For special materials selection or for pumping mixtures with Specific Gravity higher than 1.15, contact ITT Flygts
Application Engineering.
 SECTION PAGE
FORMULAS & CONVERSIONS ENGINEERING
SECTION 9
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
USEFUL FORMULAS 1/97
I. HYDRAULIC FORMULAS

1. Brake horsepower (BHP) at duty point = GPM x TDH x S.G.

3960 x pump efficiency

2. Water horsepower (WHP) = GPM x TDH

3960

3. Wire to water efficiency =

WHP x .746 or GPM x TDH or GPM x TDH

kW Input Input Hp x 3960 kW Input x 5308

4. Overall efficiency = motor efficiency x pump efficiency.

5. Capacity in GPM in a discharge line is proportional to the

square of the inside diameter.

GPM1
GPM2
= ( DD ) 1

2
2

6. For the same discharge line diameter, the friction loss head
increases approximately as the square of the velocity.

Hf
( VV )
2
1
1 =
Hf 2
2

7. Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) = Ha - Hvpa + Hst - Hfs

WHERE:

Ha = Absolute pressure in feet on the surface of the liquid being pumped.

This is atmospheric pressure in non-pressurized conditions.

Hvpa = Vapor pressure of the liquid being pumped in feet.

Hst = Static head in feet of the liquid level above the impeller eye.

Hfs = Suction entrance losses in feet.

 SECTION PAGE
FORMULAS & CONVERSIONS ENGINEERING
SECTION 10
SUPERSEDES ISSUED
USEFUL FORMULAS 1/97
II. ELECTRICAL FORMULAS

1. Hp = kW x 1.341 or kW = Hp x .746

2. kW input at duty point = GPM x TDH x .746 x S.G. or BHP x .746

3960 x pump eff. motor eff. Motor Eff.

3. Shaft Hp = kW input x motor eff. x 1.341.

4. Motor efficiency = BHP

kW input x 1.341

5. Power factor (PF) = Real Power (Watts)

Apparent Power (V.A.)

REFER TO THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE PHASE OR THREE PHASE CURRENT.

TO FIND SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE

6. Motor V x A x P.F. x Motor Eff. V x A x P.F. x Motor Eff. x 1.732

Output 746 746
(Hp)

7. Motor V x A x P.F. V x A x P.F. x 1.732

Input 1000 1000
(kW)

8. Amps kW Input x 1000 kW Input x 1000

P.F. x V P.F. x V x 1.732

9. P.F. kW Input x 1000 kW Input x 1000

AxV A x V x 1.732

10. KVA VxA or kW V x A x 1.732 or kW

1000 P.F. 1000 P.F.

11. Watts V x A x P.F. V x A x P.F. x 1.732