jkpo; ,yf;fzk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk; nra;Aspir msngil (,ir epiwasngil)

,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
1. vOj;jpyf;fzk;
2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk;
3. nghUspyf;fzk;
4. ahg;gpyf;fzk;
5. mzpapyf;fzk;
1. vOj;jpyf;fzk;
vOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. KjnyOj;Jfs; 2. rhh;ngOj;Jfs;
KjnyOj;Jfs;
,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. capnuOj;Jfs; 2. nka;naOj;Jfs;
capnuOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. Fw;nwOj;Jfs; (m> ,> c> v> x)
2. nel;nlOj;Jfs; (M><> C> V> I> X> xs)
nka;naOj;Jfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
1. ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;)
2. nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;)
3. ,ilapdk; (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;)
Ma;j vOj;J - Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp>
Kw;wha;jk;
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j
xiria epiwT nra;a nkhopapd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;>
,WjpapYk; epd;w caph; neby; vOj;Jfs; VOk; jkf;F
,dkhfpa Fwpy; vOj;Jfisg; ngw;W chpa
khj;jpiuapypUe;J kpFe;J xypf;Fk;. ,JNt nra;Aspir
msngil vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) nflhm> tplhmh; coh mh;> glh mh;> njh*ck;>J}c>
j&ck;>MmJk;>Xxjy;> njhohms;> cwhmik> ngwhm
,d;dpir msngil
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa xir
jUtjw;fhf Fwpy; nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir
msngilahFk;.
(v.fh) nfLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;> cs;sJ}ck;>
mjdpD}cq;F
nrhy;ypir msngil
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ngah;r;nrhy;
tpidnar;rg; nghUs; jUk; nghUl;L msngLg;gj
nrhy;ypir msngilahFk;.
(v.fh) eir,> FbjoP,> mbjoP,> (joP jOTjy;
vd;gJ nghUs;) jOTjy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah;r; nrhy; joP,
(jOtp) vd tpidnar;rr; nrhy;yhf msngLj;jjhy; ,J
jdpepiy> nrhy;ypir msngil NkYk; rpy v.fh: mis,> epi y,a>
nroP,a> nga;jphP,> ,hP,> fbdKwP,.

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; xw;wsngil
rhh;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk; nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwe;jhy; nka;naOj;JfSk;
1. caph;nka; 2. Ma;jk; msngLf;Fk; ,J xw;wsngilahFk;.
3. capusngil 4. xw;wsngil (v.fh) vq;q;fpiwtDs ndd;gha;>
5. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk; nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy tPL> muq;q;fk;> kQ;Q;R
7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; ,t;thW q;>Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> t;> a;. y;> s; Mfpa gj;J nka;Ak;
9. kfuf;FWf;fk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; / vd;w Ma;j vOj;J xd;Wk; Mf gjpNdhh; vOj;JfSk;
xU Fwpiy mLj;Jk; ,U Fwpy;fis mLj;Jk; nra;Aspy;
msngil ,dpa Xir Ntz;b msngLf;Fk;. ,t;thW msngLg;gNj
xw;wsngil MFk;.
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ xU nrhy;ypd;
KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; Fw;wpaYfuk;
VOk; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;l xypg;gNj Fw;wpaYfuk; = FWik + ,ay; + cfuk;
msngil vdg;gLk;. (F> R> L> J> G> W)
msT =khj;jpiu. vil= vLj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs;. xU khj;jpiuasT xypf;f Ntz;ba cfuk; miu
vOj;jpdJ khj;jpiu mstpy; ePl;b xypj;jy;. khj;jpiuasthff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaYfukhFk;.
khj;jpiu msT jdp nebYlNdh> gy vOj;Jf;fisj; njhlh;e;Njh
caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f; Fwpy; - xd;W nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd nka;Nahl Nrh;e;J tUk; cfuk;
caph;neby;> caph;nka; neby; - ,uz;L jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J miu
nka;> Ma;jk; - ,iu khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,jidNa Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;.
capusngil - %d;W gR fhR> gL ghL> mJ ge;J
xw;wsngil xd;W Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fspy; gR> gL> mJ Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jo;
Ftpj;J ed;F xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F F>R> L> J Nghd;w
msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fSf;F xU khj;jpiu msT.
1. capusngil 2. xw;wsngil Mdhy; fhR> ghL> ge;J Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; R> L> J
Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; cfuk; Fiwe;J xypf;fg;gLfpwJ.
capusngil ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,q;F R> L> J> Mfpa
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ me;j xiria vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J
epiwT nra;a caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; msngLf;Fk;. miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;fpwJ.
,t;thW msngLf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpw;F ,dkhd Fwpy; 1. jdp xu Fw;nwOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfu
vOj;Jfs; gf;fj;jpy; tUk;. vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa (v.fh) mJ> gR> gL> ngW.
Ifhuj;jpw;F ,fuKk; xsfhuj;jpw;F cfuKk; 2. nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk;> ,ilapYk; tUk; cfuk;
,dntOj;jhf tUk; capusngil %d;W tifg;gLk;. jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J
1. nra;Aspir msngil (,ir epiwasngil) xypf;fhJ.
2. ,d;dpir msngil 3. nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypd nka;fis (f;>
3. nrhy;ypir msngil r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) Ch;e;j cfuk; (F> R> L>J> G> W)
kl;LNk jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 1
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp epiy nkhopapd; <w;nwOj;J Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J
vOj;jhf epw;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; cs;s tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;J afukhf ,Ue;jhy;
vOj;ij Nehf;ff; Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifahfg; mitapuz;Lk; GzUk;nghOJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fw;wpaYfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk;. NkYk; kpah vd;Dk;
mirr;nrhy; tUnkhopahf te;jhy; mjpy; cs;s ,fuKk; (k;
1. neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; , kp) xyp Fiwe;J Fw;wpaypfuk; MFk;.
jdp nebiyj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; nely; njhlh;f; nfhf;F+ahJ? = nfhf;fpahJ?
Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (jdp neby; vd;gJ caph; nebyhfTk;>
v/F+ ahJ? = v/fpahJ?
caph;nka; nebyhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;)
(v.fh.) ghF> fhR> NjhL> fhJ> NrhW cyF+ ahJ? = cyfpahJ?
Nfs;+ kpah? = Nfz;kpah?
2. Ma;jj; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
Ma;j vOj;ijj; njhlh;;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; Ifhuf; FWf;fk;
njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. Ifhuk; + FWf;fk; =Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
(v.fh) v/F> m/J> f/R Ifhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J
Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;> xU khj;jpiuahfTk;
3. caph;j;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; MFk;.
capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; I>it> ij
caph;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. Ifhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu msT
(v.fh) moF> KuR> gz;ghl> vUJ> kuG> ghyhW xypf;fpd;wJ.
,r;nrhw;fspy; ty;ypd nka;fis Ch;e;J te;j cfuk; Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
(F> R> L> J> G> W) capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J (o= o; + m> u tUk;nghOJ> nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu
= h;+ m> gh= g; +M> U= h;+ c> yh = y;+M)<w;wpy; mike;J khj; j p i uasTk; > Vida ,lq; f sp y ; xU khj; j p i uasTk;
Fiwe;J xypg;gjhy; Fw;wpaYfuk; Mapw;W. xyp f ; F k; . Ifhuk; ,t; t hW Fiwe; J xyp g ; g Nj Ifhuf;
Fwpg;G: neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; mike;j nrhy; FWf; f k; MFk; .
nebiy cila ,uz;L vOj;Jr; nrhy;yhf kl;LNk tUk;. Ie;J Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; - 11/2 khj;jpiu
,isQh; - Ifhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; - 1 khj;jpiu
4.td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; gwit Ifhuk; nkhopf;Ff; filapy; - 1 khj;jpiu
ty;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk;
td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
(v.fh) ghf;F> jr;R> jl;L> gj;J> cg;G> Gw;W xsfhuk; +FWf;fk;= xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
xsfhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J
5. nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;wiu khj;jiuahfTk;> xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ
nky;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; xsfhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;.
Fw;wpaYfuk; nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. xsfhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L
(v.fh) ghq;F> gQ;R> tz;L> ge;J> mk;G> fd;W khj;jpiu msT xypf;Fk;.
nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;nghOJ xd;wiu khj;jpiu msNt
6.,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; xypf;Fk;. xsfhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapYk;> filapYk; tuhJ.
,ilapd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; xsit nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiu.
Fw;wpaYfuk; ,ilj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.
(v.fh.) %o;F> nra;J> rhy;G> rhh;G kfuf; FWf;fk;
kfuk; +FWf;fk; = kfuf; FWf;fk;
Kw;wpaYfuk;
k; vd;Dk; vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy;
jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwahj cfuk;
khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ kfuf; FWf;fkhFk;.
Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
nra;Aspy; NghYk;> kUSk; Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; <w;way;
1. gF> gR> gL> mJ> jG> ngW - ,it jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij
vOj;JfspYs;s cfuq;fs; nfl;Lg; Nghy;k;> kUs;k;
mLj;J tUk; ty;ypd cfuk; ngw;w Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.
vd;whfpg; Nghd;k;> kUz;k;> vd;W jphpAk;. mt;thW jphpe;j
2. fhZ> cz;Z> cWK - ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s Z> K
dfu> zfuq;fspd; Kd; cs;s kfuk; miu
cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.
khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;.
3. vO> js;S> fjT - ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd
jUk; tstd;> tUk; tz;b Mfpa njhlh;fspy; epiy
cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.
nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuKk; tUnkhop Kjypy; tfuKk; cs;sd.
,JNghy; epiy nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuk; ,Ue;J tfu Kjy;
Fw;wpaypfuk;
nkhopNahL GzUk;NghJ epiynkhopaPw;wpYs;s kfuk;
FWik +,ay; +,fuk;= Fw;wpaypfuk; Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,t;thW
FWfpa XirAila ,fuk;. Fiwe;njhypf;Fk; FWf;fk; kfuf; FWf;fk; MFk;.
,fuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J miu
khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfukhFk;. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
tPL+ ahJ?= tPbahJ? Ma;jk; +FWf;fk; =Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
xU Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; (tPL) Kd; ah vd;Dk; Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;j fhy;
vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhy; (ahJ) te;J NrUk;NghJ> khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Ma;jf; FWf;fkhFk;.
mf;Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s cfuk; ,fukhf fy; +jPJ =f/wPJ
khWk;. (l;+,=b) (tPbahJ) ,JNt Fw;wpaypfuk; vdg;gLk;. Ks; +jPJ =K/BJ
,jw;Ff; fhy msT miu khj;jpiu.

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 2

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
epiynkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhh;e;J tUk; yfu> sfu k&c: ,yf;fzk; rpije;J> tbtk; khwp toq;fp tUk;
nka;fs; Kd;Nd> tUnkhop Kjypy; jfuk; te;jhy; nrhw;fis mwpTilNahh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sijNa k&c
yfuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; jfuk; wfukhFk;. sfuj;jpw;F Kd; vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;. (v.fh)
tUk; jfuk; lfukhFk;. mt;thW jphpe;J wfu> lfuq;fs; ,yf;fz tof;F kUtp toq;FtJ
GzUk;NghJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s yfu> sfuq;fs; Ma;j jQ;rht+h; jQ;ir
vOj;jhfj; jphpAk;. ,t;thW jphpfpd;w Ma;j vOj;J Fk;gNfhzk; Fle;ij
jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; GJr;Nrhp GJit
Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. Nrho ehL NrhzhL
ngah; Ngh;
2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk; ve;ij vd; je;ij

,yf;fz tifg;gb nrhw;fspd; ehd;F tiffs; 2. jFjp tof;F

1. ngah;r;nrhy; (v.fh.) mg;gh> khefh;> kJiu xUthplk; NgRk;nghOJ NgRtjw;Fj; jFjpaw;w nrhw;fisr;
2. tpidr;nrhy; (v.fh.) te;jhd;> nrd;wd nrhy;y Neh;e;jhy; mtw;iw kiwj;J NtW nrhw;fshy;
3. ,ilr;nrhy; (v.fh.) ck;> I $WtJ jFjp tof;F vdg;gLk;.
4. chpr;nrhy; (v.fh.) kh> rhy
jFjp tof;F %d;W tifg;gLk;
,yf;fpa tifg;gb nrhw;fspd; ehd;F tiffs; 1. ,lf;fulf;fy; 2. kq;fyk; 3. F*cf; Fwp
1. ,aw;nrhy; 2. jphpnrhy; 3. jpirr;nrhy; 4. tlnrhy; ,lf;fluf;fy;: nrhy;yj; jfhjr; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j
,aw;nrhy; - vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghUs; GhptJ (v.fh) jP> nrhw;fshy; nghUisj; jfhjr; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j
fhL> kuk;. nrhw;fshy; nghUisj; njhptpg;gJ ,lf;fulf;fy;
ngah; ,aw;nrhy;> tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd ,U
vdg;gLk;. (,lf;fh; - nrhy;yj; jfhjJ@ mlf;fy; -
tifg;gLk;
kiwj;Jf; $Wjy;)
jphpnrhy; - fw;wth;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUs; GhptJ (v.fh.) v.fh. if fOtpdhd;> fhy; fOtp te;jhd;.
gPyp (kapy; Njhif)> cfph; (efk;)> nry; (Nkfk;). ,it KiwNa cz;lgpd; vr;rpiyf; fOtpdhd;> kyk;
ngah; jphpnrhy;> tpid jphpnrhy; vd ,U tifg;gLk; fOtpdhd; vd;Dk; ,lh;g;ghlhd nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.
jpirr;nrhy; - jkpo;ehl;ilr; #o;e;Js;s gpw gFjpfspy; MfNt mr;nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j nrhw;fisr; nfhz;L
,Ue;J jkpopy; toq;fg;ngWk; nrhw;fs; (v.fh.) Nfzp> mjd; nghUs; toq;fg;gLtjhy; ,J ,lf;fulf;fy;
ngw;wk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
tlnrhy;- (v.fh.) fkyk;> tp\k;> G\;gk; kq;fyk;: mkq;fykhd nrhy;iy kiwj;J kq;fykhd
nrhy;yhy; nghUis tpsf;FtJ kq;fyk; vdg;gLk;.
%tif nkhopfs;:- 1. jdpnkhop 2. njhlh;nkhop 3. v.fh. c.Nt. rhkpehj Iah; GfOlk;G mile;jhh;
nghJnkhop mkq;fyk; kq;fyk;
nrj;jhh; JQ;rpdhh;
tof;F (kuG): RLfhL ed;fhL
ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; ve;nje;jg; nghUis ve;nje;jr; fhuhL nts;shL
nrhw;fshy; toq;fpdhh;fNsh> mtw;iw mt;thNw ehKk; nfhba eQ;Rilghk;G ey;y ghk;G
toq;Fk; Kiw tof;F. Xiy jpUKfk;
tof;F ,U tifg;gLk;: 1. ,ay;G tof;F 2. jFjp tof;F jhyp mWe;jJ jhyp ngUfpw;W
1. ,ay;G tof;F
xU nghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F vr;nrhy; ,ay;ghf mike;jNjh> F*cf;Fwp: xU nghUSf;F ,ay;gha; mike;j ngaiu
me;jg; nghUis me;jr; nrhy;yhy; toq;Fk; tof;F. xopj;J> kw;wth; mwpahjgb jk; FOtpdh;f;F kl;Lk; nghUs;
v.fh. jkpo; ,dpikahd tpsq;FkhW milahsr; nrhy;yhy; xU FOtpdh;
nkhop toq;FtJ F*cf; Fwp vdg;gLk;. (F*c - $l;lk;> Fwp
,ay;G tof;F %d;W tifg;gLk; milahsk;)
1. ,yf;fzKilaJ 2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp 3. k&c
,yf;fzKilaJ: ,yf;fz newpNahL toq;fp tUk; v.fh. nghw;nfhy;yh; nghd;idg; gwp vd;gh;.
nrhw;fs; ,yf;fz KilaJ vdg;gLk;. ahidg; ghfh; Miliaf; fhiu vd;gh;.
v.fh. cyfk; Roy;fpwJ> ney; tpise;jJ Ntlh; fs;isr; nrhy; tpsk;gp vd;gh;.
,yf;fzg;Nghyp: ,yf;fz newpf;Fg;
nghUe;jhjhapUg;gpDk; mwpTilahh; njhd;W njhl;L toq;fp tO epiy> toh epiy> tOtikjp
tUk; fhuzj;jhy; ,yf;fzKilait Nghd;W Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; nrhw;fs; ,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;W tOepiy:
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh) ,yf;fz Kiwf;F khwhfg; NgRtJk;> vOJtJk;> tO
,yf;fz tof;F ,yf;fzg; Nghyp vdg;gLk; (tO Fw;wk;) v.fh. ehd; ehis te;Njd;.
,y;tha; thapy; Fapy; MLk;
efh;g;Gwk; Gwefh; tO epiy VO tifg;gLk;.
jir rij 1. jpiz tO : v.fh. Rkjp te;jJ
Nfhtpy; Nfhapy; 2. ghy; tO : v.fh. nry;tk; te;jhs;
,y;Kd; Kd;wpy; 3. ,l tO : v.fh. eP te;jhd;
kuEdp Edpkuk; 4. fhy tO : v.fh. New;W tUthd;
Gwcyh cyhg;Gwk; 5. tpdh tO : xU tpuiyf; fhl;br; rpwpNjh? nghpNjh? vd
tpdTtJ tpdhtOthFk;

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 3

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
6. tpil tO : gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf;F topahJ? vd;Dk;
tpdhtpw;F
nfhl;ilg; ghf;F fpNyh Ik;gJ &gha; vd;W tpil $WtJ
tpiltO.
7. kuG tO : Fapy; fj;Jk; vd;gJ kuG tO.
toh epiy: ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk;
toh epiy vdg;gLk;. (toh epiy - ,yf;fzg; gpioaw;w
Kiw> tO - gpio)
v.fh. ehd; ehis tUNtd; > Fapy; $Tk;
toh epiy MW tifg;gLk;. mit
1. jpiztoh epiy 2. ghy; toh epiy 3. ,ltoh epiy 4.
fhy toh epiy 5. tpdh toh epiy 6. tpil toh epiy
tOtikjp:
,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp mike;jpUg;gpDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp
,yf;fzKilaijg; Nghy Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
tOtikjpahFk;. (tO Fw;wk; mikjp Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;)
v.fh. jha; jd; Foe;ijia vd; fz;Nz! fz;kzpNa
vd;W ghuhl;L md;G fhuzkhf te;j tOtikjp MFk;.
tOtikjp gy tifg;gLk;.
1. jpiz tOtikjp : jpq;fSk; rhd;NwhUk; xg;gh;.
2. ghy; tOtikjp : je;ij jd; kfis thlh vd;W
mioj;jy;
3. ,l tOtikjp : ,e;j fz;zd; xU ehSk; ngha; $w
khl;lhd;
4. fhy tOtikjp : gpujkh; ehis nrd;id tUfpwhh;.
5. kuG tOtikjp : fj;Jk; FapNyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpo
Ntz;Lk;.
njhfh epiyj; njhlh;
9 tif
vOtha;j; njhlh; - fgpyd; te;jhd;
tpspj; njhlh; - fjputh th
tpidKw;Wj; njhlh; - fz;Nld; rPijia
nganur;rj; njhlh; - tpOe;j kuk;
tpidnar;rj; njhlh; - te;J Nghdhd;
Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj; njhlh; - tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;
,ilr; nrhw;nwhlh; - kw;nwhd;W
chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; - khKdpth;
mLf;Fj; njhlh; - tho;f! tho;f!
3.nghUspyf;fzk;
nghUs;Nfhs;
xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNah> mbfisNah nghUs;
czh;Tf;F Vw;wtifapy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag;
nghUs;Nfhs; (nghUs; nfhs;Sk;Kiw) vd toq;Fth;.
nghUs;Nfhs; vl;L tifg;gLk;.
1. Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;: ,ilawhJ nry;Yk;
Mw;WePiug;Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu
nrd;W nghUs;nfhs;tJ Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;NfhshFk;.
(v-L) nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; ngha;jPh; xOf;f
newpepd;whh; ePLtho; thh;.
2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; : XubAs;s nrhw;fis>
mijtUk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf; $Wjy; nkhopkhw;Wg;
nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;.
(v-L)mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik Nfhwy;
nghUsy;yJ mt;t+d; jpdy;.
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
mUs;ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik@ mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy;
caph;f;nfhiy vdg;nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; nkhopkhw;Wg;
nghUs;Nfhs;.
3. epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; : khwpkhwp ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fis
thpirahf mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiwg;
nghUs;Nfhs;.
(v-L) md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gd;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
4. tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; (g+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;) : tpy;ypd;
,UKidfisAk; ,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy;Nghyr; nra;Aspd;
Kjypy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk;> ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s
nrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJ tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
(v-L) neUey; csd;xUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
ngUik cilj;jpt; TyF.
cyF vd;Dk; ,Wjpr;nrhy; Kjy;nrhy;yhd; neUey;
vd;gNjhL Nrh;j;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; ,J g+l;Ltpy;
nghUs;Nfhs;.
5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; : CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapW
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJNghyr; nra;Aspd; eLtpy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;> nra;Aspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk;
mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhw;fSld; nghUe;jpg; nghUisj; jUtJ
jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
jhk;G + ,ir = jhg;gpir CQ;ry; fapW mirjy; Nghy.
(jhk;G = CQ;ry; fapW)
(v-L),we;jhh; ,we;jhh; midah; rpdj;ijj;
Jwe;jhh; Jwe;jhh; Jiz.
,g;ghlypy; rpdj;ij vd;Dk; eLepd;w nrhy;iyr;>
rpdj;ij cilath; (,we;jhh;) ,we;jhh; midah; vdTk;>
rpdj;ijj; Jwe;jhh; (Jwe;jhh;) Qhdpah; Jiz vdTk;
mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; : ghk;G> Gw;wpy; jiyitj;J
EioAk;NghJ> jiy NkyhfTk;> cly; mLj;Jk;
nry;tJNghyr; nra;Aspd; ,WjpapypUe;J nrhw;fis vLj;J
Kjypy; itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ miskwpghg;Gg;
nghUs;Nfhs;. (mis Gw;W> ghg;G ghk;G)
7. nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; : nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk;
$wg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;gf; $l;bg;
nghUs;nfhs;tJ nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
(v-L)fl;bf; fUk;G frf;Fk; kpff;fdpe;j
vl;bf; fdpapdpf;Fk; vd;D}hpy; - gl;bAs
fhis gbghy; fwf;FNk ey;ygR
Ntis jtpuh JOk;.
Fwpg;G : nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbNjhWk; cs;s
nrhw;fis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpf;nfhs;tJ. nfhz;L$l;Lg;
nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbfs; KOJk; cs;s nrhw;fis
khw;wpg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ.
8. mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; : nra;Aspd; vy;yh
mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk;
nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ mbkwpkhw;Wg;
nghUs;Nfhs;.
(v-L)khwhf; fhjyh; kiykwe; jdNu
Mwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
Ntwh nkd;Njhs; tisnefp Ok;Nk
$wha; Njhop ahd;thO khNw.
,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf vg;gb khw;wpg;
nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahJ.
4
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
4.ahg;G ,yf;fzk;
nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fzk;
(ahg;G ahj;jy;> fl;Ljy;> nghUs; nghUe;jj;
njhlUkhW nrhw;fis mikj;jy;> nra;Aisf;
fl;Ljy;)
nra;As;> ghl;L> J}f;F> ftpij vd;gd xU nghUs;
Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;.
ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; MW
1. vOj;J 2. mir 3. rPh; 4. jis 5. mb 6. Njhil
,itfisr; nra;As; cWg;Gfs; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
vOj;jir rPh;jis mbnjhil MWk;
nra;As; cWg;ngdr; nrg;gpdh; Gyth;
vYk;G> jir> euk;G Kjypatw;why; fl;lg;ngw;wij ahf;if
my;yJ clk;G vd;gj Nghy vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb>
njhil Kjypatw;why; fl;lg;ngw;wJ ahg;G (nra;As;)
vdg;ngw;wJ.
ahg;G cWg;GfSf;fhd ngah;f;fhuzk;
vOjg;gLjypd; vOj;Nj@ mt;ntOj;J
mirj;jpir Nfhlypd; mirNa@ mirapiae;J
rPh;nfhs epw;wypw; rPNu@ rPhpuz;L
jl;L epw;wypd; jisNa@ mbapuz;L
njhLj;jy; Kjyhapd njhilNa@ mj;njhil
ghtp elj;jypw; ghNt@ ghnthj;J
,dkh elj;jypd; ,dnkdg; gLNk.
(ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpif ciuNkw;nfhs; ghly;)
vOj;J
nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;> nka;> Ma;jk; vd;Wk;
vOj;Jf;fs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.
Fwpypy; caph;f;FwpYk;> caph;nka;f;FwpYk; mlq;Fk;.
nebypy; caph;nebYk;> caph;nka; nebYk; mlq;Fk;.
nka; - xw;W vdTk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.
nra;Aspy; Ma;jk; nka;ahff; fUjg;gLk;.
mir
xU nrhy; my;yJ rPiur; nrhy;Yk;NghJ (nrhy;
vd;gJ ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; cWg;ghf tUk;nghOJ
rPh; vdg; ngah; ngWk;.) Fwpy;> neby;> xw;W vd;Dk;
%tif vOj;Jfshy; mirf;fg;gLtJ mir
vdg;gLk;.
mir rPUf;F cWg;ghf mikAk;.
vOj;J ,irj;J mir Nfhlypd; mirNa
fhf;ifg;ghbdpak;.
Neuir
Fwpy; jdpj;J tUjy; - f
FwpNyhL xw;nwOj;J (nka;naOj;J) Nrh;e;J tUjy;
fy;
neby; jdpj;J tUjy; - fh
nebNyhL xw;W Nrh;e;J tUjy; - fhy;
Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;> FwpNyhL xw;wLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk;
nebNyhL xw;wLj;Jk; te;jhy; NeuirahFk;.
epiu mir
,uz;L Fwpy;fs; ,ize;J tUjy; - gzp
,uz;L Fwpy;fSf;F mLj;J xw;nwLj;J tUjy; -
mzpy;
FwpYk; nebYk; ,ize;J tUjy; - epyh
FwpYk; nebYk; xw;Wk; ,ize;J tUjy; - Gyhy;
,UFwpy;fs; ,ize;Jk;> xw;wLj;Jk;> Fwpy; neby;
,ize;Jk;> xw;wLj;Jk; te;jhy; epiuairahFk;.
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
mirfisg; gphpj;jgpd;> gphpf;fg;gl;l mirapy;
xw;nwOj;Jfis ePf;fp vQ;rpa vOj;Jfis vz;zpg;
ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. XnuOj;J ,Ue;jhy; Neuir vd;Wk;>
,uz;nlOj;J ,Ue;jhy; epiuair vd;Wk; Fwpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
rP h ;
Xh; mir jdpahfNth> gy mirfs; Nrh;e;Njh Xh;
xOq;Fglj; nra;As; mbfspy; miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;.
(rPh; - xOq;F) ,Utpj mirfSk;> jdpj;Jk;>
,ize;Jk; miktJ rPh; MFk;. rPh; nra;As; mbf;F
cWg;ghf tUk;.
rPh; ehd;F tifg;gLk;
1. Xuirr;rPh; 2. <uirr;rPh; 3. %tirr; rPh; 4. ehyirr;
rPh;
mir ,uz;L rPh;nfhs epw;wypd; rPNu fhf;ifg;
ghbdpak;
Xuirr;rPh;: ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir epiuairAs;
VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. mit
mirr;rPh; vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpw;F tha;ghL ehs;. (Xuir
Neh;) kyh; (Xuir - epiu) vd;gdthk;.
nra;f nghUisr; nrWeh; nrUf;fWf;Fk;
v/fjdpw; $hpaJ ,y;.
,y; - Neh; - ehs; (tha;ghL)
mq;fzj;Js; cf;f mkpo;jw;why; jq;fzj;jh;
my;yhh;Kd; Nfhl;b nfhsy;.
nfhsy; - epiu kyh; (tha;g;ghL)
,t;thW ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb ntz;ghtpy; <w;wpy; xU
NeuirNah> xU epiuairNah jdpj;J te;jhy; mtw;wpf;F
KiwNa ehs;> kyh; vd tha;ghL Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuair jdpahf tUtj
Nghd;W Neh;G> epiuG vd Fw;wpaYfu tha;ghl;Lr; rPh;fSk;
miktJz;L.
fy;yhjhd; nrhw;fh KWjy; Kiyapuz;Lk;
,y;yhjhs; ngz;fhKw; ww;W
ww;/W Neh; Neh; - Neh;G fhR vd;W Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F.
,Of;/F epiu Neh; - epiuG gpwg;G vd;W Fwpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Xuirr;rPhpy; epidtpw; nfhs;s Ntz;bait:
Neh; - ehs; epiu - kyh;
Neh; Neh; - Neh;G fhR epiu Neh; - epiuG gpwg;G
ehs;kyh; fhR gpwg;ngDk; ehd;Fk; ntz;gh tPw;wpd; NktpLk;
rPNu
jpUf;Fwspy; <w;Wr;rPh; mikg;gpd; tpfpjk;
ehs; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 174 Fwl;ghf;fs;
kyh; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 665 Fwl;ghf;fs;
fhR vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 200 Fwl;ghf;fs;
gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 291 Fwl;ghf;fs;
<uirr;rPh; (4): Neh;> epiu vd;Dk; mirfs;> ,uz;buz;lhf
,ize;J tUk; rPh;fs; <uirr;rPh; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
Neh; Neh; Njkh - khr;rPh;
epiu Neh; Gspkh - khr;rPh;
Neh; epiu $tpsk; - tpsr;rPh;
epiu epiu fUtpsk; - tpsr;rPh;
<uirr;rPh; ehd;Fk; Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpad.
,it ,aw;rPh; vdTk;> Mrphpa chpr;rPh; vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.
5
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
%tirr;rPh;: <uirr; rPh;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; ,WjpapYk; Neh; 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis(tps Kd; epiu tUtJ)
vd;Dk; miriar; Nrh;j;jhy; Neh;<w;W %tifr; rPh;fs; epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL tpsk; vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;
ehd;F cz;lhFk;. Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;Ftj
<uir tha;ghLfspd; ,Wjpapy fha; vd;Dk; tha;ghL NrUk;. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.
v.fh.Neh; + Neh; + Neh; = Njkh+ fha; = Njkhq;fha; Jsp/nahsp tpsf;/fpd;
Neh; Neh; Neh; - Njkhq;fha; epiu+epiu epiu+Neh;
epiu Neh; Neh; - Gspkhq;fha; fha;r;rPh; - 4 (fUtpsk;) tps Kd; epiu te;j epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.
Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha; Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jisAk;> epiunahd;whrphpaj;jisAk;
epiu epiu Neh; - fUtpsq;fha; Mrphpag;ghTf;Fhpait.
Nkw;$wpa ehd;Fk; NehPw;W %tirr;rPh; vd;W khKd; NeUk; tpsKd; epiuAk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rPh;fs; ntz;ghTf;Fhpaitahjyhy; miktd Mrphp aj;jis ahNk
ntz;ghThpr;rPh; vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.
<uirr;rPh;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; ,WjpapYk; epiu vd;Dk; 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis (kh Kd; epiuAk;> tps Kd; NeUk;
miriar; Nrh;j;jhy; epiu<w;W %tirr; rPh;fs; ehd;F tUtJ)
cz;lhFk;. <uir tha;ghLfspd; ,Wjpapy; fdp vd;Dk; epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL kh vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;
tha;ghL NrUk;. Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;FtJk;> epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp
v.fh. Neh; + Neh;+ epiu Njkh+ fdp = Njkhq;fdp tha;ghL tpsk; vd Kbe;J. tQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mir Neh;
Neh; Neh; epiu Njkhq;fdp vdj; njhlq;FtJk; ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis MFk;.
epiu Neh; epiu Gspkhq;fdp C/idf; Fwpj;/j
Neh; epiu epiu - $tpsq;fdp fdpr;rPh; Neh; + Neh; epiu + Neh;
epiu epiu epiu fUtpsq;fdp (Nj kh) kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
,it ehd;Fk; epiuaPw;W %tirr;rPh; vd;W ea/ndhL ed;/wp
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rPh;fs;
epiu + epiu Neh; + Neh;
tQ;rpg;ghTf;Fhpajhy;>tQ;rpAhpr;rPh; vd;Wk; (fUtpsk;) tps Kd; Neh; te;j ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis ,aw;rPh;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ntz;lis Mrphpaj;jisf;F khwhf ,Uf;Fk;.
khtpd; Kd;dh; fha;fdp cz;lhapd; khKd; epiuAk; tpsKd; NeUk;
ntz;gh tQ;rp Ahpr;rPh; MNk ,iae;J tUtNj ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
ehyirr;rPh;: %tirr;rPh; vl;Lld;> Neuir epiuairfisj; 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
jdpj;jdpahf ,Wjpapy; Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW
epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL fha; vd Kbe;J> tUQ;rPhpd;
fpilf;Fk;. ,jidg; nghJr;rPh; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.
Kjy; mir Neh; vdj; njhlq;FtJ ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
NehPw;Wg; nghJr;rPh;>g+r;rPh; vdTk;> epiuaPw;Wg; nghJr;rPh; MFk;.
epow;rPh; vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;. mfo;/th/iuj; jhq;/Fk;
epiu + Neh; +Neh; Neh; + Neh;
jis
(Gspkhq;fha;) fha; Kd; Neh; te;j ntz;rPh; ntz;lis.
rPh;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fl;Lg;gl;L epw;Fk; epiy jis
,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk;
vdg;gLk;. (jis fl;L)
ntz;ghtpw;Fhpait. ntz;ghtpy; ,itad;wp NtW
epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk;> tUQ;rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk; jisfs; tuh.
xd;whkYk; miktJ jis vdg;gLk;.
nra;As; mbfspy; xU rPhpd; ,Wjp mirAk; mLj;j rPhpd; 5. fypj;jis (fha; Kd; epiu tUtJ)
Kjy; mirAk; xd;wpAk; (Neh;+Neh;) (epiu+epiu) epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL fha; vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;
xd;whkYk; (Neh;+epiu> epiu+Neh;) nra;ASf;F chpa Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;FtJ fypj;jis MFk;.
Xir mikg;ghy; fl;lg;gLk;. ,t;thW ,uz;L rPh;fs; th/dhh;e;/j nghjp/apd;/kpir
Xir mikg;ghy; fl;lg;gLtJ jis. Neh; + Neh; + Neh; epiu + Neh; + epiu
jis $Wk;nghOJ Kjy;rPh; ,Wjp mirapd; Njkhq;fha; - fha; Kd; epiu te;j fypj;jis.
tha;ghl;NlhL mLj;j rPhpd; Kjy; miriar; Nrh;j;Jf; fypj;jis fypg;ghtpw;FhpajhFk; fypj;jis ntz;rPh;
$w Ntz;Lk;. ntz;lisf;F khwhf mikAk;.
VO tiffs;
1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL fdp vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;
5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;FtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj; jis
7. xd;wh tQ;rpj;jis
MFk;.
1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jis : (kh Kd; Neh; tUtJ) jz;/lh/kiuj; jdp/k\;h;
epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL kh vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd; Neh; + Neh; + epiu epiu + epiu
Kjy; mir Neh; vdj; njhlq;FtJ Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis Njkhq;fdp epiu Kd; epiu vdNt xd;wpaJ fdp Kd;
MFk;. epiu te;j xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis.
tq;/fk; jd;/ndhLk;
Neh; + Neh; Neh; + epiu 7. xd;wh tQ;rpj;jis
(Njkh) kh Kd; Neh; te;j Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 6
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL fdp vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd; Mb
Kjy; mir Neh; vdj; njhlq;FtJ xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis
MFk;. rPh;fs; gy njhlh;e;J te;J Xh; mbahf mike;J nra;ASf;F
cWg;ghtJ mb vdg;gLk;. v.fh. mUk;nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk;
tz;/Nlh/ypLk; tz;/lkp/ofk;
,y;. (%d;W rPh;fshy; Md mb)
Neh; + Neh; + epiu Neh; + epiu + epiu
Njkhq;fdp epiu Neh; vdNt xd;whjJ. fdp Kd; Neh; Ie;J tif
te;j xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis. 1. Fwsb: ,uz;L rPh;fshy; Md mb
xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jisAk; xd;whj tQ;rpj;jisAk; v.fh. xz;nrhy; fhe;js;
tQ;rpg;ghTf;Fhpad. 2. rpe;jb: %d;W rPh;fshy; Md mb
v.fh. ty;ywpjy; Nte;jd; njhopy;.
epidtpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait ntz;ghtpd; <w;wb rpe;jbahf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. kh Kd; Neh; - Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 3. mstb: ehd;F rPh;fshy; Md mb mstb Neub vd;Wk;
2. tps Kd; epiu - epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis miof;fg;gLk;.
3. kh Kd; epiu>tps Kd; Neh;- ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis v.fh. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj; jk;ik
4. fha; Kd; Neh; - ntz;rPh; ntz;lis ntz;gh> fypg;gh Mfpatw;wpy; mstb mike;J tUk;.
5. fha; Kd; epiu fypj;jis 4. nebyb: Ie;J rPh;fshy; Md mb (nebyb ePz;l mb)
6. fdp Kd; epiu xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis v.fh. itak; VOil kd;dtd; mt;Tiu toq;f
7. fdp Kd; Neh; - xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis 5. fopnebyb: Ie;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPh;fshy; Md mb
(fopneby; - kpf ePz;lJ) Xh; mbapy; MW rPh;fs; Kjy;
ghTk; jisAk; gjpdhd;F rPh;fs; tiu mike;jpUf;Fk;.
1. Mrphpag;gh 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis v.fh. epd;wt+h;g;G g+r yd;gd; nebJehs; epide;J nra;j
2. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis -mWrPh; fopnebyb
3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis thDW kjpia mile;jJd; tjdk;
2. ntz;gh 1. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis kwpfly; GFe;jJd; fPh;j;jp
2. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis -vOrPh; fopnebyb
3. fypg;gh 1. fypj;jis ehl;NlhL Nruhj jdpNghf chpik
2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis elthjpq; fpdpnad;W ehkwpjy; ngUik
4. tQ;rpg;gh 1. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis -vz;rPh; fopnebyb
2. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis

myfpLjy;:
nra;As; mbfspy; cs;s rPh;fis Neuir>
epiuairfshfg; gphpj;jYk;> tha;ghL $WjYk;> jis
Fwpj;jYk; myfpLjy; vdg;gLk;. mir fzf;fpLjiy
myfpLjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
v.fh. gz;lwpNad; $w;nwd; gjid ,dpawpe;Njd;
ngz;lifahy; Ngukh;f; fl;L.
gz;/lwp/Nad; - Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha;
$w;/nwd; - Neh; Neh; - Njkh
gj/id - epiu Neh; - Gspkh
,dp/awpe/Njd; - epiu epiu Neh; fUtpsq;fha;
Ngz;; /lif/ahy; - Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha;
Ngu/kh;f; - Neh; epiu - $tpsk;
fl; /L - Neh; Neh; - Neh;G - fhR

jis Fwpj;jy;
1. gz;lwpNad; - $w;/nwd;
$tpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh; - ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
2. $w;nwd; - gjid
Njkh epiu-kh Kd; epiu-,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
3. gjid - ,dp/awpe;Njd;
Gspkh epiu-kh Kd epiu-,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
4. ,dpawpe;Njd; - ngz;/lifahy;
fUtpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh;-ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
5. ngz;lifahy; - Ng/ud;h;f;
$tpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh;-ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
6. Ngukh;f; - fl;L
$tpsk; - Neh;-tps Kd; Neh; - ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 7

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
gh tif Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG
gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;
Nkhidj;njhil:
1. ntz;gh 2. Mrphpag;gh/mfty; gh 3. fypg;gh 4. tQ;rpg;gh
Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ
Xh; vOj;Jf;F Nkhidahf mjd; ,d vOj;Jk;
ntz;gh tuyhk;.
ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;: ,d vOj;Jfs;:
1. ntz;ghtpd; <w;wb Kr;rPh;fshfTk; > Vida mbfs; m> M xd;Wf;F Xd;W ,dk;
ehd;F rPh;fshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,><> v> V> c> C> x> X xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,dk;.
2. ,aw;rPh; (khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh;)> ntz;rPh; (fha;r;rPh;) fye;J
tuk;. gpw rPh;fs; tuh. tiffs;:
3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis> ntz;rPh; ntz;lis fye;J tUk;. mbNkhid:
(NtW jisfs; tuhJ) nra;As; Kjy; mbapd; Kjy; vOj;J mLj;j
4. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; mbfspd; Kjy; vOj;jhf tUtJ mbNkhid MFk;.
tha;ghLfspy; xd;iwg; ngw;W KbAk;. ,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;.
5. nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;.
6. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbfs; tiu tUk;. v.fh.: ehzhy; capiuj; Jwg;ghh; .
ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. ehz; Jwthh;
1. Fws; ntz;gh 2. Nehpir ntz;gh rPh;Nkhid:
3. ,d;dpir ntz;gh 4. Nehpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh
5. ,d;dpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 6. g/nwhil ntz;gh 1.,iz Nkhid:
mstbapy; 1>2 rPh;fs; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ
Mrphpag;gh ,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;
Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;. v.fh: fkoj; fkoj; jkpopir ghbdhs;.
1. mbNjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUk;. 2. nghopg;G Nkhid:
2. ngUk;ghYk; <uirr; rPh;fshfpa khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh; (Mrphpa mstbapy; 1> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ
chpr;rPw;fs;) ngw;W tUk;. v.fh.: ez;gw;wh uhfp eakpy; nra;jhh;f;Fk;
3. fUtpsq;fdp> $tpsq;fdp Mfpa ,U tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;fSk; 3. xUc Nkhid
tuhJ. mstbapy; 1>4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
4. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jisAk;> epiunahd;whrphpaj; jisAk; v.fh: mzpad;Nwh ehDilik rhd;Nwhh;f;F m/jpd;Nwy;
kpFe;J tUk;> gpw jisfSk; fye;J tUk;. 4. $io Nkhid
5. Fiwe;jJ %d;wbfs; nfhz;Lk;> vz;zg;gb kpFe;Jk; mstbapy; 1> 2> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp
tUk;. tUtJ.
6. <w;wbapd; ,Wjpr; rPh; V>I>X><> Ma;> vd; - vd;Dk; v.fh.: vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspnjd;g ahh;khl;Lk;
mirfSk; xd;iwf; nfhz;L KbAk;. 5. Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid
Vfhuj;jhy; KbtNj rpwg;ghFk;. mstbapy; 1> 3> 4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp
7. mfty; Xir ngw;W tUk; mfty; Xir ngw;W tUtjhy; tUtJ.
mftw;gh vdTk; ngah; ngWk;. v.fh. ghit tpsf;Fk; gyTld; gug;Gkpd;
Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk; 6. fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid
1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh 2. ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh mstbapy; 1> 2> 4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp
3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh 4. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh tUtJ
v.fh.: mtph;kjp mida jpUEjy; mhpit
fypg;gh 7. Kw;W Nkhid:
nghJ ,yf;fzk;: mstbapy; 1> 2> 3> 4 rPh;fspYk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp
1. ehw;rPh; nfhz;l mstb cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;. tUtJ Kw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;.
2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis mjpfk; ngw;W> khr;rPUk;> midj;Jr; rPh;fspYk; Nkhid ,Uf;Fk;.
tpsq;fdpr;rPUk; ngwhky; Vida rPh;fs; rpWghd;ikahff; v.fh. fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; fiyfisf; fw;whd;
nfhz;L tUk;.
3. fypj;jisAk;> gpw jisAk; ngw;W tUk;. vJifj; njhil
4. Js;sNyhir gapd;W tUk. ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif.
5. %d;wbr; rpWik cilaJ. mb vJif:
6. juT> jhopir> muhfk;> mk;Nghjuq;fk;> jdpr;nrhy;> nra;As; mbfspd; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f
Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; MW cWg;GfSs; Vw;gd nfhz;L Kbe;J ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ mbvJif vdg;gLk;.
tUk;. v.fh.: xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahNu itg;gh;
nghWj;jhiu nghd; .
tQ;rpg;gh
nghJ ,yf;fzk;: rPh; vJif
1. ,UrPh; mbfSk; Kr;rPh; mbfSk; fye;J tUk; 1. ,iz vJif:
2. fha;r;rPUk;> fdpr;rPUk; kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. mstbapy; 1> 2 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J
3. tQ;rpj;jisfs; kpFe;Jk; Vida jisfs; Fiwe;Jk; msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
tUk; v.fh.: fhw;whiuf; fw;wJ czuhh;
4. jdpr;nrhy; Mrphpar; Rhpjfk; tUk;. 2. nghopg;G vJif:
5. %d;W mbfs; Kjy; gy mbfs; tiu tUk;. mstbapy; 1> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J
6. J}q;fy; Xir gapd;W tUk;. msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
v.fh.: NtWNtW rpwg;gpd; NtWNtW nra;tif
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 8
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
3. xUc vJif: (1> 4)
v.fh.: xWj;jhh;f;F xUehis ,d;gk; nghWj;jhh;f;F
4. $io vJif: (1> 2> 3)
v.fh.: ed;dpw nkd;Kif kpd;dpil tUj;jp
5. Nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1> 3> 4)
v.fh.: vd;idAk; ,Lf;fz; Jd;Dtpj; jpd;dpir
6. fPo;f;fJtha; vJif: (1> 2> 4)
v.fh.: ,d;ikAs; ,d;ik tpUe;njhuhy; td;ikAs;
7. Kw;W vJif: (1> 2> 3> 4)
(midj;Jr; rPh;fspYk; vJif ,Uf;Fk;)
v.fh.: Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;F
,iaGj;njhil
nra;Aspd; mbfspYk;> rPh;fspYk ,Wjp vOj;Njh>
mirNah> rPNuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iaGj;njhil vdg;gLk;.
rPh; ,iaGj; njhil tiffs; fhZk;nghOJ
mstbapy; ,Wjpr;rPNu Kjw;rPuhff; nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk;.
v.fh.:
thopa Njt gpuhd;
vq;Fk; epiwe;j gpuhd; - mb ,iaG
gokzy; khw;Wkpd; GJkzy; gug;Gkpd; - nghopg;G ,iaG
md;Gf;Nfhh; ciuf;fy;yha; mUSf;Nfhh; epiyapy;yha; -
nghopg;G ,iaG
5.mzp ,yf;fzk;
mzp vd;why; moF vd;gJ nghUs;. Gyth;fs; nra;Ais
moFgLj;Jtij>mzp vd;Nw toq;fpdh;. mt;thwhd
mzpfs; ,ay;G etpw;rp> cah;T etpw;rp Kjypad.
,ay;G etpw;rpazp
xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ cs;sthW $WtJ
,ay;G etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;.
NjhAk; ntz;laph; kj;njhyp Js;sTk;
Ma nts;tis tha;tpl; luw;wTk;
NjAk; Ez;zpil nrd;W tzq;fTk;
Ma kq;ifah; mq;if tUe;Jthh;.
,g;ghlypy; japh; filAk; Ma kq;ifahpd; jd;ik
cs;sthNw moFglr; nrhy;yg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
cah;Tetpw;rpazp
xUnghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ
cah;T etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;. caukhd kiyia
tpz;izj; njhLk; kiy vd tUzpj;jy; caukhd
itf;Nfhy; Nghiu thid Kl;Lk; itf;Nfhy;Nghh; vd
cah;j;jpf; $Wjy;.
ctikazp
CUzp ePh;epiwe; jw;Nw cyfthk;
Nguwp thsd; jpU.
Ch; eLNt cs;s ePh;epiwe;j Fsk;
epuk;gpdhw;Nghd;wNj cyf caph;fis nay;yhk; tpUk;gp
cjtpnra;Ak; NguwpT cilahdplk; Nrh;e;j nry;tk;.
mjpy;> CUzp ePh;epiwjy; vd;gJ ctik.
Cyfthk; Nguwpthsd; jpU vd;gj ctNkak;. mw;W vd;gJ
ctkcUG.
,t;thW ctik> ctNkak; ,t;tpuz;ilAk;
,izf;Fk; ctkcUG ntspg;gLkhW tug; ghLtJ
ctikazp MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
Gwe;J}a;ik ePuh dikAk; mfe;J}a;ik
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;.
xUtdJ cly; J}a;ik ePhpy; Fspg;gjhy; Gyg;gLk;.
cz;ikiag; NgRtjhy;> cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ik Gyg;gLk;.
,g;ghlypy;> clk;gpd; J}a;ik ePuhy; mikAk; vd;gJ
ctik. cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ik cz;ik NgRtjhy;
cz;lhFk; vd;gJ ctNkak;. ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk;
ctk cUG ,y;iy.
,g;ghlypy; ctik> ctNkak; ,uz;Lk;
jdpj;jdpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;b ,ilapy; ctk cUG
kiwAkhW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> ,g;ghly;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp.
cUtd mzp
,d;nrhy; tpisepydh <jNy tpj;jhf
td;nrhy; fisfl;L tha;ik vUtl;b
md;GePh; gha;r;rp mwf;fjph; <dNthh;
igq;$o; rpWfhiyr; nra;.
,g;ghlypy; ,d;nrhy;-tpisepyk;><jy;-tpij>
td;nrhy;-fis> tha;ik-cuk;(vU)> md;G-ePh;> mwk;-fjph;
vd cUtfpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ,g;ghly; cUtf
mzpahFk;.
,t;thW ctkhdk; NtW> ctNkak; NtW vdj;
Njhd;whj tifapy;> ctkhdj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis
ctNkaj;jpd;Nky; Vw;wpf; $WtJ cUtf mzpahFk;.
kjpKfk; - kjpNghd;w Kfk; -ctik
Kfkjp Kfk; Mfpa kjp cUtfk;
VfNjr cUtf mzp
ftpQh;> jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gy nghUs;fis
cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $Wk;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp>
mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky;
tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp vdg;gLk;.
gpwtpg; ngUq;fly; ePe;Jth; ePe;jhh;
,iwtd; mbNruh jhh; - Fws;> 10
,jpy; gpwtpiaf; flyhf cUtfg;gLj;jptpl;L>
mijf; flf;f cjTk; ,iwtdbiaj; njg;gkhf
cUtfg;gLj;jhikahy; ,/J VfNjr cUtf mzp
Mapw;W.
,y;nghUStikazp
cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis xd;wpw;F
ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp
vdg;gLk;.
md;gfj; jpy;yh caph;tho;f;if td;ghw;fz;
tw;wy; kue;jsph;j; jw;W - Fws;> 78
,f;Fwl;ghitg; gbj;Jg; ghUq;fs;. cs;sj;jpy;
md;gpy;yhj xUth; FLk;g tho;f;if elj;JtJ vd;gJ.
ghiy epyj;jpy;> gl;Lg;Nghd kuk; jsph;tpl;L tsh;tJ
Nghd;wJ. jpUts;Sth;. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;gpy;yhjtd;
tho;f;if> ghiyepyj;jpy; gl;Lg;Nghd kuk; jsph;tpl;L
tsh;tjw;F xg;ghdJ vd ,y;yhj nghUis ctkpj;Jf;
$Wfpwhh;.
,t;thW Gyth; cyfpy; ,ay;ghf ,y;yhj nghUis
ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUStik mzp MFk;.
gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp
Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa nghUis Neubahfr;
nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhL njhlh;G ciladtw;iwr; nrhy;yp
tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp MFk;.
gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd; - Fws;> 475
,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> kapypwF kpfTk; nkd;ikahdjhf
,Ug;gpDk;> mjid msTf;F mjpfkhf Vw;wpdhy;
9
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
tz;bapd; typa mr;Rk; Khpe;JtpLk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwspd;
nghUshFk;. gifth;fs;> vspath;fs; MapDk; kpFjpahf;fpf;
nfhs;sy; $lhJ. vd;w fUj;ijg; ngw itf;fpwhh;.
,jd; %ykhf typik Fiwe;j murh; gyh ;$bg;
Nghhpl;lhy; ngUk;gilAila NguurUk;> vspjpy;
nty;yg;gLth; vd;Dk; fUj;ij cl;nghUs; Njhd;w
tpsf;fpAs;shh;. vdNt> ,g;ghlypy; gpwpJnkhopjyzp
mike;Js;sJ.
Ntw;Wikazp
nra;Aspy; ,UnghUSf;F ,ilNa cs;s
xg;Gikiaf; $wpg; gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ
Ntw;Wikazp MFk;.
jPapdhy; Rl;l Gz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL. - Fws;> 129
jPapdhy; RLtJk;> ehtpdhy; jPanrhw;fisf;
nfhz;L RLtJk; vd;gJ xw;Wik> jPapdhy; Rl;lJ MWk;>
ehtpdhy; nrhd;dJ MwhJ vd;gJ Ntw;WikahFk;. vdNt>
,g;ghlypy; Ntw;Wikazp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
epuy;epiuazp
nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; thpirahf (epuyhf)
epWj;jp> NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiw mzp ahFk;.
md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ. - Fws;> 45
,f;Fwl;ghitg; gbj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.
,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;G vdg;gLtJ md;G fhl;LtJ.
,y;tho;f;ifapd; gad; vdg;gLtJ mwk;nra;jy;
vd;gjhFk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;J.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk; mwDk; Kjybapy;
mike;Js;sd. mLj;j mbapy; mr;nrhw;fNshL Kiwahfg;
nghUe;Jk; thpirg;gb gz;G> gad; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
mike;Js;sd. vdNt> ,J epuy; epiuazp.
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp
,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd;kPJ ftpQh; jk;
Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp. (jd; + Fwpg;G
+ Vw;wk; + mzp)
ijay; Jah;f;Fj; jhpahJ jk;rpwfhk;
ifahy; tapwiyj;Jf; fhhpUs;tha; - nta;Nahid
thTghpj; NjNuwp thntd; wiog;gdNghy;
$tpdNt Nfhopf; Fyk;.
Nfhopfs; tpbaw;fhiyapy; $Tjy; ,ay;ghd
epfo;r;rp. Mdhy; ftpQh;> fhl;by; es;sputpy; fztidg;
gphpe;J tUj;jKw;w jkae;jpapd; Jaiug; Nghf;f> ,Uis
ePf;Ftjw;Fj; NjNuwp tpiue;J tUkhW Qhapw;iwf; Nfhopf;
$l;lq;fs; $tp miog;gjhfj; jd; Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf;
$wpAs;shh;. vdNt> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp.
tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp
Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJNghyg; Gfo;tJk;
tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp vdg;gLk;.
Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk;
Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;.
,g;ghlypy;> jPath;fisj; Njth;fSf;F
,izahfg; Gfo;e;J $WtJNghyf; $wpj; jPath;fs; jk;
kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; jPa nray;fisr; nra;J mopthh;fs;
vdg; gopj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;yhy; mbj;jjw;Nfh fhyhy; cijj;jjw;Nfh
tpy;yhy; mbj;jjw;Nfh ntl;fpdPh; - nrhy;tPuhy;
kQ;Rjidr; #Ok; kjpyhidf; fhthNu
eQ;Rjidj; jpd;wnjd; Kd;.
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
,g;ghlypy;> jpUg;ghw;fliyf; file;jNghJ
cz;lhfpa eQ;rpidr; rptngUkhd; cz;L Njth;fisf;
fhj;jhh; vd;gJ Guhzf; fij. ,jidf; fhsNkfg; Gyth;
rpwpJ khw;wp xUtd; fy;yhy; mbj;jjw;fhfTk;>
,d;ndhUtd; fhyhy; cijj;jjw;fhfTk;> NtnwhUtd;
tpy;yhy; mbj;jjw;fhfTk; ntl;fkile;J caph;tho
tpUk;ghky; eQ;ir cz;lhh; vdg; gopg;gJNghy;
rptngUkhidg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;. vdNt> ,J tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp
mzp Mapw;W.
,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp
xUnrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J tUjy;
,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; rpNyil vdTk;
toq;Fth;. ,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil vd
,Utifg;gLk;.
m) nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil
xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; gphpTglhky; epd;W>
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUisj; jUtJ nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil
vdg;gLk;.
Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk;
%bj; jpwf;fpd; Kfq;fhl;Lk; - Xbkz;il
gw;wpd; gugnuDk; ghhpy;gpz; zhf;FKz;lhk;
cw;wpLghk; ngs;nsdNt NthJ.
,g;ghlypy; ghk;G> vs; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; rpNyil
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk;
vDk; Kjyb> glnkLj;J Mbatpd; Flj;Js; nrd;wilAk;>
glnkLj;jhLk;NghJ> ,iur;rypLk; vdg; ghk;gpw;Fk;>
nrf;fhbagpd; vLj;j vz;nziaf; Flj;jpy;
Cw;Wth;. nrf;fhLk;NghJ ,iur;ry; cz;lhFk; vd
vs;spw;Fk; rpNyilahf te;Js;sJ.
,g;ghlypy; nrhw;fs; gphptpy;yhky; ,UnghUs;fs;
je;jd. vdNt> ,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil Mapw;W.
M)gphpnkhopr; rpNyil
xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xUnghUisAk;> mJNt
gphpe;J epd;W NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhW mikj;Jg;
ghLtJ> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil MFk;.
Vw;Wkpd; tpsf;if ,UsfyNt vd;why; tpsf;if
Vw;W vd;Wk;> Vw;W kpd; tpsf;if ,UsfyNt vdg; gphpj;Jg;
gbj;jhy;> kpd;tpsf;if Vw;WtPh; vdTk; NtnwhU nghUSk;
jUfpwJ. vdNt> ,J gphpnkhopr; rpNyil.
gpd;tUepiyazp
nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;Nyh> nghUNsh>
nrhy;Yk; nghUNsh kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J moF Nrh;f;Fk;.
mit> nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp> nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp>
nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd %tifg;gLk;.
m) nrhy;gpd;tU epiyazp
nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
te;J ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ> nrhy;gpd;tUepiy
mzp.
Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj;
Jg;gha J}ck; kio.
,f;Fws;ghtpy; Jg;G vd;Dk; xNunrhy; cz;gth;>
czT> cz;Zk; nghUs; vdg; gy;NtW nghUs;fspy;
te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhy;gpd;tUepiyazp.
M)nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs;jUk; gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ>
nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp.
mtpo;e;jd Njhd;wp myh;e;jd fhah
nefpo;e;jd Neh;Kif Ky;iy kfpo;e;jpjo;
10
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
tpz;ld nfhd;iw tphpe;j fUtpis
nfhz;ld fhe;js; Fiy.
,g;ghlypy; kyh;jy; vd;Dk; xU nghUspy;
mtpo;jy;> myh;jy;> nefpo;jy;> tps;sy;> tphpjy; Mfpa
nrhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdNt> ,J nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp.
,)nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy
mzp.
jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait
jPapDk; mQ;rg; gLk;.
,g;ghlypy;> jPa vd;Dk; nrhy; jPik vd;Dk; xNu
nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhw;nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp.
gpwpJnkhopjyzp
ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ
gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;.
gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;
nkd;ikahd kapy;NjhifNa MapDk> mjid
msTf;F tpQ;rp tz;bapNyw;wpd; mr;R xbe;JtpLk; vd;gJ
ctik.
gifth;fs; jdpj;jdpNa Nehf;Fk;NghJ kpfr;
rpwpauhapDk; xd;W$bd;> jdpg;gl;l gif kd;dd; vt;tsT
typik cilatdhapDk; mtid vspjpy; ntd;WtpLth;
vd;gJ ,jdhy; ngwg;gLk; nghUs;. vdNt> ,J
gpwpJnkhopjyzp.
ctik mzp
xU nghUisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $w tpUk;Gk; Gyth;
rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;iwf; $wp mjid tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
mzpapyf;fzj;jpy;> ,t;thW rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;
ctNkak; vdg;gLk;. mjidr; rpwg;gpf;fg; gad;gl;l
vLj;Jf;fhl;L> ctkhdk; vdg;gLk;. xU ghlypy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd ctkhdk;> nghUshd ctNkak;
,tw;NwhL Nghy vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; ctk cUG>
ctkhdj;jpw;Fk; ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
nghJj; jd;ik Mfpa ehd;Fk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJjhd; mg;ghly; ctik mzpapy;
mike;jjhFk;. Mf ctik mzpapy;> 1. ctkhdk;> 2.
ctNkak; 3. ctk cUG
4.nghJj;jd;ik vd ehd;F $Wfs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
nghJj; jd;ik ,y;yhky; kw;w %d;W $Wfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mJ ctik mzpahfhJ.
nghJj; jd;ik %d;W mikayhk; vd mzp
,yf;fz E}yhh; fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;. mit: 1.gz;G 2.
njhopy; 3. gad; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
ctik mzp %d;whfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
1. gz;G ctik mzp 2. njhopy; ctik mzp
3. gad; ctik mzp vd;gdthFk;. Ctik mzpapd;
tifjhd; %d;Nw jtpu ,k;%d;Wk; xNu ghlypYk; ,lk;
ngwyhk;. jdpj;jdpg; ghly;fspYk; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
(v-L) ghy;NghYk; ,d;nrhy; gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jth;tha;
Nry;Nghy; gpwOk; jpUneLq;fz; - Nkyhk
Gay;Nghy; nfhilf;ifg; Gdy;ehld; nfhy;yp
may;NghYk; tho;t jth;
vd;Dk; ghlypy; ctik mzpapd; %d;W
gphpTfisAk; fhzyhk;.
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jth; tha; vd;gjpy;> gtsk; -
ctkhdk;> tha; - ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> rpte;j
tz;zk; nghJj; jd;ik. tz;zk; gz;ghjypd; ,J gz;G
ctik.
Nry;Nghy; gpwOk; jpUneLq;fz; vd;gjpy;> Nry;-
ctkhdk;> fz; - ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> gpwOjy;
- nghJj; jd;ik. gpwOjy; njhopy; Mjypd; ,J njhopy;
ctik.
Gay; Nghy; nfhilf;ifg; Gdy; ehld; vd;gjpy;>
Gay; vd;Dk; Nkfk; ctkhdk;> ifg; Gdy; ehld; -
ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> nfhil nghJj; jd;ik.
kio> mjd; gad; Nehf;fp ,q;F ctkpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,J
gad; ctik.
gz;Ge; njhopYk; gaDnkd; wptw;wpd;
xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs;Gzh;e;
njhg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;GtJik (jz;b)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp
ctkhdk; xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU
njhluhfTk; mika ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwe;J epd;W>
nghJj; jd;ik Njhd;w tpsq;FtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik
mzp MFk;.
mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
Gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF (Fws; 1)
vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspd; nghUs;>vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk;
mfuj;ij Kjyhfg; ngw;Ws;sik Nghy cyfk;.
Mjpgftid Kjyhf cilaJ vd;gjhFk;.
vOj;njy;yhk; mfu Kjy vd;Dk; njhlh; ctkhdk;.
cyF Mjp gftd; Kjw;Nw vd;Dk; njhlh; ctNkak;.
Kjyhf tpsq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghJj; jd;ik ctk cUG
Nghy vd;gJ ntspg;glj; Njhd;whky; mg;nghUs; Njhd;w
,lk; mspj;Js;sik fhz;f. mjdhy; ,g;ghly;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpapd; ghw;gLk;. (ctkhdk;-
ctik> ctNkak; - nghUs;)
,y;nghUs; ctik mzp
cyfpy vq;Fk; fhzKbahj my;yJ ,y;yhj
nghUis ctkhdkhff; nfhs;Sjy; ,y;nghUs; ctik
mzp.
fUKfpy; jhkiuf; fhL g+j;JePL
,URlh; ,UGwj; Nje;jp Ve;jyh;j;
jpUnthLk; nghypaNthh; nrk;nghw; Fd;wpd;Nky;
tUtNghy; fYod;Nky; te;J Njhd;wpdhd;.
vd;Dk; fk;guhkhazg; ghlypd; nghUs;>fhh;Nkfk;
xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J> ,UGwKK; re;jpud; #hpaiug;
Ve;jpf; Fd;wpd; NkNywp tUtijg; Nghyf; fUl thfdj;jpd;
Nky; ,uhkd; te;J Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gJ MFk;. ,jpy;
fhh;Nkfk; xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J ,UGwKk; re;jpud;>
#hpaiu Ve;jpf; fhh;Nkfk; xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J
,UGwKk; re;jpud;> #hpaiu Ve;jpf; Fd;wpd; Nky; tUtJ
vd;gJ vq;Fk; fhz ,ayhj> fhl;rp MFk;. vdNt ,J
,y;nghUs; ctik Mapw;W. ,jidj; jz;bayq;fhuk;
mg+j ctik mzp vdf; $Wk;.
Kw;WUtfk;
ctkhdk; ctNkak; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdpahf
epd;W nghUs; jUtJ ctik mzp vd;why;> ctkhdk;
NtW ctNkak; NtW vd;Dk; epiy ,y;yhky; ,uz;Lk;
xd;W vdf; fhl;LtJ cUtfk; MFk;. ,jpy; xU gFjpia
cUtfg;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. xU gFjp vdg;nghus;gLk;
tlnkhopr; nrhy;yhd VfNjrk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; mjid
11
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;gh;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; xU
nghUspd; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf;
$WtJ Kw;WUtfk; MFk;.
ew;FzK ehw;gilah Ik;GyDk; ey;yikr;rh
Mh;f;Fk; rpyk;Ng mzpKurh Ntw;gilAk;
thSNk fz;zh tjd kjpf;Filf;fPo;
MSNk ngz;ik muR
vd;Dk; esntz;ghr; nra;As; xU ehl;bd; gil
Kjypa cWg;Gfisj; jkae;jpapd; cWg;GfNshL
KOikahf cUtfg;gLj;jpAs;sikahy; ,J Kw;WUtfk;
MfpwJ.
nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp
xU nra;Aspy; te;j nrhy;Ny gy Kiw jpUk;gj;
jpUk;g te;J ntt;NtW nghUs; jUkhapd; nrhy;
gpd;tUepiy mzp vdg;gLk;.
nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
nghUsy;y jpy;iy nghUs; (Fws; 751)
vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspy; nghUs; vd;Dk; nrhy; ehd;F Kiw
te;Js;sJ. Kjy; ,uz;L ,lqfspy; jFjp my;yJ kjpg;G
vd;Dk; fUj;jpYk; gpd; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; nry;tk; vd;Dk;
fUj;jpYk; mr;nrhy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. nrhy; kl;Lk;
gyKiw te;J mr;nrhy;ypw;fhd nghUs; ntt;Ntwhf
,Ug;gjhy; ,r;nra;Aspd; mzp nrhy;gpd; tpUepiyazp
Mapw;W.
nghUs;gpd;tUepiy mzp
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; xU nra;Aspy; ,lk;
ngWtJ nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp MFk;.
MWgha; mutk;> ks;s uhiygha; mkiy> Miyr;
rhWgha; xir> Ntiyr; rq;Ftha; nghq;Fk; Xij
VWgha; jkuk;> ePhpnyUikgha; Jodp> ,d;d
khWkh whfpj; jk;kpd; kaq;Fkh kUj Ntyp
vd;Dk; fk;guhkhazg; ghlypy;> xyp vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk;
nrhw;fshd mutk;> mkiy> Xir> Xij> jkuk;> Jodp
Mfpad ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jdhy; ,r;nra;Aspy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzp nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp MFk;.
nrhw;nghUs;gpd;tUepiy mzp
nra;Aspy; ,lk; ngWk; xU nrhy; mNj nghUspy;
gyKiw gapd;W tUjy; nrhw;nghUs; epiy mzp vdg;gLk;.
Neha;ehb Neha;Kjy; ehb mJjzpf;Fk;
tha;ehb tha;g;gr; nray; (Fws; 12)
vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspy; ehb vd;Dk; nrhy; mwpe;J vd;Dk;
nghUspy; %d;W Kiw te;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ,f;Fwspy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;s mzp nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy MFk;.
,k;%d;W gpd;tUepiy mzpfisj;
jz;bayq;fhuk; xNu E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gpwpJnkhopjyzp
gpwpJ nkhopjyzpiaj; jz;bayq;fhuk; xl;lzp
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Etyh Etw;rp> RUq;fr; nrhy;yy;>
njhifnkhop> ctkg;Nghyp vd;Dk; ngah;fshYk; ,jidf;
Fwpg;gpLth;.
Gyth; jhk; $wf; fUjpa nghUis Neubahff;
$whky;> mjid Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; topf; Fwpg;ghf
czh;j;JtJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr;
RUf;fkhf ctkhdj;ijf; $wp ctNkaj;ij
tpsq;fitg;gJ vdyhk;.
gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;
tz;bapy; Xh; msTf;FNky;> nkd;ikahd kapy; ,wif
Vw;wpdhy; mt;tz;bapd; mr;R Kwpe;J NghFk; vd;gNj
,f;Fwspd; Neubahd fUj;J. tz;bapd; ghuk; Vw;Wtij
tpsf;Ftjw;fhf ,f;Fws; vOjg;gltpy;iy. giltypik
kpf;f murdhf ,Ue;jhYk; jd; jFjpf;F kPwpa nraypy;
<Lgl;lhy; mope;J Nghthd; vd;gNj czh;j;j tpUk;gpa
fUj;J. mjw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Nl ghlyhf mike;Js;sJ.
,t;thW ctikia kl;Lk; $wpg; ghly; GidtJ gpwpJ
nkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.
fUjpa nghUs; njhFj;J mJ Gyg;gLj;jw;F
xj;jnjhd;W ciug;gpd; m/J xl;nld nkhopg
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp
,aw;ifapy;> vg;nghOJk; elf;Fk; epfo;r;rp
xd;wpd;Nky;> Gyth; jhk; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf;
$Wjy;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp vdg;gLk;.
(v-L) NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb
thuy; vd; gdNghy; kWj;Jf;if fhl;l
,t;tbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fz;zfpAk;
NfhtyDk; kJiukh efUf;Fs; nry;yj; njhlq;fpdh;.
kJiuf;Fs; nrd;why; Nfhtyd; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthd;
vd;gij mwpe;jdthk; Nfhl;il kPjpUe;j nfhbfs;.
mth;fSf;F elf;f ,Ue;j Jd;gj;ij mwpe;j mf;nfhbfs;
mth;fis khefUs; tu Ntz;lhk; vd;gJ Nghyf; if
mirj;Jj; jLj;jdthk;. ,t;thW Gyth; $wpAs;shh;.
Mdhy; fhw;W tPRtjhy; nfhbfs; mire;jd vd;gNj
cz;ikapy; ele;j epfo;r;rp. mt;tpaw;if epfo;r;rpiaj; jk;
fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jg; Gyth; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
,t;thW ghLk; mzp jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp vdg;gLk;.
ngah;nghUs; my;nghUs; vdtpU nghUspDk;
,ay;gpd; tpisjpwd; md;wp manyhd;W
jhd;Fwpj;J Vw;Wjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;
khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp
Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk;
Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;
jpUts;Sth; fath;fspd; nrayiyg; ghh;f;fpwhh;.
mth;fs; ve;j tpjp Kiwf;Fk; mlq;fhky; jhk;
tpUk;gpatw;iwnay;yhk; nra;fpd;wdh;. Njth; vd;Dk; nja;t
cyfj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; jhk; mt;thW elg;ghh;fs; vdf;
Nfs;tpg;gl;l ts;Sth; ,f;fath;fis epy cyfj; Njth;fs;
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; Gfo;tJ Nghy; gopf;fpd;whh;. mjdhy; ,J
Gfo;tJ Nghy; gopf;Fk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzpahFk;. ,jid
khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp vdf; $Wk; jz;bayq;fhuk;.
fUjpa nghUnlhFj; jhq;fJ gopj;jw;F
Ntnwhd;W Gfo;tJ khWgL Gfo;epiy (jz;bE} .89)
Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp mzp
ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp
xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth;
ghhp xUtDk; my;yd;
khhpAk; cz;Bz;L cyFGug; gJNt
gwk;G kiy kd;dd; ghhp. ts;sy; jd;ikapy;
rpwe;jtd;. filnaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtd;. te;jth;
Nfl;gjw;F Kd;Ng jhNd Kd;nrd;W nfhLj;J kfpo;gtd;.
nfhLg;gjpy; mtDf;F ,izahUkpy;iy vd;w Gfo; vq;Fk;
gutpw;W. fgpyh; ngUk; Gyth;. ,jidg; ghh;f;fpwhh; mg;Gyth;.
kioAk; ,t;thW Ntz;bath; Ntz;lhjth; vy;NyhUf;Fk;
nga;J jiof;fr; nra;fpwNj. Vd; vy;NyhUk; ghhpia kl;Lk;
12
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ghuhl;Lfpwhh;fs;?> vd kioahfpa khhpia cah;j;jpg;
ghhpiag; gopg;gJ Nghyg; ghLfpwhh;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; ghhp
kl;LNk gad;fUjhJ kioNghyg; gpwh;f;F cjTfpwhd; vdg;
ghuhl;LtNj fgpyh; Nehf;fk;. mjidNa ,g;ghly;
fhl;LfpwJ. mjdhy; ,g;ghly; gopg;gJ Nghy; GfOk; tQ;rg;
Gfo;r;rp mzp MFk;. ,jidj; jz;bayq;fhuk; Gfohg;
Gfo;r;rp mzp vdf; $Wk;.
gopg;gJ NghYk; ghd;ikapd; Nkd;ik
Gyg;gl nkhoptJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp
rpNyil mzp
rpNyil mzpia> ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp vd;Wk;
$Wth;. xU nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fs; my;yJ
njhlh;fs; ,UNtW nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLk; gbahfg; ghLtJ
rpNyil mzp vdg;gLk;. ,j;jF ghlypy; ,lk; ngWk;
nrhw;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; ,uz;L nghUs; jUtdthf
mikj;Jg; ghltJk; cz;L. ,t;thW ghLtJ nrk;nkhopr;
rpNyil vdg;gLk;.khwhf xU ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk;
nrhy;iyg; gphpf;fhky; gbj;jhNyh my;yJ ntt;NtW
tifahfg; gphpj;jhNyh xU nghUs; jUtjhfTk;
NtWtifapy; gphpj;jhy; NtWnghUs; jUtjhfTk;
mikj;Jg; ghLtJk; cz;L. ,t;thW ghLtJ gphpnkhopr;
rpNyil vdg;gLk;.
nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil
(v-L) XL kpUf;Fkj Ds;tha; ntSj;jpUf;Fk;
ehLq; Fiyjdf;F ehzhJ - NrbNa
jPq;fhd jpy;yh jpUkiyuh ad;tiuapy;
Njq;fhA ehAnkdr; nrg;G
,J ehiaAk; Njq;fhiaAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghbaJ.
NjhopNa jPikahdJ vd;Wk; ,y;yhj jpUkiyuhad;
kiykPJ Njq;fhadJ Xl;bidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjd;
cl;gf;fk; ntSg;gha; ,Uf;Fk;. mJ Fiyapy;
,Ug;gjw;Ff; NfhzhJ.
ehahdJ tpiuthf Xbr;nry;Yk;. ,isj;jhy;
Xhplj;jpNy ,Uf;Fk;. mjd; thapd; cl;gf;fk; ntSg;gha;
,Uf;Fk;. ,iuia tpUg;gj;Jld; ehbr; nry;Yk;.
Fiug;gjw;F ntl;fg;glhJ.
vdNt Njq;fhAk; ehAk; xg;ghFk;.
,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fisg; gphpf;fhkNyNa
mit ,UNtW nghUs;gl;lik fhz;f.
gphpnkhopr; rpNyil
(v-L)
kd;dPhpNy gpwf;Fk; kw;wiyap NyNkAk;
gpd;dPr;rpw; Fj;Jk; ngUikahy; -nrhd;Ndd;Nfs;
NjDe;J Nrhiyj; jpUkiyuh ad;tiuapy;
kPDk;Ng Dk;rhpah Nk.
,g;ghly; kPDf;Fk; NgDf;Fk; ghbaJ.
Njidr; nrhhpAk; g+Q;NrhiyAila
jpUkiyuhad; kiyapy; .
kPdhdJ (kd; + ePhpNy) epiyngw;w ePh;epiyfspNy
gpwf;Fk;. (kw;W + miyapNy) ePh; miyapd; kPJ mq;Fk;
,q;Fk; nry;Yk;. (gpd; + ePr;rpy;) ePe;Jk; ,lj;Jg; gpd;dhf
te;J nfhj;Jk; ngUikia cilaJ.
NgdhdJ (kd;+<hpNy) jiyapNy epiyj;j Ngd;
Kl;ilapNy ,Ue;J gpwf;Fk;. (ky;+jiyapNy) typa
jiykaphpNy jphpe;J nry;Yk; (gpd;+<r;rpy;) gpwF kf;fshy;
vLj;J <r;R vd;Dk; xypnaof; Fj;jg;gLk; ,ay;GilaJ.
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
,t;thW kPDk; NgDk; rkk; vd;W ehd;
nrhd;dijf; Nfl;ghahf.
,g;ghlypy; kd;dPh;> kw;wiy> gpd;dPr;R vd;Dk;
nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;likahy;
nghUs;NtWgl;lik fhz;f. mjdhy; ,g;ghliyg;
ghpnkhopr; rpNyil vd;gh;.
xUtifr; nrhw;nwhlh; gynghUl; ngw;wp
njhpju tUtJ rpNyil ahFk; (jz;b. E}.76)
mJNt
nrk;nkhop gphpnkhop vd,U jpwg;gLk; (jz;b. E}. 77)
Ntw;Wik mzp
Gyth; xU nra;Aspy; ,uz;L nghUs;fisf; $wp
Kjypy; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s xw;WikiaAk; gpd;dh;
xU fhuzk; gw;wp mt;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
Ntw;WikiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;bg; ghLtJ Ntw;Wik mzp
vdg;gLk;.
(v-L) jPapdhy; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL
jpUts;Sth; neUg;G> ehf;F vd;Dk;
,UnghUs;fis ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. neUg;G
ntk;ikahy; RLfpwJ. ehf;Ff; fLQ;nrhw;fshy; RLfpwJ
vd ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikia Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
gpd;dh;j; jPahy; Rl;lJ MWk; vd;Wk; ehthy; Rl;lJ MwhJ
vd;Wk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;WikiaAk; Rl;bf;
fhl;bAs;shh;.
,t;thW mikag; ghLtJ Ntw;Wik mzp
vdg;gLk;.
$w;wpDk; Fwpg;gpDk; xg;Gil ,UnghUs;
Ntw;Wikg; glthpd; Ntw;Wik aJNt (jz;b
E}.46)
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzp
Gyth; xU rpwg;ghd nghUisf; $w epidj;J
mjw;F cyfwpe;j jf;fnjhU nghUisr; rhd;whff; fhl;bg;
ghLtJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzp vdg;gLk;.
(v-L) fd;wp Kjph;e;j fopag;gd; dhs; nrapDk;
xd;Wk; rpwpahh;fz; vd;whDk; - Njhd;whjhk;
xd;wha; tpbDk; cah;e;jhh;g; gLq;Fw;wk;.
Fd;wpd;Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F.
Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;> jkJ gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; E}ypy;
nghpNahh; jtW nra;jhy; mJ clNd cyfj;jhh;f;Fj;
njhpe;J ngUk; gopf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;Dk; fUj;ijf;
Fd;wpd;Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F vd;Dk; kf;fs; tof;fpy; cs;s
gonkhopia vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shh;.vdNt ,J
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzpahFk;.
Kd;ndhd;W njhlq;fp kw;wJ Kbj;jw;Fg;
gpd;ndhU nghUis cyfwp ngw;wp
Vw;wp itj;J ciug;gJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Ng (jz;b.
E}. 47)
13
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
nghUj;Jf (i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; 63. vw;nwd;W - vj;jd;ikj;J vd;W
64. ,uq;Ft - tUe;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
1. thd; - kio 65. <d; w hs; - jha;
2. Jg;ghh;f;F - cz;gth;f;F 66. gop k iye; J - gopiar; Rke;J
3. tpz; - kio / Mfhak; 67. Mf; f k; - nry;tk;
4. tphpePh; - fly; 68. fop - kpFe;j
5. tpad; cyfk; - mfd;w cyfk; 69. ffk; - gwit
6. clw;Wk; - tUe;Jk; 70. fbe; J Xuhh; - jhKk; ePq;fplhJ nra;gth;
7. thhp - tUtha; 71. gP i o - gop
8. nfLg;gJ - mopg;gJ 72. mof; n fhz; l - gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;jpg; ngw;wJ
9. rhh;tha; - Jizaha; 73. gp w ; g af; F k; - gp d ; d h; ey;y gaidj; jUk;
10. tpRk;G - Nkfk; 74. ryk; - tQ; r id
11. Jsp - kio 75. Vkhh;j;jy; - ghJfhg;Gr; nra;jy;
12. gRk;Gy; - ,sk;Gy; 76. gRkz; - gr;ir kz;
13. jiy - Kis 77. fyk; - Flk;
14. fhz;G mhpJ - fhz KbahJ 78. mzp n ad; g - moF vd;W $Wth;
15. ePh;ik - ,ay;G 79. ngz; i k eyk; - fw;G
16. Fd;Wk; - FiwAk; 80. ehzk; - ehZk; ,ay;G (ntl;fg; gz;G)
17. jbe;J - Fiwj;J 81. jhd; nry; cyF - kWik cyfk;
18. vopyp - Nkfk; 82. fs; s hik - jp U lhik
19. g+rid - topghL 83. fba - nfhLe;Jd;gq;fs;
20. nry;yhJ - eilngwhJ 84. js; s hik - jtph;f;fhik
21. twf;FNky; - (ngha;ahJ) twSkhdhy; 85. es; s hik - el;Gf; nfhs;shik
22. thNdhh;f;F - Njth;fSf;F 86. rp w p a h; - fPohd nray;fs; nra;gth;
23. jhdk; - <if 87. ngUf; F f - cah;jJf
24. jq;fh - epw;f khl;lhJ 88. el; l hiu - giftiu
25. toq;fhJ - nfhLf;fhJ 89. jUf; F f - nty;f
26. mikahJ - nghUe;jhJ 90. xl; l hiu - giftiu
27. thdpd;W - kio ,y;yhky; 91. mUf; F f - RUf;fpf; nfhs;f
28. xOf;F - xOf;fk; 92. RUf; F f - jzpj;Jf; nfhs;f
29. tha;ik - cz;ik 93. tskp y h - tUtha; ,y;yhj
30. ahnjhd;Wk; - xU rpwpJk; 94. Ngho; j j; J - fhyj;jpy;
31. nrhyy; - nrhy;Yjy; 95. ts; s d; i k - <ifg;gz;G
32. Giu - Fw;wk; 96. fp i sQh; - cwtpdh;
33. jPh;e;j - ePq;fpa 97. jkuy; y hh; - cs;sd;G ,y;yhjth;
34. gaf;Fk; - nfhLf;Fk; 98. Cz; - czT
35. RLk; - Jd;GWj;Jk; 99. jfT - ed; d lj; ij
36. ngha;ahJ - ngha; $whJ 100. ifj; J }z; - jP n ahOf; fj;jhy; te;j czT
37. cyfj;jhh; - cah;e;Njhh; 101. tl; L - #jhL fUtp
38. nkhopapd; - nrhy;thdhapd; 102. thd; n ghUs; - kp f ; f nghUs;
39. jiy - rpwg;Gilatd; 103. fzpif - guj;ij
40. md;d - Nghy 104. fhzk; - nghd;
41. va;ahik - Kayhik 105. tq; f k; - kuf;fyk;
42. Mw;wpd; - nra;jhy; 106. jq; f h Ntl; i f- Xhplj;jpy; jq;ftplhj Ntl;if
43. ed;W - ed;ik 107. Ke; e P h ; - fly;
44. Gwk; - cly; 108. tsp - fhw;W
45. mfk; - cs;sk; 109. xbkuk; - xbe;j kuj;Jz;L
46. rd;Nwhh; - Nkyhdth; 110. jp i u - miy
47. ngha;ah tpsf;Nf - ngha;ahik ahfpa tpsf;Nf 111. cijg; g - ce; j
48. nka;ah - nka;E}y; 112. ef;f rhuzh; - cilapy;yhky; jphpgth;
49. vidj;njhd;Wk; - ahnjhU jd;ikapYk; 113. ehfh; - Xh; ,dj;jth;
50. ey;y - rpwe;jd 114. ehtha; - fg; g y;
51. gpw - NtW 115. kuk; - gha;kuk;
52. Jiz - el;G : Rw;wk; 116. Nghe; j hh; - te;jhh;
53. eyk; - ed;ik 117. ahkk; - ,uT
54. tpid - njhopy; 118. ChP N uNah - Chpy; cs;s rhd;Nwhh;fNs
55. xUTjy; - ePf;Fjy; nr G tp nt r Qh jp Neh 119. <kk; - gpzQ;Rl mLf;fpa tpwF
56. ed;wp - ed;ik 120. jhhP h ; - jUtPh;
57. gath - juhj 121. rhw; w p d s; - nrhy; y pds;
58. Xxjy; - jtph;j;jy; 122. Rliy - kahdk; > RLfhL
59. kho;Fk; - mopf;Fk; 123. Kliy tpwF - fha;e;j KWf;Fz;l tpwF
60. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; 124. Kspnahp - kpf;f neUg;G
61. ,spte;j - ,opthd 125. vhp n ghj; j p - vhp%l;b
62. ,lq;fh; kh - Kjiy 126. gs; s p - ,lk;

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 14

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
127. $iw - Glit 185. jhgdk; - gpujpl;il
128. Mlfk; - nghd;> Jtiu 186. fhlth; - gy;yt muruhfpa ,uhrrpq;fh;
129. rhe;jk; - re;jdk; 187. fw;wsp - fw;Nfhapy;
130. mire;j $e;jy;- mtpo;e;J gue;J mire;J 188. Mgk; - ePh;
nfhz;bUe;j $e;jy; 189. khy; - jpUkhy;
131. tPuhzk; - ngUk;ghiw 190. Vlyh; - ,jo;kyh;e;j
132. nra;Nahs; - jpUkfs; 191. Nta;e;jhh; - nfhd;iw khiyia mzpe;j
133. jPtpidahl;b - jPtpid nra;jts; rptngUkhd;
134. ca;g;g - nrYj;j 192. ed;WePL - ed;ik ePba
135. mrhPhp - cly; ,y;yhjJ (thd;Fuy;) 193. ePlhyak; - nghpa Nfhapy;
136. Iahp Az;fz; - mofpa nrt;thp glh;e;j ikAz;l 194. xd;wpa nraiy - nghUe;jpa nra;ifia
fz; 195. njhz;lh; Nfhapy; - g+ryhuJ kdf;Nfhapy;
137. kidafk; GFe;J - tPl;bw;Wr; nrd;W 196. Nghe;jhh; - kiwe;jUspdhh;
138. fz;kzpaidahd; - fz;zpYs;s kzpnahg;gtdhd 197. Vj;j - Jjpf;f
fztd; 198. mz;lh; ehafd; - Njth; jiytd;
139. Gz;zpa Kl;lhs; - mwk; Ghpjy; tOthjtdha; 199. jhgpj;J - epiyepWj;jp
140. mUk;ngwy; kuG - ngWjw;fhpa Kiwik (fw;G) 200. Ejy; - new;wp
141. tpag;gpds; - jFjpAilats; 201. kUz;L - kUl;rpaile;J
142. Gidah Xtpak; - tz;zk; jPl;lg;ngwhj Xtpak; 202. vLj;J - tphpj;J
143. ghufk; - epyTyfk; 203. mjprak; - ngUkpjkhf mwpe;J kfpo;e;j
144. xOf;fk; - ey;nyhOf;fk; kdepiy
145. ehd;kiw - ehy;Ntjq;fs; 204. GiuaW - Fw;wkw;w
146. %J}h; - gioa Ch; 205. tpiu - thrid
147. nfhs;if - caphpd; Nkk;ghL gw;wpa 206. jhid - Nrid
Fwpf;Nfhs; 207. Gf;fhd; - mile;jhd;
148. rPyk; - xOf;fk; 208. md;gUk; - g+ryhUk;
149. nry;tk; ky;fp epfo; - nry;tk; epiwe;J jpfo;fpd;w 209. rpe;ijahyak; - kdj;jpdhy; mikj;j Nfhapy;
150. rpe;ij jUk; czh;T - cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w 210. g+rid - g+ir
vz;zq;fs; 211. nghd;Gidkd;W - nghd;dk;gyk;
151. jk;gpuhd; - rptngUkhd; 212. #jh; - #jhLgth;
152. mLg;gJ - nra;aj;jf;fJ 213. kid - ,y;yk;
153. Ntzp - ril 214. njhz;Lkfsph; - gzpg;ngz;bh;
154. nfhLg;gJ - mbahh;f;F nfhLf;Fk; nghUs; 215. gzak; - gpizj;njhif
155. kL - Mokhfpa nghpa ePh;epiy 216. njhz;lr;rp - mbahs;
156. vLg;gJ - mikj;jy;> fl;Ljy; 217. JUgjd; - ghQ;rhy ehl;L murd;
157. ,U epjpapd;ik - nghUspy;yhik 218. jpl;lj;Ja;ed; - jpnusgjpapd; rNfhjud;
158. vidj;Jk; - vt;tifapYk; 219. gfil - #J jhaq;fspy; xd;W
159. nghUl;NgW - nghUs; ngWk; epiy 220. vhpjoy; - jPg;ge;jk;
160. iethh; - kdk; kpf tUe;Jjy; 221. rfhNjtd; - jUkdpd; ,sty;
161. epjpak; - nghUl;jpud; 222. tprad; - mUr;Rdd;
162. Neh;e;J - JzpT g+z;L 223. jphpNyhfk; - %d;W cyfk;
163. jpizj;Jiz - rpwpa msthf 224. jphpNyhf ehafd; - jUkd;
164. nra; - tay; 225. kUkk; - ,ufrpak;
165. mbepiy - mj;jpthuk; 226. fUkk; - flik
166. ghhpj;jy; - gug;Gjy;> fhy; nfhs;Sjy; 227. jD - tpy;
167. fklk; - Mik 228. fhz;Btk; - mUr;Rdd; tpy;
168. fhjypy; - Md;ghy;> Mirahy; 229. Ntjnewp - Ntjfhy ePjp
169. fz;glhJ - cwq;fhJ 230. tO - Fw;wk;
170. Mfkk; - Ntfj;jpd; rhukhf cs;s E}y; 231. jhuk; - kidtp
171. Kd;dpa - fUjpa 232. jhjd; - mbik
172. gil - mLf;F 233. cilik - nry;tk;
173. rpfuk; - cr;rp 234. ,iur;ry; - $r;ry;
174. khdk; - tpkhdk; 235. Ve;jpio - ngz;
175. Kd;dpa Kok; - tpjpj;j KO msT 236. fspg;gJ - kfpo;tJ
176. nebJ ehs; $l - gy ehs; nry;y 237. mitf;fsk; - epahak; ciuf;Fk; rhd;Nwhh;
177. J}gp - tpkhdj;Jr;rpapy; mikf;Fk; $bAs;s murit
$hpa rpfuk; 238. nrUf;fsk; - Nghh;f;fsk;
178. Rij ey;tpid - Rz;zr;rhe;J 239. gpb - ngz;ahid
179. $ty; - fpzW 240. ah - xU tif kuk;
180. khL - nry;tk; 241. gb - epyk;
181. #o;kjpy; - Gwr;Rw;W 242. KUfpak; - FwpQ;rpg;giw
182. thtp - jpUf;Fsk; 243. nghd; - moF
183. njhl;L - mfo;e;J mikj;J 244. rpid - fpis
184. tpjpj;j - Fwpj;j 245. Mh;g;g - xypg;g

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 15

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
246. rpiw - ,yF 308. nts;shW> Nfhl;lhW - ,it ejpiar; rhh;e;j
247. g+it - ehfztha; Ch;g;ngah;fs;
248. nghyk; - moF 309. jpj;jpf;Fk; - ,dpf;Fk;
249. flW - fhL 310. njs;sKJ - njspe;j mKjk;
250. Kf;Foy; - nfhd;iw> Mk;gy;> Nta;q;Foy; 311. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;
251. nghJth; - Ky;iyepy kf;fs; 312. Gj;jp - mwpT
252. nghyp - jhdpaf; Ftpay; 313. cte;J - kfpo;e;J
253. cio - xUtif khd; 314. ciuf;Fk; - $Wk;
254. vy;yp - QhapW 315. tpz;zg;gk; - Ntz;LNfhs;
255. gy;ytk; - jsph; 316. tpsk;g - nrhy;y
256. epiu - Mtpdk; 317. Fwk; - FwtQ;rp
257. nfhLthp - Gyp 318. gs; - gs;S
258. glh; - Jah; 319. %d;wpdk; - jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; vd;w
259. ntQ;Ruk; - ghiyepyk; %tif ghtpdq;fs;
260. fy; - kiy 320. rpe;J - xU gh tif
261. KUF - mof> kzk; 321. rpe;jhkzp - nflhj kzp
262. fhd;ahW - fhl;lhW 322. rpe;Jk; - nfLk;
263. ky;yy; - tsk; 323. me;juk; - thdk;
264. nrW - tay; 324. Kf;Fzk; - ,uhrjk;> jhkjk;> rhj;Jtpfk;
265. fhQ;rp> kUjk; - ku tiffs; 325. gj;J Fzk; - RUq;fr; nrhy;yy;
266. tQ;rp - nfhbtif tpsq;fitj;jy; Kjypa ed;D}y;
267. ePuhh; - ey;ypay; Gilath; $Wk; gj;J moFfs;
268. Czpd; rPuf ,ayhh; - rikay; njhopypy; ty;y kfsph; 326. tz;zq;fs; (gQ;rth;zk;) - Ie;J ntz;ik>
269. itfiw - tpbaw;fhyk; nrk;ik> fUik> nghd;ik>
270. fhdy; - flw;fiu gRik (gr;ir)
271. fop - cg;gq;fop 327. nfhz;ly; - Nkfk;
272. kfd;wpy; - md;wpy; gwit ,izgphpahJ 328. thdk; - Nkfk;
thOk; xU ePh;gwit 329. jz;liy - Nrhiy
273. nfhz;fd; - jiytd; 330. Nguz;lk; - thdg; ngUntspg; gug;G
274. ky;f - epiwa 331. ehLk; - tpUk;Gk;
275. eiuapjo; - ntSj;j ,jo; 332. fdfk; - nghd;
276. me;jp - khiy 333. %d;wpy; - Kw;wk; (tPl;bd; Kd; Gwk;)
277. rhy; - cOjy; 334. mdk; - md;dg;gwit
278. jz; - Fsph; 335. nta;Nahd; - fjputd;
279. njha;aps %q;fpy; - tise;j %q;fpy; 336. vapy;top - mk;Gfs; va;a mike;Js;s
280. tdk; - fhL Jistop
281. J}q;fp - mire;J 337. kJ - Njd;
282. fsp - kfpo;r;rp 338. mz;lh; - Njth;
283. tPW - Ntfk; 339. nrz;L - jpUkhypd; xUtpjg; gilf;fUtp
284. tpQ;rp - Nkk;gl;L 340. fj;Jk; - Koq;Fk;
285. fq;Fy; - ,uT 341. juq;fk; - flyiy
286. fhh; - fUik 342. #y; - fUg;gk;
287. kW - Fw;wk; 343. cise;J - tUe;jp
288. kiof;fhy; nta;apy; - kioia mLj;J mbf;Fk; 344. thYfk; - ntz;kzy;
ntapy; 345. fhd;wkzp - nrhhpe;j Kj;J
289. fspf;Fk; - kfpOk; 346. fulk; - kjk;
290. tPW - xsp, ngUik 347. tpflk; - tpflf; $j;J> cd;kj;jKkhk;
291. nrw;wk; - fWT 348. jlk; - kiy
292. nraph;j;jy; - ntspg;gilahf ntFSjy; 349. je;jpg; gpiwf;$d; - ahidapd; gpiwr;re;jpud; Nghy;
293. cWjy; - nka;jPz;Ljy; kUg;G tise;Js;s nfhk;G (je;jk;)
294. ,ue;jd;W - ahrpj;J nfhz;lJ 350. epj;jpyk; - Kj;J
295. mkh; flj;jy; - Neh; epd;W Nghhpl;L nty;tJ 351. rhyp - xU tif ney;
296. fio - %q;fpy; 352. nfhz;ly; - Nkfk;
297. tpir - tpiuT (m) Ntfk; 353. tyk;Ghpfs; - tyg;Gwkhf thpfs; mike;j
298. njwpg;g - ntbf;f xUtif rq;Ffs;
299. GOq;fp - tUe;jp 354. mutk; - ghk;G> Xir
300. nghbj;j - njhd;wpa 355. mf;fuk; - vOj;J
301. Gs;spfs; - tpah;itj; Jspfs; 356. ml;lhl;ruk; - vl;L vOj;Jf;fisAila Xk;
302. ghlNgjk; - nka;k;Nky; eNkh ehuhazh
303. Ks; - Kl;fisAila 357. vl;L - vl;L vd;Dk; vz;> vl;Lfpd;w
304. MW - top njhiyT
305. fy; - gUf;iff;fy; 358. iff;nfhs; - iff;$g;gpj; njhOjy;> ifapy;
306. njd;dh; - ghz;bah; fl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;
307. Kdpjy; - ntFsy; 359. mfz;lk; - KOik

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 16

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
360. tprhy ghh;it - tphpe;j ghh;it 420. cgNjrk; - mwpTiu
361. rq;fkk; - fyj;jy; 421. miuapy; - ,Lg;gpy;
362. Ngjk; - NtWghL 422. Qhdp - Nguwpt cilatd;
363. Gfo;Ntd; - nrhy;Ntd; 423. jilfs; - ,ila+Wfs;
364. cilik - nry;tk; 424. kjpahky; - nghUl;gLj;jhky;
365. Gtp - g+kp 425. kjhrhhpahh; - kjFU
366. jPapid tPl;b - jPapid %sr;nra;J 426. Nfhyk; - xg;gid
367. klik - mwpahik 427. coYk; - Jd;gg;gLk;
368. kkij - nrUf;F 428. khJhpak; - ,dpik
369. Giy - ,opt 429. gfh;e;jhd; - $wpdhd;
370. itak; - cyfk; 430. GUlh;fs; - tPuh;fs;> Mz;fSkhk;
371. Jh;ePh; - nfl;l ePh; 431. ];jPhpfs; - tPuhq;fidfs;> ngz;fSkhk;
372. Rz;b - tw;wp 432. gpurq;fk; - nrhw;nghopT
373. fUiz - mUs; 433. rhkhdpa - vspa
374. gOjpyh - Fw;wkpy;yhj 434. rpU\;bj;J - gilj;J> cUthf;fp
375. cUtk; - tbtk; 435. mjph;\;lk; - vjph;ghuhj gad;/ey;Y}o;
376. cth;epyk; - cg;Gkz; 436. thpir - khpahij
377. ciufy; - nghd;id curpg; ghh;f;Fk; fy; 437. Nrhkd; - re;jpud;
378. Mw;wy; - rf;jp 438. Gtp - cyfk;
379. xg;gw;w - epfuw;wd 439. cw;Wop - Jd;Gw;wNghJ
380. ,ay;G - ew;Fzk; (gz;G) 440. fpoik - cwT
381. jpyk; - vs;S 441. Gue;J - fhj;J
382. cLf;fs; - tpz;kPd;fs; 442. ntw;G - kiy
383. mah;j;jy; - cioj;Jf; fisj;jth; 443. gzpahs; - Ntiyahs;
384. faik - fPo;ikf; Fzk; 444. eypT - NfL
385. fq;if - ,kadiyapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; 445. NehT - Neha;
tw;whj MW 446. neha;ik - fdkpd;ik> nkd;ik
386. eh;kij - jf;fhz gPlg+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfp 447. njha;T - ,isg;G
Nkw;FNehf;fp ghAk; MW 448. FUjp - ,uj;jk;
387. nghd;dp - fhtphpahW FlF kiyapy; 449. td;kk; - jPuhg;gif
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ 450. mOf;fhW - nghwhik
388. khDlk; - kdpjk; (kdpjNeak;) 451. nrt;tp - jd;ik> moF
389. rq;fkpj;jy; - fyj;jy; 452. fhpg;G - mr;rk;
390. jisfs; - jilfs; 453. klik - Ngijik
391. ,lh; - Jd;gk; 454. gyfzp - rhsuk;> jpl;bthapy;
392. nghUie - jhkpuguzpahW> njd;nghjpif 455. fhyjh; - fhw;W tUk; top> rhsuk;
kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ 456. QhapW - fjputd;
393. khDlh; - kdpjh; 457. mth - Mir
394. Fdpj;j - tise;j 458. Iak; - re;Njfk;
395. Fkpz;rphpg;G - Gd;rphpg;G 459. fzprk; - kpfjpahd
396. gdpj;j - Fsph;e;j 460. ghuk;ghpak; - kuG top
397. vLj;j nghw;ghjk; - J}f;fpa jpUtb 461. ghku kf;fs; - tphpe;j mwptpyhh;
398. epye;juQ; nra;Ak; - mopj;JtpLk; 462. thjk; - jUf;fk;
399. tpRk;G mUSk; - tpz;ZyF mspf;Fk; 463. fhyhtjp - fhytiuaiw
400. tyk; - ntw;wp 464. ghpkhzk; - msT
401. ehkk; - ngah; 465. gpur;rpid - Nfs;tp
402. fUtp - ths; 466. epkpj;jk; - fhuzkhf
403. nghUeh; - giltPuh; 467. muzha; - ghJfhtydha;
404. Nerp - md;G fhl;L 468. fyf;fhky; - MNyhrpf;fhky;
405. thdth; - Nky; cyfj;jhh; 469. rh;tfyhrhiy - gy;fiyf;fofk;
406. kiw - Ntjk; 470. re;jh;g;gk; - Neuk;
407. Cd; - jir 471. glhNlhgk; - Mlk;guk;
408. Qhdk; - mwpT 472. Kf];Jjp - ngha;ahd Gfo;r;rp
409. eL - eLTepiy 473. ntFz;lhh; - rpdq; nfhz;lhh;.
410. Cdk; - Fw;wk; 474. g+hpj;jhh; - kpfTk; kfpo;e;jhh;
411. ciwAk; - thOk; 475. mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ - eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lJ
412. Nfh - ,iwtd; 476. ,y;yhz;ik - Fbapid MSk; jd;ik
413. Mhpak; - tlnkhop 477. ed;wp - ed;ik
414. jpq;fs; - khjk; 478. Vrhik - gopr;nrhy; nrhy;yhik
415. cWJiz - nghUe;Jiz 479. Giu - Fw;wk;
416. khf;fs; - tpyq;Ffs; 480. tL - gop> Fw;wk;
417. itak; - cyfk; 481. Nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;gg;gLgth; (tUj;jkilth;)
418. ehl;lk; - tpUg;gk; 482. KJnkhop - gonkhop
419. Mrp - tho;j;J 483. khhp - kio

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 17

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
484. khR - mOf;F khiy - G+khiy> nghOJ
485. gpize;j - Nrh;e;j eif - Gd;rphpg;G> mzpfyd;
486. khR - Fw;wk; kjp - mwpT> epyT> kjpj;jy;
487. mq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy cs;sq;ifapy; Ntok; - ahid> %q;fpy;> fUk;G
ney;ypf;fdp nghwp - cWg;G> ,ae;jpuk;
itj;jhy; mJ njspthf njhptJ Nghy kh - khkuk;> Fjpiu> tpyq;F
488. muz;fs; - ghJfhg;Gfs; cLf; i f - Mil> ,irf;fUtp
md;dk; - gwit> czT
489. xf;Fk; - epfuhFk;> rkkhFk; kb - ,wj;jy;> Nrhk;gy;
490. xt;th - epfh; Mfh> rkkhfh khL - nry;tk;> tpyq;F
491. rhd;whz;ik - fy;tp> Nfs;tp> mwpT Ntq;if - tpyq;F> xUtif kuk;
xOf;fj;jhy; rpwe;jjd;ik
492. xg;GuT - (cyfj;NjhL ,aq;Fjy;) jk;
epiyf;F Vw;g nfhLj;J cjtp xU nghUs; Fwpf;Fk; gynrhw;fs; (xU nghUs; gd;nkhop)
tho;jy;
493. fz;Nzhl;lk; - midthplj;Jk; xU rPuhf #hpad; - QhapW> fjputd;> gfNyhd; ghpjp
fhl;Lk; md;G tay; - fodp> godk;> nra;
494. rhy;G - rpwg;G jd;ik neUg;G - jP> mdy;> fdy;
495. flYs; kha;e;j - kd;ddhFk; Kd;Ng fyj;jpy; jtW - khR> Fw;wk;> gpio
,sk;ngUtOjp flypy; fpsp - jj;ij> Rfk;> fps;is
nrd;wNghJ fyk; ftpo;e;J ngz; - eq;if> tdpij> kq;if
kha;e;jhd;. fly; - guit> Ke;ePh;
496. vz;Nguhak; - vz;ngUe;Jizth; nrhy; - gjk;> gonkhop> fpstp
(fuzj;jpayth;)> fUktpjpfs; Foe;ij - kfT> Fotp> Nra;
fdfr; Rw;wk;> filf;fhg;ghsh;> nra;As; - gh> ftpij> ahg;G
efukhe;jh;> gilj;jiyth;> kdk; - cs;sk;> neQ;rk;
ahidtPuh;> ,Tspkwth; epj;jpiu - cwf;fk;> J}f;fk;;
497. glkhlf; Nfhapy; - NfhapYs;s ,iwtd; itak; - G+kp> kz;Zyfk;> ghh;> Gtp
jpUTUtk; ,lh; - Jd;gk;> CW> Jauk;
498. elkhlf;Nfhapy; ek;gh; - kf;fs; tpl - kid> ,y;yk;
499. tlY}h; ts;syhh; - ,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,uf;fk; - ghpT> fUiz> mUs;
500. gPL eil - ngUik kpf;f eil kd;dd; - Nte;jd;> murd;> nfhw;wtd;
501. nfhw;wk; - ntw;wp gR - ngw;wk;> M> Nfh
502. tPL - Nkhl;rk; czT - Cz;> cz;b
503. Ik;ngUq;FO - murh;f;F MNyhrid $Wk; ahid - Ntok;> fhp
Ith;. mth - Mir> tpUg;gk;> tpioT
(mikr;rh;> me;jzh;> gilj;jiyth;> J}Jth;> rhuzh;) moF - nghypT> vopy;> tdg;G
504. ew;NgW - rpwe;j nry;tk; Gtp - epyk;> cyfk;
505. mWjpapl;L - cWjpahf Xk;gy; - fhj;jy;> NgZjy;
506. mah;tpyh; - Nrhk;gp ,uhh; md;id - jha;> mk;kh> ngw;wts;
507. epiyf;fsq;fs; - ,Ug;gplqfs; guit - Mop> fly;
508. Nfhl;ghL - nfhs;if mwpT - kjp> Qhdk;
509. ,irT - cld;ghL Gfo; - ,ir> rPh;
510. jpiw - fg;gk; epyT - kjp> re;jpud;> jpq;fs;
511. ghh; - cyfk; khR - Fw;wk;> jPJ> mOf;F
512. jis - tpyq;F tir - gop> Fw;wk;
513. tpioT - tpUg;gk;
514. mtyk; - Jd;gk;> ftiy
515. mit - rgh kz;lgk;
516. ifk;khW - gjpYjtp
517. ey;FuT - tWik
518. Giz - njg;gk;

gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xUnrhy;

ghh; - cyfk;> fhz;
,ir - Gfo;> ghl;L> ,dpa xyp
ehz; - ntl;fg;gL> faW
nka; - cly;> nka;naOj;J
jpiu - miy> jpiur;rPiy
kiw - Ntjk;> kiwj;J it
gpb - ngz;ahid> gpbj;Jf;nfhs;
gb - ghlk; gb> gbf;fl;L
jpq;fs; - re;jpud;> khjk;
typ - typik> NehT
MW - fhtphp MW Nghd;wit> xh; vz;zpd; ngah;> top

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 18

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
(ii) E}y;fSk;Mrphpah;fSk; nrUntd;w
neLQ;nropad;
mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah;
njhy;fhg;gpak; - njhy;fhg;gpah; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSk; ghbNahUk;

Iq;FWE}W E}y; nghUs; Mrphpah;

FwpQ;rpj; jpiz ghbath; - fgpyh; jpUf;Fws; mwk; (ePjp) jpUts;Sth;
Ky;iyj; jpiz ghbath; - Ngadhh; ehybahh; mwk; (ePjp) rkz Kdpth;fs;
kUjj; jpiz ghbath; - Xuk;Nghfpahh; gonkhop ehD}W mwk; (ePjp) Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;
ehd;kzpf;fbif mwk; tpsk;gpehfdhh;
nea;jw; jpiz ghbath; - mk;%tdhh;
jphpfLfk; mwk; ey;yhjdhh;
ghiyj; jpiz ghbath; - Xjyhe;ijahh; rpWgQ;r%yk; mwk; fhhpahrhd;
Mrhuf;Nfhit mwk; ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;
fypj;njhif Vyhjp mwk; fzpNkjhtpahh;
FwpQ;rpf;fyp ghbath; fgpyh; ,d;dhehw;gJ mwk; fgpyh;
Ky;iyf;fyp ghbath; Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpud; ,dpait ehw;gJ mwk; G+jQ;Nre;jdhh;
KJnkhopff ; hQ;rp mwk; $lY}h;fpohh;
kUjf;fyp ghbath; kUjdpy; ehfdhh; jpizkhiy mwk; fzpNkjhtpahh;
nea;jw;fyp ghbath; ey;ye;Jtdhh; E}w;iwk;gJ
ghiyf;fyp ghbath; ngUq;fLq;Nfhd; Ie;jpiz vOgJ mfk; %thjpahh;
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ mfk; khwd; nghiwadhh;
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ mfk; fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;
vl;Lj;njhif m) ife;epiy mfk; Gy;yq;fhldhh;
vl;Lj;njhif njhFj;jth; njhFg;gpj;jth; M) ,d;dpiy mfk; ngha;ifahh;
ew;wpiz cg;g+hp Fbf;fpohh; gd;dhL je;j khwd; fhh; ehw;gJ mfk; kJiu fz;zq;$j;jdhh;
(mfk;) tOjp fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; ngha;ifahh;
FWe;njhif cg;g+hp Fbf;fpohh; G+hpfN; fh
(mfk;)
Iq;FWE}W Gyj;Jiw Kw;wpa ahidf;fl;Nra; khe;juQ; Mj;jpr;#b> Qhdf;Fws;> nfhd;iwNte;jd;>ey;top>
(mfk;) $lY}h; fpohh; NruypUk; nghiw %Jiu(thf;Fz;lhk;) - xsitahh;
gjpw;Wg;gj;J - - ntw;wpNtw;if> ieljk; - mjptPu uhkghz;bah;
(Gwk;) mwnewpr;rhuk; - Kidg;ghbahh;
ghpghly; (mfk;> fUk;gpsi; sg; -
Gwk; ,uz;Lk;) g+jdhh; ed;ndwp - rptg;gpufhrh;
fypj;njhif ey;ye;Jtdhh; - gpuGypq;f yPiy> cyf ePjp - cyfehjh;
(mfk;) esntz;gh> eNshghf;fpahdk; - GfNoe;jpg; Gyth;
mfehD}W kJiu ghz;bad; cf;fpug;
(mfk;) cg;GhpFbfpohh; ngUtOjp
kfdhh; cUj;jpu ghly;njhFg;G - njhFj;jth;
rd;kdhh; ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; - ehjKdpfs;
GwehD}W xy;iya+h; je;j - Mo;thh;fs; - 12
(Gwk;) g+jg;ghz;bad; 1. ngha;ifaho;thh; 2. G+jj;jho;thh;
3. Ngaho;thh; 4. kJuftpaho;thh;
gj;Jg;ghl;L 5. nghpaho;thh; 6. Mz;lhs;
E}w;ngah; ghbath; ghl;Lilj; 7. jpUg;ghzho;thh; 8. jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
jiytd; 9. jpUkopiraho;thh; 10.njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ef;fPuh; KUfNtd; 11. ek;kho;thh; 12. FyNrfu Mo;thh;
(Gytuhw;Wg;)
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ,ilf;fopehl;L Xa;kh ehl;L
(Mw;Wg;gil) ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; ey;ypaf;Nfhld; E}w;ngah; ghbath;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; njhz;ilkhd
(Mw;Wg;gil) fz;zhh; ,se;jpiuad; Kjy; jpUte;jhjp ngha;ifaho;thh;
nghUeuhw;Wg;gil Klj;jhkf; fhpfhw; (fhQ;rp)
(Mw;Wg;gil) fz;zpahh; ngUtsj;jhd; ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp G+jj;jho;thh;
$j;juhw;Wg;gil ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; ed;dd; Nra; ed;dd; (khky;yGuk;)
(kiygLflhk;) ngUq;Fd;W}h; %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp Ngaho;thh; (kapyhg;G+h;)
(Mw;Wg;gil) ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp jpUkopiraho;thh;
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L fgpyh; - jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; jpUkopiraho;thh;
(mfk;) jpUtpUj;jk; ek;kho;thh;
Ky;iyg;ghl;L eg;g+jdhh; - jpUthrphpak; ek;kho;thh;
(mfk;) nghpa jpUte;jhjp ek;kho;thh;
kJiuf;fhQ;rp (Gwk;) khq;Fb kUjdhh; ghz;bad; jpUtha;nkhop ek;kho;thh;
jiyahyq; fz;zpEd; rpWjhk;G vd;w kJuftpaho;thh;
fhdj;Jr; gjpfk;
nrUntd;w jpUg;gy;yhz;L nghpaho;thh;
neLQ;nropad;
nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop nghpaho;thh;
gl;bdg;ghiy fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fhpfhw;
(mfk;) fz;zhh; ngUtsj;jhd; jpUg;ghit(30ghlyf;s) Mz;lhs;
neLey;thil ef;fPuh; ghz;bad; ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop Mz;lhs;
(mfkh? Gwkh? jiyahyq; nghpa jpUnkhop jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
Iak;) fhdj;Jr; jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk; jpUkq;ifaho;thh;

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 19

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; gplt epfz;L xsitahh;
jpUntO$w;wpUf;if jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
rpwpa jpUkly; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; %tUyh xl;lf;$j;jh;
nghpa jpUkly; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp nraq;nfhz;lhd;
jpUkhiy njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; ,u\;atijg; guzp K. uhfitaq;fhh;
jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh;
jpUg;gjpfk; (mkydhjpgpuhd;) jpUg;ghzho;thh; mQ;Qtijg; guzp jj;Jtuha Rthkpfs;
ngUkhs; jpUnkhop FyNrfu Mo;thh; mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah;
njhy;fhg;gpak; - njhy;fhg;gpah;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; tPuNrhopak; - Gj;jgpj;jpuh;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
Nekpehjk;> tr;rze;jpkhiy> gd;dpU ghl;bay; (ntz;ghg;
2. kzpNkfiy (ngsj;j rka E}y;) rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ghl;bay;) - FztPugz;bjh;
3. rPtf rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth;
jz;bayq;fhuk; - jz;bd;
4. tisahgjp (rkz rka E}y;) - Mrphpah; njhpatpyi; y
ahg;gUq;fyk;> ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jp> ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif
5. Fz;lyNfrp (ngsj;j rka E}y;) ehjFj;jdhh;
- mkph;jrhfuh;
IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fs; ed;D}y; - gtde;jp Kdpth;
1. aNrhju fhtpak; - ntz;zhtYilahh; ek;gpafg;nghUs; - ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp
(caph;f; nfhiy jPJ vd;gij typAWj;j vOe;j E}y;) jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
2. cjazFkhu fhtpak; - Mrphpah; njhpatpyi; y re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+h; KUfd; gpsi ; sj; jkpo; -
3. ehfFkhu fhtpak; - Mrhpah; njhpatpyi; y me;jf;ftp tPuuhfth;
; hkzp Nghd;wJ) Njhyhnkhopj;
4. #shkzp (ftpijeaj;jpy; rpej jpUTe;jpahh;> jpUf;fspw;Wg; ghbahh; - ca;ate;jj; Njth;
Njth; rptQhd Nghjk; - nka;fz;lhh;
5. ePyNfrp (rkz rka E}y;) thkd Kdpth; jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk; - ,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs; (,sQ;#hpah;>
KJ#hpah;)
rPtfrpej ; hkzp> ehptpUj;jk; - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; tpdh ntz;gh> Nghw;wpg; g/nwhil> nfhbf;ftp> neQ;R
ngUq;fij - nfhq;FNtsph; tpL J}J ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;
fk;guhkhazk;> VnuOgJ> rpiy vOgJ. jpUf;if mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - tPuftpuhah;
tof;fk;> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgue;jhjp> ,yf;Fkp
me;jhjp> Kk;kzpf; Nfhit - fk;gh; kr;r Guhzk; - tlkiyag;gh;
nghpa Guhzk; - Nrf;fpohh; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;> ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;>
,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpa Fws; - vr;. V.
rk;ge;jh; - jpUf;filf;fhg;G fpUl;bzg;gps;is.
mg;gh; - Njthuk;
jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;.
Re;juh; - jpUg;ghl;L
jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUntz;fhL Guhzk; - irt
khzpff ; thrfh; - jpUthrfk; vy;yg;g ehtyh;.
jpU%yh; - jpUke;jpuk; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhh;j;j FU fij>
Kj;njhs;shapuk; - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}h; fyk;gfk;> Njk;ghtzp
ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy tPukhKdpth;.
ghuj ntz;gh - ngUe;Njtdhh; rPwhg;Guhzk;> KJnkhopkhiy> rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk;
NkUke;ju Guhzk; - thkd Kdpth; - ckWg;Gyth;.
tpy;yp ghujk; - tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thh; ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk; - NfhghyfpUl;bz ghujpahh;
,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu ef;fPuh; lk;ghr;rhp tpyhrk; - fhrp tp];tehjh;.
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy Iadhhpjdhh;
ehad;khh;fs; - 63
fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;
jpUKiw E}w;ngah; Mrphpah;
tPuNrhopak; - Gj;jkpj;jpuh; vz;
Nre;jd; jpthfuk;> jpthfu epfz;L jpthfu Kdpth; 1>2>3 Njthuk; jpUQhd rk;ge;j%h;j;jp
ehadhh;
gpqf; y epfz;L gpqf ; y Kdpth; 4>5>6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh;
chpr;nrhy; epfz;L fhq;Nfah;. 7 Njthuk; Re;juh;
#lhkzp epfz;L - kz;ly GUlh; 8 jpUthrfk; khzpff ; thrfh;
jpUntk;ghi khzpff ; thrfh;
fahju epfz;L fahjh; t
rpej
; hkzp epfz;L itj;jpaypq;fh; 9 xd;gjhk; jpUkhspifj;Njth;
xU nrhw;fy nghUs; epfz;L fdfrigg; Gyth; jpUKiw Nre;jdhh; Nrjpuhah;
fz;luhjpj;jh; g+e;JUj;jp
nghjpif epfz;L rhkpehj ftp ek;gp fhlt ek;gp jpUthyp
ghujp epfz;L gukhde;j ghujp mKjdhh; GUN\hj;jk
ek;gp fUt+h;j;Njth;
mUk;nghUs; tpsf;f epfz;L mUkUe;J Njrpfh; Ntzhl;lbfs;
jpthfu epfz;L jpthfu Kdpth; 10 jpUke;jpuk; jpU%yh;
tlkiy epfz;L - <Rtuftp (gj;jhk;
jpUKiw)
Mrphpa epfz;L Mz;bg;Gyth; 11 gjpNdhwhk; jpUthyTilahh;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 20
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
jpUKiw fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; rptQhd Kdpth; Jjp njhl;bf;fiy Rg;gpukzpa
Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd; Kdpth;.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;
ef;fPuh;> fgpyh;> guzh; FNrNyhghf;fpahdk;>jpUf;Nfhitahh; - ty;Y}h;
fy;yhldhh; Njtuhrg;gps;is
,sk;ngUkhdbfs; jQ;irthzd; Nfhit ngha;ahnkhopg; Gyth;
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
12 nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohh; Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;ndapdhg; Gytuhf ,Uf;fyhk;
NrJ Guhzk; - epuk;gtofpa Njrpfh;
jpUtUl;gh> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l ,uhk ehlff; fPh;j;jid mUzhr;ryf; ftpuhah;
thrfk;> xoptpnyhLf;fk;> njhz;lkz;ly rjfk;> rpd;ka kNdhd;kzpak; - ng. Re;juk;gps;is
jPgpif ts;syhh; ,uhkypqf ; mbfshh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; - fhy;Lnty;
khwd; mfg;nghUs;> khwdyq;fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; ngz;kjp khiy> rh;t rkaf; fPh;j;jidfs;> gpujhg
ngUkhs;. Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;> ePjpE}y; jpul;L> RFz Re;jhp rhpj;jpuk;
Ntjhuzpag; Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wp fypntz;gh> - kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is
rpjk;gug;ghl;bay;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;> kJiu fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; - uh[k; Iah;
gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;. &ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;> ehlftpay; -
,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay; - itj;jpaehj Njrpfh; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;.
,yf;fz nfhj;J Rthkpehj Njrpfh; ts;spj; jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhr;rdh>
etePjg; ghl;bay; - etePjd; ,ytFrh> gf;j gpufyhjh> ey;yj;jq;fhs;> tPu mgpkd;a+>
gtsf;nfhb - rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
Kj;J tPhpak; - Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;
kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWnjhz;ld;> fh;zd;> rghgjp> nghd;
rhkpehjk; - rhkpff ; tpuhrh;
tpyq;F - gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh;.
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Iadhhpjdhh;
,ul;il kdpjd;> Gdh; n[d;kk;> fdfhk;guk;> tpbAkh?
gpuge;j jPgpif Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah; F.g. uh[Nfhghyd;.
mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; - ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gpsi ; sAk;> fhQ;rid> nghd;dfuk;>
khwdyq;fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs; ftpuhah; mfy;ia> rhg tpNkhrdk; - GJikg;gpj;jd;.
gpuNahf tpNtfk; - Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is rhpj;jpuk;> GjpaJk; gioaJk;.
kPdhl;rpak;ik gpsi ; sj;jkpo;> kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk;> fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;> epidt kQ;rhp> vd; rhpjk; -
,ul;il kzpkhiy> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gpsi ; sj;jkpo;> c.Nt. rhkpehj ma;ah;.
fhrpff; yk;gfk;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> jpUth&h; fUzhkph;j rhfuk; - jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;
ehd;kzpkhiy> rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> rpjk;gu ngj;Nyfk; FwpQ;rp Ntjehaf rh];jphp
nra;Al;Nfhit- Fku FUgu Rthkpfs;
ehf ehl;lurp> Nfhfpyk;ghs; fbjq;fs; -
fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh; kiwkiyabfs;.
jpUr;nre;J}h; gpsi ; sj;jkpo; - gfopf$ ; j;jh; NkhfKs;s> md;Ng MuKNj> mk;kh te;jhr;R> kug;gR>
Nrf;fpohh; gpsi ; sj;jkpo;> mfpyhz;l gps;isj; jkpo; esg;ghfk; - jp. [hdfpuhkd;
- kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gpsi ; s ,uhtz fhtpak;> jPud; rpdd
; kiy> RukQ;rhp>
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;jJq;fd; gpsi ; sj;jkpo;> jf;fahfg; neUQ;rpg;gok; - Gyth; Foe;ij
guzp. %tUyh xl;lf;$j;jh;. xU ebif ehlfk; ghh;f;fpwhs;> rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> ,irahapuk;> cyh> kly; - kdpjh;fs;> xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;> Gjpa
nraq;nfhz;lhh;. thh;g;Gfs;> xUgpbr; NrhW> ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh> FUgPlk;>
jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; - rpdpkhTf;Fg; Nghd rpj;jhS> Afre;jp> GJ nrUg;G
fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; fbf;Fk;> mf;dpg; gpuNtrk;> cd;idg;Nghy; xUtd; -
n[afhe;jd;.
jpUf;Fw;whyehj cyh> Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp> jpUf;Fw;why
ngha;j;NjT> xUehs;> tho;e;jth; nfl;lhy; - f.eh.
khiy> jpUf;Fw;whyg; gpsi ; sj; jkpo; jphp$l uhrg;gf;
Rg;ukzpak;
ftpuhah;.
rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> miy Xir>
mofh; fps;istpL J}J> njd;wy; tpL J}J
fs;tdpd; fhjyp> jpahfg+kp> kFlgjp> mkujhuh> jpUld;
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;
kfd; jpUld; - fy;fp
jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;> jpUntq;if cyh rptg;gpufhrh; mfy; tpsf;F> ngw;w kdk;> fs;Nsh fhtpaNkh>
jpUtuq;ff; fyk;gfk;> jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp> fhpj;Jz;L> neQ;rpy; xU Ks;> jk;gpf;F> jkpo; ,yf;fpa
m\;lg;gpuge;jk; - gpsi ; sg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh;. tuyhW> faik> ghit> thlh kyh;> nre;jhkiu>
ehiu tpL J}J rj;jp Kj;jg; Gyth; kz;Fbir> Fwl;il xyp K. tujuhrdhh;.
fhe;jpak;ik gpsi ; sj;jkpo;> fhe;jpak;ik me;jhjp mofpa Gj;u> mgpjh yh.r. uhkhkph;jk;.
nrhf;fehjh;. FwpQ;rp kyh;> rKjha tPjp> Jsrp khlk;> nghd; tpyq;F>
RFz Re;jhp Kd;rPg; Ntjehafk; gpsi ; s ghz;bkhNjtp> kzp gy;ytk;> tyk;Ghpr;rq;F eh.
mKjhk;gpif gpsi ; sj; jkpo;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fr; #whtsp ghh;j;jrhujp
- rptQhd Kdpth; mz;zhkiy tPiuae;jhjp> rq;fud; Nfhapy; jphpge;jhjp>
fiyirf; Nfhit> fiyirr; rpjk;gNurh; guzp> fUit Kk;kzpfN; fhit mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;.
fiyirr; rpNyil ntz;gh> jpUthLJiwf; Nfhit>

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 21

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ghit tpsf;F> rpj;jpug;ghit> vq;Nf NghfpNwhk;?
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> ntw;wpj; jpUefh;> GJnts;sk;>
nghd;kyh;> ngz; - mfpyd;
neQ;rpd; miyfs;> kp];lh; Ntjhe;jk;> fhpry;> Gjpa
jhprdq;fs; - nghd;dPyd;
fpU\;z gUe;J M. khjtd;
gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuk;> tp[akhh;j;jhz;lk; - khjt ma;ah;
cjare;jpud;> ee;jpnghUj;j ehafp> fhQ;rp Re;jhp
tpff; pukd;
jtg;gad;> GJ cyfk;> md;gspg;G> rphpf;ftpyi ; y>
fhyfz;b F. mofphprhkp.
xU> Gspakuj;jpd; fij> N[.N[. rpy Fwpg;Gfs;>
Foe;ijfs; ngz;fs; Mz;fs; - Re;ju uhkrhkp
(gRta;ah)
FwpQ;rpj; Njd;> NtUf;F ePh;> fhpg;G kzpfs; - uh[k;
fpU\;zd; ePy gj;kehgd;.
FUjpg;Gdy;> Rje;jpu g+kp> je;jpu g+kp> NtjGuj;J
tpahghhpfs; - ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
GaypNy xU Njhzp> flYf;F mg;ghy; - g. rpq;fhuk;
ehis kw;WnkhU ehNs> Fwj;jp KLf;F [p. ehfuh[d;.
eha;fs; - eFyd;
Njrgf;jd; fe;jd;> KUfd; Xh; cotd; - Ntq;flukzp
gjpndl;lhtJ ml;rf;NfhL> ,Ul;bypUe;J ntspr;rk;>
fiue;j epoy;fs;> ez;gdpd; je;ij mNfhkpj;jpud;.
rhahtdk;> njhiye;J Nghdth;fs; - rh. fe;jrhkp.
]PNuh bfphp rhU epNtjpjh
uq;Nfhd; uhjh> ghh;tjp gp.V> epiyAk; epidg;Gk;> V! jho;e;j
jkpofNk> Xh; ,uT> Mhpa khia> Ntiyf;fhhp>
jrhtjhuk;> ePjp Njtd; kaf;fk;> nrt;thio> gpuhh;j;jid>
Fw;wthspNah mwpQh; mz;zh
FwNshtpak;> guhrf;jp> njhy;fhg;gpag; g+q;fh> nghd;dh; rq;fh;>
njd;ghz;br; rpqf ; k;> ,uj;jk; xNu epwk;> nts;spf;fpoik>
rq;fj;jkpo;> NuhkhGhpg; ghz;bad;> g+k;Gfhh;> ke;jphpFkhhp
fiyQh; fUzhepjp
mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;> fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;>
,uhrjz;lid> Mapuk;jPT> mq;ifaw;fd;dp> Ntyq;Fbj;
jpUtpoh> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp> ,NaR fhtpak;>
Nrukhd; fhjyp> tdthrk; kdthrk; - fz;zjhrd;.
Ks;Sk; kyUk; - ckhre;jpud;
capNuhtpak; - ehuz. Jiuf;fz;zd;
fy;Yf;Fs; <uk; - uh.R. ey;yngUkhs;
th\pql ; dpy; jpUkzk; - rhtp
=uq;fj;J Njtijfs;> fiunay;yhk; nrz;gfg;g+>
atdpfh> ,uj;jk; xNu epwk; - R[hjh
nkh;f;Fhpg; g+f;fs;> ,Uk;Gf;Fjpiu> cilahh; -
ghyFkhud;.
khDlk; nty;Yk;> kfhejp> re;jpah gpugQ;rd;
ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp> kJuaho; kq;if> Mytha; mofd; -
n[fr;rpw;gpad;
tPughz;bad; kidtp mU. uhkehjd;
,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> ftpuhrd; fij> fs;spf;fhl;L
,jpfhrk;> jz;zhP ; Njrk;> fUthr;rp fhtpak;. tpy;NyhL
th epyNt> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPhg; ;Gfs;>
vd; gioa Xiyfs; - ftpQh; ituKj;J
ghy;tPjp> Myhgid> Rl;L tpuy;> Neah; tpUg;gk;> gpj;jd;
- mg;Jy; uFkhd;.
fz;zhP ;g;g+f;fs;> Nrhoepyh> Ch;tyk; - K. Nkj;jh
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
fUg;G kyh;fs;> rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj xl;lfq;fs;>
fy;yiwj; njhl;by;> #hpa fhe;jp - eh. fhkuhrd;
Crpfs; + fdTfs; + fw;gidfs; = fhfpjq;fs; kPuh(kP.
uhN[e;jpud;)
Qhd ujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR> fz;zd; ghl;L>
Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; - ghujpahh;.
fz;zfp Gul;rp fhg;gpak;> gprpuhe;ijahh;> jkpo; ,af;fk;>
FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> vjph;ghuhj
Kj;jk;> fjh; ,uhl;bdg; ghl;L> rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;>
ghz;bad; ghpR> ,uhl;bdg; ghl;L> rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd;
rhuy;> ghz;bad; ghpR> KjpNahh; fhjy;> FwpQ;rpj;
jpul;L>gbj;j ngz;fs;> ,iraKJ> kzpNkfiy
ntz;gh> ,isQh; ,yf;fpak; - ghujpjhrd;.
Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;> cjl;by;
cjL> rhtpd; Kj;jk; - Rujh
CUk; NgUk; - uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is
Njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs;> kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top
khd;kpak;> Mrpa N[hjp> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> ckh; fa;ahk;
ghly;fs; - ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gpsi ; s
NfhNtW fOijfs; - ,kak;
kiyf;fs;sd;> jkpod; ,jak;> rq;nfhyp> mtDk; mtSk;>
vd; fij> ftpjhQ;ryp> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> jkpo;Nte;jd;>
md;Gnra;j mw;Gjk;> ftpjhQ;ryp> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> jkpo;
Nte;jd; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;. nt. uhkypqf ; k;gps;is.
KUfd; my;yJ moF> ngz;zpd; ngUik> rPhj ; pUj;jk;>
fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> kdpj tho;fi ; fAk;
fhe;jpabfSk>; tho;fi; fj; Jiz eyk;> jkpo;j; njd;wy;>
Njrgf;jd; (ehspjo;) > etrf;jp(fpoikapjo;) - jpU.tp.
fypahzRe;judhh;.
atduhzp> fly;Gwh> kiythry;> ,uhrepyk;> [yjPgk;>
,uh[Nghpif rhz;by;ad;
fhe;jSh;r;rhiy> nfhy;ypkiyr; nry;tp g+tz;zd;
kjq;f #shkzp> aho;E}y; - Rthkp tpGyhee;jh;
tpahrh; tpUe;J> rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfs;> rNgrd; fhgp -
,uh[h[p ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
vopNyhtpak;> Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;> jkpor;rp> njhL thdk;>
nfhbKy;iy> ,d;g ,yf;fpak;> jPh;j;j ahj;jpiu -
thzpjhrd;
kyUk; cs;sk;> rphpf;Fk; g+f;fs;> NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk;
- mo. ts;spag;gh
fuKz;lhh; tPL jQ;ir gpufh\;
fhL> gpdn ; jhlUk; epoypd; Fuy;> fd;dpahFkhp> VohtJ
cyfk;> kz;> tp\;ZGuk;> nfhw;wit n[aNkhfd;
neLq;FUjp> cg ghz;ltk; - v];. uhkfpU\;zd;
Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F jhuh ghujp
G+j;jJ khDlk;> Gul;rp Kof;fk;> ciu tPr;R rhiy
,se;jpiuad;
thOk; ts;Stk;. Ghujpapd; mwptpay; ghh;it th.nr.
Foe;ijrhkp.
ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;>
rpiy vOgJ> Vh; vOgJ> fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gh;
rPwhg;Guhzk;> KJnkhopkhiy> jpUkz tho;j;J>
rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk; - ckWg;Gyth;
fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;gh;
esntz;gh GfNoe;jp
tpy;ypghujk; - tpy;ypg;Gj;jpuh;
jpUg;ghit Mz;lhs;
jpUthrfk; - khzpf;fthrfh;
22
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
jpUg;Gfo; - mUzfphpehjh; ePh;f;Fkpop> nkOFth;j;jp> ehzy;> vjph; ePr;ry;> rh;th;
cyf ePjp cyfehjh; Re;juk;> Nk[h; re;jpu fhe;j;> etfpufk; - Nf. ghyr;re;jh;.
ntw;wpNtw;if> ieljk; - mjptPuuhkg; ghz;bahh; ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy> cz;ikNa cd; tpiy vd;d?>
ciueil E}y;fs;> QhdgNjrk;> thkd; fij> gh;tj ,utpy; nrd;id> KfkJgpd; Jf;sf;> kdk; xU Fuq;F
fhz;lk;> gukhh;j;j FUfij> nra;As; E}y;fs;> Nrh. ,uhkrhkp.
jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;> fypntz;gh> milf;fy khiy> fhfpjg;g+> ke;jphpf;Fkhhp> guhrf;jp> g+k;Gfhh;> Gijay;>
,yf;fz E}y;fs;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;. nfhLe;jkpo; nts;spf;fpoik> NuhkhGhp ghz;bad;> FwNshtpak;>
,yf;fzk;> mfuhjp> rJh; mfuhjp tPukhKdpth; njd;ghz;br; rpq;fk;> rq;fj;jkpo;> neQ;Rf;F ePjp.
fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> ghg;gh tpal;ehk; tPL Nf. Re;juk;
ghl;L> tpehafh; ehd;kzpkhiy> Ntjhe;j tyk;Ghpr; rq;F> neUg;Gf; fdpfs;> FwpQ;rp kyh;>
ghly;fs;>Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR> jpz;ba ghz;bad; Njtp> rKjha tPjp> rj;jpa nts;sk;> Jsrp
rh];jphp> nrhh;z Fkhhp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; khlk; - eh. ghh;j;jrhujp
kNdhd;kzpak; - Re;juk; gpsi ; s jpUthrfk;> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit> jpUf;Nfhitahh; -
khzpff ; thrfh;.
,uhtz fhtpak;> fhkQ;rhp Gyth; Foe;ij
ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy> Nrhdirt khiy> ed;ndwp>
kyUk; khiyAk;> ,se;njd;wy;> gRTk; fd;Wk;> Foe;ijr;
jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;> jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> gpuGypq;f
nry;tk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ckhh; fa;ahk;
yPiy> fhsj;jpg; Guhzk;> jpUntq;if cyh rptg;gpufhr
ghly;fs;> Mrpa N[hjp ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gpsi ; s
Rthkpfs;
g+q;nfhb> tPufhtpak;> kdpjid NjfpNwd;> fhtphpg; ghit>
tpahrh; tpUe;J> rf;futh;j;jp jpUkzk; - ,uh[h[p
neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa> Cd;W Nfhy;> Kbaurd;
ftpijfs; - ftpQh; Kbaurd; fhzhkNy fhjy;> Gdh; n[d;kk;> fdfhk;guk;> tpbAkh?
mk;kh te;jhs;> NkhfKs;> kug;gR> rptg;G hpf;\h> nfhl;L F.gh. ,uh[Nfhghyd;.
Nksk;> rpyph;g;G rhj;jpakh> rf;jp itj;jpak;> ehYNtyp epyk;> md;W ,uT> flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk;> rhg
tbNtY thj;jpahh; - jp. [hdfpuhkd; tpNkhrdk;> fhyDk; fpotpAk;> fapw;wpuT> top>
FKjts;sp> Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs; - kiwkiy ep i dTg; g hij> nghd; d fuk; > nry; yk; khs; -
mbfs; GJikg; g p j ; j d;.
gQ;Rk; grpAk; - ,uFehjd; gts ky;ypif fp.th. [fe;ehjd;
fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; - ,uh[k; Iah; kuj;jbf; flTs;> re;jhdf; fhtb jp.I.u.
FwpQ;rpj;Njd;> tisfuk;> NtUf;F ePh;> fhpg;G kzpfs; - jpuhtpl ehl;Lf; fijfs; - gz;bj eNlr rh];jphp
,uh[k; fpU\;zd;. mw;g [Ptpfs; - kyh;kd;dd;
tPughz;ba kidtp> mNrhfd; fhjyp> ,uhruhr Nrhod; mfjp khahtp
mU. ,uhkehjd; ,yf;fpa kyh;fs;> rKj;jpuk;> Nthpy; gOj;j gyh K.K.
kiythry;> fly;Gwh> atd uhzp> ,uhr jpyfk;> fd;dp ,];khapy;
khlk; - rhz;by;ad; Fsj;jq;fiu> murkuk; - c.Nt. rhkpehijah;
gj;jpdpf; Nfhl;lk;> ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp> kJuaho; kq;if> Khjtp fhtpak;> Gj;jh; fhtpak; - jkpo; xsp
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; - n[fr;rpw;gp (tp[auq;fk;)
fay;tpop> ghit tpsf;F> GJnts;sk;> ngz;> ngz;kyh;> fhjy; xj;jpif> %d;whk; if gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh;
tho;T vq;Nf? neQ;rpd; miyfs;> rpj;jpug;ghit> K. Nkj;jh Nrhoepyh> fz;zhP ; g+f;fs;
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> ,jar; rpiwapy;> epytpdpNy> Fw;jp>
rphpfF; k; g+f;fs;> ntw;wpfF ; top> NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk;
Foe;ij rphpj;jJ> fq;fh ];ehdk;> vhpkiy mfpyd; - mo. ts;spag;gh
rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> ghh;j;jpgd; fdT> n[fr;rpw;gp nrhh;ff ; j;jpd; epoy;> Qhdf;Fapy;
ngha;khd; fhL> fs;tdpd; fhjyp> miyNahir> kFlgjp>
fhjhuf; fs;td;> iky;tpop khd;> xw;iw Nuhrh> jpUld; nrhy; y j; jhd; ep i df;fpNwd; - kzpad;
Ky;iyf; nfhbad; - tpej ; d;
kfd; jpUld;> Nfjhhpapd; jhahh; fy;fp
nts;is ,Ul;L - ,d;Fyhg;
;jkpo;r; nry;tk; - fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd;
CUq;fhyk;> cs;thq;Fk; cyfk; - tpf;ukhjpj;ad;
kz;zpay;> rpWNjh; - gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd;
gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; (jkpopd); Kjy; ehty; 1879>
mfy;tpsf;F> ngw;w kdk;> lhf;lh; my;yp> gr;irag;gh;.
kdr;rhd;W> fhjy; vq;Nf? fhpj;Jz;L> nre;jhkiu> fy;Nyh RFz Re;jhp khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gpsi ; s
fhtpaNkh? Fwl;il xyp lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh; xU Nfhl; L f; F ntsp N a> Nrhw; W g; gl; lhsk;> CUf;Fs;
Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;dhapdhg; Gyth; xU Gul; r p R. rKj; j p u k;
&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;> ehlftpay; - #hpa NjNuhLk; tPjp> kpd; cyfk;> cwTfs;> gs;sp nfhz;lGuk;>
ehuhaz rh];jphp jiyKiwfs; - ePy. Gj;kehgd;
kNdhfuh gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;> Nfhgy;y fpuhkk; - fp. ,uh[
ehuhazd;
mgpkd;A> Re;jhp> gtsf;nfhb> rjp mD#ah> gpufyhjd;>
rpWnjhz;lh; Guhzk;> ts;sp jpUkzk; - rq;fujh]; fhpry;> Gjpa jhprdq;fs;> Njly; - nghd;dPyd;
Rthkpfs;. N[.N[. rpy Fwpg;Gfs;> Njhl;bapd; kfd;> xU Gspakuj;jpd;
lhf;lUf;F kUe;J> NjNuhl;b kfd;> jOk;G> kyUk; fij> nrk;kPd; - Re;ju uhkrhkp
kzKk;> ghh;fly; - gp.v];. ,uhikah $dd; Njhg;G> xU flNyhu fpuhkj;jpd; fij> JiwKfk;>
rha;T ehw;fhyp Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 23
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ghujpapd; mwptpay; ghh;it> FNyhj;Jq;fd; ftpijfs; - n[afhe;jd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; khg;g]hd;
th.nr. Foe;ij rhkp. thy;l;lh; ];fhl; - cyfr; rpWfijapd; je;ij
Kl;il> mfy;ah gpugQ;rd; Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj; - cyf rpdpkhtpd; je;ij
jz;zhP ; jz;zPh;> Xh; ,e;jpaf; fdT Nfhky; jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf - ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; je;ij
Rthkpehjd;. fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; - Kj;jkpo;f; fhtyh;
,uhkypqf ; dhh; - Ml;rp nkhopf;fhtyh;
njhlUk; njhlh;Gk; mwpjy; mz; z hkiy nul;bahh; - rpe;JTf;F je;ij
,j;njhluhy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; rhd;Nwhh; H.A. fpUl;bzg;gpsi ; s fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh;
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; - M];jhd ftpQh;
jpUts;Sth; - nja;tg;Gyth;> ehd;Kfdhh;> khjhDgq;fp> ntq;flhryk; gpsi ; s fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;
nre;ehg;Nghjfh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; ehadhh;> Njth;> kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gpsi ; s kfhtpj;Jthd;
,uhkypqf ; mbfs; - ts;syhh;>mbfshh; ,uh.gp. NrJgps;is nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (,yf;fpak;)
jpUehTf;fuR - MSilauR kUs; ePff ; pahh;> mg;gh;> <.nt.fp. rk;gj; - nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (murpay;)
jz;lfNte;jh;
<.nt. uhkrhkp nghpahh;>gFj;jwpT gfytd;> Rakhpahijr;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - MSilag;gpsi ; s> jpuhtpl rpR
Rlh;
Re;juh; - MSila ek;gp
,uh[h[p - %jwpQh;
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; - Ngahh;
t.c. rpjk;gudhh; - nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;> fg;gNyhl;ba
fgpyh; - FwpQ;rpf; Nfhkhd; jkpod;> njd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh;
fk;gd; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp>fy;tpapy; nghpath;> fk;gh; f. Rg;gpukzpag; gpsi ; s f.R. gpsi; s
tPl;Lf; fl;Lj; jwpAk; ftpghLk;> tpUj;jnkDk; xz;ghtpy;
ntq;flhryk; gpsi ; s fue;ij ftpauR
cah;fk;gd;.
M.S. Rg;Gyl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy;
Nrf;fpohh; - njhz;lh; rPh; guTth;> cj;jkr; Nrhog;
gy;ytuhad;> gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;l ghba ftp Ntj ,uj;jpdg;gps;is rh;jhh;
tyt tp. KDrhkp jpUf;Fwshh;
Mz;lhs; - #bf;nfhbj;j Rlh;nfhb>itztk; je;j nra;Fj; jk;gpahh; - jrhtjhdp
nry;tp mg;Jy; ,uFkhd; - ftpfN; fh
gz;bif mryhk;gpif 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; mt;itahh; rpq;fhu Ntydhh; - Nk jpdk; fz;lth;
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpNkw;nfhs; Gyth; k.ngh.rptQhdk; - rpyk;Gr; nry;th;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - ghtyh; VW Re;juk; gps;is Nguhrphpah;
NjtNeag; ghtzh; - nkhopQhapW> nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; - gd;nkhopj; Gyth;
nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo; ngUq;fhtyh;> gz;bjh;> Gyth;>
Rujh ctikf;ftpQh;
tpj;Jthd;
Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is ftpkzp> Foe;ijf; ftpQh;
tPuftpuhah; - MRftp
,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhah; - rpj;jpuf;ftp
jpU.tp.f. - jkpo;j;njd;wy;>jkpo; Kdpth;> jkpo; nghpahh;>
njhopyhsh;fspd; je;ij jphpf$; luhrg;g ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;why ehjh; Nfhapy;
tpj;thd;
rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; -Njrpa ftp> kf;fs; ftp> tpLjiyf;
ftp> kfhftp> ePLJapy; ePff ; g; ghbte;j epyh> ghl;Lf;nfhU gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; - kf;fs; ftpQh;
Gytd;> GJf;ftpij je;ij> jw;fhyf; jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; cLkiy ehuhazf;ftp gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;
tpbnts;sp kUjfhrp jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;
Rg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; - ghNte;jh;> ghujpjhrdhh;> Gul;rpf; Rthkpehj Njrpfh; - <rhd Njrpfh;
ftpQh;> ,aw;iff; ftpQh;> GJikf; ftpQh; Kbaurd; - ftpauR
c.Nt. rhkpehijah; - *jkpo; jhj;jh khzpff ; thrfh; - mKJ mbaile;j md;gh;
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gpsi
; s - kfhtpj;Jthd;> etPdf; fk;gh; ey;yhjdhh; - nrUTLNjhs; ey;yhjd;> nry;tj;jpypUe;J
GJikg;gpj;jd; - rpWfij kd;dd; cshh; nrk;ky;
fy;fp ,uh. fpU\;z%h;j;jp rpWfij je;ij>tuyhw;W rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; - $ythzpfd; rPj;jiy rhj;jd;>
ehtypd; je;ij> jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;l;lh; ];fhl; jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd;
NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; - ehtyh; er;rpdhh;fpdpahh; - cr;rpNkw; Gyth;nfhs; er;rpdhh;fpdpah;
K. fjpNur nrl;bahh; - gz;bjkzp e.K. Ntq;flrhkp gz;bjkzp.
mwpQh; mz;zh NguwpQh;> njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;\h> jhuhghujp vOr;rp ftpQh;
njd;dhl;L fhe;jp> mz;zhJiu rhiy ,se;jpiuad; - vOr;rp rhd;Nwhh;> jpUg;GKidr;
K. tujuhrd; - jkpo;ehl;L ngh;dhl;\h rpej; idahsh;.
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; - ehlf je;ij mfehD}W neLe;njhif
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; - ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah; jpUj;jf;fNjth; - jpUj;jF Kdpth;> jpUj;jF kfh Kdpth;>
jpUj;jf;f kfhKdpfs;
,uhr mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahh; - jdpj;jkpo; ,irf;fhtyh;
ek;kho;thh; - guhq;Frjhh;> rlNfhgh;> Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j
thzpjhrd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;];nth;j;> ftpQNuW> khwd;.
ghtyh; kzp jpUg;ghzho;thh; - ek;ghLthd;
mo. ts;spag;gh Foe;ij ftpQh; tPukhKdpth; - jw;fhyj;jkpo; ciueilapd; Kd;Ndhb
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 24
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
neLQ;nropad; - ehtyh;
fhkuh[h; - gbf;fhj Nkij> fWg;G fhe;jp> fh;k tPuh;> fy;tp
fz; jpwe;jth;> fpq; Nkf;fh;
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp - ,uh[h[p> %jwpQh;
,uhgh;l;-bnehgpyp - jj;JtNghjfh;> jkpo; ciueilapd;
je;ij
mfj;jpah; - FWKdp
,sk;g+uzh; - ciuahrphpah;> ciuahrphpar; rf;futh;j;jp>
ciuahrphpah;fspd; jiyikahrphpah;
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpNkw;nfhs; Gyth;> ciufspy; ciu
fz;lth
fgpyh; - GydOf;fw;w me;jzhsd;> ey;ypirf; fgpyd;>
ngha;ah ehtpd; fgpyh;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - NjhLila nrtpad;> fhop ts;sy;>
NjhzpGuj; NjhzpGuj; njd;wy;> jpuhtpl rpR> MSila
gpsi ; s
jpUehTf;furh; - mg;gh;> jhz;lf Nte;jh;> thfPrh;> kUs;
ePff; pahh;> Njrk; ca;a te;jth;.
Re;juh; - td;njhz;lh;> jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;> ehtY}uhh;
khzpff ; thrfh; - mKJ mbaile;j md;gh;
Nrf;fpohh; - mUz;nkhopj;Njth;> cj;jkNrho gy;ytuhad;>
nja;tr; Nrf;fpohh;> njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh;
nghpaho;thh; - gl;lh; gpuhd;> Ntah;Nfhd;> tp\;Zrpj;jh;
Mz;lhs; - #bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahh>; itztk; je;j
nry;tp> Nfhij
ek;kho;thh; - rlNfhgd;> fhhpkhwd;> jkpo;khwd;> guhq;Frd;>
tFsg+\zd;
FyNrfuho;thh; - $lyh;Nfhd;> nfhy;yp$tyd;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; - gufhyd;> fypah;> kq;if Nte;jh;>
jpUkq;if kd;dh;> ehYftpg; ngUkhs;> Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j
khwd;> Mypehld;
jpUkopiraho;thh; - jpuhtpl Mr;rhhpahh;
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; - tpg;gpehuhazd;
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp jkpo; tpahrh;
xsitahh; - jkpo; %jhl;b
jpU%yh; - Kjy; rpj;jh;
fk;gh; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp> fy;tpapy; nghpath;
rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; - jz;lkpohrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w;
Gytd;
jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; - jkpo;g; Gyth;fSs; ,sturh;
GfNoe;jp ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gpsi ; s kfhtpj;thd;
jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;why ehjh;> Nfhapy;
tpj;thd;
kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is ePjpaurh;
gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh; - mofpa kzthsjhrh;>
jpt;tpaf;ftp> nja;tf;ftpQh;
,uhkypqf ; mbfshh; - ts;syhh;> mUl;gpufhrh;> XjhJ
czh;ej ; ngUkhs;> rd;khh;f;ftp> tlY}uhh;> ,iwaUs; ngw;w
jpUf;Foe;ij
ghujpjhrd; - Gul;rpf; ftpQh;> ghNte;jh;> GJikf;ftpQh;
,ul;ilg;Gyth;fs; - ,sQ;#hph;> KJ#hpah;
c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah; - jkpo;j;jhj;jh> kfhkNfhghj;jpaha
ghujpahh; - kfhftp Njrpa ftp> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;>
rpeJ ; f;Fj; je;ij> tpLjiyr; ftp> kf;fs; ftp> n\y;yp jhrd;>
jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> ePLJapy; ePf;fg;ghbte;j epyh>
vl;laGuj;Jf; ftp> GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij
rptg;gpufhrh; - fw;gidf; fsQ;rpak;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
nt. uhkypqf ; k; gpsi
; s ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
mo. ts;spag;gh Foe;ijf; ftpQh;
jpU. tp. fypahzRe;judhh; - jpU.tp.f jkpo;j;njd;wy;
GJikg;gpj;jd; - rpWfij kd;dd;
NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; - ehtyh;
,uhgh;l; - b nehgpyp jj;Jt Nghjfh;
tp.Nfh. #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;
thy;lh; ];fhl; - cyfr; rpWfijapd; je;ij
,uhrh. mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahh; - jdpj;jkpo; ,irf;
fhtyh;
b.Nf.rp urpfkzp
NjtNeag; ghthzh; - nkhop> QhapW> nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;>
nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g; ngUq;fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;Gg;
ngah;fs;.
cLkiy ehuhaz ftp gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;
mQ;riyak;khs; - njd;ehl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp
mk;G[j;jk;khs; - fhe;jpabfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs;
fe;jrhkp etPd jkpo;ehlf kWkyh;r;rpj; je;ij
rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; - ehlfj; jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiy>
jkpo; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;
it.K. NfhghyfpU\;zkhr;rhhpahh; - gpw;fhy ciuahrphpah;r;
rf;futh;j;jp.
ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; - jpuhtpl rh];jphp> jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;
gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh; - jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij
thzpjhrd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;];nthh;j;> ftpQNuW>
ghtyh; kzp
mEj;jkh jkpo;ehl;bd; N[d; M];bd;
b.Nf. rz;Kfk; rNfhjuh;fs; - jkpo;ehlf kWkyh;r;rpapd;
je;ij
,uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is nrhy;ypd; nry;th;
t.c.rpjk;gudhh; - fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;> nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;
<. Nt. uhkrhkp nghpahh;> gFj;jwpTg; gfytd;> Rakhpahijr;
Rlh;> ntz;jhb Nte;jh;
,uh[h[p - %jwpQh;
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ,uhkypqf ; dhh;- fhe;jpaf;ftpQh;
fhkuh[h; - ngUe;jiyth;> fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jth;
mUzfphpehjh; - re;jf;ftp
ngh.Nt. NrhkRe;judhh; - ngUkiog;Gyth;
K. fjpNurr; nrl;bahh; - kNfhkNfhghj;jpaha> gz;bjkzp
fUKj;J jpahfuhrr; nrl;bahh; - fiyj;je;ij
MWKf ehtyh; - gjpg;Gr; nrk;ky;
rp.gh. Mjpj;jdhh; - jkpoh; je;ij
fh. mg;ghj;Jiuahh; - gd;nkhopg;Gyth;
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fypahz Re;juk; - nghJTilikf; ftpQh;>
kf;fs; ftpQh;
k.ngh. rptQhdk; - rpyk;Gr; nry;th;
Re;ju uhkrhkp gRta;ah
khjta;ah; - Nfhzf; Nfhghyd;
Ntq;flukzp njd;dhl;Lj; jh$h;
Rujh ctikf; ftpQh;
fz;zjhrd; - fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;> tzq;fhKb> ghh;tjp
ehjd;> MNuhf;fparhkp> fkfg;gphpad;
fy;fp jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;lh; ];fhl;
R[hjh jkpo;ehl;bd; `hl;yp Nr];
fp.th. n[fe;ehjd; - jkpowpQh;
25
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
mz;zhJiu NguwpQh;> mz;zh> njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;\h ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; - jpuhtpl Ntjk;>
tp. KDrhkp jpUf;Fwshh; itzth;fspd; jkpo; Ntjk;.
ghyRg;ukzpad; - rpw;gp jpUke;jpuk; - jkpo; %thapuk;
eh. fhkuhrd; - thdk;ghbf; ftpQh; fUzhkp h ; j rhfuk; -,irg; Nghpyf;fzk;
=NtZNfhghyd; - G\;gh jq;fJiu %Jiu thf;Fz;lhk;
Mj;khehk; - v];.Nf. kJ#jd; ntw;wp Ntw;if eWe;njhif
vd;. v]; fpU\;zd; - fiythzh; Nekpehjk; - rpdD ; }y;
vk;.[p. uhkr;re;jpud; - kf;fs; jpyfk;> vk;.[p.Mh;> Gul;rp ebfh;> Vyhjp - Fl; b j; jp U f; Fws;
,jaf;fdp jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh MjpAyh> Qhdcyh
vk;.Mh;. uhjh ebfNts; gonkhop - %Jiu> KJnkhop> cyf trdk;> gonkhop>
vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy; ehD}W
nra;Fj;jk;gp ghtyh; - fw;gidf; fsQ;rpak; gd;dpU ghl;bay; - ntz;ghg; gl;bay;
Ntjuj;jpdk; gpsi ; s rh;jhh; rp t Qhd Nghjk; NgUiu - rptQhd khghbak;
mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; - mz;zhkiy ftpuh[d; ,yf; f z tp s f; f k; - Fl;bj;
njhy;fhg;gpak;
jpU.tp.f. jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij
jpUf;fUitg; gjpw;Wg; gj;je;jhjp Fl;bj; jpUthrfk;
ituKj;J ftpg;NguuR
ngUq;fij nfhq;F Ntsph; khf;fij
th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp FNyhj;Jq;fd;
fk;guhkhazk; - topE}y;> ,uhkhtjhuk;
mg;Jy; uFkhd; - ftpf;Nfh
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - jkpopd; Kjy; fhg;gpak;> Kjy; E}y;>
,aw;ngah; mwpej ; ngah; Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak;> rKjhaf;
fhg;gpak;> jkpohpd; Njrpaf;fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;>
Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; - Fzq;Fb k];jhd;
ehlff; fhg;gpak;> topE}y; vd;Dk; E}y; tifAs; Kjy;
fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; - ghujpjhrd; E}y;
kUzPf;fpahh; - jpUehTf;furh; kzpNkfiy kzpNkfiyj; JwT
,uhikah - Nguhrphpah; f. md;gofd; rPtfrpej ; hkzp kz E}y;
fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg;ng];fp - tPukhKdpth;
ePyNfrp ePyk;> ePyNfrpj; njUl;L
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp njd;jkpo; nja;tg;guzp
(ii) milnkhopahy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;fs;
jpUf;Nfhitahh; - ,uhrhf; Nfhit
,aw;if Xtpak; - gj;Jg;ghl;L
jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp Fwk;> FwtQ;rp ehlfk;>
,aw;if ,d;gf;fyk; - fypj;njhif
FwtQ;rp ehl;bak;
,aw;if tho;tpy;yk; - jpUf;Fws;
cyh cyhg;Gwk;
,aw;if ,d;g tho;T epiyaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy jhAkhdth; ghly;fs; - jkpo;nkhopapd; cgepljk;
,aw;if jtk; - rPtfrpej ; hkzp ew;wpiz ey;
,aw;if ghpzhkk; - fk;guhkhazk; Njthuk; - nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;lg;ngw;w
ghkhiy
,aw;if md;G - nghpa Guhzk;
Njk;ghtzp thlhj khiy
,aw;if ,iwaUs- Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;>
jpUtha;nkhopfs;. mfehD}W neLe;njhif
fypj;njhif - fw;wwpeN; jhh; Vj;Jk; njhif> gonkhop gonkhop ehD}W
E}w;iwk;gJ fyp
GwehD}W - jkpo;f; fUt+yk;
gl;bdg;ghiy - tQ;rp neLk;ghl;L
ghpghly; - ghpg;ghl;L
kiygLflhk; - $j;juhw;Wg;gil
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - KUF> Gytuhw;Wg;gil
Ky;iyg;ghl;L - neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
jpUf;Fws; - Kg;ghy;> Kg;ghD}y;> nja;t
E}y;> jkpo; kiw> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiu tho;jJ>
nghJkiw> cj;jpuNtjk;> jpUts;Stg; gad;><ub
ntz;gh
ehybahh; - ehyb ehD}W> Ntshz; Ntjk;
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp mwTiuf; Nfhit
ife;epiy - Ie;jpiz mWgJ
jpUg;ghit - ghitg;ghl;L
jpUtha;nkhop - jpuhtpl Ntjk;
nghpa Guhzk; - jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 26

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
Nkw;Nfhs;fs; - ,lk;ngw;Ws;s E}y;
ew;wpiz
Ke;ij apUe;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd;
eQ;Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhp fh;
FWe;njhif
ahAk; QhAk; ahuh fpaNuh
ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiwf; Nfsph;
nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh; Nghy
md;Gil neQ;Rk; jhk;fye; jdNt
tpidNa Mlth;f;F capNu thZjy;
kidAiw kfsph;f;F Mlth; caph;
Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;
fypj;njhif
kj;jk; gpzpj;j fapWNghy; epd;epyk;
Rw;wpr; RoYk; vd; neQ;R
Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ xd;W myhe;jhh;f;F cjTjy;
Nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ Gzh;e;jhiug; Ghpahik
gz;G vdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOfy;
md;G vdg;gLtJ jd; fpis nrwh mik
mwpT vdg;gLtJ Ngijahh;nrhy; Nehd;wy;
nghiw vdg;gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;
GwehD}W
ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;
Gfnodpd; capUk; nfhLf;Fth; gopnadpd;
cyFld; ngwpDk; nfhs;syh;
nghpNahiu tpaj;jYkpyNk> rpwpNahiu
,fo;jy; mjdpD kpyNk
<d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd; jiyf;flNd
rhd;Nwhd; Mf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd
khdk; mope;jgpd; thohik Kd; ,dpNj
tytd; Vth thdt+h;jp
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;jut huh
jkf;nfd Kayh Nehd;whs;
gpwh;f;nfd KaYeh; cz;ikahNd
ney;Yk; capud;Nw ePUk; capud;Nw
kd;dd; caph;j;Nj kyh;jiy cyfk; (Nkhrp
fPudhh;)
ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPuhapDk;
my;yJ nra;jy; xk;Gkpd; (ehpnt&Tj; jiyahh;)
cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl
gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xh; xf;Fk;Nk
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy; (kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh;
kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;)
jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; - gjpw;Wg;gj;J
nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if mQ;rpiw Jk;gp
fhkk; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh
jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;
tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkhp Mapilj;
jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; - ed;D}y; (gtze;jp
Kdpth;)
xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJ Ek;FbNa
,UtPh; Ntwy; ,aw;ifAk; md;Nw Nfht+h;fpohh;
fz;tdg;G fz;Nzhl;lk; fhy;tdg;G nry;yhik
rpWgQ;r%yk;
Mj;jpr;#b
jd;neQ;Nr jd;idr; RLk;
mwk; nra tpUk;G
ijay; nrhy; NfNsy;
vz; vOj;J ,fNoy;
xstpak; NgNry;
ey;top
rhjpapuz;nlhopa Ntwpy;iy
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gkpit
ehd;Fk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; -
Mz;lhz;LNjhWk; mOJ Guz;lhYk; khz;Nlhh;
tUtNuh
ntw;wp Ntw;if
vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; MFk;
NfSk; fpisAk; nfl;lhh;f;F ,y;iy
fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw
gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw (eWe;njhif)
Xjhky; xU ehSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;
xUtiuAk; nghy;yhq;F nrhy;y Ntz;lhk; - cyf
ePjp
jpUg;ghit
nts;sp vOe;J tpahod; cwq;fpw;W
khh;fopj; jpq;fs; kjpepiwe;j ed;dhshk;
mz;lg;gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk; - jpUthrfk;
nfhd;iw Nte;jd;:
md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;
<ahh; Nfl;ilj; jPahh; nfhs;thh;
vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzdj; jFk;
jhapw; rpwe;j NfhapYk; ,y;iy
je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpukpy;iy
jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL
Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk;
Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl; nfy;yhk;
Xjypy; rpwe;jd;(W) xOf;fk; cilik
fhjypy; rpwe;jd;W fz;zQ;rpg; gLjy; -
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; klths;
jdf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;th; - ehd;kzpf;fbif
Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj
Rythiur; rhuh tpLjy; ,dpNj - ,dpait ehw;gJ
gonkhop
Qhapw;iwf; if kiwg;ghh; ,y;
tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
Mw;wTk; fw;whh; mwpTilahh; m/Jilahh;
ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy
Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePh; neQ;R Rlj;jhd;jd;
mUk;ngwy; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd;
kd;gij fhf;Fe; njd;Gyq; fhty;
vd;Kjw; gpioj;jj nfLfntd; MAs;
g/Wsp Mw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf;
Fkhpf; NfhLk; nfhLq;fly; nfhy;y
cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;fhpatd; - nghpa Guhzk;
xlf; fhz;gJ g+k;Gdy; nts;sk;
thlf; fhz;gJ kpd;dhh; kUq;F
Nghlf; fhz;gJ g+kpapy; tpj;J
Njlf; fhz;gJ ey;ywk; fPh;j;jp jpUf;Fw;whyf;
FwtQ;rp
nts;sj;Nj NghfhJ> nte;jzypy; NtfhJ
Nte;juhYk; nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahjJ. nfhLj;jhYk;
epiwtpd;wpf; FiwahJ - tpNtf rpe;jhkzp
fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj Kd;Njhd;wpa
%j;jf; Fb - Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy
Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w khdtDf;F
tFg;gJ guzp - ,yf;fz tpsf;fg;ghl;bay;.
mz;zYk; Nehf;fpdhd; mtSk; Nehf;fpdhs;
,UtUk; khwpg;Gf;F ,jak; va;jpdh; - rPij uhkd;
re;jpg;G
27
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
kzpNkfiy
kz;jpdp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;f; nry;yhk;
cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu
,sikAk; epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh tstpa
thd;nghUs; nry;tKk; epy;yh
grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp
mhpah rdKdf;Nf ahdhy; cdf;Fr;
rhpahFk; cz;Nlh jkpNo
jpj;jpf;Fe; njs;sKjkha;j; njs;sKjpd; Nkyhd
Kj;jpf; fdpNa vd; Kj;jkpNo jkpo;tpL J}J
thDW kjpia mile;jJd; tjdk;
kwpfly; GFe;jJd; fPh;j;jp ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;
$w;W ahh; $wpaJ?
MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; - Gj;jh;
jpUehTf;furh;
fw;Wiz g+l;b Xh; flypy; gha;r;rpDk; ew;Wiz
ahtJ ekr;rpthaNt
vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj
ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;
Vkhg;Nghk; gpzpawpNthk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;
Fdpj;j GUtKk; nfht;itr; nrt;thapw; Fkpz;
rphpg;Gk;
tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha; $Nwd; : nka; $Wty; -
kUjdpy ehfdhh;
nry;tj;Jg;gaNd <jy; - ef;fPuh;
<nad ,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjndjph;
<Nandd;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W
nfhs;nsdf; nfhLj;jy; cah;e;jd;W mjndjph;
nfhs;Nsd; vd;wy; mjdpDk; cah;e;jd;W
fiojpd; ahidahh; (GwehD}W)
Nfhy;Nehf;fp thOk; FbNghy; ,Ue;Njd; - FyNrfu
Mo;thh;
xsitahh;
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;
E}y; gy fy;
,sikapy; fy;
E}ysNt MFkhk; Ez;zwpT
Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk;
mZitj; Jisj;Njo; fliyAk; FWfj; jwpj;jf;
Fws;
jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL
kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; -
,ay;tJ fuNty;
ehlhF xd;Nwh fhlhf xd;Nwhh
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd
<tJ tpyf;Nfy;
vWk;Gk; jd; ifahy; vz;rhz;
fw;wJ ifkz; msT fy;yhjJ cyfsT
kjpahjhh; Kw;wk; kjpj;njhUfhw; nrd;W kpjpahik
NfhbAWk;
cz;zPh; cz;zPh; vd;W Cl;lhjhh; jk;kidapy;
cz;zhik NfhbAWk;
Nfhb nfhLj;Jk; Fbg;gpwe;jhh; jk;NkhL $LtNj
NfhbAWk;
NfhlhD Nfhb nfhLg;gpDk; jd;Dila
ehf;Nfhlhik NfhbAWk;
fhAil ney;nyhL fUk;G mikj;Jf;
fl;b mhprp mts; mikj;J
thAil kiwath; ke;jpuj;jhy; - Mz;lhs;
jpUts;Sth;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
cOJz;L tho;thNu ke;jpuj;jhy;
,ay;gpdhd; ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtd;
md;gpd; topaJ caph;epiy
mwptw;wq; fhf;Fk; fUtp
vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk;
ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF
gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk;
jpU%yh;
ehd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngUf ,t;itafk;
clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;Njd;
clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;
xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;
cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;
vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;> jd;id
ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhW
itNjhiuf; $l itahNj - ,e;j
itak; KOJk; ngha;j;jhYk; ngha;ahNj
fLntspr;rpj;jh;
Kg;ghy; mwpe;j Kjw;gh tpyh; xg;ghh; vg;gh gyhpDk;
,y; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw
gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw mjptPuuhk
ghz;bad;
jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk;
QhapW Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk;
khkiy Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk; -
,sq;Nfhtbfs;
cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw
xU Fbg; gpwe;j gy;NyhUs;Sk;
%j;Njhd; tUf vd;dhJ mtUs;
mwpTil Nahdh wuRk; nry;Yk; vd;W ghbath; -
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;
guzpf;Nfhh; n[aq;nfhz;lhd; - gygl;lilr;
nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;
njd;wkpo; nja;tg; guzp xl;lf;$j;jh;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; jut huh fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh;
nghd;De; JfpUk; Kj;Jk; kd;dpa
khkiyg; gae;j fhkUkzpAk; - fz;zfdhh;
(GwehD}W)
,uhkypq;f mbfshh; - ts;syhh;
grpj;jpU> jdpj;jpU> tpopj;jpU
mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp jdpg;ngUq;fUiz
thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;
fz;%bg; gof;fnky;yhk; kz;%bg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;
xj;jhUk; cah;e;jhUk; jho;e;jhUk; vtUk;
xUikAsh; Mfp cyfpay; elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
caphpuf;fNk Nghpd;g tPl;bd; jpwTNfhy;
rq;flk; tpistpf;Fkj; rhjpiaAk; kjj;ijAk;
jtph;j;Njd; ,itnay;yhk; rpWgps;is tpisahl;L
vj;JizAk; NgjKwhJ vt;TapUk;
jk;Kaph; Nghy; vz;zp cs;Ns
fz;zpy; fye;jhd; fUj;jpy; fye;jhd;vd;
vz;zpy; fye;Nj ,Uf;fpd;whd;
ngz;zpDs; MZk;> MzpDs; ngz;Zk;
vz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp
kz;Zyfj;jpNy caph;fs; jhk; tUe;Jk;
tUj;jj;ij xU rpwpnjdpDk; fz;Zw ghh;j;Jk;
nrtpAw Nfl;Lk; fzKk; ehd; rfpj;jpl khl;Nld;
fiyAzh;e;j fw;gidNa epiynadf;
nfhz;lhLk; tof;fnky;yhk; kz;%bg; Nghf
28
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwnkhd;W NgRNthh; cwT
fsthik Ntz;Lk;
vy;NyhUk; ,d;Gw;wpUf;f epidg;gJNt ay;yhky;
Ntnwhd; wwpNad; guhguNk
jhAkhdth;
md;igg; ngUf;fp vdJ MUapiuf; fhf;f te;j
,d;gg; ngUf;Nf! ,iwNa! guhguNk!
fk;gh;
Xh; mZtpidr; rjf;$wpl;l NfhzpDk; csd;
clk;gpilj; Njhd;wpw; nwhd;iw mwpe;jJd;
cjpu%w;wp mly;cwr; Rl;L Ntnwhh; kUe;jpdhy;
Jauk; jPh;th;
fz;lth; tpz;byh;> tpz;lth; fz;byh; -
uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rh;
jpUe;jpa gz;Gk; rPh;j;j ehfhPfKk; nghUe;jpa
j}a;nkhop jkpo; nrk;nkhopahk; - ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;.
thnyq;Nf ePz;L vOe;j ty;Yfp nuq;Nf? ehY
fhnyq;Nf? Cd; tbe;j fz;nzq;Nf?
ftpfhsNkfk;
ghujpahh;
ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;
fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp
fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh
rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh
ngz; tpLjiy Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;
vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;
mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa
Xb tpisahL ghg;gh eP
Xa;e;jpUf;fyhfhJ ghg;gh
MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk; nra;Nthk;
Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tpr; rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;
ngw;w jhAk; gpwe;j nghd;dhLk; ew;wt thdpDk;
edprpwe;jdNt
xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T
ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;
jz;zPh; tpl;lh tsh;j;Njhk; fz;zPuhy; fhj;Njhk;
nrg;Gnkhop gjpndl;Lilahs; vdpy; rpe;jid
xd;Wilahs;
coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk;
ghuj ehL gok; ngUk; ehL ePh;
mjd; Gjy;th; ,e;epidT mfw;whjPh;
ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy;
,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;
nrd;wpLtPh; vl;Lj; jpf;Fk; fiyr; nry;tq;fs;
ahTk; nfhzh;e;jpq;F Nrh;g;gPh;
fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW
fz;lNjhh; itia nghUie ejp
fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL
Gfo;f; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL
neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Nwhh;
kzp Muk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL
ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg;Nghy;>
ts;Std;Nghy; ,sq;Nfhtidg;Nghy;
g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J
thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL
jdpnahUtDf;F cztpiy vdpy;
[fj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;
fk;g ehld; ftpijapw; Nghy;
fw;Nwhh;f;F ,jak; fspahNj
Mapuk; cz;bq;F rhjp vdpy; md;dpah;
te;J Gfnyd;d ePjp
ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL ek; ghuj ehL
ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ vd;gjwpe;Njhk;
fhrpefh;g; Gytd; ghLk; ciujhd;
fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;
tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy;
ikaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;
MLNthNk gs;S ghLNthNk Mde;j
Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W
thopa nre;jkpo;! thopa ew;wkpoh;!
nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy ,d;gj; Njd;
te;JghAJ fhjpdpNy
gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; rhj;jpuq;fs;
- jkpo;nkhopapw; ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;
,wthj GfOila GJ E}y;fs;
jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;
ghiyg; nghope;J jUk; ghg;gh me;jg;
gRkpf ey;yjb ghg;gh!
taypy; cOJ tUk; khL mjid
Mjhpf;f NtZkb ghg;gh!
nts;spg; gdpkiyapd;kPJ cyhTNthk;
Nkiyf; fly KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;
Kg;gJ Nfhb KfKilahs;
epfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr ,e;j
ePzpyk; tho;g tnuy;yhk;
jfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr
ngha;k;ikr; rhjptFg;gpid vy;yhk;
Nkiyf; fly; KOJk fg;gy; tpLNthk;
tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhypf;ff;
nfhl;b ,irj;jpLNkhh; $l;lKjg; ghl;L
Fk;kpahl;lk; gw;wp ghujpahh;
,je;jU kidapd; ePq;fp> ,lh;kpF rpiwg;gl;lhYk;
Rje;jpu Njtp> epd;id njhOjply; kwf;fp NyNd
,d;gf; fijfnsy;yhk; - cd;idg;Nghy; VLfs;
nrhy;tJz;Nlh
md;G jUtjpNy cid Neh; MFNkhh;
nja;tKz;Nlh
Njbr;NrhW epje;jpd;W gy rpd;dQ;rpW fijfs;
Ngrp ehd; tPo;Ntndd;W epidj;jhNah
mwk; ngUFk; jkpo; gbj;jhy;> mfj;jpy; xsp
ngUFk;
jpwk; ngUFk; cuk; ngUFk; jPikf; nfjph; epw;Fk; -
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.
fy;iyj;jhd; kz;izj;jhd; fha;r;rpj;jhd;
Fbf;fj;jhd; fw;gpj; jhdh? - ,uhkr;re;jpuf;
ftpuhah;
ghujpjhrd;
jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh;
GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk;
vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh
ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itaNk
nfhiy thspid vLlh
29
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ntF nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt
,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;
rhjp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gtDk; ,Uf;fpd;whNd
fy;tp ,y;yhj ngz; fsh; epyk; Nghd;wts;
vq;fs; gifth; vq;Nfh kiwe;jhh;
,q;Fs;s jkpoh;fs; xd;whjy; fz;Nl
jpq;fNshLk; nrOk;ghpjp jd;NdhLk;
tpz;NzhLk; cLf;fNshLk; kq;Fd;fly;
,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;
tho;tpdpy; nrk;ikiar; nra;gts; ePNa
mfu Kjyp xd;iw ehSk; gbj;J tUtha;
epfhpyhj nrhw;fs; epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha;
kioNa kioNa th th ey;y
thdpy; kioNa th th ,t;
itaj; jKNj th th
njs;S jkpo;eil rpd;dQ;rpwpa ,uz;lbfs;
,izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj Fwspd;
ngUik
njhz;L nra;J gOj;jgok;
J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk;
kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF njhOk;
kdf; Fifapy; rpWj;ij vOk; - nghpahh; gw;wp
nrj;Jk; nfhLj;j rPjf;fhjp gbf;fhRg; Gyth;
fz;zjhrd;
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is
cs;sj; Js;sJ ftpij ,d;gk; cUntLg;gJ
ftpij
nta;apw;Nfw;w epoYz;L tPRnjd;wy; fhw;Wz;L
ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L fyrk; epiwa kJTz;L
kq;ifa uhfg; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y
khjtQ; nra;jpl Ntz;L kk;kh
Njhl;lj;jpy; NkAJ nts;isg;gR
mq;Nf Js;spf; Fjpf;FJ fd;Wf;Fl;b
NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; RitNjWk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rhiyfspy; gy njhopy;fs; ngUf Ntz;Lk;
rhiyfspNy jkpo; vOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk;.
fy;iyg; gpire;J fdpahf;Fk; nre;jkpopd;
nrhy;iy kzpahfj; njhLj;jtDk; ePjhNdh
fhiy khiy cyhtp epjk; fhw;W thq;fp tUNthhpd;
fhiyj; njhl;Lf; Fk;gpl;L fhyd; Xbg;NghthNd
ehlf rhiynahj;j ew;fyhrhiy xd;W
ePLyfpy; cz;Nlh epfo;j;J
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is
jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mth;f;Nfhh;
FzKz;L
jkpondd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh
fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ
ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs;
ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf; nfhs;
mkpo;jk; mtSila nkhopahFk; md;Ng
mtSila topahFk;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
khdk; nghpnjd caph; tpLthh;
jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L
jdpNa mth;f;Nfhh; FzKz;L
ghl;lhsp kf;fsJ grp jPu Ntz;Lk;
gznkd;w Nkhfj;jpd; tpir jPu Ntz;Lk;
#jpDk; #jhdJ ahnjdpd; #jpDk;
#Nj #jh dJ gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh;
mwpQh; mz;zh
vijAk; jhq;Fk; ,jak; Ntz;Lk;
flik> fz;zpak;> fl;Lg;ghL
khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J ky;ypiff;Fk; kzKz;L
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fypahzRe;judhh;
cr;rpkiyapNy CWk; mUtpfs; xNu topapy;
fyf;FJ xw;Wikapy;yh kdpj Fyk; cah;T jho;T
tsf;FJ
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; - me;jj;
jpwikjhd; ekJ nry;tk;
tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk;
Nt&d;wpa ehs; Kjy; caph; nkhop ghtyNuW
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.
nre;jkpo;r; nrhy;nyLj;J ,ir njhLg;Ngd;
tz;zr;
re;jj;jpNy ftpijr; ruk; njhLg;Ngd;
vy;NyhUk; vy;yhKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; ,q;f
,y;yhik ,y;yhj epiy Ntz;Lk;
ehd; epue;jukhdtd; moptjpy;iy
ve;j epiyapYk; vdf;F kuzkpy;iy
Nghw;WNthh; Nghw;wl;Lk; GOjpthhp J}w;WNthh;
J}w;wl;Lk; njhlh;e;J nrhy;Ntd; Vw;wnjhU
fUj;ij vdJs;sk; vd;why; vth;thpDk; epy;Nyd;
mQ;Nrd;
Mq;fpyNkh gpwnkhopNah gapd;Wtpl;lhy;
md;idnkhop NgRjw;F ehZfpd;w
jPq;Fil kdg;Nghf;fh; thOk; ehl;by;
njd;gLNkh nkhopAzh;r;rp! Kbaurd;
ehd; jdpahf thotpy;iy. jkpNohL tho;fpNwd; -
jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh;
gid kuj;jpypUe;J tpOe;J gpioj;jtDk; cz;L.
tay; tug;G tOf;fp ,we;jtDk; cz;L
gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;
Vh;Kidf;F epfhpq;Nf vJTkpy;iy kUjfhrp
Ntypf;F ntspNa jiyia ePl;ba vd; fpisfis
ntl;ba Njhl;lf;fhuNd! Ntypf;F mbapy; eOTk;
vd; Nth;fis vd;d nra;tha;? mg;Jy; uFkhd;
(ghy; tPjp ftpijj; njhFg;G)
30
 jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
vjph;r;nrhy;

md;G x gif jz;ik x ntk;ik ctj;jy; x fha;jy;

,dpa x ,d;dhj ngUik x rpWik cs;ehL x ntspehL
,opT x cah;T vspJ mhpJ cs;Sh; x ntspA+h;
,lk; x tyk; Xa;T ciog;G Cly; x $ly;
,k;ik x kWik Nehjy; - jzpjy; vjph;j;jhh; x tuNtw;whh;
,d;dh x ,dpa jl;gk; - ntg;gk; vspJ x mhpJ
cwq;F x tpop fdT x edT Vw;wk; x jho;T
Vw;wk; x ,wf;fk; kyh;jy; x $k;Gjy; VW x ,wq;F
goik x GJik mUF x ngUF xUik x gd;ik
ngUik x rpWik goik x GJik xw;Wik x Ntw;Wik
ntd;W x Njhw;W tPud; x Nfhio Xq;fpaJ x jho;e;jJ
FO x jdp ,fo;e;J x Gfo;e;J Xq;Fjy; x xLq;Fjy;
njhd;ik x mz;ik mhpaJ x vspaJ fQ;rk; x jhuhsk;
jd; x gpw milg;G x jpwg;G fl;Ljy; x mtpo;jy;
vspa x mhpa mUik x vspik ftdk; x kwjp
vl;ba x vl;lh mUs; x kUs; fspg;G x Jauk;
nrk;ik x fUik ntw;wp x Njhy;tp fw;wy; x fy;yhik
jPJ x ed;W el;G x gif fdT x edT
$b x gphpe;J vl;lh x vl;ba fUik x ntz;ik
ek;gp x eq;if Kjd;ik x ,Wjp fhf;f x tpLf
jpz;kk; x ePhk
; k; Jd;gk; x ,d;gk; fhyk; x mfhyk;
jz;ik x ntk;ik kwg;gJ x epidg;gJ fho;g;G x eag;G
fhL x ehL njhd;ik x GJik Fzk; x Fw;wk;
ePz;L x FWfp Njhd;w x kiwa FiwT x epiwT
thq;fy; x tpw;wy; tsh;r;rp x Njf;fk; $ly; x gphpjy;
jiy x fil mfefh; x Gwefh; nfhL x thq;F
Nghw;wp x J}w;wp mfg;nghUs; x Gwg;nghUs; nfhLik x nrk;ik
fha; x fdp mfk; x Gwk; nfhs;tpid x nfhLg;gpid
vd;dplk; x ck;kplk; mq;F x ,q;F rQ;ryk; x JzpT> njspT
njU x nfhy;iy mfYjy; x fpl;Ljy; rj;J x mrj;J
jd;dyk; x gpwh;eyk; me;jk; x Mjp rhe;jk; x cf;fpuk;
Nja;e;J x tsh;e;J mb x Kb rhd;Nwhd; x %ld;
jdpahf x $l;lhf mz;ik x Nra;ik rpwg;G x ,opT
NghL x vL mhpJ x vspJ nra;ahh; x nra;thh;
Nrkpj;jhh; x nrytopj;jhh; mU x kUs; Rfk; x Jf;fk;
fdT x edT mt;tplk; x ,t;tplk; Rgk; x mRgk;
tWik x tsik mwk; x kwk; RUf;fk; x ngUf;fk;
GJik x goik Mf;fk; x NfL nrq;Nfhy; x nfhLq;Nfhy;
,aw;if x nraw;if Mz;lhd; x mbik nry;tk; x tWik
mfk; x Gwk; Mq;F x<q;F nryT x tuT
tho;T x jho;T Mir x epuhir Nra;ik x mz;ik
tho;j;jy; x J}w;wy; Mz;L x<z;L Nrh;j;jy; x gphpj;jy;
epid x kw ,fo;r;rp x Gfo;r;rp nrsf;fpak; x mnrsf;fpak;
NfL x eyk; ,ir x tir jf;ftd; x jfhjtd;
gpio x jpUj;jk; ,ize;J x jdpj;J jl;gk; x ntg;gk;
J}a;ik x khR ,uT x gfy; je;eyk; x gpwh;eyk;
Gfo; x ,fo; ,Us; x xsp jtk; x mtk;
ed;ik x jPik ,yhgk; x e\;lk; jOT x js;S
,dpa x ,d;dh ,sik x Kjik js;Sjy; x js;shik
ntz;ik x fUik ,d;nrhy; x td;nrhy; jz;ik x neha;ik
mikjp x Fog;gk; ,dpaJ x ,d;dhjJ jPik x ed;ik
,ir x tir cr;re;jiy x cs;sq;fhy; Jf;fk; x Rfk;
Gfo; x ,fo; cz;L x ,y;iy J}a;ik x fyg;G
Nkij x Ngij cah;T x jho;T njhif x tphp

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 31


Njhy;tp x ntw;wp
Njhd;Wf x kiwf
ez;gfy; x es;spuT
ey;yJ x nfl;lJ
ey;top x my;top
ew;Fzk; x jPf;Fzk;
ed;ik x jPik
ehw;wk; x J}h;ehw;wk;
epahak; x mepahak;
epidT x kwjp
ePz;l x Fwfpa
ePjp x mePjp
Ez;ik x gUik
Nerk; x gif
gUj;jy; x rpWj;jy;
gs;sk; x NkL
ghyh; x tpUj;jh;
ghtk; x Gz;zpak;
gpbj;jy; x tpLjy;
gpzf;fk; x ,zf;fk;
Gfo;r;rp x ,fo;r;rp
GjpaJ x gioaJ
G+hpj;jy; x thLjy;
nghpaJ x rphpaJ
ngUk;ghd;ik x rpWghd;ik
Ngjk; x mNgjk;
ngha; x nka; (nka;ik)
ngha;ik x ngha;ahik
Nghyp x mry;
kq;fyk; x mkq;fyk;
kbjy; x tphpjy;
khpahij x mtkhpahij
kUs; x njUs;
kiwjy; x ntspg;gly;
Kd;G x gpd;G
Kw;gfy; x gpw;gfy;
%L x jpw
%Njtp x rPNjtp
nkd;ik x td;ik
Nkij x Ngij
NkNyhh; x fPNohh;
Nkw;nfhs;f x iftpLf
tuT x nryT
tyg;Gwk; x ,lg;Gwk;
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER
jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
tisjy; x epkph;jy; nfhLj;jhh; x nfhLj;jpyh;
tw;wpa x jsph;j;j rphpj;jJ x rphpj;jpyJ
tho;T x jho;T rphpf;Fk; x rphpahJ
tho;f x tPo;f nrd;wd x nrd;wpy
tpUg;G x ntWg;G nry;Yk; x nry;yh
tpNtfp x mtpNtfp Nrh;e;jha; x Nrh;e;jpiy
tPud; x Nfhio Nrh;tha; x Nruha;
ntk;ik x jz;ik jpd;whd; x jpd;wpyd;
Ntz;Ljy; x Ntz;lhik jpd;ghd; x jpd;dhd;
mirfpwhd; x mirfpd;wpyd; Nja;e;jd x Nja;e;jpy
mirthd; x mirahd; NjAk; x Njah
milAk; x milah njhl;lhd; x njhl;byd;
mizfpwhs; x mizf;fpd;wys; njhLths; x njhlhs;
mizths; x mizahs; Njhz;byh; x Njhz;bw;wpyh;
mOthh; x mohh; Njhz;Lthh; x Njhz;lhh;
mWk; x mwhJ ele;jha; x ele;jpiy
Mbd; x Mlh eLq;fpd x eLq;fpw;wpy
Mo;thh; x Mohh; eLq;Fk; x eLq;fh
,bj;jJ x ,bj;jpyJ epd;whd; x epd;wpyd;
,bf;Fk; x ,bahJ epw;ghs; x epy;yhs;
,ak;gpdhs; x ,ak;gpyd; epw;fpd;wd x epw;fpd;wpy
,ak;Gthh; x ,ak;ghh; ePe;Jfpd;wdh; x ePe;Jfpd;wpyh;
<e;jhh; x<e;jpyh; nehe;jid x nehe;jpiy
<tha; x<aha; NehT x Nehfha;
cz;lha; x cz;biy ghLfpwha; x ghLfpd;wpiy
CJfpd;wJ x CJfpd;wpyJ ghh;j;jhd; x ghh;j;jpyd;
CJf x Cjhj ghh;g;ghd; x ghuhd;
vOe;Njd; x vOe;jpNyd; kbe;jhh; x kbe;jpyh;
vONtd; x vNod; kbthh; x kbahh;
Vw;wha; x Vw;wpiy te;jhd; x te;jpyhd;
Vw;gha; x Vyha; tUfpwhd; x tUfpd;wpyd;
xope;jha; x xope;jpiy tUthd; x thuhd;
xoptha; x xopaha; tUk; x thuh
Xbd x Xbw;wpy; tUfpd;wd x tUfpd;wpy
XLk; x Xlh tho;tha; x thoha;
fw;whd; x fw;wpyd; tpl;ld x tpl;by
fw;ghd; x fy;yhd; tpLk; x tplh
fhz;gha; x fhzha; tPo;e;Njd; x tPo;e;jpNyd;
fhg;gha; x fhtha; tPo;Ntd; x tPNod;
Fbj;jd x Fbj;jpy nte;jhh; x nte;jpyh;
Fbah x Fbf;Fk; itf;fpwhh; x itf;fpd;wpyh;
$tpaJ x $tpw;wpyJ ,Lk;ig x,d;gk;
$Tk; x $thJ
Nfl;fpwha; x Nfl;fpd;wpiy
32
 mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fz ml;ltiz
I. Kjw;nghUs; ml;ltiz:
Kjw;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy
,lk; kiy & kiy rhh;e;j ,lk; fhL & fhL tay; & tay; fly; & fly; kzy; & kzy;
rhh;e;j ,lk; rhh;e;j ,lk; rhh;e;j ,lk; rhh;e;j ,lk;
ngUk;nghOJ $jph; fhyk; & fhh; fhyk; MW ngUk; MW ngUk; ,sNtdpy;>
Kd;gdpf;fhyk; nghOJfs; nghOJfs; KJNtdpy;
gpd;gdp
rpWnghOJ ahkk; khiy itfiw vw;ghL ez;gfy;

ngUk; nghOJfs;: 1. fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp 2. $jph; (Fsph;) fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif 3. Kd;gdp khh;fop> ij
4. gpd;gdp khrp> gq;Fdp 5. ,sNtdpy; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp 6. KJNtdpy; - Mdp> Mb.

II. fUg;nghUs; ml;ltiz:

fUg;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy

nja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; nfhw;wit
kf;fs; ntw;gd;> Njhd;wy;> Mah;> Cud;>coth;> Nrh;g;gd;> gujh;> vapdh;> vapw;wpah;
Fwtd;> Ma;r;rpah; coj;jpah; guj;jpah;
Fwj;jpah;
czT kiyney;> tuF> rhik nre;ney; kPDk;> kPd;-cg;G #iwahlyhy;
jpid tpw;gjhy; tUk; tUk; nghUs;
nghUSk;
tpyq;F Gyp> fub> rpq;fk; Kay;> khd; vUik> ePh;eha; Kjiy> Rwh typapoe;j ahid>
Gyp
G+ FwpQ;rp> fhe;js; Ky;iy> Njhd;wp nrq;fSePh;> jhkiu jhiy> nea;jy; Futk;> ghjphp
kuk; mfpy;> Ntq;if nfhd;iw> fhah fhQ;rp> kUjk; Gd;id ghiy> ,Ug;ig
gwit fpsp> kapy; fhl;Lf;Nfhop> ehiu> ePh;f;Nfhop ePh;f;fhf;if> Gwh> gUe;J
kapy; md;dk;
Ch; rpW Fb ghb> Nrhp Ng&h;> %J}h; gl;bdk;> ghf;fk; FWk;G
ePh; mUtp> RidePh; fhl;lhW kidf;fpzW> kzw;fpzW> tw;wpa Rid>
ngha;if cth;f;fop fpzW
Giw njhz;lfk; VWNfhl;giw kzKoh> kPd;Nfhl;giw Jb
ney;yhpfpiz
aho; FwpQ;rp aho; Ky;iy aho; kUj aho; tpshp aho; ghiy aho;
gz; FwpQ;rpg; gz; rhjhhpg; gz; kUjg; gz; nrt;topg; gz; gQ;Rug; gz;
njhopy; NjNdLj;jy;> VW jOTjy;> ney;yhpjy;> fis kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G topg;gwp> epiu
fpoq;F epiu Nka;j;jy; gwpj;jy; tpisj;jy; fth;jy;
mfo;jy;

III. chpg;nghUs; ml;ltiz:

FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy
$lYk; $ly; ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; ClYk; Cly; ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; gphpjYk; gphpjy;
epkpj;jKk; epkpj;jKk; epkpj;jKk; epkpj;jKk; epkpj;jKk;

kuGg; gpiofs;> t*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;Fjy;

gwit tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; ngah;fs;

mzpw;gps;is vypf;Fl;b gd;wpf;Fl;b eha;f;Fl;b
FUtpf;FQ;R Nfhopf;FQ;R g+idf;Fl;b rpq;ff;FUis
gRq;fd;W khd;fd;W gd;wpf;Fl;b fPhpg;gps;is
ahidf;fd;W Ml;Lf;Fl;b vUikf;fd;W Fuq;Ff;Fl;b
fOijf;Fl;b Fjpiuf;Fl;b Gypg;gwo;

tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs;
Ml;Lg;gl;b Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; Nfhopg;gz;iz khl;Lj;njhOtk; ahidf;$lk;
thj;Jg;gz;iz

jhtuq;fspd; cWg;Gg; ngah;fs;

Nrhsj;jl;L jhiokly; thioapiy Ntg;ge;jio
%q;fpy; ,iy fKfq;$e;jy; njd;idNahiy gidNahiy
khtpiy new;whs; (ney;jhs;) KUq;iff;fPiu gyh ,iy
<r;r Xiy mtiug;gpQ;R njd;dq;FUk;ig KUq;ifg;gpQ;R
fj;jphpg;gpQ;R thiof;fr;ry; nfha;ahgpQ;R gyh%R
khtL nts;shpg;gpQ;R

nrb> nfhb> kuq;fspd; njhFg;Gg; ngah;fs;

g+Q;Nrhiy rTf;Fj;Njhg;G thioj;Njhl;lk; khe;Njhg;G
fUg;gq;nfhy;iy Nrhsf;nfhy;iy gde;Njhg;G Ntyq;fhL
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 33
 Njapiyj;Njhl;lk; Myq;fhL njd;de;Njhg;G gyhj;Njhg;G

nghUs;fspd; njhFg;Gg; ngah;fs;

Ml;Lke;ij gRepiu tPuh;gil jpuhl;irf;Fiy
vWk;Gr;rhiu ahidf;$l;lk; fw;Ftpay; itf;Nfhy;Nghh;
khl;L ke;ij

gwit vOg;Gk; xyp

Me;ij myWk; Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk; Fapy; $Tk; fhfk; fiuAk;
fpsp nfhQ;Rk;/NgRk; Nfhl;lhd; FoWk; thj;J fj;Jk; FUtp fPr;RLk;
kapy; mfTk; $if FoWk; tz;L KuYk; Gwh FDFk;
Nrty; $Tk; thdk;ghb ghLk;

tpyq;Ffs; vOg;Gk; xyp

eha; Fiuf;Fk; ehp CisapLk; ahid gpspWk; Gyp cWKk;
Fjpiu fidf;Fk; vUJ vf;fhskpLk; gd;wp cWKk; vyp fPr;rpLk;
rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;/fh;rpf;Fk; Fuq;F myg;Gk; ML fj;Jk; g+id fPYk;
fOij fj;Jk;

ngaUf;Nfw;w tpidr; nrhw;fs;

mg;gk; jpd; Vh; cO ntw;wpiy jpd; tpijia tpij
jphpiaf; nfhSj;J ehh; fpop tpil $W re;jdk; g+R
fis gwp ,iy gwp NrhW rik Nfhyk; ,L
ney; J}w;W fy; cil mk;ig va; tpijia tpij
fjph; mW ePh; gha;r;R NrhW cz; ehw;W eL
fha;fwp mhp ghl;Lg;ghL fpisia xb kyh;nfha;
gok; jpd; Nfhyk; ,L kuk;ntl;L ePh; Fb
$iug; Nta; japh;fil czT cz; tpsf;if Vw;W
Flk; tid tpsf;Nfw;W fl;Liu vOJ gha;gpd;D
ghy; gUF ftpij ,aw;W jP Kl;L glk; tiu
czT ghpkhW

tpid kuG
NrhW cz;lhd; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd; ghy; gUfpdhd; jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd;
g+ gwpj;jhd; khiy njhLj;jhs; Xtpak; Gide;jhs; $il Kile;jhh;
gha; gpd;dpdhh; Mil nea;jhh; Rth; vOg;gpdhd; kuk; ntl;bdhd;
ckp fUf;fpdhd; mk;G va;jhh; khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd; nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd;

ehfhPfk; - ehfhpfk;
t*cr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy; rpyT - nryT
rhzp - rhzk;
nfhr;irr; nrhy; - rhpahd nrhy; ghtf;fha; - ghfw;fha;
crph; - caph;
mz;zhf;fapW - miuQhz;fapW Cuzp - CUzp
ml kio - mil kio flfhy; - filf;fhy;
jhthuk; - jho;thuk; tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rp - tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rp
KOq;F - tpOq;F Nfhh;it - Nfhit
mitfs; - mit jpUthzp - jpUfhzp
vlQ;ry; - ,ilQ;ry; Nth;it - tpah;it
vypkpr;rk; gok; - vYkpr;ir gok; Kad;whd; - Kad;whh;
flg;ghiw - flg;ghiu Rtw;wpy; - Rthpy;
fj;jphpf;fha; - fj;jhpf;fha; Jd;D}W - jpUePW
ifkhW - ifk;khW rPaf;fha; - rpiff;fha;
ntz;zPh; - nte;ePh;
,d;dpf;F - ,d;iwf;F
vz;iz - vz;nza;
fol;L - fow;W
Jif - njhif
rpfg;G - rptg;G
gz;lfrhiy - gz;lrhiy Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F
Gz;zhf;F - gpz;zhf;F Nfhh;j;J Nfhj;J
nuhk;g - epuk;g Rtw;wpy; Rthpy;
tj;jy; - tw;wy;
ehl;fs; ehs;fs;
ntz;iz - ntz;nza;
gRk;ghy; - gRg;ghy; kdjpy; kdj;jpy;
tyJgf;fk; - tyg;gf;fk; gjl;lk; gjw;wk;
Ngud; - ngaud; rpyT nryT
Ngj;jp - ngah;j;jp mUfhikapy; mUfpy;
Nth;it - tpah;it

mUfhikapy; epy; - mUfpy; epy;

nfhr;irr; nrhw;fSk; jpUj;jpar; nrhw;fSk; ,lJ if typf;FJ - ,lf;if typf;fpwJ
Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 34
nfhlf;$yp FL - Fbf;$yp nfhL mjpfkhr; rpyT nra;ahNj - mjpfkhr;nryT
nra;ahNj
Nej;J tTj;J typ - New;W tapw;W typ
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy;

maw;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; tpQ;Qhdk; mwptpay;

mry; Kjy; tpujk; Nehd;G
mghak; Nghplh; rhtp jpwTNfhy;
mDgtk; gl;lwpT re;jh fl;lzk;
mDkjp ,irT gjpy; tpil
Mjtd; QhapW [hjp ,dk;
Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; fhfpjk; jhs;
M];jp nrhj;J rq;fk; kd;wk;
MAs; tho;ehs; re;Njfk; Iak;
,k;ir Jd;gk; rgjk; #Siu
,Ujak; neQ;rk; rhpj;jpuk; tuyhW
<rd; ,iwtd; rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtk;
cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; rpj;jpuk; Xtpak;
cgak; jpUg;gzpahsh;- rpd;dk; milahsk;
nfhil jpdrhp ehs;NjhWk;
c\hh; vr;rhpf;if jPgk; tpsf;F
cghj;jpahah; Mrphpah; e\;lk; ,og;G
vjhh;j;jk; ,ay;G ehafd; jiytd;
IjPfk; cyf tof;F gak; mr;rk;
fhfpjk; jhs; ghPl;ir Njh;T
fh;tk; nrUf;F gpur;rpid rpf;fy;
fpuhkk; rpw;W}h; Gj;jp mwpT
Ifjp rpiwahsp Nghjid fw;gpj;jy;
Rig Mit ke;jphp mikr;rh;
rhjk; NrhW Kf;fpak; Kjd;ik
rpghhpR ghpe;Jiu tpehb Nehb
Nrit njhz;L Ntjk; kiw
[hf;fpuij tpopg;G fhfpjk; jhs;
jfty; nra;jp ikjhdk; jply;
jpdk; ehs; [hkPd; gpiz
epGzh; ty;Yeh; FNgud; ngUQ;nry;td;
gj;jphpif nra;jpj;jhs; kh%y; tof;fk;
G+i[ topghL eh\;lh fhiy czT
Ngl;b Neh;fhdy; uj;J ePf;fk;
Tpg+jp jpUePW igry; nra; jPh;j;J it
tpthjk; ciuahly; [dq;fs; kf;fs;
itj;jpah; kUj;Jth; [py;yh khtl;lk;
mq;fj;jpdh; cWg;gpdh; f[hdh fUt+yk;
mjpfhhp mYtyh; rh;f;fhh; muR
mjpgh; jiyth; mky; eilKiw
me;epah; mayhh; cge;epahrk; rkar; nrhw;nghopT
mgpN\fk; FlKOf;F ge;Jkpj;jpuh; Rw;wk;> el;G
mg+h;tk; GJik MrPh;tjpj;jy; tho;j;Jjy;
mh;j;jk; nghUs; fkyk; jhkiu
myq;fhuk; xg;gid tp\k; eQ;R
mtruk; tpiuT G\;gk; kyh;
mDkjp ,irT g[id $l;L topghL
Mgj;J ,lh; ek];fhuk; tzf;fk;
Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; Nfh\;b $l;lk;
Muhjid topghL Fkh];jh vOj;jh;
,Ujak; neQ;R rk;gpujhak; kuG
cj;juT fl;lis jhYfh MgPR tl;lhl;rpah;mYtyfk;
cgNahfk; gad; g[hh; filj;njU
cw;rhfk; Cf;fk; cj;jpNahfk; mYty;
ftdk; fUj;J gz;bif jpUtpoh
fphPlk; kzpKb nts;sk; ePh;g;ngUf;F
Fkud; Gjy;td; tpahghuk; tzpfk;
FNgud; ngUQ;nry;td; mry; %yk;
Nfhgk; rpdk; mr;rd; je;ij
[kf;fhyk; tphpg;G
Ntbf;if fhl;rp

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 35

 36

XnuOj;J xU nkhop
m - moF> kdpjd;> KjnyOj;J
M - gR> ,uf;fk;> tpag;G> Md;kh> Mr;rupak; xyp NtWghlwpe;J rupahd nghUs; $Wjy;
< - g+r;rp tif> tz;L> nfhL> NjdP> mk;G
c - rptd;> Rl;nlOj;J z> d NtWghL
C - ,iwr;rp> jir
V - mk;G> caHr;rp mz;zk; - Nky;tha; md;dk; - gwit
I - moF> jiytd;> tpag;G> mir Miz - fl;lis Mid - ahid
x - caHT cz; - rhg;gpL cd; - cd;Dila
X - tpag;G> tpdh> kjF (ePH jq;Fk; gyif) fhz; - ghH fhd; - fhL
fh - Nrhiy jz;ik - FspHe;j jd;ik - ,ay;G
fP - fpspf;Fuy; ehz; - fapW ehd; - ahd;
$ - g+kp gzp - Ntiy gdp - FspH
if - cly; cWg;G kzk; - eWkzk; kdk; - cs;sk;
Nfh - murd;> jiytd; Cz; - NrhW Cd; - ,iwr;rp
rh - rhjy;> ,wg;G> Nga; fzp - vz;Zjy; fdp - gok;
rP - ntWg;Gr; nrhy;> rPo;> rsp> jpUkfs; fz;zp - mUk;G> g+khiy fd;dp - Fkup
Nr - vUJ> ntWg;Gr; nrhy;> rptg;G jpz;ik - typik jpd;ik - jPik
Nrh - kjpy;> muz;
tz;ik - <if>nfhil td;ik - Mw;wy;/cWjp
jh - nfhL> jUjy; Gid - myq;fup Giz - njg;gk;
jP - neUg;G> mwpT> jPik
J - cz;> Jd;gk; u> w NtWghL
J} - J}a;ik> ntz;ik
Nj - flTs;> nfhs;Sjy; muk; - xU fUtp mwk; - jHkk;
ij - khjk; mup - ntl;L mwp - njupe;J nfhs;
eh - ehf;F> eL> nrhy;> juhR Mu - epiwa Mw - jzpa
eP - eP> ePq;Fjy; ,u - ,ug;G> ahrpj;jy; ,w - ,wg;G
E - mzpfyd;> ahid> vs; ,iu - jPdp> czT ,iw - flTs;
Ne - md;G> Neak; nghup - tW nghwp - ,ae;jpuk;
ie - tUe;J> Jd;gk;> iejy; nghUg;G - kiy nghWg;G - flik
neh - tUe;J> Jd;gk;> Neha; kUF - moF kWF - KjpHjy;
Neh - Jd;gk;> Neha;> Nehjy;
gup - Fjpiu gwp - gpLq;Fjy;
gh - ghl;L> epoy;> moF kUg;G - je;jpuk; kWg;G - vjpHg;G
g+ - kyH cuT - typik cwT - Rw;wk;
Ng - mr;rk;> Eiu> Nkfk;> moF cU - tbtk; cW - kpFjp
ig - ifg;ig> gr;irg; ghk;gpd; glk;> gRik> ,sik> ciu - nrhy; ciw - %b
moF>ed;F gapYjy;
Cu - efu Cw - Ruf;f
Ngh - nry;> Nghjy; vup - jP> neUg;G vwp - tPR
k - ,e;jpud; fiu - Xuk; fiw - mOf;F
kh - ku tif> ngupa> tpyq;F guit - fly; gwit - gwg;gJ
kP - NkNy> Nkyplk;> Mfhak; miu - ghjp>gFjp miw - tPl;by; xU gFjp
% - %g;G(KJik)
cup - fow;W cwp - japH NkhH itg;gJ
Nk - Nky;> md;G> Nkk;ghL> NkT> Nkd;ik khup - kio khwp - NtWghL
ik - fz;ik> fUik> ghtk;> Fw;wk; tUj;jy; - Jd;gg;gLjy; tWj;jy; - Ntfitj;jy;
Nkh - KfHjy;> nkhs;Sjy;> Nkhj;jy; Guk; - tupir Gwk; - ntsp
ah - ku tif> Iak;> ahj;jy;> mfyk;> gpzpj;jy;> epiu - tupir epiw - epiwT
fl;Ljy;> nra;As; ,aw;Wjy;
nrhup - nghopjy; nrhwp - mupg;G>rpuq;F
th - tUif> tuT cuy; - ,bf;Fk; cuy; cwy; - nghUj;Jjy;
tP - kyH> g+> mopjy;> cjpUk; g+ Vup - ePH epiy Vwp - NkNy Vwp
Nt - xw;W> Ntjy;> vupjy; fup - mLg;Gf; fup fwp - fha;fwp
it - itj;jy;> $Hik> itafk;> itf;Nfhy; Fiuj;jy; -eha;Fiuj;jy; Fiwj;jy; - RUq;Fjy;
nts - tt;Tjy;> ft;Tjy;> ftHjy;
nrupj;jy; - rPuzkhjy; nrwpj;jy; - jpzpj;jy;
jup - mzpe;J nfhs; jwp - ntl;L
jpiu miy jpiw - fg;gk;
kuk; - jU kwk; - tPuk;
rPupa - Nkyhd rPwpa - Nfhgpj;j
kup - ,w kwp - khd; Fl;b> ,il kwpj;jy;
kU - kzk; kW - jL> Fw;wkhd
tpuy; - if tpuy; tpwy; - ntw;wp
,Uk;G - xU cNyhfk; ,Wk;G - FWq;fhL
xUj;jy; -ahid xWj;jy; - Nfhgpj;jy;

yfuk;
miy - fly; miy
myF - gwit %f;F
myp - jpU eq;if
myk; - fyg;ig
My; - Mykuk;
Myp - kioj;Jsp
,iy - Kw;wpa jspH
cyT - jpupjy;> elkhL
ciy - NrhW ciy
-------------------
cy;F - Rq;fk;
vy; - fjputd;> #upad;> gfy;
xyp - rj;jk;
fiy - Ez; fiy> Mz;khd;
thy; - tpyq;fpd; cWg;G
fy; - nrq;fy;
fyk; - fg;gy;
fyq;F - fyf;fk;
fyp - Xir
fhiy - ehspd; Kw;gFjp
fhyp - gRf;$l;lk;
nfhiy - nfhy;Yjy;
Fyk; - Fb
-----------------
Fytp
-----------------
nfhy; - nfhy;Yjy;
$yp - rk;gsk;
Nfhy; - Cd;W Nfhy;
#iy - Neha;
#y; - fUg;gk;
jtiy - ghj;jpuk;
jiy - cly; cWg;G
jhy; - ehf;F
Jiy - juhR
Njhy; - rUkk;
griy - kfspH epw NtWghL
ghy; - gRk;ghy;
nghyp - moF
eyp - tUe;J
ey;yhH - ey;ytH
------------------
nty;yk; - ,dpg;Gf;fl;b
Ntiy - gzp
tY - gyk;
typ - Jd;gk;> typik
thiy - ,sik
-----------------------
37
sfuk; ofuk;
mis - Fif mio - $g;gpLjy;
msF - fhl;Lf;Nfhop> ngz;khy; moF - tdg;G> mzp> ftpd;
msp - nfhL> fUiz mop - mopj;jy;
msk; - cg;gsk; ------------------
Ms; - egH> MSjy; Mo; - %o;F
Msp - tpyq;F Mop - fly;
,is - nkypjy; ,io - E}y;
csT - NtT coT - gapHj;njhopy;
cis - NrW> gplup kapH cio - khd;> cioj;jy;
csp - fUtp cop - ,lk;
cs;F - epid ------------------
vs; - vz;nza; tpj;J> jhdpak; ------------------
xsp - ntspr;rk; xop - ePf;F
fis - Ntz;lj gapH fio - %q;fpy;
ths; - fUtp tho; - tho;jy;
fs; - kJ -------------------
fsk; - ,lk; -------------------
---------------------- foq;F - kfspH tpisahl;Lg;nghUs;
fsp - kfpo;r;rp fop - jb/ Nfhy;> cg;gq;fop
fhis - vUJ -------------------
fhsp - nja;tk; fhop - kyk;
nfhis - ghl;L -------------------
Fsk; - ePH epiy -------------------
Fsk;G - tpyq;F cWg;G Fok;G - NkhHf; Fok;G
Fstp - tz;L Fotp - Foe;ij
Fsp - ePuhL Fop - gs;sk;
nfhs; - ngw;Wf; nfhs; -------------------
$sp - Nga; -------------------
Nfhs; - Gwq;$wy; -------------------
#is - nrq;fy; #is -------------------
#s; - rgjk; #o; - Rw;W
jtis - tpyq;F ------------------
jis - fl;L jio - ,iy
jhs; - ghjk;> jpUtb jho; - gzpe;J Ngh> jho;g;gho;
Jis - Jthuk; -----------------
Njhs; - Gak; -----------------
gris - xU nfhb -----------------
ghs; - jho;g;ghs; gho; - ghohjy;
nghsp - nfhj;J -------------------
esp - eLf;fk; -----------------
es;shH - giftH -----------------
nghsp - nfhj;J nghop - Cw;W
nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F --------------------
Ntis - nghOJ --------------------
------------------------- tO - Fw;wk;
tsp - fhw;W top - ghij
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 38

Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F jkpo;r; nrhy; jUjy; Complex vspjw;w> rpf;fyhd> gy;$l;lhd>

kdg;ghd;ik> tshfk;
Mq;fpy vOj;J jkpo; vOj;J Compound tshfk;> kUe;J fyit> ,ire;J
Abstract RUf;fk; jPh>; Nrh;khdk;
Academy fiyf;fofk; Condemn gopj;Jiu> fz;b> gadw;wnjd;W fop>
vjpuhff; Fw;wj;jPhg; ;G msp
Accountancy fzf;fpay;
Condonation gpiog; nghWj;jy;> kd;dpg;G>
Accountant fzf;fh; nghUl;gLj;jhJ ,Uj;jy;
Acknowledgement xg;Gif
Confidential ke;jz mwpf;if
Appendix gpd; ,izg;G
Report
Applause Muthug; ghuhl;L
Confiscation gwpKjy;
Appliances Jizf; fUtpfs;
Confront vjph;j;J epy;> Kuz;> re;jp
Biodiversity gy;Yaph; ngUf;fk;/gy;Yaph; tifik Confusion Fog;gk;> fyf;fk;
Biotechnology caphp njhopy;El;gk; Conjecture Cfk;> ca;j;Jzh;T
Bill rl;l Kd; tiuT / kNrhjh Conscience kdrhl;rp> csr;rhd;W
Casting vote mWjp thf;F Conservation NgZif> ghJfhj;jy;
Cease-fire Nghh; epWj;jk; Conservator fhg;ghsh;
Censor board jzpfi ; ff; FO Consignee ruf;Fg; ngWgth;> gz;lk; ngWgth;
Censure fz;ldk; Convene $l;L> mio
Census kf;fs; njhif fzf;F Convenience tha;g;G eyk;
Centenary E}W> E}whz;L Convention tof;fhW> kuG> mit
Certificate rhd;wpjo; Conversant gofp mwpe;j fw;Wzh;e;j> mwpKfkhd
Cess Nky;thp> tPjthp Conveyance Ch;jp> nry;fyk;> tz;b
Chalk Rz;izf;fl;b copy gb efy;
Charts tpsf;fg;glq;fs; Copy right gjpg;Ghpik
Cheque fhNrhiy Corridor eilf;$lk;> ,iltop
Choice tpUg;Ngw;G> cfg;G Cost tpiy> nryT
Circular Rw;wwpf;if Counterfoil mbr;rPl;L> kWghjp
Circulation Note Rw;W Fwpg;G Counter part epfuhdg; gFjp
Citation Nkw;Nfhs;> jFjpAiu Counter petition vjph; kD
Citizen Fbkfd; Coupon ifr;rPl;L> milahsr; rPl;L
Civic amenities efu trjpfs; Courier J}J mQ;ry;
Civic Fbik ey czh;T Editing gjpg;gpj;jy;> jpUj;jp mikj;jy;>
consciousness njhFj;J mijj;jy;
Civil engineer fl;llg; nghwpahsh; Edition gjpg;G
Civilization ehfhpfk; (ehfhPfk; vd;gJ jtW) editor gjpg;ghrphpah;> ,johrphpah;
Civil service FbKiw muRg;gzp> Fbikg; gzp Fine jz;lk;> jz;lg;gzk;> Neh;j;jpahd>
Civil suit chpikapay; tof;F nrg;gKila
Civil war cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;> cs;ehl;Lf; fyfk; Fire Brigade jPaizg;G gil
Clamour Mh;g;ghp> cuf;ff; Nfs;> mksp Fire engine jPaizg;G Ch;jp
Clash NkhJjy;> iffyg;G> rr;ruT Fire extinguisher jPaizg;ghd;
Class tFg;G> tif Fire insurance jP <l;LWjp
Clearance jil ePff ; r; rhd;wpjo; Firka FW tl;lk;> cs; tl;lk;
certificate Firm epWtdk;> cWjpahd> epiyahd
Client fl;rpff
; huh;> rhh;ej
; pUf;fpwth; fixation mWjpaply;
Climate jl;gntg;g epiy> fhy epiy Gain Mjhak;> Cjpak;
Cognizable gpbahizapd;wp ifJ nra;tjw;Fhpa Gallery gbaLf;F Nkil> $lk;> Ruq;f
tof;F epytiw top
offence
Garage tz;bf;nfhl;by;> tz;b gOJ
Cognizance mwpjy;>njhpjy;> nrayhl;rp tuk;G ghh;fF
; k; Fr;rpy;
Coherent Xj;jpirthd> Kd;gpd; nghUj;jkhd Gazette murpjo;
Collision NkhJjy; Gazetted officer murpjo;g; gjpTngw;w mYtyh;
Collusion tQ;rf;$l;L cld;gbf;if Gazetteer tptur; Rtb
Colossal kpfg;nghpa> khngUk; General body nghJf; FO
Commission Mizak;> nray;gly;> juF General nghJ mwpT
Committee FO knowledge
Commodity gz;lk; General review nghJ Ma;T
Common sense ,ay;gwpT> nghJ czh;T General survey nghJ Nehl;lk;
Common wealth nghJ tsik Generation jiyKiw
Communiqu muR mwptpg;G genius Nkij
Communist nghJTilikf; nfhs;isah; Gentleman ngUkfd;> gz;ghsh;> ew;Fbahsh;
Community rKjha tsh;r;rp tl;lhuk; Genuine nka;ahd
Development Germs Neha; Ez;kq;fs;
Block Glance NkNyhl;lg; ghh;it
Community Hall rKjhaf; $lk; Godown fplq;F
Commute khw;wpg;ngW> jz;lidiaf; Fiw Governor MSeh;
 39

Grammar ,yf;fzk; Special case jdp Neh;T

Grant khdpak; Special drive jdp Kaw;rp
Grants-in-Aid cjtp khdpak; Special duty jdpg;gzp
Gratuity gzpfn ; fhil Special jail jdpr;rpiw
Grave allegation fLQ; rhl;Liu Special leave rpwg;G tpLg;G
Grave charges fLq; Fw;wr;rhl;L Special officer rpwg;G mYtyh;
Grazing Nka;r;ry;> Nka;jy; Special pay rpwg;G Cjpak;
Grease krF Stationary ,lk; ngauhj> epiyapUg;ghd
Grievance kdf;Fiw Stationery vOJ nghUl;fs;
Gross income nkhj;j tUkhdk; Statue cUtr;rpiy> gbfk;
Ground water epyj;jb ePh; Status jFjp epiy> jF epiy> rKjahg;gb
Group discussion FOf; fye;jha;T epiy
Gulf tisFlh Status quo eilKiw epiy
Mischief FWk;Gj;jdk; Statutory powers rl;lg;gbahd mjpfhuq;fs;
Nominal ngaustpy; Steamer ePuhtpf; fg;gy;
Nominal rent chpa thlif Steering topg;gLj;Jk; FO> ,af;ff; FO
Nominal price chpa tpiy committee
Nomination epakdk;> ngah; Fwpg;gpL> Ntl;G kD Step mother khw;whe;jha;
Nomination paper Ntl;G kD Stereo Ngnuhypf; fUtp
Optimistic ek;gpf;ifAila> njUs; Nehf;Fila Sterilization kylhf;fk;> Neha; Ez;k xopg;G
Patent fhg;Ghpik Stipend gapwr; pff
; hy cjtpj;njhif
Patriotism ehl;Lg;gw;W Tally xj;jpirthf;F> Neh; nra;jy;> rhp
nra;jy;
Patron Gutyh;> fhg;ghsh;
Taluk tl;lk;
personation Ms; khwhl;lk; nra;jy;
Tapal mQ;ry;
personnel gzpahsh;
Target ,yf;F> FwpaPL
Perspective plan njhiyNehf;Fj; jpl;lk;
Task ,Lgzp> fLk; ciog;G> flikg;
Perspiration tpah;it> tpah;j;jy; nghWg;G
Perusal ghh;itaply;
Taxation thp tjpg;G
Pessimist Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ikah;>
Tax collection thpj; jz;ly;
ek;gpf;ifaw;wth;> kUs; Nehf;fpdh;
Tax collector thpj; jz;lyh;
Poster tpsk;guj; jl;b (Njhuiz)
Taxi thlif rPUe;J
Proof xg;gr;R> ghh;itg; gb> vz;gpg;G> rhd;W
Taxidermy Njhw;ghitf; fiy
Proof reader xg;gr;rh;
Tea party NjePh; tpUe;J
Proposal fUj;JU> nraw;Fwpg;G
Teapoy rpW Nkir
proposition $w;W> fUj;J
Tele njhiyj;njhlh;G
Prorogation (rl;l kd;wf;) $l;lj;njhlh; KbT
communication
Parliament ehlhSkd;wk; (ghuhSkd;wk; vd;gJ
nghUl;gpio) Telegram je;jp> je;jpr; nra;jp
Prudence Kd;kjp> cyfpay; mwpT Telegraphy je;jp mDg;G> je;jp Kiw
Public Accounts nghJf; fzf;Ff; FO Telephone njhiyNgrp
Committee Telephone booth njhiyNgrpr; rhtb
Publications ntspapLfs; Teleprinter njhiy jl;lr;Rg; nghwp
Ragging gfb tij Telex njhiyar;R
Session court Fw;wtpay; mkh;T ePjp kd;wk;> Teller fhrhsh;
Fw;wtpay; njhlh; tprhuiz kd;wk; Temple trustee mwq;fhtyh;
Session judge Fw;wtpay; mkh;T ePjpgjp> Fw;wtpay; Tenancy act Fbthur; rl;lk;
njhlh; tprhuiz eLth; Tendency Nghf;F> rhh;G
Shrinkage RUq;fsT> fhpg;G Tender xg;ge;jg; Gs;sp
Since ,Ue;j> gpdd ; hf vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> Tension tpiwg;G> mksp> neUf;fb> kd
mjd; gadhf cisr;ry;
Sine-die ehs; Fwpg;gplhky; Tentative Ma;epiyahd> jw;fhypfkhd
Slum clearance Fbirg; gFjp khw;W thhpak; Tenure gjtpff ; hyk;
board Toddy fs;
Skill Njh;r;rp jpwk;> nray; jpwk; Toll gate Rq;fr;rhtb
Slang nfhr;ir tof;F Torture rpj;utij
Smart kpLf;fhd> tpidj;jpwkpf;f> Toss Rz;b vwp> miyf;fop
RWRWg;ghd
Vendor tpw;gth;
Smash jfh;T> Nkhjp nehWf;F
Venereal disease ghy;tpid Neha;
Smith nfhy;yh;
Verge Xuk;> tpspk;G> vy;iy
Sneeze Jk;ky;> Jk;K
Veto jil chpik / kWg;Ghpik
Socialism rkjh;kk;
Vicious circle nfL #oy;
Social justice r%f ePjp
Victim Gyp
Soil conservation kz; tsg; ghJfhg;G
Video fhnzhyp/xspff ; hl;rp
Soil erosion kz; mhpg;G
Video tape xsp ehlh
Special allowance rpwg;Gg; gb
Vindicate nfhs;if epiy ehl;L> nka;g;gpj;Jf;
 40

fhl;L Zenith kPKfL

Vindictive gopthq;Fk; ,ay;Gila Zero-base njhlf;f epiy
Violence td;Kiw Zest Mh;tk;
Viva voce tha;nkhopj; Njh;T Zig zag path FWf;F neLf;fhd eilghij
Void nry;yh epiyaJ> ,y;yh epiyaJ Zip gy;ypizTg; gl;bif
Voluntary tpUg;g Xa;T zone kz;lyk;
retirement
Volunteer njhz;lh;> jd;dhh;th;
Voucher nryTr; rPl;L tzpfj;Jiw nrhw;fs;
Vow #Siu Mq;fpyr; nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy;
Wages $yp agency Kfthz;ik> Kfth;fs;> Kfik>
Wakf board ,];yhkpa mwf;fl;lis thhpak; Kfthz;ikafk;> Kftuikg;G
Agent Kfth;
Ward njhFjp> gphpT> FLk;G
Air-conditioner tspr;rPh;ik> fhw;Wg;gjdp> Fsph;gjdp>
Warden rpiwf;fhtyh;
rPht
; sp
Warehouse gz;lrhiyf; fofk;
fth;f;fk;gp
Antenna
Waste land jhpR epyk;
eilthdg; ge;jy;
Arcade
Water-logged ePh; Njq;fpa
fy;ehh;
Asbestos
Water shed ePh;g; gphp KfL
fiy muq;fk;
Auditorium
Water tight Kw;wpYk; jdpNtwhd gphpTfs;
Nfl;nghyp mfk;> Nfl;nghyp eLtk;>
Audio centre
compartments xypafk;> xypehlh ikak;
Wear and tear Nja;Tk; ieTk;
Automobiles jhdpaq;fpfs;> tpidafk;
Weather report thdpiy mwpfi ; f
Auto rickshaw jhdpaq;fp ,Oit> jhdp> jhdpaq;fp
Weedicide fisf;nfhy;yp
Avenue epow;rhiy> ftpd;ghij> kuk; gapy;
Wheel barrow js;S tz;b rhiy> mfy; ftpd;ghij
Whenever NjitahdNghnjy;yhk; Bakery mLkid
necessary Biscuit <ul;b> khr;rpy;Y
When necessary NjitahdNghJ Buzzer ,kphp
whereas Mifahy;> mg;gbapUf;f Cassette Ngio
Whirl wind #whtsp Compact disc FWe;jfL
Wicked nfhba Emporium tpw;gidg; ngU epiyak;
Witch craft gpy;yp #dpak; Enterprises Kidtfk; / tzpf eLtk;
Wrestling kw;Nghh; Lorry ruf;Fe;J
Writ ePjpg; Nghuhiz Plumber Foha;g; gzpahsh;
Yacht cyhg; glF> ge;jag; glF Polythene <fehh;
Yard stick msT Nfhy; Polythene bag <fehh;g; ig
Yearn MtYs;s> kpF tpUg;gk;
Power loom tpirj;jwp
Yeoman service ngUk;gzp> Nghw;ww;Fhpa gzp> jd;
Quarry fw;Ruq;fk;> fw;FilT
tpUg;ghh;tg; nghJj;njhz;L FjpAe;J> Js;Se;J
scooter
Yoke Efj;jb
Zeal tpUg;ghh;tk;
 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G nra;ah vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; - Nfsh

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ky;yyk; FUj;J edpkzk; 6-k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif khwd;fspW> vd;fhy;> vd;ngah;>
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Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W - mioj;jp> ,Uj;jp>
Nehf;fhy; 2-k; cUGk;> gaDk;> cld;njhf;f njhif Ma;nfhb>
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xd;wy;ghy; tpidKw;W rPh;j;j> jPz;bw;W
ey;yha;> Nghh;f;Ffd;> ePh;Kfpy;> jpiuf;fq;if> ePh;j;jlk;

nganur;rk; - fho;g;g ,aw;wpahh;> mize;j thrPfh;> glh;e;j ctikj;njhif - ,iyNty;> kjpKfk;> jhkiueadk;>
njz;biu> ,Ue;j ts;sy;> mike;j fhjy;> Njd;nkhop> jhkiu Kfk;> mKj nkhop> gtstha;>Kj;Jg;gy;>
kyh;e;jfz;zd;> nrd;d tl;b> cw;W Neha;> te;jnghUs;> faw;fz;> fdp,jo;> kyub> Njd;jkpo;> g+tpus;> fhh;js;tpuy;>
nghjpe;j nka;> Kjph;e;j Nkdp> Ma;e;j nghw;fpop> Md;w fay;tpop> kjpKfk;> tpw;GUtk;> fdptha;> fy;jpus;Njhs;>
ngUik> gbj;j tpufd;> jPh;j;j nropad;> tpah;j;j kyh;g;ghjk;> kyh;r;Nrtb> g+jug;Gak;.
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vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; - ghlhj> gpwthj> #lhj> jho;e;j> jkpoKJ> fz;kyh;> fhkj;jP> ,d;gnrh&gk;> kdf;Fuq;F>
fsh;e;j fufkyk;> nkhopaKJ> fz;fay;> jkpo;j;Njd;> tpuy;g+>
mbkyh;> GUttpy;> nry;tr;nrtpyp> jpiuf;if> jkpo;j;jha;>
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; - myfpyh tpisahl;L> ePh;Ntyp.
,d;dhr;nrhy;> Njuhf;fPud;> Nfshj;jifaNt> gopapy;yh
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nfhy;yheyj;jJ> nrhy;yheyj;jJ> ,ope;j gpwg;G>
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mile;J> nghope;jpopa> vdh> $u> xb> ,isj;J> flf;f> neLePh;> ed;Djy;> Gz;fz;> nkd;fz;> mUtpis ey;fyk;>
nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp Njh;e;J nfhsy;> te;J va;jpdhd;> njhOF ew;fwpfs;> ,d;dKjk;> xz;nghUs;> vz;nghUs;> ew;rq;F>
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vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; - fypq;fhJ
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#o;foy;> nra;nfhy;yd;> nra;tpid> nghq;Ffly;><d;Fotp> cwhmik
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mjph;Fws;> gLJah;.
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41
njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; - Qhynkyhk; kf;fnsyhk; vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; - ePq;fhik

typj;jy; tpfhuk; - Cw;Wf;Nfhy; ,Ug;G Cd;WNfhy; njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;

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gpiw re;jpud; nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;):
ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd; - jhd;
md;nkhopj;njhif Ma;nfhb te;jhs;> fay;tpop te;jhs;> eP jhd; mioj;jha; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy
Mapio te;jhs;> nghw;nfhb te;jhs; mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd;- glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs;
kapy; jhd; MbaJ - ,UjpizapYk; nghJthf
gz;Gg;ngah;:- nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd - xUikapy; te;jJ
ntz;ik epwg;gz;Gg;ngah; kf;fs; jhk; Nghuhbdh; -Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd
,dpg;Gr;Rit Ritg;gz;Gg;ngah; (jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpiz %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik
tl;ltbtk; - tbtg;gz;Gg;ngah; czh;j;jpd)
Kj;jkpo; - mstg;gz;Gg;ngah; MFngah;
gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjpfs;
ed;ik ik
nghUshF ngah; - jhkiu Kfk;
njhy;iy I
khl;rp rp KjyhF ngah; - ky;ypif khiy (kyh;)
khz;G G ,lthF ngah; - Njrk;> Ch; jpuz;lJ> cyfk; tpopj;Jf;
koT c nfhz;lJ
ed;F F fhythF ngah; - fhh; mWj;jhh;
ed;wp wp rpidahF ngah; - ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
ed;W W gz;ghF ngah; - tpUe;J nts;is mbj;jhd;
eyk; mk; njhopyhF ngah; - nghq;fy; cz;Nld;
ed;dh; mh; (m) eh; jhdpahF ngah; - ghiy ,wf;F> ehop foy; gzpe;Njd;
jpl;gk; gk; fUtpahF ngah; - aho;Nfl;L> Foy;Nfl;L
(ik tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) ctikahF ngah; - fhis te;jhd;> ehujh; tUfpwhh;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrk;ikNfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;>
fhhpathFngah; - ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;> ePhpd;wpg;
fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW> Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;g;G>
igq;$o; thbaJ> fstpay; gbj;jhd;
Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;> cUz;il>
fUj;jh MFngah; - jpUts;Stiug;gbj;Jg;ghh;>
nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePs;efh;> Kf;Fzk;.
jpUts;Sth; fw;whd;
njhopw;ngah;:- nrhy;yhFngah; - ts;Sth; nrhy;> E}Yf;F ciu
njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs; fz;lhd;> ghl;Lf;F ciu vOJf
elj;jy; jy; vz;zy; msit MFngah; -xd;W ngw;why; xspkak;> gok;
ghly;> Mly; my; xd;W nfhL
Ml;lk;> tl;lk; mk; vLj;jy; msit MFngah; - fpNyh vd;d tpiy?
nfhiy I Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; - ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit> ,uz;l
njhOif> nraw;if I ypl;lh; nfhL
ghh;it it ePl;ly; msit MFngah; - cLg;gJ ehd;F Kok;> ,uz;L
elg;G G kPl;lh; Ntz;Lk;
tuT T>c
kwjp jp
tsh;r;rp>czh;r;rp rp ngah;r;nrhy;
cjtp> Gytp tp
flTs;> tpf;Fs; cs; ,LFwpg;ngah; - kz;> kiy> kL> fy;
rhf;fhL fhL
Nfhl;ghL ghL fhuzg;ngah; - tapW> Rth;(rty;> Njhs;)> kuk;(jiuapy;
njhw;wuT muT kUtp ,Ug;gJ)> Fk;kp(FOkpabj;jy;)> FwpQ;rp(kiyg;gFjp
thuhid Mid Ch;)
nfhy;yhik> elthik ik
gha;e;J J fhuz ,LFwpg;ngah; - fhw;whb> gl;lk;> ehw;fhyp
Nghf;F F
jhohy; My;
v-fh: ghh;j;jy;> ePq;fy;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> nghUl;ngah;- cah;jpiz m/wpiz
tho;f;if> eypjy;> fhl;rp> tho;f;if> Nrh;f;if> ,d;nrhy;> murd; gR
,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;> kwjp> tuT> elg;G> tpisahl;L> njhz;ld; Fuq;F
Xuhy;> nghiw> fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik> vd;wy;> kfpo;r;rp> fz;zd; Nrty;
Fw;wk;> ,Of;fk;> xOf;fk;> tply;> njspj;jy;> gzpjy; uhjh ehp
Fkud; Nkir

42
,lg;ngah; - gs;sp> Nryk;> kJiu> fy;Y}hp> Ch;> jpUr;rp Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l nrhy;ypd; nghUs; khwhj gFjp
fhyg;ngah; - gfy;> ij> ,uT> nrt;tha;fpoik> ahkk;> fl;lisg; nghUspYk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
es;spuT
gFgjk;> gfhgjk;
rpidg;ngah; - if> jz;L> gok;> fhy;> Nth;> gy;
nrhw;fs;> gFgjk;> gfhgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
Fbg;ngah; - Fwtd;> Mad;> kwtd;> gujtd;> me;jzd;>
cotd;> thzpgd; gfhgjk; vd;gJ gphpf;f Kbahj jdpr; nrhy;
- fy;> gb> kz; nry;
fpisg;ngah; - mz;zd;> khap> ehj;jdhh;> kidtp gFgjk; vd;gJ gphpf;ff;$ba $l;Lr; nrhy;
- ele;jhd;> ghh;j;jy;> fz;Nld;
msitg;ngah; - gj;J> Mohf;F> tPir> foQ;R> gb> fpuhk;>
fpNyhfpuhk;> kPl;lh; gFgjj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;
Rl;Lg;ngah; - mtd;> mJ> ,td;> mq;Nf> mts;> ctd;> 1. gFjp: nrhy;ypd; Kjy; epiyahf ,Ug;gJ.
,J tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fUj;jhtpd; nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ.
2. tpFjp: nrhy;ypd; filrpahf ,Ug;gJ. tpidr;nrhy;ypd;
tpdhg;ngah; - vtd;> ahJ> ahh;> vJ> vit> ahts;> vth;> tpFjpfs; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;.
ahth; 3. ,ilepiy: gFjpf;Fk;> tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;gJ
,ilepiy vdg;gLk;. mJ ngahpilepiy>
njhFjpg;ngah; - tpidapilepiy vd ,Utifg;gLk;. tpidapilepiyfs;
Nrid gy tPuh; mlq;fpaJ fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
FO - gy kf;fs; mlq;fpaJ 4. rhhpia: tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilNa tUk;
khiy gy kyh;fs; mlq;fpaJ ,izg;Gr;nrhy;Ny rhhpia. tpFjpiar; rhh;e;J tUtjhy;
mbrpy; - cz;gd jpd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ rhhpia vd ngah; ngw;wJ.
5. re;jp: gFjpAk;> ,ilepiyAk; NrUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;>
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah; jphpjy;> nfLjy; vd;w tpjpg;gb tUk; vOj;JfNs re;jp.
Mz;ik - gz;Gg;ngah; 6. tpfhuk;: gFjpAk;> ,ilepiyAk; re;jpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk;
tho;f;if njhopw;ngah; khw;wk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. (tpfhuk; - khw;wk;) gFjpapYk;>
rpwF - rpidg;ngah; ,ilepiyapYk;> re;jpapYk; Vw;gLk;.
cz;Zjy; - njhopw;ngah;
cyfk; kfpo;e;jJ - ,lthFngah; rpy nrhw;fspd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
rpq;fk; - nghUl;ngah;
1. ele;jdd; - el+j; + j; + md;+ md;
el gFjp> j; - re;jp (mJ e; Mf khwpaJ tpfhuk;)
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhhpia> md; - tpFjp

2. je;Njd; - jh+j;+ j; + Vd;

jh gFjp> j; - re;jp> (mJ e; Mf khwpaJ tpfhuk;)
j; - ,we;jfhy - ,ilepiy>
Vd; - jd;id xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.

3. njhNld; - njhL+ M+ Vd;

njhL gFjp> M vjph;kiw ,ilepiy> (,ilepiy
Gzh;e;J nfl;lJ) Vd; - jd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. ey;fpa ey;F+a; + ,d; + m

ey;F gFjp> a; - re;jp>
,d; - ,ilepiy (d;>a; MdJ tpfhuk;)
m nganur;r tpFjp

5. ,iwQ;rpa - ,iwQ;R+ ,d; +a; + m

,iwQ;R gFjp> ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
a; - clk;gLnka; (d;>a; MdJ tpfhuk;)
m nganur;r tpFjp.

6. epd;Nk epy; + k; + V
epy; - gFjp> k; - vOj;Jg;NgW> V Kd;dpiy tpFjp
Fwpg;G: vOj;Jg;NgW vd;gJ MW gFgj cWg;Gfspy;
mlq;fhj cghp vOj;J.
43
7. ntstpdhd; - nts+ t;+ ,d; + Md; cr;re;jiyapy; Mzp miwe;jJNghy - cWjp
nts-gFjp> t; - re;jp> ,d; - ,ilepiy> Md; - tpFjp. Cik fz;l fdT Nghy - jtpg;G> $w ,ayhik
vs;spy; vz;nza; Nghy - xspej ; pUj;jy;> kiwT
vl;lhg;gok; Gspj;jJ Nghy - Vkhw;wk;
8. tho;fpNyd; - tho; + f; + ,y; +Vd; Vio ngw;w nry;tk; Nghy - kfpo;r;rp
tho; - gFjp> f; - re;jp> ,y; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy> Vd; - xz;l te;j gplhhp Ch;g;gplhhpia xl;bdhw;Nghy - tpul;Ljy;
tpFjp. ek];fhuk; Nghy - fhyk; jhkjpj;J czh;jy;> tUKd; fhthik
fapww;w gl;lk; Nghy - jtpj;jy;> Ntjid
filj;Njq;fhia vLj;J topg;gpsi ; sahUf;F cilj;jJ Nghy
- gpwiu Vkhw;Wjy;
ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUs; fz;izf; fl;b fhl;by; tpl;lJ Nghy - Jd;gk;> Ntjid
fld;gl;lhh; neQ;rk; Nghy - fyf;fk;> tUj;jk;
mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; Nghy - nghWik fhd kapyhl mJ fz;L MLk;thd;Nfhop Nghy -
ed;ghy; fye;jPikahy;jphpjy; Nghy - nfLjy; jho;T> cah;tpd;ik
kug;ghit ehzhy; caph;kUl;ly; Nghy- kaq;Fjy; Flj;jpy; ,l;l tpsf;F Nghy - ,fo;r;rp
mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspqF ; Nghy; - ntspg;gLj;jy; rpjwpa Kj;J Nghy - gadpdi ; k
mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy - mhpa nray; fha;e;j khL fk;gq;nfhy;iyapy;Nka;e;jhw;Nghy - Ntfk;
mbaw;w kuk;Nghy - tPo;jy; rPhpa ehfk; Nghy - Nfhgk;
,yT fhj;j fpspNghy - Vkhw;wk; nry;yhpj;j Xiy Nghy - gadpdi ; k
clYk; capUk;Nghy - xw;Wik> neUf;fk; ePUk; neUg;Gk; Nghy - tpyFjy;
fly;kil jpwe;jhw;Nghy - ntspNaWjy; ghk;gpd; tha;j; Njiu Nghy - kPshik
gfytidf; fz;l gdpNghy - ePq;Fjy; Kf;fhyk; czh;e;j Kdpth; Nghy - mwpjy;
cs;sq;if ney;ypff ; dp Nghy; - njspT gha;kuk; rha;e;jJ Nghy - tpOjy;
jhkiuapiyj; jz;zPh; Nghy - gw;wpdi; k kuNkw;wpd tz;b Nghy - Rik
Ngbif thshz;ik Nghyf;nfLk; - Kaw;rpapd;ik ghy; kzk; Mwhj Foe;ij Nghy - ntFsp
xw;fj;jpd; Cw;whk; Jiz Nghy - Cd;WNfhy; Gspak; goKk; NjhLk; Nghy - xw;Wik
nghUGyp GypNahL rpiyj;jNghy; - vjpnujpNu epd;WNghhply; Gw;wrP y; Nghy - ngUFjy;
flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghy - gadw;wJ kyUk; kzKk; Nghy - xw;Wik
nfhLf;Fj; Njsha;f; nfhl;LtNjd; - tUj;jk; Ntk;Gk; muRk Nghy - xw;Wik
,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy - eLf;fk; Nkfk; fz;l kapy; Nghy - kfpo;r;rp> Mde;jk;
nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy - xw;Wik fhl;Lj;jP Nghy - Ntfk; guTjy;
jhiaf; fz;l Nriag; Nghy - ,d;gk;> mjpf kfpo;r;rp gw;W kukpy;yhf; nfhb Nghy - Mjutpdi ; k> Jd;gk;
efKk; rijAk; Nghy - ,iz gphpahik Nfhiy vLj;jhy; Fuq;F MLtJ Nghy - gak;
kio fhzhg; gaph;Nghy - thLjy; rh;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khhp nghope;jhw;Nghy - ,d;gk;> mjpf
NtypNa gapiu Nka;e;jJ Nghy - eatQ;rfk; ,d;gk;
md;wyh;ej ; kyh; Nghy - Gj;Jzh;T rhak; Nghd Nriy Nghy - kjpg;gpd;ik
moypy; tpOe;j GOg;Nghy - Ntjid rpj;jpug; gJik Nghy - moF
fz;fl;L tpj;ij Nghy - khaj;Njiu rpt g+i[apy; fub Nghy - tpUg;gkpdi ; k> Njitaw;w
gj;jiu khw;Wj;jq;fk; Nghy - ngUik tuT
ehAk; g+idAk; Nghy - gif Rk;kh fple;j rq;if Cjpfn ; fLj;jy; Nghy - Ntz;lhj
miy Xa;e;j fly; Nghy - mikjp Ntiy NfL nra;jy;
gRkuj;jhzp Nghy - vspjhfg; gjpjy; Nrw;wpy; gpwe;j nre;jhkiu Nghy - cah;T> Nkd;ik
Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghy - gaDilik> gad; nrhd;dJ nrhy;Yk; fpsg;gpsi
; s Nghy-jpUk;gr; nra;jy;
fdpapUg;gf; fha; fth;e;jJ Nghy -mwpahik>Njitaw;w nray; mwptpdi; k
,iykiwf; fha; Nghy - ntspg;gLjy; jpUlidj; Njs; nfhl;baJ Nghy - nrhy;y Kbahj Ntjid
Miyapy; mfg;gl;l JUk;GNghy - Jd;gk; Njhd;wp kiwAk; thdtpy;iyg; Nghy- epiyaw;w> epiyahik
Fuq;F ifapy mfg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy - ehrk; ej;ijf;Fs; Kj;Jg;Nghy - cah;T> Nkd;ik
nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;F Nghy - gadpdi ; k ehz; mWe;j tpy; Nghy - gadw;wJ
nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy - xw;Wik njhl;lidj; J}Wk;kzw;Nfzp Nghy; - mwpT
QhapW fz;l jhkiu Nghy - kfpo;r;rp ePUf;Fs; ghrp Nghy - el;G
ePh;Nky; vOj;JNghy - epiyaw;wJ gRe;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa Gyp Nghy - eatQ;rfk;> Vkhw;Wjy;
gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy - ,d;gkpFjp jhiag;Nghy gpsi ; s - njhlh;G
nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;r;RtJ Nghy tUj;jk;
mdypw; gl;l nkOFNghy - Jd;gk; fz;L cUFjy;
Fspf;fg;Ngha; Nrw;iwg; g+rpf;nfhz;L tUtJ Nghy; -
FWk;Gfspy; <LgLtJ.
nghd;kyh; kzk; ngw;wJ Nghy; - nghUl;nry;th; mwpTr;
nry;tj;jhy; Njbf;nfhs;tJ
ckp Fw;wpf; if rypj;jJ Nghy - tUj;jk;
fz;zpyhjhd; fz; ngw;W,oe;jJ Nghy - Ftpg;G
fiwahd; Gw;nwLf;ff; fUehfk; Fb GFe;jJ Nghy - mj;JkPwy;
mr;rpy; thh;j;jhw;Nghy - xNu rPuhf
mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jhw;Nghy - ftdk;
Mg;giwe;j kuk;Nghy - cWjp
mOj gps;isf;F thiog;gok; Nghy - Vkhw;Wjy;
miu fpzW jhz;batd; Nghy - Mgj;J
Mg;girj;j Fuq;FNghy - Ntjidapy;
Mok; njhpahky; fhiytpl;lJNghy - jpl;lkplhik
,Q;rp jpdw; Fuq;FNghy - tpopj;jy;
,b tpOe;j kuk;Nghy - Ntjid
,Uk;igf; fz;l fhe;jk; Nghy - fth;r;rp
cLk;Gg; gpb Nghy - gpbg;G
cikAk; rptDk; Nghy - el;G> neUf;fk;

44