570 Foundation Design

-750
-500

Shear force (in kN )

-250
0
250
500
750
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
(c)

0
Bearing pressure (in kN/m )
2

50

100

150

200

250
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
(d)

Figure 12.C.18 (Continued )

Example 12.7 Raft Foundation

Design a raft foundation for the layout of columns shown in Figure 12.C.19(a). All columns are
of square shape of size 40  40 cm. ADSP 80 kN/m3. Use M 15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Assume 10% as the load of raft and soil above.

A. Design of Raft Slab

Total vertical column load 600 1600 2000 600 800 1800 2000
1000 800 1000 1200 600 14000
Eccentricity along the x direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid 11
61600 1800 1000 122000 2000 1200 18600 1000 600
x
14000
9:1714 m
ex 9:17146 3 0:1714 m
Eccentricity along the y direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid CC
Table 12.C.7 Comparative study (see comments in Section 12.C.2).
Structural Design of Foundations

Maximum bearing Maximum bending Maximum Maximum deflection (mm)

pressure (kN/m2) moment (kNm) shear force (kN)
Conventional With factored 624.323 987.323 1032.20 624.323/28 18.08
design load
With design 624.323/1.5 987.323/1.5 658.22 1032.20/1.5 688.13 18.08/1.5 12.05
load 416.22
Design using BEF 205.050 kN/m2 at 440.576 kNm at 631.628 kN at 5.86 mm at x 0 mm
(with design load only) x 0 mm x 6680 mm; x 6680 mm;
299.937 kNm 564.406 kN
at x 2227 mm at x 724 mm
571
572 Foundation Design

(d/2+900) 400

700
0.5d 0.5d
Side
800 kN
0.5d

(d/2+900)
(d/2+900)

0.5d
1600 kN
700 mm

400 mm

700 mm (d+400)
Corner (d+400)
(b1) (b2)

Critical sections in shear

1 2 3 4
700 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 700
750 mm
800 mm

19400 mm

4 -20 mm dia bars @ 260 mm c/c 4 legged shear stirrups

per meter length of the slab
(c)

Figure 12.C.19 Raft layout and column loads; (b1) critical section in shear; (b2) critical section in
shear; and (c) details of reinforcement along the longitudinal section (Example 12.7).
Structural Design of Foundations 573

5800 1800 2000 1000 10600 1600 2000 600

y 5:4285 m
14000

ey 5:42855 0:4285 m

19:4  11:43
Ix 2395:16 m4
12

11:4  19:43
Iy 6936:31 m4
12
A 19:4  11:4 221:16 m2

Mx pey 14000  0:4285 6000 kNm 12:C:65

My pex 14000  0:1714 2400 kNm 12:C:66

P 14000
63:302 kN=m2
A 221:16

Soil pressure at different points is as follows

P My Mx
s  x y 12:C:67
A Iy Ix

2400 6000
s 63:302  x y 63:158  1:5269x  0:4745y
6936:31 2395:16

At corner A4

sA4 63:158 0:346  9:7 2:505  5:7 80:93 BC of soil 80 kN=m2

At corner C4

sC4 63:158 0:346  9:72:505  5:7 74:225 kN=m2

At corner A1

sA1 63:1580:346  9:7 2:505  5:7 52:38 kN=m2

At corner C1

sC1 63:1580:346  9:72:505  5:7 45:67 kN=m2

At corner B4
574 Foundation Design

sB4 63:158 0:346  9:7 66:658 kN=m2

At corner B1
sB1 63:1580:346  9:7 59:943 kN=m2

In the x direction, the raft is divided in three strips, that is three equivalent beams:

1. Beam AA with 3.2 m width and soil pressure of 80 kN=m2

2. Beam BB with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of 80 266:65 73:32 kN=m2
66:65 52:38
3. Beam CC with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of 2 59:52 kN=m2 .

The bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient 1/10 and L as the center to center of
column distance
wL2
M M 12:C:68
10
For strip AA
80  62
Maximum moment 288 kNm=m
10
For strip BB
73:32  62
Maximum moment 263:95 kNm=m
10
For strip CC
59:52  62
Maximum moment 214:272 kNm=m
10
2
For any strip in the y direction, take M wL8 since there is only a two-span equivalent beam.
For strip 44
80  52
Maximum moment 250 kNm=m
8
The depth of the raft is governed by two-way shear at one of the exterior columns. If the location
of critical shear is not obvious, it may be necessary p
p to
check all possible locations.
Shear strength of concrete, tc 0:25 fck 0:25 15 0:97N=mm2
For a corner column (say C1)

Perimeter bo 2 d2 900 d 1800 mm (Figure 12.C.19(b))
Vu 1:5  800  1000
tv 0:97
bo d d 1800d

1200000
0:97
d 1800d

) d 2 1800d1237113:40 0
Structural Design of Foundations 575

q
1800  18002 4  1  1237113:40
d 530:773 mm
21
For a corner column (say A2)
 
d
Perimeter bo 2 900 d 400 2d 2200 mm
2

Vu 1:5  1600  1000

tv 0:97
bo d 2d 2200d

d 2 1100d1237113:40 0 12:C:69

q
1100  11002 4  1  1237113:40
)d 690:811 mm
21
However, adopt an effective depth of 750 mm and overall depth of 800 mm
Reinforcement in the longitudinal direction is given by (considering a 1 m wide strip)
2 s3
15 4 4:6  288  106 5
At 0:5 1 1 1000  750 1109:51 mm2
415 15  1000  7502

Use 20 mm bars, Af 314:151 mm2

1109:51
Number of bars p 2
3:531 4 bars
4 20

1000  p4 202
Spacing of long bars 283:152 mm
1109:51
Provide 420 mm F bars for reinforcement @ 260 mm c/c at top and bottom in both directions.
Minimum reinforcement in the slabs 0:12%
0:12
 800  1000
100
960 mm2 =m < 1109:51 mm2 =m
Minimum steel governs in the remaining raft. Critical sections in shear.

WINBEF Solution:
WINBEF Input
Youngs modulus of soil, Es 105 kN=m2 , unit weight of soil, gsoil 20 kN=m3 .
576 Foundation Design

Poissons ratio of soil, ns 0:3.

Youngs modulus of concrete
p p
Ef 5000 sck 5000 15 19364:92 N=mm2 1:9364  107 kN=m2
B breadth of foundation 1.0 m (considering a 1 m wide strip for design).
3 3
Moment of inertia of the concrete beam If Bd 1:00:8 0:04267 m4 .
h 12 q412i
Modulus of subgrade reaction, ks Bmm
1
0:65 12 EEsfBIf 1n
Es
2.
s

s
0:65 105 12 105  1:04 59902
ks   59:902 kN=m2 =mm:
1000 1  0:3 2
1:9364  10  0:04267 7 1000

Loading Data for WINBEF and Results

The loading data is shown in Figure 12.C.20.
Note: In the loading diagram, the load coming on to the beam is taken as maximum of A, B
and C strip loads as explained below (see Figure 12.C.19(a)).

Figure 12.C.20 Loading data for WINBEF solution (Example 12.7).

The maximum load on strip 11: maximum of A1 (600 kN), B1 (800 kN) and C1 (800 kN),
which is 800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 22: maximum of A2 (1600 kN), B2 (1800 kN) and C2
(1000 kN), which is 1800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 33: maximum of A3 (2000 kN), B3 (2000 kN) and C3
(1200 kN), which is 2000 kN.
The maximum load on strip 44: maximum of A4 (600 kN), B4 (1000 kN) and C4 (1000 kN),
which is 1000 kN.
The details of deflection, bending moment, shear force and bearing pressure are shown in
Figure 12.C.21. Please see also comments given in Section 12.C.2.
Structural Design of Foundations 577

3.0
3.5

Deflection (in mm)

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Length of the beam (in mm)
(a)
Bending moment (in kN - m)

-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Length of the beam (in mm)
(b)

-1000
-800
-600
Shear force (in kN )

-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Length of the beam (in mm)
(c)

Figure 12.C.21 (a) BEF deflection diagram; (b) BEF bending moment diagram; (c) BEF shear force
diagram; and (d) BEF bearing pressure diagram (Example 12.7).

Example 12.8 Annular Raft Foundation

Design an annular (circular) raft for a circular tank whose outer diameter is 12 m and is
supported by a ring beam of 9 m diameter. The inner diameter of the annulus is 8 m. The
factored soil pressure under the raft is 80 kN/m2 and a linearly varying soil pressure due to