Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 4: Gas Absorption: Ummi Kalthum Binti Ibrahim
Chapter 4: Gas Absorption: Ummi Kalthum Binti Ibrahim
LECTURE 1
Gas-liquid Equilibrium
Extract, L2 Feed, G2
X2 Y2
Gas-liquid Equilibrium
The two phases (gas and liquid) when brought into contact tend to
reach equilibrium.
Consider air water system, the water in contact with air evaporates
until the air is saturated with water vapor, and the air is absorbed by
the water until it becomes saturated with the individual gases.
When a single gas (solute) and a liquid (solvent) are brought into
contact (until equilibrium), the resulting concentration of dissolved gas
(solvent) in liquid is called gas solubility (at T and P).
Assuming that three components A, B and C are present in the streams. Equation for B
is not needed since xA +xB + xc = 1.
In the gas-liquid system, the solute A is in the gas phase V, along with inert air
B and in the liquid phase L, along with inert water C.
Air is insoluble in the water phase and water does not vaporize to the gas
phase.
The gas phase is a binary A-B and the liquid phase is a binary A-C.
Example 10.3-1
Countercurrent Multiple Contact Stages
Lo = inlet L stream
VN+1 = inlet V stream
V1 & LN = outlet product stream
N = total number of stages
M = total flow
Theoretical Stages for Countercurrent Absorption
Example 10.3-2
Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact
(Kremser Equation)
Since the molar flow are constant, Ln = LN = constant = L and Vn+1 = VN+1 =
constant = V
Since yn+1 and xn+1 are in equilibrium and the equilibrium line is straight yn+1 and
mxn+1
When A = 1:
When A = 1:
Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact
(Kremser Equation)
A1 = Lo/mV1
AN = LN/mVN+1
Geometric average :
Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact
(Kremser Equation)
Example 10.3-3
GAS ABSORPTION
LECTURE 2
TOPIC OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES
APPLICATIONS
GAS LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM
UNIT OPERATION FOR ABSORPTION:
A) PACKED TOWER
B) PLATE COLUMN
MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN PHASES
INTRODUCTION
The final value of mass flux must be similar for both equation.
MASS TRANSFER USING OVERALL MASS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Get the yA* / xA* value from the graph (as shown in Figure 10.4-
2/10.4-3)
Get the slope, m between point E & M / m between point M & D
Slope m:
Slope m:
Ky :
Kx :
MASS TRANSFER USING OVERALL MASS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Get the mass flux:
MASS TRANSFER USING FILM MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT AND INTERFACE CONCENTRATION
The gas inlet - enter the distributing space below the packing
- flow upward in the packing countercurrent to
the flow of the liquid
PACKINGS
The packing - provides a large area of contact between
the liquid and gas
- encourage intimates contact between the
phases
3 principal types:
i) dumped packings, (0.25 3 inch)
ii) stacked packings, (2 8 inch)
iii) structured/ordered packings.
The operating line can be plotted on the graph along with the
equilibrium curve as shown in fig. 10.6-10.
The operating line must lie above the equilibrium line in order
for absorption to take place.
DESIGN OF PACKED TOWERS FOR ABSORPTION
1) Operating line
For absorption:
y1 mx2
ln
1 1 1
y2 mx2
A A
N
ln A
y1
x1 m
ln
y 1 A A
For stripping:
x2 m
1
N
A1 L1 m1V1
ln 1
A
A2 L2 m2V2
A A1 A2
DESIGN OF PACKED TOWERS FOR ABSORPTION
3) Film and overall mass transfer coefficients in packed tower
y yi M
y1 yi1 y2 yi 2
ln y1 yi1 y2 yi 2
Use with film mass
xi x M
xi1 x1 xi 2 x2 transfer coefficient
ln xi1 x1 xi 2 x2
y y lnyy y y yy yy
* *
* 1 1 2 2
M * *
1 1 2 2
Use with overall mass
transfer coefficient
x x lnxx x x xx xx
* *
* 1 1 2 2
M * *
1 1 2 2
DESIGN OF PACKED TOWERS FOR ABSORPTION
4) Design method for packed towers using mass transfer
coefficients
To calculate tower height:
V1 V2
V
2
L L2
L 1
2
S cross - sectional area
z tower height
Figure 10.6-13. Operating-line and interface compositions in a packed tower for absorption
of dilute gases.
Example 10.6-3
FIGURE 10.6-12. OPERATING LINE FOR MINIMUM AND ACTUAL LIQUID FLOW IN EXAMPLE
10.6-3.
Example 10.6-4
The operating line is a plot of the points xn and yn + 1 for all the
stages.
The equilibrium line is a plot of equilibrium values of xe and
ye.
The equilibrium data is found by experiment, by
thermodynamic calculations or from published sources.
The position of the operating line relative to the equilibrium
line determines the direction of mass transfer and how many
stages are required for a given separation.
IDEAL CONTACT STAGES