Tp ch KHKT M - a cht, s 39, 7/2012, (Chuyn Trc a m), tr.

17-22

NGHIN CU NH GI S N NH SN DC BI THI
M L THIN DO TC NG CA CC YU T NGOI SINH
NGUYN B DNG, Trng i hc Ti nguyn v Mi trng H Ni
NG TUYT MINH, Trng i hc Thy Li
Tm tt: Bn cnh li ch kinh t, hot ng khai thc than l ngnh cng nghip tc ng
mnh m n cc thnh phn ti nguyn v mi trng. Di nh hng ca thi tit cc
oan do qu trnh bin i kh hu, cc hnh thi a hnh nhn sinh nh bi thi, moong
khai thc v.v.. ang ngy cng tc ng mnh m ti mi trng sng v lm vic ca c
dn cc khu vc c cng nghip m pht trin. Cc tai bin mi trng t nguyn nhn bi
thi v ang l ti quan tm ca x hi v ca nhiu nghin cu. Bi bo trnh by kt
qu nghin cu v nh hng ca cc yu t ngoi sinh i vi s n nh ca sn dc bi
thi t thc nghim trn bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai.
1. M u hnh khai thc, gia tng suy thoi t, to ra h
Ngnh than Vit Nam hin nay a phn u thng bi thi khng l nm st ngay cc khu
khai thc bng cng ngh khai thc l thin, vc dn c... .
ang chuyn dn sang khai thc hm l. Gn Cc hnh thi a hnh nhn sinh m bi thi
y, sn lng khai thc than ngy cng tng cao l nhn t in hnh to ra nhiu hin tng tai
qua tng nm, vt qu ch tiu khai thc ca bin mi trng. Mt s t liu di y c th
ngnh than c ph duyt, tc ng ti mi chng minh cho hin tng tai bin mi trng
trng sng do sn xut than ngy cng gia tng. t nguyn nhn bi thi m nh:
Tuy nhin, do nhu cu ca th trng trong - Thm ha trt l bi thi thm khc xy
nc v xut khu, cng nh t li ch kinh t ra ti khu khai thc mangan Kp Ky x Quang
em li, sn lng ngy cng tng, khai thc Trung - huyn Tr Lnh - Cao Bng ngy
than vi cp ln, sn lng khai thc thc t 24/7/1992. Ton b di thung lng di 150 m,
nm 2010 xp x 50 triu tn. rng 45 m b khi trt l lp y vi dy
Qua thc t khai thc cho thy sn xut 3-15 m, lm cht 200 ngi.
mt tn than cn bc tch 8-10m3 t, thi ra t - Trt l bi thi qung khai trng 12
1-3m nc thi m, mt h qu tt yu i km thuc Cng ty Apatit Lo Cai ngy 20/11/2004.
3

vi li ch kinh t ca ngnh than l nhng tc Bi thi qung Apatt cao 50 m st l su vo

ng mnh m ca hot ng khai thc than ti mt ct ngang 20 m, cun theo ngi v vi lp
mi trng vng khai thc l tc ng ti thit b, lm 2 cng nhn cht ti ch.
mi trng khng kh, lm suy thoi b mt a

Hnh 1. a/ Bi thi Nam o Nai; b/ Mt gc bi thi m than Khnh Ha

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 - Trt l bi thi Cng ty Than Cao Sn him ha i vi mi trng khu vc Cm Ph,
ngy 23/10/2005. t trn lp ao h, rung, gc dc sn bi thi c xc nh v bi
vn; sui V Mn b lp dng chy cuc thi c quy hoch hon th cho ti nay.
sng ca ngi dn b e da nghim trng; 2. c im bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai
- Ngy 31/7/2006, do tc ng ca ma ln a/ Cc thng s hnh hc bi thi
t cn bo s 3, ch trong vi pht hng nghn Nam Cc Su - o Nai l bi thi ngoi,
m3 t bi thi Cng ty Than Cc Su c thi theo phng php bi thi cao,
trt l gy v p (p Khe D) s 1, s 2, s phn tng; t thi t gn 200 triu m3.
3, vi lp hng chc nghn m2 t canh tc. c Trong nhng nm gn y, m Cc Su pht
tnh thit hi nhiu t ng; trin khai trng ln pha bc, gim cung
- Gn y nht ngy 15/4/2012 trt l ti vn ti t , v tr thi ca m Cc Su
bi thi m than Phn m Thi nguyn lm vi chuyn ln bi thi pha bc. Bi thi ch dnh
lp nh ca, lm cht 6 ngi; ring cho hot ng thi ca m o Nai.
- T kt qu phn tch trn y khng T , bi thi mang tn gi bi thi Nam o
nh rng: tc ng ca khai thc m i vi Nai. Cng ngh thi vn chuyn bng t
mi trng l rt mnh m v nghim trng m v my gt. im thi cao nht pha ty -
bi thi l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh. bc ti mc + 283 m. im thp nht chn
Cng vi s pht trin v m rng quy m khai bi thi ng - nam mc + 3 m. Chiu di t
thc, cc ngnh cng nghip lin quan cng ln ng sang ty l 2500 m; chiu rng t bc
lt ra i, nhu cu nhn cng tng dn v bin xung nam l 1500 m. Cc thng s ch yu
khu m thnh nhng ni ng c dn c. ca bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai c nu
Mt vn c th d dng thy rng, bi trong bng 1.
thi l hnh thi a hnh nhn sinh, thng c b/ iu kin kh hu - thy vn
cao ln so vi a hnh nguyn sinh; tit Kh hu vng m mang c tnh nhit i
kim din tch, bi thi thng c vi gc gi ma, nng nng, ma nhiu. Lng ma
dc t nhin. Sau qu trnh n mn, xc bc, trung bnh hng nm khong 2000 - 2318 mm,
vn chuyn, t bi thi b b ri, khng cn ti a l 3300 mm/nm ch yu ri vo cc
tnh lin kt bn vng nh trong nguyn khi. thng 7, 8. S ngy ma trong nm t 150 -170
Cc iu kin s lm cho t bi thi d ngy tp trung trong ma ma v chim 80%
dng b dch chuyn, bin dng. Cc hin tng tng lng ma c nm. H thng thy vn
trt l, sp di tc dng ca hot ng trong khu vc bao gm sui mng v pha
ngoi sinh: ma, gi, bo tlun c tim ty v sui Ha Cht v pha ng bi thi l
n v xy ra. Khng th ni n mt phng n cc dng chy mt c vai tr thot nc t hai
thi hp l nu khng xc dnh c gc dc m Cc Su v o Nai ra Vnh Bi T Long.
sn bi thi v n nh ca n theo thi c/ c im a cht cng trnh
gian gim thiu thin tai di tc ng ca t bi thi Nam o Cc Su - o
bin i kh hu. Nai l cc loi trm tch vch, tr cc va
xc nh gc dc sn bi thi hp l, than n mn, xc bc, vn chuyn t cc
m bo n nh ca bi thi di tc ng moong khai thc n bi thi. Thnh phn c
ca cc yu t, nhm nghin cu tin hnh ht ca t cng rt khc nhau, c kch thc
nghin cu xc nh gc dc sn bi thi Nam t 0,1 mm n 1000 mm vi tnh cht c l ca
o Nai, mt bi thi c mt thi gian l t trong bng 2.
Bng 1. Cc thng s ch yu ca bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai
Chiu cao Gc dc sn Din tch Chiu cao Chiu rng Gc dc
bi thi bi thi thi tng thi mt tng sn tng
(m) (0) (ha) (m) (m) (0)
280 260 - 360 270 50 - 100 20 - 50 320 - 400

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 Bng 2. Mt s ch s c l t bi thi Nam o Nai - Cc Su
rng T trng T trng bo ho Lc dnh kt Gc ma st trong
[%] [t/m3] bh [t/m 3
] C [t/m 2
] [0]
21 2,05 2,26 2,0 30
(ngun: Hong Kim Vnh)
3. Hot ng ngoi sinh v tc ng n qu trnh trt l sn bi thi
Cc cng on ca qui trnh cng ngh khai thc ph v cu trc nguyn thy ca t ,
lm thay i c bn tnh cht c l ca chng, m tiu biu nht l s thay i v t trng, t s
khng ct v mc ngm nc v.v. Di cc tc ng ngoi sinh nh nng, gi, ma b mt
bi thi c th xy ra cc cc hin tng nh xi mn, trt l, lm thay i v bin dng b mt
a hnh bi thi, c bit l trn sn dc.
s n nh bi thi

1 1

3 2
2 3

Hnh 2. S qu trnh n nh t bi thi

1- Ln b mt (chuyn dch ng); 2 - Xi mn b mt do tc ng cc hin tng ngoi sinh;
3 - Trt l (trt khi) bi thi do tc ng ngoi sinh)
3.1. Tc ng ca nc V gia tc g l hng s nn nng lng ca
Nc c coi l tc nhn ngoi sinh ch dng chy s t l vi khi lng v chiu cao
yu gy ra s chuyn dch t v bin dng dc, ngha l dng nc cng ln, vn tc dng
bi thi m. Di tc ng ca nc, b mt a chy ca n cng mnh th nng lng ph hy
hnh b bin dng di cc hnh thi sau y: ca n cng ln. Tc ng ca nc vi s dch
- Ln b mt; - Bo mn b mt; - Trt l chuyn bin dng bi thi c th c chia ra:
sn dc (hin tng trt khi) s ph hy t b mt do ma; xi mn b mt
a hnh do nc mt; trt l mt n nh sn
Lc ph hy ca nc trong cc qu trnh
bi thi do tc ng ca nc thm thu trong
chy trn c xc nh bng lc sng ca n
thn bi thi.
(P), lc ny theo nh lut c hc th hin bng
cng thc 1 (Cao Vn Ch 2003): 3.2. Cc dng dch chuyn t sn dc bi thi
Trong iu kin bnh thng, t thi
MV 2 lun c xu hng dch chuyn v khng gian
P= . (1)
2 trng pha sn dc. Mt khc, do tc ng ca
Ma v lc sng ca dng chy t l vi trng lc v cc yu t ngoi sinh khc nh
khi lng nc (M) v bnh phng vn tc nc thm ngm trong t lm mt tnh lin kt,
ca dng chy (V) (Cao Vn Ch 2003). kh nng ma st v dnh kt ca t gim (t
bo ha nc) trt l xy ra, mi dc b ph
V 2gh . (2)
hy. Trn th gii, nhiu nh khoa hc
Gi g - gia tc trng lc ; h - chiu cao dc. nghin cu cc hin tng dch chuyn t
ng nng ca dng chy c th hin mi dc v c nhng cch phn loi khc nhau
bng cng thc (3) (Nguyn Uyn 2004) (Browner, Phisenko, Brunsden) trn hnh 3.
I=mgh . (3) (Nguyn Uyn 2004).

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Hnh 3. Cc dng dch chuyn ca khi t trn sn dc
a) Sp l ; b) Trt tnh tin ; c) Trt xoay ; d) Trt dng
Cc dch chuyn bin dng c th xy ra
ngay sau khi thi, dch chuyn chm dn
trong nhiu nm, hoc xy ra t ngt ti thi
im bt k no , th d nh sp l. xc
nh tnh n nh ca b mt sn dc bi thi,
cn xem xt n nh ca n trong iu kin
t nhin v trng thi n nh khi c nhng tc
ng ca cc yu t ngoi sinh.
4. Cc phng php nh gi n nh ca
mi dc
- Phng php phn thi Terzaghi
i vi mi dc c hnh dng phc tp,
khng ng cht, c to bi nhiu lp t,
vic xc nh trng tm khi trt s gp nhiu
kh khn. khc phc c nhng nhc
im trn khi phn tch nh gi n nh ca
mi dc, ngi ta tin hnh chia khi trt
thnh nhiu thi thng ng. H s n nh F
c tnh theo cng thc (4) (Nguyn Uyn
2004):
M LR
F= ct 0 >1 ,
Mgt Wd
trong : 0 - cng chng ct ca t ti
mt trt; L - di cung trt; R - bn knh
gy trt.
- Phng php tnh h s n nh Bishop
Nhiu tc gi tin hnh xt n cc lc
tc dng ca cc thi k nhau, tm cch xc
nh Ni vi iu kin tho mn s cn bng tnh
hc m Bishop l mt tc gi in hnh, gi l
phng php Bishop (Nguyn Uyn 2004)
Fs= c l (W H
i i i i 1 H i ) cos i (Pi1 Pi ) sin i tgi
W sin
i i
20
( b )
( a )
( c )
y l cng thc tnh h s n nh mi
dc chnh xc trn c s tnh ton m bo an
ton cho mi dc.
5. nh gi n nh sn dc ca bi thi
Nam Cc Su - o Nai
Trong nh gi nh lng h s n nh
sn bi thi phi s dng nhiu ch tiu c l
t khc nhau nh trng lng th tch , lc
dnh kt C, gc ma st trong v.v cc ch s
c l t c xc nh bng nhiu phng
php khc nhau, t cc bo co a cht c, th
nghim trong phng cng nh th nghim xc
nh ngoi hin trng (bng 2).
Vic tnh ton n nh bi thi c
thc hin bng cc phn mm chuyn dng
quc t nh SLOPE/W ca Canada MODUL 3
(SLOPE/W): Phn tch n nh mi dc trong
b chng trnh GEO-SLOPE ca Canada, bao
gm 6 MODUL c s dng trn 100 nc
trn th gii.
(4) Mi tng quan c biu th bng biu
R
thc: n = , (9)
D
trong : n - h s an ton (H s n nh -
Safety factor); R - lc gi (Resisting force), n
v tnh [tn]; D - lc y (Driving force), n v
tnh [tn];
V tr tuyn ct c xc nh trn bn
hin trng bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai. Vi
d liu u vo cho chng trnh l d liu mt
ct a hnh hin trng ti v tr tnh ton n
. nh, t trng ca t (t/m3), lc tng tc
dnh kt trong ca t C (t/m2) v gc ma st
(5) trong ca t thi (0).
 : 2.05 t/m3 : 2.05 t/m3
Lc dnh: C = 2 t/m2 Lc dnh: C = 0 t/m2
Gc ma st: 30 0 Gc ma st: 30 0
K = 1.06 K = 0.78

Gc dc sn bi thi vi lc dnh c=2t/m2 Gc dc sn bi thi vi lc dnh c=0t/m2

Hnh 4. Kt qu tnh n nh bi thi Nam Cc Su - o Nai trn tuyn ct I
Kt qu tnh ton (tuyn mt ct I v II) c xem xt trong iu kin bnh thng vi lc dnh
kt ca t theo hin trng bi thi ang tn ti v trong iu kin t thi b mt lc dnh kt ca
do trng n. Kt qu tnh ton n nh sn dc bi thi theo hai iu kin c nu trong
bng 3.
Bng 3. Kt qu tnh n nh bi thi trn tuyn I, II

TT Phng n Lc dnh kt ca t H s n nh Ghi ch

1 Mt ct I C = 2 t/m2 1,06 n nh
C = 0 t/m2 0,78 Mt n nh
2 Mt ct II C = 2 t/m2 1,04 n nh
C = 0 t/m2 0,79 Mt n nh

Kt qu tnh ton n nh bi thi trong iu kin bnh thng v trong iu kin t b mt lc

dnh kt cho thy:
Hin nay, bi thi ang tn ti n nh khi lc dnh kt ca t C bng 2 t/m2. Di tc ng
ca nc, theo thi gian, t b trng n lm mt lc dnh kt ca t lc h s n nh ca
t nh hn 1, nh vy mi dc ca bi thi s mt tnh n nh, hin tng dch chuyn t bi
thi hon ton c th xy ra. Gc dc sn bi thi nm trong khong (260 - 360), trong iu kin t
nhin, h s n nh ca bi thi ln hn 1, bi thi trng thi n nh. Khi chu tc ng ca cc
yu t ngoi sinh, h s n nh ca sn bi thi gim xung 0,78 (< 1).

Bng 4. Kt qu tnh n nh sn bi thi theo thit k

TT Phng n Lc dnh kt ca t H s n nh Ghi ch
1 Mt ct 26o C = 2 t/m2 1,53 n nh
C = 0 t/m2 1,37 n nh
2 Mt ct 28o C = 2 t/m2 1,46 n nh
C = 0 t/m2 1,27 n nh
3 Mt ct 30o C = 2 t/m2 1,34 n nh
C = 0 t/m2 1,02 n nh

Kt qu tnh ton cho thy rng: di tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi sinh h s an ton ca sn

bi thi s lun n nh khi gc dc chung ca sn dc bi thi 30o, khi gc dc >30o kh c
tc ng ca yu t ngoi sinh th hin tng trt l hon ton c th xy ra.

21
6. Kt lun th p dng gc dc sn bi thi cho cc bi
1. Trong iu kin bnh thng bi thi thi khc nhau.
hon ton n inh, khi chu tc ng cc yu t
ngoi sinh nh ma, bo tht thng th hin TI LIU THAM KHO
tng mt n nh v trt l c th xy ra i [1]. Cao Vn Ch, Trnh Vn Cng, 2003. C
vi cc bi thi c gc dc sn khng nm hc t, NXB Xy Dng, H Ni.
trong mc an ton cho php. [2]. V Ch M, Nguyn B Dng, 2004. Xc
2. Gc dc sn bi thi Nam o Nai nh quy lut dch chuyn v c tnh bin dng
<30o n nh hon ton t khi ngng thi bi thi phc v quy hoch hon th t m.
theo thit k quy hoch hon th v ci to bi Tuyn tp bo co HNKH ln th 16, i hc
thi m. M - a cht, H Ni.
3. c th khng nh c n nh [3]. Nguyn Uyn, 2004. C s a cht c hc
cho cc bi thi khc cn c iu tra kho st v t v nn mng cng trnh, NXB Xy Dng,
xc nh gc dc sn bi thi i vi tng bi H Ni.
thi ring bit, cn nghin cu xc nh thnh [4]. Hi Khoa hc Cng ngh m Vit Nam,
phn, ch s c l t cho cc bi thi c th, 2006. Tuyn tp bo co hi ngh khoa hc k
trn c s nghin cu xc nh theo nhm c thut m ton quc ln th XVII, Nng.

SUMMARY
Deformation avaluation of dump slope caused by exogenic processes
Nguyen Ba Dung, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment
Dang Tuyet Minh, University of Water Resources

Coal exploitation brings about both economic benifits and its impacts on the vital elements
of our environment. Man-made landscapes, such as waste dumps of coal exploitation, have effects
on residential areas and its surroundings. The impacts can be extremely intensified in the context of
climate change. Investigating such impacts of the waste dumps is essential. This paper is to present
the results of investigating the effects of factors on the stability of the slopeness of the waste dumps
in Coc sau - Deo Nai.

D BO TC NG MI TRNG... (tip theo trang 26)

SUMMARY
Predictive forecasting of environmental impacts caused by mining activities for strategic
environmental assessment
Vu Thi Hang, Viet Nam Institute of Geodesy and Cartography
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) becomes legal requirement and responsibility of
every mineral planning. The most important in SEA study is to forecast the core impacts of mining
projects on environment and natural resources in time and space. The paper deals with the methods
of environmental impacts forecasting of mining activities including open-pit and underground mine
as well.

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