Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional

pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for
bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.
Test measurements by Tao and Donovan
show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.

Test measurements by Tao and Donovan

show that eccentricity effects on frictional
pressure loss are significantly less when
flow is turbulent (Figure 4.4.3.3.). White
observed that calculations for eccentricity
effects in laminar flow can be applied to
turbulent flow by setting diameter ratios
equal to 0.01. In calculating Rturb, a 0.01
diameter ratio is substituted for actual
diameter ratios in Eq. 14.
For the above example, Newtonian fluid
was pumped through 13,500 ft of 1 1/4
OD, 0.095 WT tubing at 0.50 bpm. With
the above equations annular pressure
losses due to friction can be predicted for
a vertical completion with 10,000 ft of 2
7/8 OD tubing. The 2 7/8 tubing ID is
0.2034 ft and the coiled tubing OD is
0.1042 ft. A 1.96 fps annular velocity for

bpm increase in circulation rate resulted in a total system pressure of 3,530 psig or roughly two times
the pressure loss at 0.50 bpm.
Most coiled tubing sand washing work is performed to re-establish communication with an open
completion interval, so it is important to balance pressure in the annulus as closely to BHP as possible.
This minimises wash fluid losses to the formation and damage from deposited solids. As annular fluid
velocities increase, frictional pressure loss and equivalent hydrostatic pressure acting against the open
formation increase correspondingly. If the formation takes fluid, wash fluid volumes returning to surface
will decrease to a rate that maintains the proper balance of friction pressure and annular hydrostatic
pressure acting on the open formation.
If wash fluid is designed to balance BHP, any additional pressure applied to the circulating system
causes an overbalance condition. If the formation is very permeable, some wash fluid will likely be lost
to the formation once communication with the system is established. In effect, if the circulating system
is balanced at a specific rate, incremental increases in surface pump rate to increase circulation rate
will most likely be diverted into the formation.
In the previous example, annular pressure losses for a 0.50 bpm fluid circulation rate was
75 psig. If the fluid system was originally in hydrostatic balance, then the 75 psig annular pressure
increase would probably cause a slight fluid loss to the formation. Increasing pump rate to 0.75 bpm
would increase annular pressure loss, but the change would be less than expected for the incremental
0.25 bpm rate because some wash fluid would be diverted into the formation.
Annular pressure loss due to friction is for clean wash fluids. If the solids concentration in wash fluids
are kept below 3 ppg, frictional pressure loss effects from increased solids are considered minimal.
Solids concentrations in excess of 3 ppg will cause noticeable increases in annular friction pressure.
4.4.4. WASH PENETRATION RATE
Coiled tubing rate of penetration into packed solids, coupled with annular fluid velocity, determines the
solids concentration in fluid returns. Dispersion of solids in wash media causes an increase in effective
weight of annular fluid returns. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure differential between clean wash
fluids in the coiled tubing and dirty fluids in the annulus increases.
It is not uncommon to run 1 1/4 OD coiled tubing in 2 7/8 OD production tubing at 60 ft/min when
washing sand. If wash fluid is circulated at 0.50 bpm, annular fluid velocity is about
2 fps. The unobstructed production tubing volume is 0.0325 ft 3/ft and the annular volume is 0.0240
ft3/ft. If there is greater than 60 ft of loose sand above a bridge, the coiled tubing can penetrate 60
ft/min. At an annular velocity of 2 fps, 180 ft of annulus is displaced by dirty fluids.
The sand volume washed up from 60 ft of 2 7/8 production tubing is 1.95 ft3 (0.0325 ft3/ft x 60 ft). The
annular volume displaced in one minute occupies 4.32 ft 3 (0.0240 ft3/ft x 180 ft). At a 106 lbs/ft 3 bulk
density (compensating for porosity), 1,95 ft 3 of sand weighs 207 lbs. The dirty wash fluid density
increases from 8.34 to 10.98 ppg, yielding a 25 psig hydrostatic pressure increase. Penetration of
loose sand packs are generally not indicated at the surface and several sand bridges may be
encountered when washing deep production tubing. If sufficient circulation time for solids to reach the
surface is not allowed, significant hydrostatic pressure increases could develop in the annulus due to
entrained solids. If this occurs, increased hydrostatic pressure from dirty annular fluids may force
some fluid into the formation. If, as a result, annular velocity is reduced below TPSV (Terminal particle
settling velocity), solids will fall back and could stick the coiled tubing.