27

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS

Volume 13 • Number 1 • 2010 • pp 27 - 47

Children with Jobless Parents: National

and Small Area Trends for Australia in the
Past Decade
5L\DQD0LUDQWL$QQ+DUGLQJ-XVWLQH0F1DPDUD9X4XRF1JXDQG5REHUW7DQWRQ
8QLYHUVLW\RI&DQEHUUD

Abstract
7KLV SDSHU H[DPLQHV QDWLRQDO DQG VSDWLDO WUHQGV LQ WKH QXPEHU DQG SURSRUWLRQ RI
FKLOGUHQZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVGXULQJWKHSDVWGHFDGH$WWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHOZHIRXQG
WKDWWKHQXPEHURIGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQKRXVHKROGVZKHUHQRSDUHQWKDGD
MREIHOOIURPDURXQGLQWRDURXQGLQ7KLVUHÁHFWV
WKH LQFUHDVLQJ HPSOR\PHQW UDWHV LQ $XVWUDOLD RYHU WKLV SHULRG 7KH SURSRUWLRQ RI
DOOGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVDOVRIHOO IURPSHUFHQWLQ
WRSHUFHQWLQ'HVSLWHWKLVSURJUHVVKRZHYHURQHLQHYHU\
GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQLQ$XVWUDOLDLQVWLOOOLYHGLQDKRXVHKROGZKHUHQRSDUHQW
KDGDMRE/RRNLQJDWVPDOODUHDVZHIRXQGWKDWLQWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHVPDOO
DUHDVFRQVLGHUHG²FRYHULQJSHUFHQWRIDOOFKLOGUHQ²WKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQ
DMREOHVVIDPLO\IHOOEHWZHHQDQG

-(/&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ--5

1. Introduction
7KHSURSRUWLRQRIFKLOGUHQJURZLQJXSLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVLVZLGHO\UHJDUGHGDVD
NH\LQGLFDWRURIWKHZHOOEHLQJRIVRFLHWLHVZLWKWKH2(&'DQGRWKHURUJDQLVDWLRQV
UHJXODUO\UHSRUWLQJRQSURJUHVVRQWKLVIURQW$VWKH2(&'QRWHV¶FKLOGUHQJURZLQJXS
LQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVODFNWKHUROHPRGHORIDZRUNLQJDGXOW²DIDFWRURIWHQLGHQWLÀHG
DVDIIHFWLQJHGXFDWLRQDODQGIXWXUHODERXUPDUNHWDFKLHYHPHQWVRIFKLOGUHQ·2(&'
$GGUHVVIRUFRUUHVSRQGHQFH'U5L\DQD0LUDQWL1$76(08QLYHUVLW\RI&DQEHUUD$&7
$XVWUDOLD(PDLOUL\DQDPLUDQWL#QDWVHPFDQEHUUDHGXDX
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KLV VWXG\ ZDV IXQGHG E\ D /LQNDJH *UDQW IURP WKH $XVWUDOLDQ 5HVHDUFK
&RXQFLO /3 ZLWK RXU UHVHDUFK SDUWQHUV RQ WKLV JUDQW EHLQJ WKH 16: 'HSDUWPHQW RI
&RPPXQLW\6HUYLFHVWKH$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFVWKH$&7&KLHI0LQLVWHU·V'HSDUWPHQW
WKH 4XHHQVODQG 'HSDUWPHQW RI 3UHPLHU DQG &DELQHW 4XHHQVODQG 7UHDVXU\ DQG WKH 9LFWRULDQ
'HSDUWPHQWVRI(GXFDWLRQDQG(DUO\&KLOGKRRGDQG3ODQQLQJDQG&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQW:H
ZRXOGOLNHWRJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWSURYLGHGE\WKHVHDJHQFLHV7KHDXWKRUVZRXOG
OLNHSDUWLFXODUO\WRWKDQNWKH$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV$%6IRUVXSSO\LQJGDWDIRUWKLVVWXG\
7KHÀQGLQJVLQWKLVSDSHUPXVWQRWEHLQWHUSUHWHGDV1HZ6RXWK:DOHV9LFWRULDQ4XHHQVODQG
$XVWUDOLDQ &DSLWDO 7HUULWRU\ RU $%6 SROLF\ YLHZV RU HQGRUVHPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ RU
UHVXOWV7KHDXWKRUVDOVRWKDQNWZRDQRQ\PRXVUHIHUHHVIRUYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVRQWKHHDUOLHUGUDIW
RIWKLVSDSHU
‹7KH&HQWUHIRU/DERXU0DUNHW5HVHDUFK
28
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

S7KH2(&'KDVDOVRQRWHGWKDWRQHRIWKHWZRPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUV
ZKLFKFDQFRQWULEXWHWRFKLOGSRYHUW\LVZKHWKHURUQRWFKLOGUHQDUHOLYLQJZLWKSDUHQWV
ZKRDUHMREOHVV2(&'S7KLVLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHGDVRQHNH\LQGLFDWRURI
FKLOGUHQ·VPDWHULDOZHOOEHLQJ81,&(),Q$XVWUDOLDWKH$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI
6WDWLVWLFV$%6KDVDOVRUHFRJQLVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGV
DV D PHDVXUH RI FKLOG ZHOOEHLQJ E\ LQFOXGLQJ LW LQ WKHLU SXEOLFDWLRQ 0HDVXUHV RI
$XVWUDOLD·V3URJUHVV$%6
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIOLYLQJLQDMREOHVVKRXVHKROGDVDNH\LQGLFDWRURIFKLOG
ZHOOEHLQJ PHVKHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVLQJ HPSKDVLV RQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG DGGUHVVLQJ
DVSHFWVRIGLVDGYDQWDJHZKLFKJREH\RQGVLPSOHPHDVXUHVRILQFRPHSRYHUW\'DO\
 6DXQGHUV  6DXQGHUV 1DLGRR DQG *ULIÀWKV  81,&()  7KH
FRQFHSWRIVRFLDOH[FOXVLRQRIORQJVWDQGLQJUHVHDUFKDQGSROLF\LQWHUHVWLQWKH8.
DQG(XURSHDQGPRUHUHFHQWO\EHFRPLQJSURPLQHQWLQ$XVWUDOLDLVFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKWKLVHPSKDVLVRQDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDODSSURDFKWRGLVDGYDQWDJH%XUFKDUGWHWDO
6DXQGHUV/DERXUPDUNHWSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVDSURPLQHQWIHDWXUHRIPDQ\
PHDVXUHVRIVRFLDOH[FOXVLRQ$WNLQVRQHWDO(XURVWDW+D\HVHWDO
/HYLWDVHWDODQGSDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVKDVEHHQLGHQWLÀHGLQ$XVWUDOLDQVWXGLHV
DVDQLQGLFDWRURIFKLOGVRFLDOH[FOXVLRQ0F1DPDUDHWDO6DXQGHUV1DLGRR
DQG*ULIÀWKV
3DUHQWDO MREOHVVQHVV PD\ FRQWULEXWH WR FKLOG VRFLDO H[FOXVLRQ LQ D QXPEHU
RI ZD\V 7KH PRVW VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG RI WKHVH LV WKH SRYHUW\ ZKLFK IUHTXHQWO\ UHVXOWV
IURP MREOHVVQHVV &KLOG SRYHUW\ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D UDQJH RI GLIÀFXOWLHV GXULQJ
FKLOGKRRGZKLFKZLOOKDYHDSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWRQFKLOGUHQ·VOLYHV²VXFKDVWKHLUIDPLO\
UHODWLRQVKLSV HGXFDWLRQDO DQG GHYHORSPHQWDO DFKLHYHPHQWV ² DQG DOVR PD\ KDYH DQ
DGYHUVH LPSDFW RQ FKLOGUHQ·V KHDOWK VHH IRU H[DPSOH )LQFKHU DQG 6DXQGHUV 
)XUWKHUFKLOGSRYHUW\KDVEHHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDGYHUVHRXWFRPHVLQDGXOWKRRGVHHIRU
H[DPSOH%UDGVKDZHWDO&RUFRUDQ'XQFDQDQG0RVFRZ+REFUDIW
5HVHDUFKKDVVKRZQKLJKHUUDWHVRILQFRPHSRYHUW\IRUFKLOGUHQWKDQIRUDGXOWV
LQ $XVWUDOLD +DUGLQJ HW DO81,&() DQGKLJKHU UDWHV RISRYHUW\ IRU
FKLOGUHQFRPSDUHGWRHOGHUO\SHRSOHLQ$PHULFDVLQFH/LQGVH\S
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH VWURQJ LPSDFW ZKLFK MREOHVVQHVV KDV RQ SRYHUW\ VRPH
UHVHDUFKKDVLGHQWLÀHGRWKHUQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRISDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVRQFKLOGUHQ)RU
H[DPSOH*UHJRU\DUJXHGWKDWIDPLO\MREOHVVQHVVZDVOLNHO\WRSXWFKLOGUHQDW
DKLJKHUULVNRIPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGGHYHORSPHQWSUREOHPVDVVRPHWLPHVMREOHVVQHVV
FUHDWHV IXUWKHU VRFLDO SUREOHPV VXFK DV YLROHQFH LQ IDPLOLHV  +H DOVR DUJXHG WKDW
FKLOGUHQ·V IXWXUH GHYHORSPHQW PD\ EH FRPSURPLVHG E\ SDUHQWDO MREOHVVQHVV VLQFH
FKLOGUHQGHSHQGRQDFFHVVWRHFRQRPLFUHVRXUFHVGXULQJWKHLUÀUVWÀIWHHQ\HDUVRIOLIH
&RPSDUHGWRRWKHU2(&'FRXQWULHVWKHODWHVWDYDLODEOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\FRPSDUDWLYH
HVWLPDWHVIRUVKRZWKDW$XVWUDOLDLVRQHRIWKHZRUVWSHUIRUPLQJ2(&'FRXQWULHV
LQWHUPVRIWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIFKLOGUHQZKRDUHJURZLQJXSLQDKRXVHKROGZKHUHQR
DGXOW ZRUNV UDQNHG  RXW RI  FRXQWULHV ,Q  $XVWUDOLD SHUIRUPHG VOLJKWO\
EHWWHUWKDQ+XQJDU\81,&()S
'HVSLWHWKHVHVWDWLVWLFVWKHUHVHDUFKRQFKLOGUHQOLYLQJZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVLQ
$XVWUDOLDVXIIHUVIURPGLIIHUHQFHVLQDSSURDFKHVWRPHDVXUHPHQWLVVXHVZKLFKPHDQV
WKDW FDXWLRQ VKRXOG EH H[HUFLVHG ZKHQ FRPSDULQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI GLIIHUHQW VWXGLHV
 29
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

3UHYLRXV$XVWUDOLDQUHVHDUFKFRQFHQWUDWHGRQWKHSHULRGRIWKHODWHVWRWKHV
*UHJRU\XVLQJWKHIDPLO\DVWKHXQLWRIDQDO\VLVIRXQGWKDWWKHSURSRUWLRQRI
FKLOGUHQDJHGOLYLQJLQIDPLOLHVZLWKRXWDSDUHQWHPSOR\HGLQZDVSHU
FHQWZKLFKZDVDQLQFUHDVHIURPSHUFHQWLQ8VLQJWKHKRXVHKROGUDWKHUWKDQ
WKHIDPLO\DVWKHXQLWRIDQDO\VLVDQGLQFOXGLQJDOOZRUNLQJDJHDGXOWVUDWKHUWKDQMXVW
SDUHQWV'DZNLQV*UHJJDQG6FXWHOODIRXQGDVOLJKWO\ORZHUULVNRIMREOHVVQHVV
EXW D VLPLODU PDJQLWXGH RI FKDQJH ²  SHU FHQW LQ  ZKLFK ZDV DOPRVW 
WLPHVKLJKHUWKDQWKHSHUFHQWIRXQGIRU7KHPRVWFXUUHQWSXEOLVKHGÀJXUH
RIFKLOGUHQZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVIRU$XVWUDOLDZDVDURXQGSHUFHQWUHSRUWHGLQWKH
HGLWLRQRI0HDVXUHVRI$XVWUDOLD·V3URJUHVVDQGEDVHGRQGDWDIURPWKH
6XUYH\RI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJ$%6
$OOWKHVHVWXGLHVKDYHORRNHGDWQDWLRQDOUHVXOWV²QRSUHYLRXVZRUNIRFXVLQJ
RQFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVRUIDPLOLHVKDVGLVDJJUHJDWHGWKHQDWLRQDODQDO\VLV
LQWRDVSDWLDOSLFWXUH+RZHYHUDVSDWLDOSHUVSHFWLYHRQWKLVPHDVXUHLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW
DVZLWKRXWNQRZLQJZKHUHWKHVHFKLOGUHQDUHOLYLQJ*RYHUQPHQWSODQQHUVDQGSROLF\
PDNHUV KDYH LQVXIÀFLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DYDLODEOH WR SODQ WKH HIIHFWLYH SURYLVLRQ RI
VHUYLFHV 7KLV VSDWLDO DVSHFW RI GLVDGYDQWDJH LV QRZ EHLQJ UHFRJQLVHG DV LPSRUWDQW
LQ PHDVXULQJ VRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ LQ $XVWUDOLD DQG ¶)RFXVLQJ RQ SDUWLFXODU ORFDWLRQV
QHLJKERXUKRRGVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVWRHQVXUHSURJUDPVDQGVHUYLFHVDUHJHWWLQJWRWKH
ULJKWSODFHV·LVLGHQWLÀHGDVRQHRIWKH$XVWUDOLDQ6RFLDO,QFOXVLRQ3ULRULWLHV$XVWUDOLDQ
*RYHUQPHQW
7KLV SDSHU LQFRUSRUDWHV WKLV NH\ DVSHFW RI FKLOG GLVDGYDQWDJH SURYLGLQJ D
VSDWLDODQDO\VLVZKLFKWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQ
RI $XVWUDOLDQ FKLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ IDPLOLHV ZKHUH QR SDUHQW ZRUNV 7KH GHÀQLWLRQ RI
SDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVXVHGLQWKLVSDSHUFRYHUVSDUHQWVZKRDUHHLWKHUXQHPSOR\HGRU
QRWLQWKHODERXUIRUFH7KHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIERWKXQHPSOR\HGSHRSOHDQGWKRVHQRW
LQWKHODERXUIRUFHLQWRRXUGHÀQLWLRQRIMREOHVVQHVVIROORZVWKHVWDQGDUGGHÀQLWLRQRI
MREOHVVQHVVXVHGE\WKH2(&'
7KLVSDSHUWKXVPDNHVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRNQRZOHGJHDERXWFKLOGUHQ
LQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGV²E\ERWKXSGDWLQJQDWLRQDOOHYHOLQIRUPDWLRQWRWDNHDFFRXQW
RIFKDQJHVRYHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVXVLQJ6XUYH\RI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJGDWDDQGDOVR
SURYLGLQJWKHVSDWLDOSLFWXUHDWD6WDWLVWLFDO/RFDO$UHDOHYHOXVLQJFHQVXVGDWD
7KHUHPDLQGHURIWKLVSDSHU LVRUJDQLVHGDVIROORZV6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWVWKH
GDWDDQGPHWKRGRORJ\6HFWLRQGLVFXVVHVWKHQDWLRQDOSLFWXUHEDVHGRQWKH
DQG$%66XUYH\VRI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJ&RVWV7KLVVHFWLRQTXDQWLÀHVWKH
LQFLGHQFH RI MREOHVV KRXVHKROGVIDPLOLHV DQG LGHQWLÀHV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKHVH
KRXVHKROGV6HFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKHVSDWLDOSLFWXUHRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV
E\ 6WDWLVWLFDO /RFDO $UHD XVLQJ GDWD IURP WKH $%6 &HQVXVHV RI 3RSXODWLRQ DQG
+RXVLQJIRUDQG6HFWLRQ)LYHSUHVHQWVWKHGLVFXVVLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQV

2. Data and Methodology

Data
7KLVVWXG\XVHVGDWDIURPWKH$%6DQG&RQÀGHQWLDOLVHG8QLW5HFRUG
)LOHV&85)VRIWKH6XUYH\VRI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJ6,+WRDQDO\VHWKHQDWLRQDO
30
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

SLFWXUHLQ6HFWLRQ7KUHH7KHDGYDQWDJHRIXVLQJWKH6,+IRUWKLVQDWLRQDOSLFWXUHLV
WKDWWKH6,+DOORZVDFRPSDUDEOHSLFWXUHRYHU\HDUV7KH6,+KDVDVDPSOHVL]H
RIDERXWKRXVHKROGVIRUDQGKRXVHKROGVIRU)RUERWK
\HDUVWKHSRSXODWLRQLQWKH6,+FRYHUVSULYDWHGZHOOLQJVRQO\
)RUWKHVSDWLDOSLFWXUHSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQWKHDQG&HQVXVHV
RI 3RSXODWLRQ DQG +RXVLQJ ZHUH XVHG DV WKHVH GDWD ZHUH DYDLODEOH DW D VPDOO DUHD
OHYHO7KHKLJKOHYHORIVSDWLDOGLVDJJUHJDWLRQDWZKLFKWKHGDWDFDQEHREWDLQHGLVWKH
DGYDQWDJHWKDWWKH&HQVXVKDVRYHUWKH6,+
)RUWKLVVWXG\ZHXVHGWKH6WDWLVWLFDO/RFDO$UHD6/$DVWKHEDVHVSDWLDO
XQLWRIDQDO\VLV7KLVVWDQGDUGJHRJUDSKLFDOXQLWZDVFKRVHQIURPWKH$%6$XVWUDOLDQ
6WDQGDUG *HRJUDSKLFDO &ODVVLÀFDWLRQ $6*& EHFDXVH LW ZDV WKH VPDOOHVW XQLW
ZLWK FRPSOHWH FRYHUDJH RI $XVWUDOLD WKDW GRHV QRW LQWURGXFH WKH SUREOHPV RI GDWD
FRQÀGHQWLDOLW\ HYLGHQW DW VPDOOHU VSDWLDO OHYHOV VXFK DV &HQVXV &ROOHFWLRQ 'LVWULFW
'DO\HWDO'DO\HWDO
6LQFH WKHUH DUH WZR VRXUFHV RI GDWD IRU WKLV VWXG\ WKHUH DUH DOVR VRPH
GLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIWKHXQLWRIDQDO\VLVDQGFRYHUDJHDVIROORZV)LUVWDOOWKHGDWD
SURYLGHGIURPWKH&HQVXVZHUHEDVHGRQFKLOGUHQLQIDPLOLHVZKLOHWKH6,+SURYLGHG
GDWDDERXWFKLOGUHQLQKRXVHKROGV
*LYHQ WKDW UHODWLYHO\ IHZ FKLOGUHQ OLYH LQ PXOWLIDPLO\ KRXVHKROGV WKLV
GHÀQLWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR GDWD VRXUFHV LV QRW H[SHFWHG WR KDYH PXFK
LPSDFWXSRQWKHUHVXOWV
6HFRQGWKHFKLOGUHQLQWKH&HQVXVGDWDZHXVHIRUWKLVSDSHUDUHVSOLWLQWRWZR
DJHJURXSVFKLOGUHQDJHGDQGFKLOGUHQDJHG\HDUV7KHVHWZRJURXSVIROORZ
RWKHU ZRUN IRFXVVLQJ RQ WKH UHJLRQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI FKLOG VRFLDO H[FOXVLRQ 'DO\ HW
DO'DO\HWDODQG7DQWRQHWDO+RZHYHUWKHGDWDLQWKH6XUYH\
RI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJXVHVDVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWDJHFXWRIIVLQFHWKLVGDWDIROORZV
WKH $%6 GHÀQLWLRQ RI ¶GHSHQGHQW FKLOGUHQ· ZKLFK LQFOXGHV FKLOGUHQ DJHG  DQG
GHSHQGHQW VWXGHQWV DJHG  7KH GHÀQLWLRQ RI FKLOGUHQ DGRSWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU LV
GLIIHUHQWIURP'DZNLQV*UHJJDQG6FXWHOODZKRGHÀQHGGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQ
DVDOOFKLOGUHQDJHGOHVVWKDQ\HDUVROGDQGIXOOWLPHVWXGHQWVDJHGOHVVWKDQ
\HDUVROG
7KHUH DUH DOVR GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI GHÀQLWLRQV RI D KRXVHKROG KHDG
UHIHUHQFH SHUVRQ LQ WKH  DQG  &RQÀGHQWLDOLVHG 8QLW 5HFRUG )LOHV
&85)V RI WKH 6XUYH\V RI ,QFRPH DQG +RXVLQJ 6,+ ,Q  WKH KRXVHKROG
UHIHUHQFHSHUVRQZDVGHÀQHGDVWKHDGXOWPDOHIRUDFRXSOHLQFRPHXQLWDQGWKHSDUHQW
LQDRQHSDUHQWLQFRPHXQLW+RZHYHULQWKH6,+WKHKRXVHKROGUHIHUHQFH
SHUVRQ ZDV GHÀQHG DVWKHSHUVRQ LQWKHKRXVHKROG ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW LQFRPH H[FHSW

$¶IDPLO\·LVGHÀQHGE\WKH$%6DDVIROORZV
¶WZRRUPRUHSHUVRQVRQHRIZKRPLVDWOHDVW\HDUVRIDJHZKRDUHUHODWHGE\EORRGPDUULDJH
UHJLVWHUHG RU GH IDFWR DGRSWLRQ VWHS RU IRVWHULQJ DQG ZKR DUH XVXDOO\ UHVLGHQW LQ WKH VDPH
KRXVHKROG7KHEDVLVRIIDPLO\LVIRUPHGE\LGHQWLI\LQJWKHSUHVHQFHRIDFRXSOHUHODWLRQVKLSORQH
SDUHQWFKLOG UHODWLRQVKLS RU RWKHU EORRG UHODWLRQVKLS 6RPH KRXVHKROGV ZLOO WKHUHIRUH FRQWDLQ
PRUHWKDQRQHIDPLO\·
:KHUHDVD¶KRXVHKROG·LVGHÀQHGE\WKH$%6DDVIROORZV
¶RQHRUPRUHSHUVRQVDWOHDVWRQHRIZKRPLVDWOHDVW\HDUVRIDJHXVXDOO\UHVLGHQWLQWKHVDPH
SULYDWHGZHOOLQJ·
 31
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

IRU VLQJOH SDUHQW KRXVHKROGV ZKHUH WKH UHIHUHQFH SHUVRQ ZDV WKH SDUHQW 7DQWRQ
1HSDODQG+DUGLQJ7KHUHIRUHUHVXOWVDQGDQDO\VLVEDVHGRQWKHJHQGHURIWKH
KRXVHKROGKHDGPD\EHDIIHFWHGE\WKLVFKDQJHLQGHÀQLWLRQ
,Q VRPH HDUOLHU VWXGLHV MREOHVV KRXVHKROGVIDPLOLHV KDYH EHHQ GHÀQHG DV
KRXVHKROGVIDPLOLHVZKHUHQRZRUNLQJDJHDGXOWVDUHLQSDLGHPSOR\PHQW7KHSUREOHP
ZLWKWKLVGHÀQLWLRQLVWKDWVWXGHQWVPD\EHZRUNLQJSDUWWLPHRUFDVXDOKRXUVDQGEH
FRXQWHGDVZRUNLQJZKLOHQRWVXSSRUWLQJWKHKRXVHKROG,QWKLVSDSHUZHKDYHPRGLÀHG
WKLVGHÀQLWLRQVOLJKWO\WRIRFXVRQSDUHQWVRQO\DVSDUHQWVDUHWKHWUDGLWLRQDOLQFRPH
VKDUHUVLQDIDPLO\,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWWKHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHGRHVQRWWDNH
LQWRDFFRXQWWKHGXUDWLRQRIMREOHVVQHVVDVRXUGDWDGRQRWFRQWDLQWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ
,Q WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKLV SDSHU ¶MREOHVV KRXVHKROGVIDPLOLHV· UHIHUV WR WKRVH
KRXVHKROGVIDPLOLHVLQZKLFKFKLOGUHQDUHOLYLQJDQGLQZKLFKQHLWKHURIWKHFKLOG·V
SDUHQWVDUHZRUNLQJLIDFRXSOHIDPLO\RUZKHUHDVLQJOHSDUHQWLVQRWZRUNLQJLID
VLQJOHSDUHQWIDPLO\7KXVFDVHVLQFRXSOHIDPLOLHVLQZKLFKRQHSDUHQWLVZRUNLQJ
DQG WKH RWKHU SDUHQW LV QRW DUH H[FOXGHG IURP WKLV GHÀQLWLRQ $V VWDWHG HDUOLHU RXU
GHÀQLWLRQRIMREOHVVSDUHQWVFRYHUVWKRVHSDUHQWVZKRDUHHLWKHUXQHPSOR\HGRUQRWLQ
WKHODERXUIRUFH

Spatial Methodology
,Q WKH  &HQVXV WKHUH ZHUH  6/$V FRYHULQJ DOO RI $XVWUDOLD ZKHUHDV LQ
WKH&HQVXVWKHQXPEHURI6/$VZDV7KHSRSXODWLRQVRIWKHVH6/$VLQ
ERWK \HDUV ZHUH GLVWULEXWHG XQHYHQO\ DFURVV $XVWUDOLD ZLWK VRPH VPDOO VWDWHV DQG
WHUULWRULHVEHLQJEURNHQLQWRDUHODWLYHO\ODUJHQXPEHURI6/$VDQGRWKHUODUJHUVWDWHV
FRQVLVWLQJRIUHODWLYHO\IHZ)RUH[DPSOHDFFRUGLQJWRWKH&HQVXVWKH$XVWUDOLDQ
&DSLWDO7HUULWRU\FRQWDLQHGRQO\SHUFHQWRI$XVWUDOLD·VSRSXODWLRQEXWKDG
6/$VRUSHUFHQWRIWRWDO6/$V,QFRQWUDVW1HZ6RXWK:DOHVZKLFKFRQWDLQV
SHUFHQWRI$XVWUDOLD·VWRWDOSRSXODWLRQKDGRQO\6/$VRUSHUFHQWRIDOO
6/$V4XHHQVODQGDOVRKDG6/$VSHUFHQWRIWRWDO$XVWUDOLDQ6/$VEXW
FRQWDLQVRQO\SHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDOSRSXODWLRQ$OPRVWKDOIRI4XHHQVODQG6/$V
DUH%ULVEDQH6/$VZLWKTXLWHORZSRSXODWLRQV
8QHYHQ SRSXODWLRQ VL]HV ZLWKLQ VPDOO DUHDV FUHDWHV DQ LVVXH NQRZQ DV WKH
0RGLÀDEOH $UHD 8QLW 3UREOHP 0$83 0RUH SRSXORXV 6/$V DUH OLNHO\ WR FRYHU
PRUHKHWHURJHQHRXVSRSXODWLRQVOHDGLQJWRSRFNHWVRIH[WUHPHYDOXHVEHLQJDYHUDJHG
RXW,QFRQWUDVWOHVVSRSXORXV6/$VZKLFKDUHSDUWLFXODUO\FRQFHQWUDWHGLQ&DQEHUUD
DQG %ULVEDQH XVXDOO\ KDYH PRUH KRPRJHQRXV SRSXODWLRQV DQG WKXV PRUH H[WUHPH
YDOXHVIRUWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFEHLQJVWXGLHGVLPSO\EHFDXVHWKHH[WUHPHYDOXHVDUHQRW
EHLQJDYHUDJHGRXW
7KHPHWKRGRORJ\ZHXVHGWRDGGUHVVWKHLVVXHRIWKH0$83IROORZVWKDWXVHG
LQ %DXP 2·&RQQRU DQG 6WLPVRQ  DQG 'DO\ HW DO  6/$V LQ %ULVEDQH
DQG &DQEHUUD ZHUH DJJUHJDWHG WR /RFDO &RXQFLO (OHFWRUDO :DUGV IRU %ULVEDQH DQG

 7KLV GHÀQLWLRQ H[FOXGHV RWKHU DGXOWV LQ WKH IDPLO\ ZKHUHDV VRPH RWKHU DXWKRUV IRU H[DPSOH
'DZNLQV*UHJJDQG6FXWHOODGRQRWUHVWULFWWKHLUGHÀQLWLRQWRSDUHQWVRQO\EXWDOVRLQFOXGH
RWKHU LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH KRXVHKROG RI ZRUNLQJ DJH  \HDUV IRU PDOHV DQG  \HDUV IRU
IHPDOHVZKRDUHQRWVWXG\LQJIXOOWLPH7KHVHGLIIHUHQFHVLQGHÀQLWLRQVKRXOGEHNHSWLQPLQG
ZKHQLQWHUSUHWLQJUHVXOWVLQWKLVSDSHU
32
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

6WDWLVWLFDO6XEGLYLVLRQV66'IRU&DQEHUUDVRWKDWWKH\ZHUHPRUHVLPLODULQWKHOHYHO

RIKHWHURJHQHLW\WR6/$VLQRWKHUDUHDVRI$XVWUDOLD
$VRQHRIWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVSDSHUZDVWRXQGHUWDNHDVSDWLDOFRPSDUDWLYH
DQDO\VLV EHWZHHQ  DQG  ZH DOVR QHHGHG WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH 6/$
ERXQGDU\FKDQJHVEHWZHHQDQG7KHUHIRUH6/$FRGHVDUHH[SUHVVHG
LQ WHUPV RI  $6*& ERXQGDULHV XVLQJ D FRQFRUGDQFH VXSSOLHG E\ WKH $%6 ,W
LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW ZKHUH 6/$V KDYH EHHQ VSOLW XS WKH  FRQFRUGDQFH LV
VLPSO\EDVHGRQWKHSRSXODWLRQZHLJKW7KLVPHDQVWKDWSRSXODWLRQVZLWKSDUWLFXODU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHVSOLWEHWZHHQWKH6/$VEDVHGRQWKHLUSRSXODWLRQZHLJKWV:KLOH
WKLVLVWKHVWDQGDUGDSSURDFKWRGHDOLQJZLWKVXFK6/$ERXQGDU\FKDQJHVDFURVVWLPH
FDUHQHHGVWREHWDNHQZKHQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHUHVXOWVIURPVSDWLDOFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLV
WRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHVHFRQFRUGDQFHLVVXHV
%HIRUHDQDO\VLQJMREOHVVQHVVWKRVH6/$V:DUGVRU66'VWKDWKDGYHU\ORZ
FHOOFRXQWVDFKLOGSRSXODWLRQRIOHVVWKDQRUKDGDYHU\KLJKQRQUHVSRQVHUDWHRQ
WKH&HQVXVJUHDWHUWKDQSHUFHQWQRQUHVSRQVHZHUHH[FOXGHGIURPWKHDQDO\VLV
VLQFHWKHGDWDIRUVPDOODUHDVZLWKORZFHOOFRXQWVDQGKLJKQRWVWDWHGUHVSRQVHVPD\
EHXQUHOLDEOH7KHORZFHOOFRXQWVPHDQWKDWDQ\VPDOOFKDQJHLQQXPEHUVFDQUHVXOWLQ
DODUJHSHUFHQWDJHFKDQJH,QDGGLWLRQORZFHOOFRXQWVDUHVHQVLWLYHWRUDQGRPLVDWLRQ
SHUWXUEDWLRQLVVXHV$IWHUWKRVHORZFHOODQGKLJKQRQUHVSRQVHFRXQWVZHUHH[FOXGHG
WKHUHZHUHVPDOODUHDVRIREVHUYDWLRQIRUWKHDQDO\VLVLQDQG

3. The National Picture (1995-96 to 2005-06)

3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVVKRZHGDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQEHLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGV
EHWZHHQ WKH ODWH VHDUO\ V DQG WKH V *UHJRU\  'DZNLQV *UHJJ
DQG6FXWHOOD6FXWHOODDQG:RRGHQ7KLVVHFWLRQH[SORUHVWKHQDWLRQDO
SLFWXUHRIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVWRVHHZKHWKHUWKHUHZDVVWLOODKLJKULVNRI
FKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVLQZKHWKHUWKLVULVNIHOOEHWZHHQDQG
LQOLQHZLWKWKHQDWLRQDOIDOOLQWKHXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWHDQGZKHWKHUWKHUH
ZHUHFKDQJLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDPRQJWKHVHMREOHVVSDUHQWV
8QOHVVVSHFLÀHGGLIIHUHQWO\WKHQXPEHUDQGWKHULVNUHSRUWHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQ
DOZD\VUHIHUVWRWRWDOGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQZKLFKDOVRLQFOXGHVIXOOWLPHVWXGHQWVDJHG
WRDVZHOODVWR\HDUROGV8QOHVVVSHFLÀHGGLIIHUHQWO\WKHULVNLVFDOFXODWHG
DVWKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQKRXVHKROGVZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVDVDSHUFHQWDJHRIDOO
FKLOGUHQLQHDFKUHOHYDQWGHFRPSRVLWLRQVXFKDVE\VWDWHRUE\IDPLO\FRPSRVLWLRQ

National Overview
7KHQXPEHURIGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQZKROLYHGLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVGHFOLQHGE\
SHUFHQWRYHUWKHWHQ\HDUVWRIURPFKLOGUHQLQWR
FKLOGUHQLQWDEOH7RDPLQRUH[WHQWWKLVIDOOLQWKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQ
MREOHVVKRXVHKROGVZDVGULYHQE\WKHGHFOLQLQJQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQDJHGWR\HDUV
LQDOORI$XVWUDOLDZKLFKGHFOLQHGE\DURXQGWZRSHUFHQWIURPDURXQGPLOOLRQ
FKLOGUHQWRPLOOLRQFKLOGUHQWDEOH

7KH%ULVEDQH DJJUHJDWLRQZDVEDVHGRQDQ6/$WRZDUGFRQFRUGDQFH NLQGO\VXSSOLHGE\WKH
&HQWUHIRU5HVHDUFKLQWR6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQDQG5HJLRQDO)XWXUHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI4XHHQVODQG
DQGPRGLÀHGE\WKHDXWKRUVIRUXVHZLWK6/$V

6RPHUHVHDUFKHUVUHIHUWRWKHULVNDV¶LQFLGHQFH·
 33
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

Table 1 - The Number, Risk and Distribution of Children in Jobless

Households, by Age, 1995-96 and 2005-06

  
    $V    $V
    SHUFHQWDJH    SHUFHQWDJH
    RIDOO    RIDOO
  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ
 $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV
$JHRIFKLOGUHQ FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV
WR        
WR        
WR        
WR        
WR        
1RWH$OOHVWLPDWHVRIQXPEHUVKDYHEHHQURXQGHGWRWKHQHDUHVW'DWDVRXUFH6,+
DQG

7KHLQFUHDVLQJSURSHQVLW\RI*HQHUDWLRQ<SHUVRQVZKRZHUHERUQEHWZHHQ
 WR UHPDLQ ZLWKLQ WKH SDUHQWDO KRPH &DVVHOOV DQG +DUGLQJ  ZDV
FOHDUO\VKRZQLQWKHULVLQJQXPEHURIGHSHQGHQWWR\HDUROGVQDWLRQDOO\ZLWK
PLOOLRQWR\HDUROGIXOOWLPHGHSHQGHQWVWXGHQWVVWLOOOLYLQJZLWKWKHLUSDUHQWVLQ
XSIURPDGHFDGHHDUOLHU
%XWGHVSLWHWKLVLQFUHDVHLQWKHVL]HRIWKLVJURXSE\IHZHUWR
\HDUROGVZHUHOLYLQJLQKRXVHKROGVZKHUHQRSDUHQWZRUNHGGRZQIURPLQ
WRLQ
$QRWKHU ZD\ RI ORRNLQJ DWWKHVH UHVXOWVLVWRORRNDWFKDQJHV LQWKHULVNRI
FKLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ MREOHVV KRXVHKROGV $JDLQ WKHVH UHVXOWV ZHUH SRVLWLYH ZLWK WKH
SURSRUWLRQRIDOOGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVGHFOLQLQJIURP
SHUFHQWLQWRSHUFHQWDGHFDGHODWHU 7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHSDWWHUQRI
ULVLQJULVNLQWKHVDQGHDUO\VUHYHDOHGLQWKHHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKKDVQRZEHHQ
UHYHUVHG 'HVSLWH WKLV SURJUHVV KRZHYHU RQH LQ HYHU\ VHYHQ GHSHQGHQW FKLOGUHQ LQ
$XVWUDOLDLQVWLOOOLYHGLQDKRXVHKROGZKHUHQRSDUHQWKDGDMRE$FURVVDOO
DJHJURXSVDURXQGSHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQLQKRXVHKROGVZLWKRXWDQ\SDUHQWZRUNLQJ
ZHUH GHSHQGHQW FKLOGUHQ DJHG OHVV WKDQ  \HDUV ROG ² DQG WKLV SURSRUWLRQ GLG QRW
FKDQJHPXFKRYHUWKHGHFDGH

Risk by Household Composition

7KLVVHFWLRQH[DPLQHVWKHKRXVHKROGFRPSRVLWLRQRIMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVE\H[DPLQLQJ
VLQJOHSDUHQWDQGFRXSOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGVVHSDUDWHO\7DEOHVKRZVWKDWFKLOGUHQZKR
OLYHGLQVLQJOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGVIDFHGDKLJKHUULVNRIOLYLQJLQDMREOHVVKRXVHKROG
WKDQFRXSOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGV7KHLUULVNZDVDOPRVWWHQWLPHVPRUHLQWKDQ
WKHLUFRXQWHUSDUWVLQFRXSOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGV7KHRYHUDOOULVNRIOLYLQJLQDMREOHVV

7KLVULVNZDVKLJKHUWKDQWKHULVNRISHUFHQWIRU6,+GDWDIRXQGLQ'DZNLQV*UHJJ
DQG6FXWHOODGXHWRGHÀQLWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVWKH\LQFOXGHGRQO\GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQXSWR
\HDUVRIDJHDQGWKHLUMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVGHÀQLWLRQDOVRLQFOXGHGRWKHUDGXOWVLQWKHKRXVHKROG
UDWKHUWKDQSDUHQWVRQO\
34
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

KRXVHKROG IRU FKLOGUHQ RI VLQJOH SDUHQW IDPLOLHV GHFOLQHG DFURVV WKH SHULRG IURP
DURXQGSHUFHQWWRSHUFHQW7KXVLQDOPRVWRQHLQHYHU\WZRFKLOGUHQ
ZKROLYHGZLWKVLQJOHSDUHQWVOLYHGZLWKMREOHVVVLQJOHSDUHQWV7KLVUHÁHFWVWKHKLJK
QXPEHUVRIVLQJOHSDUHQWVZKRZHUHQRWLQWKHODERXUIRUFH

Table 2 - The Number, Risk and Distribution of Children in Jobless

Households, by Household Composition, 1995-96 and 2005-06

  
    $V    $V
    SHUFHQWDJH    SHUFHQWDJH
    RIDOO    RIDOO
  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ
 $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV
$JHRIFKLOGUHQ FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV
+RXVHKROG&RPSRVLWLRQ
WR
6LQJOHSDUHQW        
&RXSOHSDUHQWV        
WR
6LQJOHSDUHQW        
&RXSOHSDUHQWV        
1RWH$OOHVWLPDWHVRIQXPEHUVKDYHEHHQURXQGHGWRWKHQHDUHVW$VPDOOQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQOLYH
LQPXOWLIDPLO\KRXVHKROGVDQGDUHH[FOXGHGIURPWKHQXPEHUVLQWKHDERYHWDEOHEHFDXVHVPDOOVDPSOH
VL]HPHDQVWKDWWKHUHVXOWVIRUWKLVJURXSDUHXQUHOLDEOH'DWDVRXUFH6,+DQG

7KHUHVXOWVLQWDEOHDOVRH[SODLQPXFKRIWKHSX]]OHDERXWZK\WKHULVNRI
FKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVGLGQRWIDOOHYHQPRUHUDSLGO\GXULQJDGHFDGH
FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ VWURQJ HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG IDOOLQJ XQHPSOR\PHQW 7KLV WDEOH
VKRZVWKDWWKHUHZDVDSURQRXQFHGFRPSRVLWLRQDOVKLIWLQWKHW\SHVRIKRXVHKROGVWKDW
GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYHGLQHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKRVHVLQJOHSDUHQWVZLWK\RXQJHUFKLOGUHQ
DJHGZLWKDURXQGDQDGGLWLRQDOFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQVROHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGV
E\FRPSDUHGZLWKDIDOOLQWKHQXPEHURIGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQFRXSOH
KRXVHKROGVWKXVDURXQGGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYHGLQVROHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGV
LQFRPSDUHGZLWKLQ
7KHGLIÀFXOWLHVRIREWDLQLQJFKLOGFDUHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGDGHTXDWHO\ÁH[LEOH
KRXUVWREDODQFHWKHGHPDQGVRIVROHSDUHQWKRRGZLWKZRUNDUHIDFWRUVZKLFKPD\
FRQWULEXWH WR WKH KLJKHU UDWHV RI QRQSDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH ODERXU IRUFH DPRQJ VLQJOH
SDUHQWVZLWKPDQ\VLQJOHSDUHQWVUHO\LQJLQZKROHRUSDUWRQLQFRPHVXSSRUWSD\PHQWV
/RZHUUDWHVRIHPSOR\PHQWDPRQJVLQJOHSDUHQWVFRPSDUHGZLWKFRXSOHKRXVHKROGV
LQWXUQFRQWULEXWHWRWKHKLJKUDWHVRISRYHUW\H[SHULHQFHGE\VLQJOHSDUHQWIDPLOLHV
0LUDQWLHWDO
%HFDXVHWKHULVNRIKDYLQJDMREOHVVSDUHQWLVVRPXFKKLJKHUIRUFKLOGUHQLQ
VROHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGVWKDQLQFRXSOHKRXVHKROGVWKLVFRPSRVLWLRQDOVKLIWRIIVHWWKH
DFURVVWKHERDUGIDOOLQWKHULVNRIMREOHVVQHVVWKDWRFFXUUHGGXULQJWKHGHFDGH7KXV
LQDOPRVWKDOIRIDOOWKRVHFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVOLYHGLQVLQJOH
SDUHQWKRXVHKROGV%XWWKHVWRU\KDGFKDQJHG\HDUVODWHUVRWKDWDURXQGWZRWKLUGV
RIDOOWKRVHFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVOLYHGLQVLQJOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGV
 35
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

7KH ULVN RI OLYLQJ LQ D MREOHVV KRXVHKROG IRU FKLOGUHQ ZKR OLYHG LQ FRXSOH
SDUHQWKRXVHKROGVZDVUHODWLYHO\ORZ$URXQGSHUFHQWRIDOOFKLOGUHQZKROLYHG
ZLWKFRXSOHSDUHQWVLQOLYHGLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVDGHFOLQHIURPSHUFHQW
LQ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHFDVHRIFKLOGUHQLQVLQJOHSDUHQWKRXVHKROGVOHVVWKDQRQH
LQHYHU\FKLOGUHQZKROLYHGZLWKFRXSOHSDUHQWVKDGQRSDUHQWZLWKRXWSDLGZRUN
+RZHYHUDVWKHQXPEHURIFRXSOHKRXVHKROGVJUHDWO\RXWZHLJKVWKHQXPEHURIVLQJOH
SDUHQWKRXVHKROGVRQHWKLUGRIDOOFKLOGUHQZKROLYHGZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVVWLOOOLYHG
LQFRXSOHKRXVHKROGV

Risk by Characteristics of Household Head

7KLVVHFWLRQDQDO\VHVWKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQZKROLYHGLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVE\WDNLQJ
LQWRDFFRXQWWKHHGXFDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHKRXVHKROGKHDGDVVKRZQLQWDEOH

Table 3 - The Number, Risk and Distribution of Children in Jobless

Households, by Educational Qualification of Household Head, 1995-96
and 2005-06

  
    $V    $V
    SHUFHQWDJH    SHUFHQWDJH
    RIDOO    RIDOO
  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ  &KLOGUHQ  FKLOGUHQ
 $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV $OO LQ-REOHVV 5LVN LQMREOHVV
$JHRIFKLOGUHQ FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV FKLOGUHQ +RXVHKROGV SHUFHQW KRXVHKROGV
+LJKHVW(GXFDWLRQDO4XDOLÀFDWLRQRI+RXVHKROG+HDG
WR
%DFKHORU
RUDERYH        
'LSORPD        
&HUWLÀFDWH        
1RKLJKHU
HGXFDWLRQ        
WR
%DFKHORU
RUDERYH        
'LSORPD        
&HUWLÀFDWH        
1RKLJKHU
HGXFDWLRQ        
1RWH$OOHVWLPDWHVRIQXPEHUVKDYHEHHQURXQGHGWRWKHQHDUHVW'DWDVRXUFH6,+DQG


1RWVXUSULVLQJO\WKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQEHLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVUHGXFHVDV
WKHLU SDUHQWV DUH EHWWHU HGXFDWHG WDEOH  7KH ULVN ZDV WKH ORZHVW IRU KRXVHKROGV
ZLWKDKHDGZKRKDGDEDFKHORUGHJUHHDQGDERYHSHUFHQWDQGWKHKLJKHVWIRU
KRXVHKROGVZKHUHWKHKHDGKDGQRKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSHUFHQW7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDW
HGXFDWLRQLPSURYHVRQH·VHPSOR\PHQWSURVSHFWV$URXQGVHYHQLQHYHU\FKLOGUHQ
ZKROLYHGLQDMREOHVVKRXVHKROGKDGDKHDGZKRKDGJDLQHGQRKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDO
36
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

TXDOLÀFDWLRQV DIWHU FRPSOHWLQJ WKHLU VFKRROLQJ 6RPHZKDW VXUSULVLQJO\ IRU FKLOGUHQ

OLYLQJ LQ KRXVHKROGV ZKHUH WKH KHDG KDG D WHUWLDU\ GHJUHH D PDUJLQDO LQFUHDVH LQ
WKH ULVN RI EHLQJ LQ D MREOHVV KRXVHKROG DOOLHG ZLWK D VKDUS LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU
RIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQVXFKKRXVHKROGVUHVXOWHGLQDGRXEOLQJLQWKHSURSRUWLRQRIDOO
FKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVZKRKDGWHUWLDU\TXDOLÀHGKHDGVIURPSHUFHQWWR
SHUFHQWRIDOOFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGV
7KHVH UHVXOWV FRXOG EH LQÁXHQFHG E\ D QXPEHU RI IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ WKH
SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH RYHUDOO SURSRUWLRQ RI SHRSOH FRPSOHWLQJ WHUWLDU\
HGXFDWLRQ$%6EPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKJUHDWHUFRPSHWLWLRQIRUDYDLODEOHMREV
RUDQLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRIVLQJOHSDUHQWVIRUZKRPMREOHVVQHVVLVPRUHFRPPRQ
FRPSOHWLQJDWHUWLDU\TXDOLÀFDWLRQ

4. The Spatial Picture (2001-2006)

7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKLV VHFWLRQ LV WR DQDO\VH WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI FKLOGUHQ LQ MREOHVV
IDPLOLHVDFURVVVPDOOHUVSDWLDOXQLWVWKDQWKRVHDYDLODEOHLQWKH6,+$VQRWHGLQWKH
PHWKRGRORJ\ VHFWLRQ RXU EDVH VSDWLDO XQLW RI DQDO\VLV LV WKH 6WDWLVWLFDO /RFDO $UHD
6/$ZLWKDJJUHJDWLRQVWRORFDOFRXQFLOHOHFWRUDOZDUGVLQ%ULVEDQHDQGVWDWLVWLFDO
VXEGLYLVLRQV66'VLQ&DQEHUUDWRHYHQRXWGLIIHUHQFHVLQ6/$SRSXODWLRQV
7KHFRPSDULVRQDFURVVWLPHLQWKLVVHFWLRQLVDÀYH\HDUSHULRGEHWZHHQ
DQG  ,Q LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKHVHUHVXOWV LW LV LPSRUWDQWWRUHPHPEHUWKHGHÀQLWLRQDO
GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQRXUQDWLRQDODQGVSDWLDODQDO\VLVDVQRWHGHDUOLHU,QSDUWLFXODU
¶FKLOGUHQ·KHUHPHDQVFKLOGUHQDJHGWR\HDUVROGZKLFKLVDVXEVHWRIWKH¶GHSHQGHQW
FKLOGUHQ·GHÀQLWLRQXVHGLQWKHQDWLRQDODQDO\VLVZKLFKLQFOXGHGGHSHQGHQWIXOOWLPH
VWXGHQWVDJHGWR\HDUVROGVWLOOOLYLQJLQWKHSDUHQWDOKRPH7KHUHIRUHGXHWR
GLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIXQLWRIDQDO\VLVDQGFRYHUDJHGLUHFWFRPSDULVRQRIUHVXOWVIURP
VHFWLRQVDQGLVQRWSRVVLEOH

Where do Children in Jobless Families Live?

6LQFHWKHGDWDH[FOXGHGWKRVH6/$VZLWKDKLJKQRQVWDWHGUHVSRQVHDQGZKHUHFKLOG
SRSXODWLRQV ZHUH OHVV WKDQ  WKH DQDO\VLV FRYHUV  REVHUYDWLRQV 6/$V $&7
66'VDQG%ULVEDQH(OHFWRUDO:DUGV)RUVLPSOLFLW\WKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVZLOOEH
UHIHUUHGDVVPDOODUHDV,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWZKHUHWKHDQDO\VLVE\VWDWH
RU FDSLWDO FLW\EDODQFH RI VWDWH LV SURYLGHG LW FRYHUV RQO\ WKHVH  DUHDV 7KHVH
DUHDVFRQVLVWRIXUEDQDUHDVLQWKHFDSLWDOFLWLHVDQGUXUDODUHDVLQWKH
EDODQFHRIVWDWHV7KXVDOPRVWSHUFHQWRIWRWDOVPDOODUHDVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVSDSHU
DUHUXUDODUHDV
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV
E\VPDOODUHDIRUWKHZKROHRI$XVWUDOLDDQGIRUHDFKRIWKHVWDWHDQGWHUULWRU\FDSLWDO
FLWLHV 7KH QXPEHU RI FKLOGUHQ DV ZHOO DV WKH ULVN LV LPSRUWDQW IRU SROLF\ DQDO\VLV
SXUSRVHVIRUH[DPSOHLQSODQQLQJIRUVHUYLFHV
)LJXUHGLYLGHVVPDOODUHDVLQWRFKLOGSRSXODWLRQZHLJKWHGTXLQWLOHVRIWKH
QXPEHURIFKLOGUHQZKROLYHGLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVLQLQVXFKDZD\WKDWWKHWRWDO
QXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQHDFKTXLQWLOHUHSUHVHQWVSHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDO$XVWUDOLDQFKLOG
SRSXODWLRQ 7KLV PHDQV WKDW UHVXOWV IRU HDFK VPDOO DUHD KDYH EHHQ ZHLJKWHG E\ WKH
FKLOGSRSXODWLRQLQWKDWDUHD8VLQJDFKLOGZHLJKWHGSRSXODWLRQPHDQVWKDWWKHPDSV
ZLOOEHPRUHUHOHYDQWWRVHUYLFHSURYLGHUV
Figure 1 - The Number of Children in Jobless Families 2006
4XLQWLOHV1XPEHU 'DUZLQ


.LORPHWHUV

%ULVEDQH


1

8QUHOLDEOHGDWD /RJDQ

,SVZLFK
3HUWK

6ZDQ
6\GQH\

&DPSEHOOWRZQ6RXWK

$GHODLGH
0HOERXUQH +REDUW
&DQEHUUD

:\QGKDP
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
37

1RWH4XLQWLOHVDUHZHLJKWHGE\WKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQDJHG'DWDVRXUFH$%6&HQVXVRI3RSXODWLRQDQG+RXVLQJDXWKRUV·FDOFXODWLRQV
38
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

7KLVDSSURDFKDOORZVXVWRRYHUFRPHLQSDUWWKHLVVXHVFUHDWHGE\GLIIHUHQFHV
LQ FKLOG SRSXODWLRQ VL]H EHWZHHQ VPDOO DUHDV $V WKH PDS XVHV FKLOG SRSXODWLRQ
ZHLJKWHGTXLQWLOHVWRSUHVHQWWKHUHVXOWVWKHQXPEHUVRIVPDOODUHDVLQHDFKTXLQWLOH
DUHQRWWKHVDPH
4XLQWLOHV DUH XVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU WR SUHVHQW WKH PDSSHG GDWD EHFDXVH WKH\
SURYLGH VRPH FRPSDUDELOLW\ DFURVV PDSV DV HDFK FDWHJRU\ TXLQWLOH FRQWDLQV 
SHU FHQW RI FKLOGUHQ 8VLQJ RWKHU FDWHJRU\ VSOLWWLQJ PHWKRGV OLNH QDWXUDO EUHDNV
ZKLFKORFDWHVZKHUHEUHDNVQDWXUDOO\RFFXULQWKHGDWDPHDQVWKHFDWHJRULHVDUHQRW
FRPSDUDEOHDFURVVGLIIHUHQWPDSV,QRQHPDSDFDWHJRU\PD\FRQWDLQSHUFHQWRI
FKLOGUHQDQGLQDQRWKHUPDSLWPD\EHRQO\SHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQ8VLQJTXLQWLOHV
WKHUHLVDOZD\VSHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQLQHDFKFDWHJRU\
7KH OLJKWHVW FRORXU RQ WKH PDS UHSUHVHQWV WKH DUHDV LQ WKH ORZHVW TXLQWLOH
ZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHSHUFHQWRI$XVWUDOLDQFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQVPDOODUHDVZLWK
WKHORZHVWQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVWKDWLVWKHERWWRPFKLOGZHLJKWHG
TXLQWLOH ZKLOH LQ FRQWUDVW WKH GDUNHVW FRORXU RQ WKH PDS UHSUHVHQWV DUHDV LQ WKH
KLJKHVWTXLQWLOHFRQWDLQLQJWKHSHUFHQWRI$XVWUDOLDQFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQVPDOODUHDV
ZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV
5HDGHUV VKRXOG QRWH WKDW WKH VSUHDG RI GDWD ZLWKLQ TXLQWLOHV GLIIHUV ² IRU
H[DPSOHLQÀJXUHWKHÀUVWTXLQWLOHUHSUHVHQWVWKRVHVPDOODUHDVZKLFKKDYHEHWZHHQ
 DQG  FKLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ MREOHVV KRXVHKROGV D UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO UDQJH ZKLOH WKH
IRXUWKTXLQWLOHFRQWDLQVWKRVHVPDOODUHDVZLWKEHWZHHQDQGFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQ
MREOHVVKRXVHKROGV²DPXFKEURDGHUUDQJH6LPLODUGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHTXLQWLOHFRQWHQW
DSSHDULQÀJXUH
)URP WKH QDWLRQDO PDS VRPH VSDWLDO SDWWHUQV FDQ EH REVHUYHG )LUVW LQ
HYHU\ VWDWH WKHUH DUH FOXVWHUV RI FKLOGUHQ LQ MREOHVV IDPLOLHV 6HFRQG DUHDV ZLWK
KLJKQXPEHUVRIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVDUHPRVWO\XUEDQDQGDUHSDUWLFXODUO\
IRFXVHGLQVPDOODUHDVLQ%ULVEDQHLQFOXGLQJ/RJDQDQG,SVZLFK6\GQH\LQFOXGLQJ
3HQULWK&DPSEHOOWRZQ6RXWKDQG*RVIRUG:HVW0HOERXUQHLQFOXGLQJ:\QGKDP
1RUWK )UDQNVWRQ:HVW DQG %ULPEDQN6XQVKLQH DQG 3HUWK LQFOXGLQJ 6ZDQ DQG
5RFNLQJKDP7KLVPD\UHÁHFWWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQHZXUEDQSRRUDUHDVZLWKLQVWDWHV
:LOVRQRULWPLJKWUHÁHFWKLJKWRWDOSRSXODWLRQLQXUEDQDUHDV
7KHDEVROXWHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVE\VPDOODUHDLVRI
LQWHUHVWWRSROLF\PDNHUVLQLWVRZQULJKWDVWKLVPHDVXUHLQGLFDWHVZKHUHVXFKFKLOGUHQ
DUH FRQFHQWUDWHG $QRWKHU FRPPRQ PHDVXUH RI UHODWLYH GLVDGYDQWDJH LV WKH ULVN IRU
FKLOGUHQZLWKLQHDFKVPDOODUHDRIEHLQJLQDMREOHVVIDPLO\7KHWZRPHDVXUHVPD\
JLYHDGLIIHUHQWLPSUHVVLRQRIWKHVSUHDGRIGLVDGYDQWDJHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHUHDSDUWLFXODU
DUHDKDVDUHODWLYHO\KLJKSURSRUWLRQRILWVFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVEXWKDV
DORZSRSXODWLRQVL]H²ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKLVVWLOOUHSUHVHQWVDUHODWLYHO\ORZQXPEHU
RI FKLOGUHQ )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH ULVN RI FKLOGUHQ EHLQJ LQ MREOHVV
IDPLOLHVE\VPDOODUHD8QOHVVVSHFLÀHGGLIIHUHQWO\WKHULVNLVFDOFXODWHGDVWKHQXPEHU
RIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVDVDSHUFHQWDJHRIDOOFKLOGUHQUHVLGHQWLQWKHVPDOODUHD

 +RZHYHU LW LV DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW WKH XVH RI TXLQWLOHV LV QRW DOZD\V DQ LGHDO ZD\ WR SUHVHQW
SRSXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVSDWLDOO\VHH0XUUD\DQG6K\\IRUH[DPSOHIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRI
PHWKRGVRIGLVSOD\LQJVSDWLDOGDWD7KHFKLOGSRSXODWLRQZHLJKWHGTXLQWLOHVPHWKRGRORJ\DGRSWHG
LQWKLVSDSHUIROORZVSUHYLRXVSDSHUVZKLFKGLVFXVVFKLOGGLVDGYDQWDJHVHHIRUH[DPSOH+DUGLQJ
HWDOE0F1DPDUDHWDODQG7DQWRQHWDO
Figure 2 - The Risk of Children Being in Jobless Families 2006
4XLQWLOHV3HUFHQW 'DUZLQ

/HDVW
.LORPHWHUV
 /XGPLOOD
%ULVEDQH


1
0RVW
8QUHOLDEOHGDWD

3HUWK /RJDQ

6\GQH\

6WLUOLQJ&HQWUDO
&DPSEHOOWRZQ6RXWK

$GHODLGH
0HOERXUQH +REDUW
2QNDSDULQJD1RUWK&RDVW &DQEHUUD

0HOWRQ

%ULJKWRQ
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
39

1RWH4XLQWLOHVDUHZHLJKWHGE\WKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQDJHG'DWDVRXUFH$%6&HQVXVRI3RSXODWLRQDQG+RXVLQJDXWKRUV·FDOFXODWLRQV
40
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

6LPLODUO\WRÀJXUHWKLVPDSVKRZVFKLOGSRSXODWLRQZHLJKWHGTXLQWLOHVRI
ULVNRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVLQ7KHKLJKHVWTXLQWLOHWKHGDUNHVW
FRORXU RQ WKH PDS FRQWDLQV WKH  SHU FHQW RI $XVWUDOLDQ FKLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ DUHDV
ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW ULVNV RI OLYLQJ LQ MREOHVV IDPLOLHV ZLWK SHUFHQWDJHV RI FKLOGUHQ
LQ MREOHVV IDPLOLHV UDQJLQJ IURP  WR  SHU FHQW 7KLV VKRZV D VXEVWDQWLDOO\
GLIIHUHQWVSDWLDOSLFWXUHWRWKDWEDVHGRQQXPEHUV)URPWKHQDWLRQDOPDSWKHSUHVHQFH
RI WKH FOXVWHUV RI ULVN LV OHVV REYLRXV WKDQ LQ DEVROXWH QXPEHUV DQG LQ FRQWUDVW WR
ÀJXUH  DUHDV ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW ULVN RI FKLOGUHQ EHLQJ LQ MREOHVV IDPLOLHV DUH UXUDO
PRVWO\ LQ WKH 1RUWKHUQ 7HUULWRU\ 7DVPDQLD :HVWHUQ $XVWUDOLD DQG VRPH DUHDV LQ
1HZ6RXWK:DOHV&KLOGUHQIDFHGWKHKLJKHVWULVNRIOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVLIWKH\
OLYHGLQWKHUXUDO1RUWKHUQ7HUULWRU\ZKLFKLVQRWVXUSULVLQJGXHWRWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHG
VRFLRHFRQRPLF VWDWXV DQG H[WUHPH UHPRWHQHVV VR ODFN RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR ZRUN RI
PXFKRIWKHUXUDO1RUWKHUQ7HUULWRU\,QWHUPVRIQXPEHUVFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV
DUHDFDSLWDOFLW\SKHQRPHQRQEXWLQWHUPVRIULVNQRQFDSLWDOFLW\FKLOGUHQDUHWKH
PRVWGLVDGYDQWDJHG+RZHYHUVRPHZHVWHUQVXEXUEVVPDOODUHDVLQ6\GQH\VXFKDV
&DPSEHOOWRZQ)DLUÀHOG%ODFNWRZQ/LYHUSRROIHOOLQWRWKHKLJKHVWTXLQWLOHVIRUERWK
QXPEHUDQGULVNVRIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV

2006 vs 2001
$IWHUH[DPLQLQJWKHULVNDFURVVVPDOODUHDVFURVVVHFWLRQDOO\ZHZHUHDOVRLQWHUHVWHG
LQFRPSDULQJULVNDFURVVWLPH
0RVWVPDOODUHDVLQSHUIRUPHGEHWWHUWKDQZLWKSHUFHQWRI
DOOVPDOODUHDVUHFRUGLQJORZHUULVNWKDQLQ7KHÀJXUHLVHYHQPRUHLPSUHVVLYH
ZKHQLWLVWUDQVODWHGWRWKHSURSRUWLRQRIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVZKRLPSURYHG
WKHLUULVNRYHUWKHÀYH\HDUV²WKHVH¶LPSURYLQJ·VPDOODUHDVFRYHUHGSHUFHQWRI
FKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHV
1HYHUWKHOHVVZKHQDPRUHGHWDLOHGGHFRPSRVLWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWWKHSLFWXUH
VKRZVWKHUHZHUHVWLOOGLVFUHSDQFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHULVN)LJXUHV
DQGVKRZWKLVPRUHGHWDLOHGGHFRPSRVLWLRQE\GLYLGLQJVPDOODUHDVLQWRIRXUJURXSV
)LUVWWKHGLYLVLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHFDWHJRU\RIULVNEHLQJEHWWHURUZRUVH
WKDQWKHULVN6HFRQGWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHULVNEHWZHHQDQG
ULVN ²  ULVN IRU HDFK RI WKHVH VPDOO DUHDV LV FDOFXODWHG 7KLUG IRU HDFK RI WKH
WZR JURXSV EHWWHU RU ZRUVH WKH PHDQ RI WKH GLIIHUHQFH LV FDOFXODWHG 7KLV LV 
SHUFHQWDJHSRLQWVIRUVPDOODUHDVWKDWZHUH¶EHWWHU·DQGSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWVIRUVPDOO
DUHDV WKDW ZHUH ¶ZRUVH· 7KHVH SHUFHQWDJH SRLQWV ZHUH WKHQ XVHG WR FODVVLI\ DOO RXU
VPDOODUHDVLQWRIRXUGLIIHUHQWJURXSV

‡ %HWWHUWKDQULVNDQGULVNGHFUHDVHGPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV³
WKHJUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQWJURXS
‡ %HWWHUWKDQULVNEXWULVNGHFUHDVHGOHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV³
WKHPRGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQWJURXS
‡ :RUVHWKDQULVNDQGULVNLQFUHDVHGOHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV³
WKHPRGHUDWHGHWHULRUDWLRQJURXS
‡ :RUVHWKDQULVNDQGULVNLQFUHDVHGPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV³
WKHZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQJURXS
 41
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

7KXVWKHVPDOODUHDVZKLFKVDZWKHVWURQJHVWLPSURYHPHQWLQULVNVRIFKLOGUHQ
OLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVDUHWKRVHLQWKH¶JUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQW·FDWHJRU\DQGWKH
VPDOODUHDVZKLFKH[SHULHQFHGWKHPRVWGHWHULRUDWLRQLQULVNDUHWKRVHLQWKH¶ZRUVW
GHWHULRUDWLRQ·FDWHJRU\
7KHVH FDWHJRULHV DUH VKRZQ LQ D SLH FKDUW ÀJXUH  2QO\  SHU FHQW RI
FKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVIHOOLQWRWKH¶JUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQW·FDWHJRU\ZLWKWKHEXON
RIFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVSHUFHQWIDOOLQJLQWRWKH¶PRGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQW·
JURXS 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDW ZKLOH PRVW VPDOO DUHDV H[SHULHQFHG IDOOV LQ WKH ULVN RI
FKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVIRUWKHPRVWSDUWWKHVHGHFUHDVHVZHUHRIDIDLUO\
PRGHVWPDJQLWXGH6LPLODUO\PRVWRIWKHLQFUHDVLQJULVNVPDOODUHDVIHOOLQWRFDWHJRU\
RI¶PRGHUDWHGHWHULRUDWLRQ·SHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQ2QO\SHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQLQ
MREOHVVIDPLOLHVIHOOLQWRFDWHJRU\RI¶ZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQ·

Figure 3 - The Percentage of Children in Jobless Families according to

Change in Risk between 2001 and 2006
:RUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQ

0RGHUDWHGHWHULRUDWLRQ
 *UHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQW


0RGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQW


1RWH7KHJUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQWFRYHUHGVPDOODUHDVZKHUHWKHULVNLQZDVEHWWHUWKDQ
ULVNDQGGHFUHDVHGPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV7KHPRGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQWFRYHUHGVPDOODUHDV
ZKHUHWKHULVNLQZDVEHWWHUWKDQULVNEXWGHFUHDVHGOHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV7KH
PRGHUDWHGHWHULRUDWLRQFRYHUHGVPDOODUHDVZKHUHWKHULVNLQZDVZRUVHWKDQULVNDQG
LQFUHDVHGOHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV7KHZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQFRYHUHGVPDOODUHDVZKHUHWKH
ULVNLQZDVZRUVHWKDQULVNDQGULVNLQFUHDVHGPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV'DWD
VRXUFH$%6&HQVXVRI3RSXODWLRQDQG+RXVLQJDQGDXWKRUV·FDOFXODWLRQV

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHVHIRXUFDWHJRULHVZLWKWKHGDUNHVW
FRORXURQWKHPDSUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH¶ZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQ·FDWHJRU\DQGWKHSDOHVWFRORXU
RQWKHPDSUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH¶JUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQW·FDWHJRU\
Figure 4 - The Risk of Children in Jobless Families by small areas, 2006 Compared with 2001
42

'DUZLQ

5LVNFRPSDULVRQZLWK
.LORPHWHUV
7KHJUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQW
%ULVEDQH
7KHPRGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQW
7KHPRGHUDWHGHWHULRUDWLRQ
1
7KHZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQ
8QUHOLDEOHGDWD
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

3HUWK

6\GQH\
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS

/LYHUSRRO(DVW

$GHODLGH
0HOERXUQH +REDUW
&DQEHUUD

:KLWWOHVHD6RXWK:HVW

'DWDVRXUFH$%6&HQVXVRI3RSXODWLRQDQG+RXVLQJDQGDXWKRUV·FDOFXODWLRQV
 43
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

$V VKRZQ RQ WKH PDS ÀJXUH  WKHUH ZHUH FOXVWHUV RI VPDOO DUHDV LQ WKH
FDWHJRULHV RI PRGHUDWH GHWHULRUDWLRQ DQG WKH ZRUVW GHWHULRUDWLRQ ERWK LQ XUEDQ DQG
UXUDODUHDVZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI+REDUWDQG&DQEHUUD)RUWKHFDSLWDOFLWLHVWKHVH
FOXVWHUV ZHUH YHU\ FOHDU LQ 6\GQH\ 0HOERXUQH DQG %ULVEDQH +RZHYHU WKHUH ZDV D
KLJKHU SURSRUWLRQ RI QRQFDSLWDO FLW\ 6/$V ZKLFK IHOO LQWR WKH ZRUVW GHWHULRUDWLRQ
FDWHJRU\FRPSDUHGWRFDSLWDOFLW\6/$V$UHDVZLWKWKHZRUVWGHWHULRUDWLRQWHQGHGWR
EHDWWKHRXWVNLUWVRIFDSLWDOFLWLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHZHVWHUQVXEXUEVRI6\GQH\$UHDVRI
JUHDWHVWLPSURYHPHQWLQFOXGHGUHPRWHDUHDVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ7HUULWRU\ZKLFKPD\EH
GXHWRLQFUHDVLQJHPSOR\PHQWIRUWKHQRQ,QGLJHQRXVSHRSOHZRUNLQJLQWKHSULYDWH
VHFWRULQWKHVHUHPRWHDUHDVRYHUWKLV\HDUSHULRG%LGGOH7D\ORUDQG<DS

5. Discussions and Conclusions

7KHSURSRUWLRQRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVLVZLGHO\UHJDUGHGDVRQHRIWKH
PRVWLPSRUWDQWVRFLDOLQGLFDWRUVDVHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKKDVVKRZQWKDWWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ
LV OLQNHG WR SRRUHU RXWFRPHV ODWHU LQ OLIH DQG WR FKLOG SRYHUW\ 7KH GHFOLQH LQ WKH
QDWLRQDOXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWHLQ$XVWUDOLDGXULQJWKHSDVWGHFDGHKDVUDLVHGWKHKRSH
WKDWWRGD\IHZHU$XVWUDOLDQFKLOGUHQDUHOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGV2XUDQDO\VLVRI
WUHQGVDWWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHOKDVVKRZQWKDWWKHQXPEHURIGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQ
KRXVHKROGVZKHUHQRSDUHQWKDGDMREIHOOIURPDURXQGLQWRDURXQG
LQUHÁHFWLQJVWURQJHFRQRPLFJURZWKRYHUWKLVSHULRG
:KLOHWKHUHZHUHDFURVVWKHERDUGIDOOVLQWKHQXPEHURIVXFKFKLOGUHQE\DJH
JURXSWKHVKDUSHVWGHFUHDVHVRFFXUUHGIRUWR\HDUROGFKLOGUHQZLWKDRQHÀIWK
IDOOLQWKHQXPEHURIWR\HDUROGVOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVRYHUWKLVGHFDGH
7KHSURSRUWLRQRIGHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQMREOHVVKRXVHKROGVDOVRIHOOIURP
SHUFHQWLQWRSHUFHQWLQ'HVSLWHWKLVSURJUHVVKRZHYHURQH
LQHYHU\GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQLQ$XVWUDOLDLQVWLOOOLYHGLQDKRXVHKROGZKHUH
QRSDUHQWKDGDMRE
3DUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVLVDFRPSOH[SKHQRPHQRQDQGLVDVVRFLDWHGQRWMXVWZLWK
XQHPSOR\PHQWEXWDOVRZLWKZKHWKHURUQRWSDUHQWVDUHDEOHWRZRUNRUDUHVHHNLQJ
ZRUN )RU H[DPSOH WKH KLJK HIIHFWLYH PDUJLQDO WD[ UDWHV (075V IDFHG E\ VRPH
$XVWUDOLDQIDPLOLHVPD\UHGXFHWKHOLNHOLKRRGRISDUHQWVZRUNLQJ
+DUGLQJHWDODIRXQGWKDWRQHLQHYHU\ÀYHVLQJOHSDUHQWVIDFHG(075V
RI PRUH WKDQ  SHU FHQW LQ  7KLV ZDV PRUH WKDQ GRXEOH WKH SURSRUWLRQ D
GHFDGHDJR2XUÀQGLQJVKHUHVKRZWKDWLQDOPRVWRQHLQHYHU\WZRFKLOGUHQ
ZKROLYHGZLWKVLQJOHSDUHQWVOLYHGZLWKMREOHVVVLQJOHSDUHQWV7KLVUHÁHFWVWKHKLJK
QXPEHUVRIVLQJOHSDUHQWVZKRZHUHQRWLQWKHODERXUIRUFHDQGIRUZKRPGHFLVLRQV
DERXWZRUNLQJPD\EHUHODWHGWRKLJK(075V
7KXVSURJUDPVWKDWDVVLVWVLQJOHSDUHQWVWRUHWXUQWRZRUNDQGDFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
RISRVVLEOHZD\VLQZKLFK(075VFRXOGEHUHGXFHGLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHLQFHQWLYHVIRU
ZRUN²QRWRQO\IRUMREOHVVVLQJOHSDUHQWVEXWDOVRIRURWKHUMREOHVVSDUHQWV²ZRXOG
EHEHQHÀFLDO)RUH[DPSOHWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIKLJKTXDOLW\DQGDIIRUGDEOHFKLOGFDUH


$QHIIHFWLYHPDUJLQDOWD[UDWH(075FDOFXODWHVKRZPXFKRIHDFKDGGLWLRQDOGROODURIHDUQLQJV
ZRUNHUVFDQDFWXDOO\NHHSDIWHUWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHYDULRXVLQFRPHWHVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVRFLDO
VHFXULW\DQGIDPLO\SD\PHQWVWKHSD\PHQWRILQFRPHWD[DQGWKHUHFHLSWRIYDULRXVWD[DOORZDQFHV
DQGUHEDWHV+DUGLQJHWDOS
44
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

LV D FUXFLDO IDFWRU DV FKLOG FDUH ZLOO SURYLGH SDUHQWV HVSHFLDOO\ ZRPHQ ZLWK DQ
RSSRUWXQLW\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHODERXUPDUNHW0F1DPDUDHWDODQGWKHFRVW
RIFKLOGFDUHKDVEHHQIRXQGWRDIIHFWWKHGHFLVLRQVRIVLQJOHSDUHQWVDQGORZLQFRPH
ZRPHQWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHODERXUPDUNHW'RLURQDQG.DOE3ROLFLHVIRFXVHG
RQLQWURGXFLQJDGGLWLRQDOÁH[LELOLW\LQWRWKHZRUNSODFHPD\DOVRDVVLVWZRPHQ·VODERXU
IRUFHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVWKHVKLIWWRZDUGVLQFUHDVLQJSDLGZRUNIRUZRPHQKDVQRWEHHQ
PHWZLWKDQHTXLYDOHQWGHFUHDVHLQXQSDLGZRUN&DVVHOOVHWDO
+RZVSDWLDOO\FRQFHQWUDWHGDUHFKLOGUHQLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVWRGD\"7KLVSDSHU
ÀQGVWKDWWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJPDMRULW\RIDOOFKLOGUHQZLWKMREOHVVSDUHQWVOLYHLQWKH
FDSLWDOFLWLHVPDNLQJWKLVDQXUEDQSKHQRPHQRQ+RZHYHULIZHORRNDWWKHULVNRI
FKLOGUHQEHLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVWKHQWKRVHULVNVDUHKLJKHUIRUWKRVHFKLOGUHQOLYLQJ
RXWVLGHWKHFLWLHV
,QWHUPVRIWUHQGVRYHUWLPHDWDVPDOODUHDOHYHORXUVSDWLDODQDO\VLVRI
VPDOODUHDVLQGLFDWHGWKDWLQWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHDUHDVFRQVLGHUHG²FRYHULQJSHU
FHQWRIDOOFKLOGUHQ²WKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJLQDMREOHVVIDPLO\IHOOEHWZHHQ
DQG  7KH SRVLWLYH QHZV ZDV WKDW MXVW RYHU RQHTXDUWHU RI $XVWUDOLDQ FKLOGUHQ
OLYHGLQDUHDVZKHUHWKHULVNRIFKLOGUHQEHLQJLQMREOHVVIDPLOLHVIHOOE\PRUHWKDQ
SHUFHQWDJHSRLQWVEHWZHHQDQG-XVWRYHUKDOIRI$XVWUDOLDQFKLOGUHQOLYHG
LQ DUHDV ZKHUH WKH ULVN RI EHLQJ LQ D MREOHVV IDPLO\ GHFOLQHG GXULQJ WKH ÀYH \HDUV
DOWKRXJKE\OHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV
+RZHYHUJDLQVZHUHQRWHTXDOO\VSUHDGDFURVV$XVWUDOLD6RPHSHUFHQWRI
$XVWUDOLD·VFKLOGUHQOLYHGLQDUHDVZKHUHWKHULVNRIEHLQJLQDMREOHVVIDPLO\DFWXDOO\
LQFUHDVHG E\ PRUH WKDQ  SHUFHQWDJH SRLQWV EHWZHHQ  DQG  $OPRVW D
IXUWKHU  SHU FHQW RI FKLOGUHQ OLYHG LQ DUHDV ZKHUH WKH ULVN RI EHLQJ LQ D MREOHVV
IDPLO\VWLOOLQFUHDVHGGXULQJWKHVHÀYH\HDUVEXWE\OHVVWKDQSHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV
2XUVSDWLDOÀQGLQJVDUHLQOLQHZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQUHJLRQDOHFRQRPLFZHOOEHLQJ
UHSRUWHGE\9XHWDOZKRIRXQGWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHQDWLRQDOXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWH
IHOOEHWZHHQDQGWKHUHGXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIXQHPSOR\PHQWZKLFKLVRQH
DVSHFWRIMREOHVVQHVVZDVFRQFHQWUDWHGZLWKLQFHUWDLQDUHDVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWHFRQRPLF
JURZWKRYHUWKHÀYH\HDUVZDVQRWGLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\DFURVVDOOVWDWHV%DXP2·&RQQRU
DQG6WLPVRQVXJJHVWWKDWSXEOLFSROLFLHVLQFOXGLQJORFDOUHJLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW
DUHQHFHVVDU\WRHQDEOHSHRSOHOLYLQJLQGLVDGYDQWDJHGDUHDVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQYDULRXV
HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHVSDWLDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQSDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVUHYHDOHGLQRXU
VWXG\VXSSRUWWKHQHHGIRUWKLVW\SHRILQWHUYHQWLRQLQDUHDVZLWKKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
RIVXFKULVN
5HJLRQDO SROLF\ UHVSRQVHV FRXOG LQFOXGH IRU H[DPSOH LPSURYHG WUDQVSRUW
IDFLOLWLHVWRDVVLVWDFFHVVWRZRUNDQGWKHSURYLVLRQRIÁH[LEOHDQGDIIRUGDEOHFKLOG
FDUH VHUYLFHV 6SDWLDO WDUJHWLQJ RI HPSOR\PHQW LQLWLDWLYHV DQG VXSSRUWV VXFK DV
SROLFLHVWRVXSSRUWSHRSOHWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQHPHUJLQJLQGXVWU\VHFWRUVDQGRFFXSDWLRQV
RUVXSSRUWVIRUSDUHQWVUHWXUQLQJWRZRUNDIWHUDSHULRGRXWRIWKHODERXUIRUFHFRXOG
DOVREHXVHGWRDGGUHVVQHHGVRISDUWLFXODUO\YXOQHUDEOHFRPPXQLWLHV7KHLQFUHDVH
ZHIRXQGLQWKHULVNRISDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVLQVRPHVPDOODUHDVDFURVV$XVWUDOLDLQWKH
FRQWH[WRIRYHUDOOLPSURYHPHQWVLQWKLVNH\LQGLFDWRURIFKLOGZHOOEHLQJPD\VXJJHVW
DVXEVWDQWLDOGHJUHHRIYXOQHUDELOLW\LQVXFKFRPPXQLWLHVZKLFKPD\UHTXLUHPRUH
LQWHQVLYHDQGEURDGHUEDVHGVXSSRUWWKDQDIRFXVRQODERXUPDUNHWUHODWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQV
 45
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

DORQH3URJUDPVWKDWHQJDJHZLWKIDPLOLHVDQGFKLOGUHQDQGSURYLGHDZLGHUDQJHRI
VXSSRUWDQGVHUYLFHVPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WRKHOSDGGUHVVHQWUHQFKHGGLVDGYDQWDJHDQG
SURPRWHORQJWHUPLPSURYHPHQWVLQFRPPXQLW\FKLOGDQGIDPLO\RXWFRPHV
,Q VXPPDU\ ZKLOH WKH RYHUDOO GHFUHDVHV LQ FKLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ MREOHVV
KRXVHKROGV DUH HQFRXUDJLQJ WKH FRQWLQXLQJ YHU\ KLJK UDWHV RI SDUHQWDO MREOHVVQHVV
LQ$XVWUDOLDWKHVXEVWDQWLDOUHJLRQDOYDULDWLRQLQWKHGHJUHHRILPSURYHPHQWDQGWKH
H[LVWHQFHRIDVXEVWDQWLDOPLQRULW\RIDUHDVZKHUHSDUHQWDOMREOHVVQHVVDFWXDOO\URVH
DFURVVWKHÀYH\HDUSHULRGVWXGLHGKHUHDUHDOOFDXVHVIRUFRQFHUQDQGVXJJHVWWKDW
IXUWKHUSROLF\UHVSRQVHVPD\EHUHTXLUHG

References
$%6ÀOHJHQHUDWHG$SULOXVLQJ6XUYH\RI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJ²
&85)$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV%DVLF&85)&DQEHUUD
$%6D¶)DPLO\+RXVHKROGDQG,QFRPH8QLW9DULDEOHV·$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI
6WDWLVWLFV&DWDORJXH1R&DQEHUUD
$%6 E ¶0HDVXUHV RI $XVWUDOLD·V 3URJUHVV 6XPPDU\ ,QGLFDWRUV ·
$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV&DWDORJXH1R&DQEHUUD
$%6ÀOHJHQHUDWHG$SULOXVLQJ6XUYH\RI,QFRPHDQG+RXVLQJ²
&85)$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV%DVLF&85)&DQEHUUD
$%6¶0HDVXUHVRI$XVWUDOLD·V3URJUHVV·$XVWUDOLDQ%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
&DWDORJXH1R&DQEHUUD
$WNLQVRQ$&DQWLOORQ%0DUOLHU(DQG1RODQ%6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUV7KH
(8DQG6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG
$XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW6RFLDO,QFOXVLRQ3ULRULWLHVKWWSZZZVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ
JRYDX3ULRULWLHV3DJHVGHIDXOWDVS[$FFHVVHG2FWREHU
%DXP 6 2·&RQQRU . DQG 6WLPVRQ 5  )DXOW /LQHV ([SRVHG $GYDQWDJH
DQG'LVDGYDQWDJHDFURVV$XVWUDOLD·V6HWWOHPHQW6\VWHP0RQDVK8QLYHUVLW\
H3UHVV&OD\WRQ9LFWRULD
%LGGOH17D\ORU-DQG<DS0¶$UHWKH*DSV&ORVLQJ"²5HJLRQDO7UHQGV
DQG )RUHFDVWV RI ,QGLJHQRXV (PSOR\PHQW· $XVWUDOLDQ -RXUQDO RI /DERXU
(FRQRPLFV
%UDGVKDZ - .HPS 3 %DOGZLQ 6 DQG 5RZH $  7KH 'ULYHUV RI 6RFLDO
([FOXVLRQ $ 5HYLHZ RI WKH /LWHUDWXUH IRU WKH 6RFLDO ([FOXVLRQ 8QLW LQ WKH
%UHDNLQJWKH&\FOH6HULHVWKH6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ8QLW2IÀFHRIWKH'HSXW\
3ULPH0LQLVWHU8.DYDLODEOHIURPZZZVRFLDOH[FOXVLRQJRYXN
%XUFKDUGW 7 /H *UDQG - DQG 3LDFKDXG '  ¶,QWURGXFWLRQ· LQ +LOOV - /H
*UDQG - DQG 3LDFKDXG ' HGV 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ 6RFLDO ([FOXVLRQ 2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG
&DVVHOOV5DQG+DUGLQJ$¶*HQHUDWLRQ:K\"·$031$76(0,QFRPHDQG
:HDOWK5HSRUW-XO\
&DVVHOOV 5 0LUDQWL 5 1HSDO % DQG 7DQWRQ 5  ·6KH :RUNV +DUG IRU WKH
0RQH\·$031$76(0,QFRPHDQG:HDOWK5HSRUW$SULO
&RUFRUDQ 0  ¶0RELOLW\ 3HUVLVWHQFH DQG WKH &RQVHTXHQFHV RI 3RYHUW\ IRU
&KLOGUHQ&KLOGDQG$GXOW2XWFRPHV·LQ'DQ]LJHU6DQG+DYHPDQ5HGV
8QGHUVWDQGLQJ3RYHUW\5XVVHOO6DJH)RXQGDWLRQ1HZ<RUN
46
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF L ABOUR ECONOMICS
VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • 2010

'DO\$¶6RFLDOLQFOXVLRQDQGH[FOXVLRQDPRQJ$XVWUDOLD·VFKLOGUHQ$UHYLHZ

RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH· 1$76(0 2QOLQH 'LVFXVVLRQ 3DSHU '3 DYDLODEOH IURP
ZZZQDWVHPFDQEHUUDHGXDX
'DO\$0F1DPDUD-+DUGLQJ$7DQWRQ5DQG<DS0¶,QGLFDWRUVRI
5LVNRI6RFLDO([FOXVLRQIRU$XVWUDOLD·V&KLOGUHQDQ$QDO\VLVE\6WDWHDQG
$JH*URXS·1$76(02WKHU3XEOLFDWLRQ23DYDLODEOHIURPZZZQDWVHP
FDQEHUUDHGXDX
'DO\$0F1DPDUD-+DUGLQJ$7DQWRQ5DQG<DS0¶,QGLFDWRUVRI5LVN
RI6RFLDO([FOXVLRQIRU&KLOGUHQLQ$XVWUDOLDQ+RXVHKROGVDQ$QDO\VLVE\6WDWH
DQG$JH*URXS·$XVWUDODVLDQ-RXUQDORI5HJLRQDO6WXGLHV
'RLURQ ' DQG .DOE *  ¶'HPDQGV IRU &KLOG &DUH DQG +RXVHKROG /DERXU
6XSSO\LQ$XVWUDOLD7KH(FRQRPLF5HFRUG
'DZNLQV3*UHJJ3DQG6FXWHOOD5¶7KH*URZWKRI-REOHVV+RXVHKROGVLQ
$XVWUDOLD·7KH$XVWUDOLDQ(FRQRPLF5HYLHZ
'XQFDQ * DQG 0RVFRZ /  ¶/RQJLWXGLQDO ,QGLFDWRUV RI &KLOGUHQ·V 3RYHUW\
DQG'HSHQGHQFH·LQ+DXVHU5%URZQ%DQG3URVVHU:HGV,QGLFDWRUVRI
&KLOGUHQ·V:HOO%HLQJ5XVVHOO6DJH)RXQGDWLRQ1HZ<RUN
(XURVWDW  (XURSHDQ 6RFLDO 6WDWLVWLFV ,QFRPH 3RYHUW\ DQG 6RFLDO ([FOXVLRQ
QG 5HSRUW (XURVWDW (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ /X[HPERXUJ DYDLODEOH IURP
KWWSHSSHXURVWDWHFHXURSDHXFDFKH
)LQFKHU 5 DQG 6DXQGHUV 3 HG  &UHDWLQJ 8QHTXDO )XWXUHV 5HWKLQNLQJ
3RYHUW\,QHTXDOLW\DQG'LVDGYDQWDJH$OOHQ 8QZLQ&URZV1HVW6\GQH\
*UHJRU\ 5*  ¶&KLOGUHQ DQG WKH &KDQJLQJ /DERXU 0DUNHW -REOHVVQHVV LQ
)DPLOLHV ZLWK 'HSHQGHQW &KLOGUHQ· &HQWUH IRU (FRQRPLF 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK
'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU$XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\
+DUGLQJ$/OR\G5DQG*UHHQZHOO+)LQDQFLDO'LVDGYDQWDJHLQ$XVWUDOLD
WR7KH3HUVLVWHQFHRI3RYHUW\LQD'HFDGHRI*URZWK7KH6PLWK
)DPLO\DYDLODEOHIURPZZZQDWVHPFDQEHUUDHGXDX
+DUGLQJ $ 9X 41 3HUFLYDO 5 DQG %HHU *  ¶:HOIDUHWR:RUN 5HIRUPV
,PSDFWRQ6ROH3DUHQWV·$JHQGD
+DUGLQJ $ 9X 14 7DQWRQ 5 DQG 9LG\DWWDPD 9 D ¶,PSURYLQJ :RUN
,QFHQWLYHV DQG ,QFRPHV IRU 3DUHQWV WKH 1DWLRQDO DQG *HRJUDSKLF ,PSDFW
RI/LEHUDOLVLQJWKH)DPLO\7D[%HQHÀW,QFRPH7HVW·(FRQRPLF5HFRUG
6HSWHPEHU66
+DUGLQJ$0F1DPDUD-'DO\$DQG7DQWRQ5E¶&KLOG6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ
$DQ 8SGDWHG ,QGH[ IURP WKH  &HQVXV· $XVWUDOLDQ -RXUQDO RI /DERXU
(FRQRPLFV
+D\HV$*UD\0DQG(GZDUGV%¶6RFLDO,QFOXVLRQ2ULJLQV&RQFHSWVDQG
.H\7KHPHV·3DSHUSUHSDUHGE\WKH$XVWUDOLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI)DPLO\6WXGLHVIRU
WKH6RFLDO,QFOXVLRQ8QLW'HSDUWPHQWRI3ULPH0LQLVWHUDQG&DELQHW2FWREHU
DYDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQJRYDXSXEOLFDWLRQVKWP
+REFUDIW-¶6RFLDO([FOXVLRQVDQG*HQHUDWLRQV·LQ+LOOV-/H*UDQG-DQG
3LDFKDXG'HGV8QGHUVWDQGLQJ6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
2[IRUG
/HYLWDV53DQWD]LV&)DKP\(*RUGRQ'/OR\G(DQG3DWVLRV'¶7KH
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $QDO\VLV RI 6RFLDO ([FOXVLRQ· 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6RFLRORJ\
DQG6FKRROIRU3XEOLF3ROLF\7RZQVHQG&HQWUHIRUWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WXG\RI
3RYHUW\DQG%ULVWRO,QVWLWXWHRI3XEOLF$IIDLUV8QLYHUVLW\RI%ULVWRO
 47
RIYANA MIRANTI, ANN HARDING, JUSTINE MCNAMARA , VU QUOC NGU AND ROBERT TANTON
Children with Jobless Parents : National and Small Area Trends for Australia in the Past Decade

/LQGVH\'7KH:HOIDUHRI&KLOGUHQ6HFRQG(GLWLRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

1HZ<RUN
0F1DPDUD-&DVVHOOV5+DUGLQJ$DQG/OR\G5¶7UHQGVLQ&KLOG&DUH
8VH DQG &RVW %HWZHHQ  DQG · $XVWUDOLDQ -RXUQDO RI /DERXU
(FRQRPLFV
0F1DPDUD - 7DQWRQ 5 'DO\ $ DQG +DUGLQJ $  ¶6SDWLDO 7UHQGV LQ WKH
5LVNRI6RFLDO([FOXVLRQIRU$XVWUDOLDQ&KLOGUHQ3DWWHUQVIURPWR·
&KLOG,QGLFDWRUV5HVHDUFK3XEOLVKHGRQOLQH-DQXDU\KWWS
ZZZVSULQJHUOLQNFRPFRQWHQW"S EFGF
FHFDF SL 
0LUDQWL50F1DPDUD-7DQWRQ5DQG+DUGLQJ$¶3RYHUW\DWWKH/RFDO
/HYHO 1DWLRQDO DQG 6PDOO $UHD 3RYHUW\ (VWLPDWHV E\ )DPLO\ 7\SH IRU
$XVWUDOLDLQ·SDSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH&UHDWLQJ6RFLRHFRQRPLF'DWDIRU
6PDOO $UHDV 0HWKRGV DQG 2XWFRPHV· :RUNVKRS &DQEHUUD  6HSWHPEHU

0XUUD\ $7 DQG 6K\\ 7  ¶,QWHJUDWLQJ $WWULEXWH DQG 6SDFH &KDUDFWHULVWLFV
LQ &KRURSOHWK 'LVSOD\ DQG 6SDWLDO 'DWD 0LQLQJ· ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH
2(&'6RFLHW\DWD*ODQFH2(&'6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUVHGLWLRQ
6DXQGHUV3¶&DQ6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ3URYLGHD1HZ)UDPHZRUNIRU0HDVXULQJ
3RYHUW\"· 635& 'LVFXVVLRQ 3DSHU 1R  6RFLDO 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH
8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK:DOHVDYDLODEOHRQWKHZHEDWZZZVSUFXQVZHGXDX
6DXQGHUV37KH3RYHUW\:DUV816:3UHVV6\GQH\
6DXQGHUV 3 1DLGRR < DQG *ULIÀWKV 0  ¶7RZDUGV 1HZ ,QGLFDWRUV RI
'LVDGYDQWDJH'HSULYDWLRQDQG6RFLDO([FOXVLRQLQ$XVWUDOLD·6RFLDO3ROLF\
5HVHDUFK&HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK:DOHV
6FXWHOOD 5 DQG :RRGHQ 0  ¶-REOHVV +RXVHKROGV LQ $XVWUDOLD ,QFLGHQFH
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG )LQDQFLDO &RQVHTXHQFHV· 7KH (FRQRPLF DQG /DERXU
5HODWLRQV5HYLHZ
7DQWRQ51HSDO%DQG+DUGLQJ$¶:KHUHYHU,/D\0\'HEW7KDW·V0\
+RPH"·$031$76(0,QFRPHDQG:HDOWK5HSRUW0DUFK
7DQWRQ 5 +DUGLQJ $ 'DO\ $ 0F1DPDUD - DQG <DS 0  $XVWUDOLDQ
&KLOGUHQDW5LVNRI6RFLDO([FOXVLRQ$6SDWLDO,QGH[IRU*DXJLQJ5HODWLYH
'LVDGYDQWDJH3RSXODWLRQ6SDFHDQG3ODFH'2,SVS
81,&()&KLOG3RYHUW\LQ5LFK&RXQWULHV,QQRFHQWL5HVHDUFK&HQWUH
)ORUHQFH,WDO\
81,&()&KLOGUHQ3RYHUW\LQ3HUVSHFWLYH$Q2YHUYLHZRI&KLOG:HOO%HLQJ
LQ5LFK&RXQWULHV,QQRFHQWL5HVHDUFK&HQWUH)ORUHQFH,WDO\
9X 41 +DUGLQJ $ 7DQWRQ 5 1HSDO % DQG 9LG\DWWDPD <  $GYDQFH
$XVWUDOLD)DLU"$031$76(0,QFRPHDQG:HDOWK5HSRUW1R-XO\
:LOVRQ :-  :KHQ :RUN 'LVDSSHDUV 7KH :RUOG RI WKH 1HZ 8UEDQ 3RRU
$OIUHG$.QRII1HZ<RUN8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.