For snle by the Superintendent. Documents, U.S. Govenlment Print.

ing Office
Washington, D.(~. 20402 - Price $1.75
 GREEK

BASIC COURSE
Volun1e 1

*
,... ****
***
**** /)
~~*~
:\:\ri~~fJ
ij~';~llllllt~D
his
~~-~ t(~~ r
worlc ws compIIed nd pub.
Iished wlth the support of the c.
of EductIon, Deprtment of HeIth,
Eduction nd WeIfre, United Sttes
of AmerIc.

S. OBOLENSKY, . SAPOUNTZIS and . SAPOUNTZIS

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE

WASHINGTON, D.C.

1967

D R F 5
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE

BASIC COURSE SERIES
Edited by
LLOYD . SWIFT

ii
 ".

GREEK BASIC COURSE

PREFACE

FS' 'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils moden

soken Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllge
cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ
strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student
lens red lI Ie Ias leamed .

Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJ
vocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken and
wriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeks
and commonly encountered tle press.

Tle linguist clrge lB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clairmn tle Deprt.

ment Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by
Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tlese
ulors collaborted 1e writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tle
entire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englisl
portions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression.

Tle accompnying e recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"e
direction Gary lley.

lames R. Fritl, Den

Sclool Languge Studies
Foreign Service Institute
Deprtmen Stte

111
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pref'ace . . . .. . ..... .... 111

Introduct1on ........ ........... .......... . . x:ii1
Un:1t 1

Symbo18 UBed . ....... . .. .... . .... . . ..

Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2

Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used 3

Vwels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 5
1 .3 Consonants . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 6

1.4 Wr1t1ng systell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.5 Assimilat10n . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . ... ..

!' vwels 12

Unit 2

Bas i c Dialp;us 1 .3

Naatiw 8. 14

Note 2.1 '18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't' .. . .......

Palatal1zat100 . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . .
Def'1n1te Art1cle . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
AS81Jnilat1on !' vwels . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Un1t 3

Bas1c D1alogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Narrat1ve . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Nt.e 3.1 Gender and agreement 24

3.2 Indef'1n1te article 4!1 25
3.3 Def'in1te art1cle-plural . . . .... . .. . ....... .. 26

Un1t 4

Ba8ic D1alogue . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . )0

Narrat1ve . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 32

Note 4.1 Ass:iJilatioo.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.2 Personal prooouns 35
Verb classes ~ 35

i,v
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Imp. and Perf. stems . . . .... ... 36

Pres. tense, Class verbs 36

Pres. tense verb 'be' .............. 37

Unit 5

Basic Dialogue ..... .. ....... 41

Narrative . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . ... 45

Note 5.1 Assimilation of vowels 47

Assimilation of /s/ . . ... .. . .. ...... . .... 47
Cases ....... ............... 47
Articles: Accusative 48

Stress 50

Declension . . . . . . .... . ..... . . ........... 50

Plural ... .................... 51

Noun: Accusative case 51
Adjective: Accusative case ......... .. .. .... . .. 53
Class 11 verbs . .. . .. . ... ... .......... 54
Review (Units 1-5)

Greek writing system ............ .. .. . ... . 58

Review Drills . . . .... ..... . ... 62

'Polite' expressions 64

Narrative . ... . . . ....... . . ....... ... . . .. 65

Unit 6

Basic Dialogue 66

Narrative. ... ... . . ......... . ... 69

Note 6.1 Class verbs: Future. . ........ ..... . .. . . . ... 71

6.1.1 Class verbs: Future continuous ....... ......... 71

6.1.2 Class verbs: Simple Future ....... ........... 71

Class verbs: Perfective stem forms .............. 72

Class verbs: Persona:.endings 7?

Class verbs: Irregular perfective stem forms 73

Notation. . . . . .. ... . .. ....... . 74

Class verbs: Subjunctive ........ . . . .. .... .. . 74

v
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/. 75

6.8 Verb /br/ . 75

6.8.1 ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/ 76

6.9 Use ! /kmos/ 76

Expressions of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 76
6.11 Adjective /polis/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Unit 7

Basic Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 84

Note 7.1 uSB ... .. .. ... . . .. .... ...... .

genitive case 85
7.1 .1 Genitive case-articles. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Genitive case-nouns 87

1st and 2nd Declensions . .. ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. 87

Irregular declens ion. 90

7.3 Adjectives: Declension .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. . 90

Adjectives: /aft6s/, /os/. . 92

7.5 Adjectives: /pOlis/ 92

7.6 Use of Imalista/. 93

7.7 Use ! /piyno/ 93

7.8 Use of /pueena/ 94

Unit 8

Basic Dialogue. 97

~arrati 100

Note 8.1 Possessive prononns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. 103

Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects 103

Demonstra ti pronouns. 106

/arts/, /ekin05/ .. .. . ... .. . .... . . .. ....... . 107

~nestion words. 108

~.1Se of vero /180/ 109

Unit 9
Basic Dialogue. 8 113

Narrative .. . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ,16

vi
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ot 9.1 3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n /-ma/. 118

9.1 .1 3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/ 118

Un1t 1

Ba81c D1alogue ,a,

Narrat1ve. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . 123

Nte 10.1 Verb 'be . . .. . . . . . .

Past tense . 126

10.2 Class verb: . . . . . .... . ...

Past tense personal endings. ,27

10.3 S1Jple Past 127

10.4 Use ! verb /arO/ .. .. .. . ... . . . . . .. . ...... 1)0

0.5 Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. .. 1 )1

R81ev (Un1S 6 - 1 )

Dr:i1la. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ,)4

Narrat1ve . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. ... . . '37

Un1t .1

Basic Dialog11e 140

Narrat1ve. . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .
Note 1,., Clas s verb8 cont1nuous past 145

, .2 Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. ,46

11.3 Verb /erxOlM/ . . .. .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . .. 146

Un1t ,2

Ba81c D1alogue .. 1 S.

Narrat1ve. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .... . .... '53

Note 12.1 . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . ..

Vocative. 'SS
,2.2 Class verbs: Iperative. 156

12.2.1 Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. 157

Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... .... 157

1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/ . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. ... 158

Un1t 1)

Ba81c D1al~e 16,

Narrat1w. . . .. 163

Nte '3.' Class verbs - Present ". . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16S

,).2 Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 166

tati. .. . . .. . . ... . . .. .... 166

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 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Unit 14

Basic Dialo;ue . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . ... .... . . ....... 169

Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . 171

14.1 3~2 declensin 173

Feminine nouns in !. i81 . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .- .. . 173

14.1 .2 Feminine noW1S in -{a, -4.oal . . ... . .. . . . .. . ... 174

14.1.3 Feminine nus in I~tital . . . .. .. . .... . . .. . .. . 175

14.2 Masculine nouns in -asl . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . 175

14.3 Numerals . . . .. . . . ..... . . ... . . .... . . . 175

14.4 atharevus4 case enings. 176

Unit 15

Basic Dialogue. 181

Narrative . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 185

Note 15.1 Class verbB: Perfective stem fonn .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 187

15.1.1 Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve 188

15.2 Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1

15.3 ~lass 11 verbs: Continuus past 199

15.).1 Continuous Past in -ayal . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . 1-89

15.4 Irregular verb IVol .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 190

15.5 Thid declension neuter nouns in I-on/ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 190

15.6 Adjective: Shitt ! . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .

stress 19C1'

15.7 Indeclinable uns . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . .... 191

Review (Units 11 - 15)

.Jrills . 195

Narrat1ve. 200

Unit 16

Hasic Dialop:ue. 202

Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. 205

Note 16.1 Aaverbs .... .. . . ...... ..... 208

Adverb1als ! . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .
tiJne 208

16.3 Ccnparat1ve. .. 209

16.4 Superlative. 210

v111
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Cond1t1onal . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... . 210

Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/ . . . . . . ... . . . 211

Un1t 17

Ba81c D1alogue. 212

an-at1~ . . . .. .. . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . .

Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Ipel't1ve 217

17.2 Decl1nable nUDlrals. ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

218

17.3 .. .
ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/ . 219

UD1t 18

B81c D1alCJg\l8. 220

Rarrat1w .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. 223

Note 18.1 Pre8ent Pertect . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 225

Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 226

18.3 Pl8t . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .

tense augent /e-/ . 227

UD1t l'
Ba81c D1alogu.e ... 230

Ilarrat1w . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . ... . ... 233

lote 19.1 Past P8rtect. .. . ...

Clu. 111 ......
wrb
.---.--""

235

1~.2 1 Clu8 111 y1iM .. . . . . .. . .. .

Sten tornat1ve sutt1xe. 235
19.2.2 Clas. wrb Pre8ent .. . ....
n 236

ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 237

19., C1a8.m wrb8 . .. . . . .. . ... . ...

S1Jple Future and Subjunct1"

19.3.2 Nta10n

.1 80

:B881c D1alc::-. ,. 21

Nan-at1ve .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ...... 243

Note .20.1 Fonnat1on ! . .. . . ... . ... . ... ....

pertect1ve BteJ 246

20.1.1 Cla8s 1 .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
wrb 246

20.1.2 Class 11 ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . ..

erb8. . 246

20.1.3 Clus . .. . . . .... . . .. . . .. . . .

erb8 . a47

1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247

Reviev CUnits 16 - 20)

Dri1l.s . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2$0

Narrat1ve . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 257

Uni't. 21

Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9

Narrat1ve . .. . 26t

Note 21.1 3!2 declensin neuter uns 1 /-08/ 264

21.2 US8 !l/ ". .. 2~

Class erb8 Inperat1ve. .. . . . . . .' " 264

Use /ik6s/. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. 265

~1't. 22

Ba81c Dialogue. 267

Narrati.... .' - .. -. ". . . . . .' .. . . . . . . _. 269

ote 22.1 Adjective& in /-1&/ . . .. . ... . .. . ..

~ 271

22.2 c:aae wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

IJperat1Ye. ~

22.3 Verb /1p4.rxo/ .. . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . ... .

~

. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ..... ...

" -

22.4 word /rMJJdri! -

Un1't. a)

Ba8ic Dialogus. . 271

Narrat1e . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 276

Nte 23.1 Pa.st part1ciple -. _. 278

Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s. 280

'M1xed' conjugation . 280

Un1't. 24

Ba81c D1alogue. .aea

Narrative ae5
Pret1x /uana-/ .... . . ... . . . ... . . . ..... 28

Presen't. active participle 289

Un1't. 2$

Bas1c D1a1o-. -. 291

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Note 25.1 0rd1nal8. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... 297

Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25)

Dr1U8 .. . .... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .... )01

Narrat1v8 . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . ... . .. ..... )03

Tel1ing ~ 305

01088817' 306

1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

/'
(

)
,/

n
...n \
,..,.

'"'"

GREECE s
InIernalional boundary

@

IndefInile boundary
DhIamerisma (RegIon)
boundary
National capital
ms cenIer
J
~ Ra.Iroad
Road

40 80 MiIes
" i
40 80 Kilometers

xii
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

INTRODUCTION

Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. More
than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languages
spoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an.
Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y
res1d1ng 1 Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.
Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1 the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.
such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng coun-
tr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1).
It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada.
Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a.
L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European)
fam11y ! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the
second m111en1um B.C.
Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups !

d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1

the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread 11 over the Greek speak1ng
terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared com-
p1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era.
Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. the one
hand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the
older Greek; the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments
dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal,
syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two
broad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and
the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! the
peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated
1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18
pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have
a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon.
The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older
Greek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1 a more or
1ess Ipure I form by newspapers.
S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves about
the1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously
1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1 the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our
days.

1
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both

Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed
'
thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the
standard speech of Greece.
Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use
the same m1xture of katharevusa dhimotlk1 e1ements the1r speech. The
ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend the
sltuat10n 1 whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker may
use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and
then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor.
The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1
'
1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be
used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10
broadcasts. etc.).
The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows:

L U

,-

- -- - --

- - - .-

atharevusa

D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des
Govgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence.
etc. al1 publlc slgns 1 ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa.
Thus.
for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I
but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I ; the word grocery store
1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.
As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten
1 katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those
! the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1
dh1mot1k1.

x1v
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus:

dh1mot1k1 kathom11 unen1 katharevusa

Modern L1terature Older L1terature

Off1c1al Language

Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press

Every-day Usage

Th1s Course

The Greek descr1bed 1 th1s Course 1s representat1ve ! the kathom11umen1

var1ety, 1.e. that !
the 'standard ' speech ! educated Greeks. As the
1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speech ! an educated
person vary acord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ! 'correct I
utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented
the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use !

extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded.

The whole Course cons1sts 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes,
!

each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew con-
s1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1
~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch the

student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s are
cont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal
forms.
atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111

and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1cal
notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course should
have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspapers
wr1tten 1 katharevusa.
The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t:
Bas1c D1alogue Sample Dr111s
Response Dr111 Subst1tut1on Dr111s
Useful Words Transformat1on Dr111s
tPo11te Express10ns Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s
'
Narrat1ve Response Exerc1se
Grammat1cal Notes Top1cs for D1scuss1on

 GREEK BASIC COURSJ

Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found 1 each un1t. Narrat1ves beg1n
w1th Un1t 2. The occurrence ! other parts may vary.

Use ! Th1s Course

1. Bas1c D1a1ogues
Most Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st ! 10 sentences. more advanced un1ts the
d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts ! 10 to 14 sentences.
The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11d-
up or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. Each member ! the c1ass repeats the
1tem 1mm~d1ate1y after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun-
c1at1on. ! the 1nstru~torIs 110 the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by the
student. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ng
after h1m (or her) as many t1mes necessary. After the c1ass hours each
student goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng.
dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart.
After the sentences ! the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed the
students take part 1 act1ng out the D1a1ogue. The 1nstructor may take one
! the parts the f1rst t1me or two. Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11
any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke actor.

2. Response Dr1l1s
Response dr111s cons1st ! quest10ns and answers based the d1a1ogue
and narrat1ve st1uat1ons. ~nd are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111 referr1ng

the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1
s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. The
answers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1s
supposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue that
the restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the student
must accept 1t as a 'real fact and say when answer1ng the quest1on: 'Where
'
1s the restaurant?I
the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns 1 the Response Dr111s
are g1ven w1th the dr111s. Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must be
dr111ed 1 the same way the sentences ! the Bas1c D1alogues. Beg1nn1ng
w1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposed
to formulate the answers 1 h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent to
the g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 the Response Dr111s are 10nger dr111ed
1 the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ! a free conversa-

t10n based the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve.

xv1
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

3. Useful Words and rPo11te Expressions must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor and
'
memor1zed by the student 1 the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues.

4. Narrat1ve
The narrat1ve presents 1 expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to
that represented 1 the Bas1c D1alogue. a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1th
broader vocabulary.
The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary
1tems 1 the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue. After the students have thus
fam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads through
the whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. The students 11sten w1th the1r books
closed. The students summar1ze 1 Eng11sh as much as they understand the
narrat1ve. Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh.
The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns Response Dr111 '' and the students
answer them. The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold
1 the student's own words class the next day.
The narrat1ves 1 Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both transcrlpt10n
and 1 the Greek wr1t1ng system. subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on
18 om1tted.

5. SampIe Dr111s are to be treated 1 the same way as the sentences Bas1c
D1algou8s.

6. Subst1t~t1on. Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to be

used 1 accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng each dr111.

7. Response Exerc1se
Response Exerc1ses occur at the very end each un1t. The quest10ns of
these exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t. GraduaIIy.
as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOme more general
character. The purpose a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto a
free conversat1on with1n the scope h1s vocabulary.
Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. AIl
these answers should be dr11Ied 1 the same way as the sentences the Bas1c
D1aIogues.
Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st quest10ns only, and the
student 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf.
Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct 1 1t 1s appropr1ate
and 1s good Greek. The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor 1 necessary.
The student repeats the corrected answer.

11
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

8. Top1cs for D1scuss1on

These dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts 1 11eu of Response Exercisc~s.

The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the
c1ass to take part 1 the d1scuss1on. One of the students 1s asked to develop
the top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed by
the 1nstructor. Another student should present h1s arguments to derend the
oppos1te po1nt of v1ew. Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se between
the two posltlons. Then other students jo1n 1 the d1scusslon. When one toplc
has been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon.
The exerc1se goes unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussed
and tota11y exhausted.

GLOSSARY

At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocab-
u1ary 1tems 1ntroduced 1 that volume.
Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt whlch the other
forms of the verb are 11sted.

!
 GREEK BASIC COURSE \! t

~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~

~~~!:!!!!_~2~!

~ the ~Us!! I!~.. parentheses and quota on marks are used toge :~her (, )

a more Uteral tranalation is given 1 addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent.

Brackets [ ] are used indicate vords in the ~11sh equ1valent vhich do not

equ1valent in Greek.

ParentbeSe8 ) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but no a noral EnElish

equ1valent.

'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on o~ the Greek. but Englisb

speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. '1be use o~ parentheses un brackets

explained bo shuld aa the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case.

On Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch are 8lDt1es

on1tted. Alternate pronunciat1on o~ the same word or alternate vords are given atter a

slant line /.

Granatical Motes, slant lines / / are used to or~ Greek sounda, word8,

phrases or _entence. 1n trnacr1pt1on vi th1n an EngU8h text.

t
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Unit ,

. kalimra sas. Good norn1ng (Iyour good da ).

. kal1s~ra sas. Good arternoon. 2!: Good

evening. (Iyur good arternoon/

.1 ).

. kalintxta sa5. Good n1ght. (said parting).

. ~rete. He110. 2!: Good bye.

.C . '- su. 81.

p6s bow

&/ isee/iste you a,r.

:!e? Hw are you1

&; p6s

KC ka1l. _11
,

erxar1st6 thanks (11 thaDk l )

and

!; you

. ' !; kesis? and yu?

C ., .'!; ka1A erxar1st kesis? IIJD rine, tbanks, and you?

. n. Yes.
~
a::

mflista.
C.c.
61. .
'..

: paraka16. Please. : Yu1re velcOIe.

( beg l ).

aried t.'umbers
'~f~!~~!
~ ~

tvo

2
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ,

~C: trfa three

~: t~sera Eur

,,~ p&nde five

~. Sks1 six
~f./~f. ept4/eft'

6K~/6x~ okt610xt6 eight

l;""f:/l"".f. eMa/erry4 nine

~ka ten

Grammat1cal Notes
-----------------

Modern Greek 1 wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek. The spelllng

1 to a large extent h1stor1cal aod 1 therefore not cons1stent on a number ! polnts.

In order to ak 1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts ! th1s course are vr1tten

both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. Beglnning ,,1th the un1t 11 Qverything 18

10 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10n 1 used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes.

Tbe traDscrlpt10n used here 1 a adaptat10n ! Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds and

Greelc 1etters for a tn. It 1 not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc transcriptlon. For

exp1e the 1etter / stands for one sound before la,o,u/ and for another sound before

le,1/. 510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e the basis ! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1e

letter may be used for both sounds.

The transcrlption used 1 th1s course cons1sts ! the follov1ng 1etters and other

yi>ols:

Voels: a, , u, e, 1

Consnants:

V01ce1ess: , t, , Ic, , t, ts,

Volced: b, d, b, g, , v, dz, , r, 1, , n,
The acceot mark 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e a p}rase 01 sentence and

1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress. The weak stress 1s unmarked. word sa1d

1 iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) 111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress 1'1. 1n a sentence

thls may be replaced by secondary or even by weak Btress (unmarked). The stress 1n Greek

3
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

falls a1vays one ! the last three sy11ab1es ! a word.

There are three types ! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: 1,1 111 and 1.1
(the spec1a1 signs for these are 11/, 1111 and 1#1 respect1ve1y).

These punctuat10n narks are not used 1 the same vay or v1tb the B8Jll vlI~ues as 1n

either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values

to the punctuat10n narks.

'T'he cona 1,1 1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediw 1t 1s character1zed

by a ra1sed pitch ! the last stressed syllab1e ! the phrase.

per10d 1.1 1s used to 1nd1cate the end ! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb.

It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng.

quest10n nark 111 1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1 questions.

Quest10ns 1 Greek w~y be div1ded 1nto tvo categories:

,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben',

'vhere', 'hw', etc.), e.g. ,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc.

2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as,

'Are you g01ng there1' 'D1d be sa tbat1', etc.

The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns ! tbe first category 1 tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng

gradually to the 1ast syllab1e.

Quest10ns ! the second categ~ry have tbe bighest p1tch tbe stressed syllab1e

tbe 1ast vord.

Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are" ! curse, not abso1ute, but are bigb or lor relat1ve to each

other.
Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1 be1gbt tone) lIIWJt be caretul1y

d1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there 1

frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo.

Very spec1al attent10n ust be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ! each Greek sentence. It

should never be treated as i f 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence. Tbe punctuat10n narks vill

he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on as

vell as constant and pers1stent dr111 111 g1ve a correct prcnunc1at10n.

4
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ,

Tbere are 1 voe1 sounds in Greek:

/1/ Soevhat l1ke ! !!~!!!!!!, but k1rfa, k6r1,

h1gher, tenser and v1thout the 1r{n!, {stera

gl1de that voe1.

Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front

unrounded e1 [1].

/8/ L1ke e
- 1et.
---- e&6, ker6s, It1mos,
T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) n1d mSros

tront unrounded voe1 [e].

/./ SOJllvhat 1jke ! 10 !!~~!:' but kill, 4na,

RUch shorter 11 unstressed. parakal6, pot!mi

Techn1cally: a 1 unrounded

w1 {a].

/0/ thch l1ke c10th. e06, 6ra, p6ros,

ecbn1cal1:= a h1gher-IIIid etxar1st6

rounded back Toel [].

/uI .S08Vhat l1ke 00 1 boot or u 10 kun6, kuldr1,

~' but h1gher, tenser, and kalu, ualfa

v1tbout the ~ g11de English.

Techn1cally: a h1gh back rounded

voe1 [u].

Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s

G.D.I.2
/1/

k{rios

1or6tas fkaros

efirerfoa 1mSra

ae!na

korits1 nda
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

/e/

leoforlo et!lete
~repe miMn

perno t!na
patates ner6
p~nde Ha

/a/

trfa 6ra

4I-ostos
kal$. aeli:

patE!ras
dra

/0/

6ra aft6s

p6nos mikr6s

korn sor6s
6noma 6mikroD

ak6ma

/u!
ur4

kut6s us{a

kun6 Ute

uJ. kald
urans ut!teros

Note 1.3. Consonants

/b/ L1ke b ! bob.

- --- br, bamb4a, buk411
Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al bt!no, blka

stop [b).

6
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT ,

/d/ Like d ! dot but with the tongue dn, knd, pandd,
touching the teeth. pand6fles
Techn1cally: a voiced dental

stop [~]
/f/ L1ke f 1 fOM.
- ---- f40, falakr6s, f6ros
Technically: a voiceless furd, fflos, fe16s
labiodental sp1rant [f].
/g/ L1ke ~ 1 ~~~. Rare except after grernn6s, grfnya

4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos

Technically: a vo1ced dorso-velar

stp [gJ.

/k/ L1ke c ! cot but wi tho~t k6ta, kano, kdpa

strong purf ! breath. Fronted

before /1/ and /e/. kd, kfrios

Technically: a vo1celess
dorso-velar stop [k].

/1/ be like ! ! !!~! (before /o~u, lA01, luluo1

a/), fronted bere /e/ aM /1/ lost6s, lekls, leksik6
(v1th B~PE speakers almost l1ke 1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s,
!l before /1/). l1manj, lituryf.
Technically: a yoiced apico-dental

lateral [1].

/r./ Like !!! -! ~; may be fronted maSima, akros, m6Xos

(toards ~) iJefore /1/. mikr6s, ra, ~o

Techn1cally: a b1lab1al

/rj Like ~ ! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, fronted na6s, n01163, nus

before /e/ and /i/. ~oB, n1sf, nfxta
Tech.~ical1y: 3D apico-dental nasal

/n/.
~

7
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

// Like ot P2S but wi thout the strong tri, paraka16, pueen

puff breath. , pern6

Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al

stop (].

/r/ Usually a single flap or tap ! tbe r6nd, 6ra, rUxo, r'vo, p6ros
tongue against the ridge behind the korItsi, rev1

upper teeth. Technically: an

alveolar flap [r'].

/s/ Like !! ! !!~~!. Technically: a s4mos, sU1a, sovar6s

vo1celess apico-dental spirant Isya, 'se, 1

(s]

/t/ L1ke t ! tot but without the tfnos, poti, t4ksis

strong puff ! breath, and with
the tonguetQuch1ng the teeth.
Techn1cally: a vo1celess apico-
dental stop (t J.

// L1ke V ! !!~!. Technically: a e'o, ', vun6

vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant //. vfxas, v6rio8

// Made by friction ! air pass1ng
tbrough as tongue 1s in position
r~r /k/.
Before /a,o,uI (or before consonants xar4, xor6s, xdfta
follwed by one ! these wlB) oxtd, xta61

the sound 1s back, l1ke German 2~ f

!~!!, ~~~!!, before /e,1/ (or consonants x1m6nas, x!rete, xees, :xeB

follwed by one ! these vwels) the

sound 1s front, more l1ke ch 1 Oran

1ch.
Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar
sp1rant (].

8
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UT ,

// L1ke ~ ! ~~!!. Technica11y: 6, pzo, zIte, zaxari

a voiced apico-denta1 spirant [). zum

// Made by frict10n ! air pass1ng ayor4, _1, 4yuros,

through as tongue is 1 pos1tion yra, ynost6s
for / gf. (It 1 a vo1t:ed counterpart
//). TechrI1cal1y: a v01ced
dorso-ve1ar 3p1rant ().

/'6/ L1ke ~~ ~~~!!:. Tecbnically: a 6, ad, d108

vo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant (]. 1, ~ndro, 16, eks14

/8/ L1ke ~~ ! ~h!!!. Techn1cal1y: a aniBema, B41asa, 86108

v01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant auk1&~18, 81savr6s.
(8).
/ts/ L1ke ts 1 nets. Techn1ca11y: a kor:l'ts1, ts1iEndo, tsCY
v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cJ. tsuv411, ts1 yUO
/dz/ L1ke <!! 1 !!:!!~. Techn1cally: kafedz:ls, dz{dz1kas
a v01ced ap1co-dental affr1cate {].

// L1ke l 1 l!!!~. Techn1cal1y: a ~, pe&y4, X1ya, 6,

palatal gl1de . ky4to, y1Mka, pyite, al)a,

yeory6s, ytona8, yatr6s, J4ro.,

4)"108, ya

The Qr.eek alpbabet Coos1at8 ! 24 1etters:

!:!~~!!: !!!!!~!:!~!~ 8 letter

-------------
1 Greek: !!!~!:!!!!~!:!~!:
/a/ Icpc /Il.ta/
/./ ~ /nta/

r // cf( ) /-.
/'6/ --( /~1ta/

/e/ . /lpsllon/
// ~( /Zfta/

9
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Letter !!~~~~!~E~!~~ Name ! letter

--------------
in Greek: !~_~!~~~~~!E~!~~:
--------
/1/ /I.ta/
-& /e/ -& /eita/
/1/ y/JJ /y6ta/
/k/ ~() /k~pa/

/1/ () /Uda/
/m! /i: /rr/
/ / /nI/
/ks/ /ksr/
/0/ SKO /6mikron/
// //

/r/ 6/ /r6/
'~ /s/ /siyrra/
/t/ /t&r/
/1/ /:rpsilon/
/f/ /fi/
// //

/ps/ //
/0/ /of'ra/

Renarks

Follw1ng 8equences ! 1etters are used to represEnt a s1ng1e und:

a) !..~!:!!

~g~~~~~_~f_!~~~~~~ Sound ~~5?!~:!

/u/ /lu.1/ 'nour'

/e/ /onOI1'Azete/ lit 1s called l
, , /1/ /1r1nikf/ 'peacefu1'
-& /1oeet6/ ' adopt'
6 1168/ ';'

.. Used 1 final posi tion only

10
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ,

b) ~~~~~!::~!!~:!
word initial position:

5equence ! letters Sound ~!~~

/b/ /bor6/ ' can l

/1.' /d5.no/ ' dress'

/,; , / grmn6s/ 'prec1p1ce'

After voels the coll1blnatlons , , usually stand for the sequences /rrb/, /rJ/,

/yJ respectlvely, e.g.

/lMr6s/ 'bright'
lfv /.rJra.s/ 'an'

) /.t:)l,I'fno/ approvp.-t

The pronunClation //, /nt/, /rd</ occurs when the comblnations , , are

follwed by a v.:>lceless consonant, malnly in foreign loanwords.

The combination occurs only in t1le niddle ! the word and represents the soI,nd /f)r/
! English 'finger', 'longer' etc. e.g. /4ngelos/ 'angel'.

The sound /ts/ and /dz/ are represented in Greek orthography by (- f:inal

poslt:ion) am respective1y, e.g. .~o /tsi'!r/ 'clgarette '

/dzfdz1kas/ 'clcada'.
The corrbjnat:ion -YX-1n the iddle ! the ",ord corresponds tc the sound /nx/, e. g.
x~ /sinxorfte/ 'excuse!'.

c) Y~!~2~!~~~
The comb:inatlons and stand for /av/ and /ev/ before vowels an vclced

consonants, e.g.a:Iy6 /avy6/ 'egg f , a:~ /4vra/ 'breeze', uCa: /eviJfW!rfa/

'prosperlty', and tor /af/ and /ef/ before volceless consonants, e.g.a:Cv /aftokfn1to/

Icar', a: /eftlxfa/ 'happ1ness l , a:. /efxarist6/ 'thank yOU I

2) ~~!!!~!~!!_
The gemination (doubling) consonants occurs only in scrlpt, not in speech.

double consonants represent slngle scunds, e.g. /.s/ 'other', ~

/alayf/ 'change','vv /'-na/ 'Ann'.

3) ~!:!:~!!~:!
There are three accents: the acute accent /'/, the grave accent /'/, and the

11
 (;RI:EK 5 (OLR~E

c1rcnmflex accent -.

4) ~~!:~!!~!~~
The signs ! and 1'1 traditionally called 'breath1ngs' are written above a11

1r~tia1 vcwels co~1nat10ns. These signs have mean1ng 1 modern Greek.

!~~_!e~!~!~e~~ 1'1 13 used to iDdicatethe 10s8 a wl, .. 't 'a'tCv.'t

/taftokini tol the car , \' \ lna.ncv61 that go up .

The diaeresis / / is wr:itten 011 or v to indicate that the comb1nat.lon !

or repregerts either a di?hthong (when or v are unstressed), e.g. li,~() /4ipnosl

'sleep1ess' or two separate vowe1 scunds (when t or ~ are stressed), e.g. ! lr"!

norn1ng'

~~~~~!~!:!~~ 1,1 1s a sign ritten under some we1B withut affecting the
r.ronunc1ation, e.g. & ~'ljl Ina QtIs11 1" that he give'.

6) ~!~!!~~
The punctuat10n signs are 1dentica1 1 Greek and Engl1sh ece:'t for the quest10n

mark the senico1on.

The question ark jn Greek 1s lil and the semdco1on 1s 11.

~~t.! ~:.5_ Phono1ogy: Ass1Jrd1ation ! vwe1s.

ka1A efxsrist, kesIs7 Fme, thank yu, and you7

),hen a word end1ng 1 a vme1 1" follw 1 by ! Iieg1M11ng "11th the 1. VC1e1,

! the w1B is ass1rnHated, th'.1l1 Ikef/esS/=/kess/.

"\
51n1lar vowe1 asII1JTd1at1cn occurs "11th certa1n other ccmb1nat1ona vcnela (see

) later un1ts).

12:
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT a

vtor. l s1nxorHe. Excuse !.

\) p't1 vhere

. Ine (he, she, 1t) 1s,(the7)

1 prezvIa (the) eIJassy

\) . ; p't1 In(e) 1 prezv!a? Iberf.l 18 the Eba8BY?

. ek81a r1ght, the r1Iht.

on the r1ght

. .. 1 rrezv!a, :!ne eksi. The &nbaBBY 1s the r1gbt.

or6 prokseno (the) consulate

aakr1i tar

Im6/In' ap6/ap !rom

eb6 here

apo6 froJl

. or6 !ne proksenlo 1I'.akr1a, Is the Consu1ate far froa

; apo!S? he ?

4 LO"ra, . m411sta. Ine. Yes, 1 18.

.O"r arjster4 1eft

O"r.6 staem6s (the) 8tat1cn

11. 'r0&6 .or; In(e) staeIIIs Is the stat10n the 18?

arjster4?

~o not

61. ~
1ne. , 1 1s not.

13
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~'~t kate!efan stra1ght

o~ brost~ in front
~' ~r; o~ katefefan brostci Sra1ght ahead

~~6 ; ~'~t sta,6s, :lne The station 15 straight ahead.

o~. katefefan brostci.

p'ra very
< pol III1ch

~ <. sas efxar:ist p.ira Thank you very much.

[>.

Narrat1ve

~~6 ~2~!~. stams 1 1~ooc4. 'near by'

6 o~, ~~ to proksen:io :ine konda. a1d i 'but'
. prezv13 :ine makri4.
:fstera 'then', 'afterwards',
'after'

' ( < ' 1 ?rezvfa, u~n :lne po1f makr14 apto proksen:io.
6 . o~, :lne kond', 314 staem6s, :lne makr14. :ine
~~6 . eks1', kistera katefe:lan br~3t4.

'~ '~~ . 6 proksen:io stams ki prezv1a,:ine 1 makr14

t, ~~6 ' apcM.
< '.

t!
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNITa

ka1Wra 88, pc)S 11 ka1B etxarist kesfs?

88 s1nxrte. pU in(e) 1 prezv!af 1 prezv!a ine eks1.

ine proJen!o ukr1& ap1 8lista, to prokaemo in. pol! .JcrU. _.

in(e) staI ar1stera1

B8Se ine katetan broat8.

in(e) 1 presv!a ar1steraf 6:1, 1 prezna :!ne &eIa1.

!ne to prolen:to e kcnaf :1., to proledo ine _k:r1J apoM.

:!n(e) 1 prezna k8 to prolenio kond8f 6xi, 1 prezvU k8 t.o prok8edo :Ine pol

8kr1A.

Grammat1cal Notes
-----------------
!~!_!~! Verb: '1s" '1sn't', 'are', 'are~'t'.

EY~ d &6 ~~; !n(e) ar1ster47 l the stat10n the 18ft?

-OX~, Y~. 61, 4 tne. , 1 1sn't.

a&6 K~' k1 prezv!a !ne The stat10n and the Eb7

Y~ 6 zpu~. pol akr1A. are tar.

The above examples 111ustrate the use ! the Greek equ1valent to the I:ngli8h verb

'-' 1: the ~~ person s1ngular or plural (affinative negat1ve).

'1'".11':

EY~ // means either (he, she, 1t) 18 ~!: they are

and Y~ / ine/ means either (he, she, 1t) 1sn't ~!: they aren't

:Jote 2.a Phonology: l'alatalization

/kalinta sas/ 'good night' /xi/ 'no'

/mlista/ ']e8' /to rksen/ , (1) consulate'

15
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

'lbese exarnp1es 111ustrate c. 'pa1atal1zed conscnants, i.e. oonscnl:nts made w1 th

the tongue 1 a sim11ar position to in saying l in Ergl1sh.

The fo11ov1ng consonants are pa1ata11zed (more cr 1ess, dependinc; speaker) when

followed by the scund !: /1/, Im/, //. Consonants /1</ and // are a1an palatal1zed

before the sounds 1 and .

Exarnp1es:

/kir10S/, /I<!.pos/, /k1tos/, /ke/, kerSs/, kp.fal1/

/1i.Brd./, /pa]i/, pol:/

/mikrs/, /mikos/, /rn1o/

/meni/, /keni/, /z6ni/

/x1JM/, /xlios/, /xwa/, /xerete/, /xeU/, /xena/.

All consonants are pa1ata1ized befor~ //, e.g.

/nyta/, /nys/, /-qni/

/paxya/, /lyanizna/, /lypesi/, /p~/6/

/kyo staonCs, : oeksii/, /r:rite/

/kyar1stera/, /1 maya/

/to /, /anipsy/, /arn.yCme/

'..'hen /! occurs before /8/ or /:/ the result1ng comb1nat1o~1 ! sounds 1s /mn7 a/ or

/r:r/ reSective1 (1.e. the ccb1nat1()n ! /m/ w1th a very palatel1zed // ard /."i/or //;,

/rrJa/, /rrWazo/, karr.nYa/, /<amnyr.1/, etc.

~~~_~~~ Noun: Gender - Definite Artic1e.

1. ~ c-&6 &.~&; :() ~ staGmS ar1stera? 1 the stat10n or. thc 1eft?

\; 1. ~ ; :(e) ! prezvla'l ~;herels the :rmy?

1. ~6 u& ine ~ prckeroo, makr1.{ 1 thc (!or.SI!};itofor fro;l! herfJ7

cm !; :>?

Greek nouns fall 1nto three f;I'OUPS wi th re'ard to ecnd'!r: ascul1ne, feJllinine and ncuter.
lJo be dece1ved by these lal1e15 int.o beUcV1ng gerder is a matter ! sox. Yu C

frc the examp1es above ( stat10n , lIIascu1ine; IEr.r;aSS;I', fer.irdr.e; Co;lsulate , neuter)

that gender is a gramatical .1'eat\:re 0.1' \ ( question ! the1r ~~~r;;!!) re.t.her t!lan a

~~~~~~ feature (determ:ined " their meaniT![s). 'he best way to pt:t 1t 1: thor~ are !:!,,~

t"roups ! un 1 Greek, and .1'or rn0st p..ort, YI='U car.not determ1ne what ~rcllp a nrun tJe1on:o;s

,6
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UIT

to by considering what the means.

As in F~1ish there are two kinds ! artic1es Greek: definite ('the I ) ~nd

1ndefinite ('a').

definite artic1es are under1ined 1 the exanp1es above. Thus /o/1s the

1118scuUne defini.te artic1e, /1/ the fininine, and ~6 /to/ the neuter difinHe Sortic1e.
('1he 1ndefinite artic1e i9 disc\lssAd in Note 3.:?).

Greek nouns 1118 have varius end1ng9, e.g. - /-<a/, - /-as/, r- /-1/, - /-a/,

- /-/, etc.
In Modern Grcek t."e f~~ of a offcrs oe deree ! predictacility tc 1t.s
gender, e.g. alost a11 ncuns ending 1 - /-<- /-on/ in Katr.arevusa) are neuter; a greet

number nouns end1n in - / -a/ are fer.dr..1ne;

l-iOst animate nouns end::'nr, in - / are fiJr.ininc, 10Ihereas inanilllllte n01Jnsendir.g in

- . /1/ are neuter. (It should be n()t..ed~hat feminj.ne nouns endir= in /-1/ are spelled

- whereas noter nouns end"\.ne 1 /-1/ are spelled - . rer.ardlcss ! whetr.er they are

animate or 1naninate ).

'lbe major1ty ! uns (but ~: all) ending 1 -/-/ are 1118sculine.

However, the gender ! a great mJl'lber ! nouns r:anJ"1Ot. be predicted at a11 from 1e

endings. 'lbe 8tudent, therefore, is advised to 1earn t:e artic1es w1th the . In this

Course the art1c1e 115 regu1ar1y given whenever a new noun 18 introduced as a build-up, .;.

cn.f6 /0 sta9Ds/.

!!~~!_~:.~ Ph0llCl10gy: AssiJllilation /-e/ the word /ke/ 'and'

ke8is 'and you'

kfstera 'and then'

kyo staOms 'and the st.t1"n'

1 the word /ke/ 1s fcl10wed b;' a ,",ord which begins with a w1 tl:e assimi1ation

patterr8 are .. olln

/ke/+/e/-/ke/, . [ . /kes!.s/ (/kc/t/cs9/)

/ke/t/1/-/d/, .. /l<istera/ (/ke/+/stera!)

/kc/t/a/-IkYa/, .. ,!)q'aristera/ (/kcAi'aristerc(/)

/ke/+:/:Iku/, . G. ~.'\);,)e!X>te/ (/ke,4-/lJ!lepot,:?/)

/ke/+/o/-/lro/, c..f!<c sLa)l'1s/ (jk,+/ starns/).

17
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Pronunciation Drills
--------------------

ut1i kuM
lem6s ltara

lioyald pa1Jn6s
ka1B t.rav1&s
la. k1ir

/r/

~ pern6
rUmeli amzo
arnild pr-yna

str&na feros

rrsis rmi

//

xar4 Mrarx.

xeri irxondas
r axins
,
X'Jra s:lx

.an mro
-/

y.Uos meylos

Y01'jona dyuros
.r aypi

ayor' nsis

a\'Sri ylik6s

/6/
')6 ekrom

(~riJ\1a siiiirronos

Ii6ti ~. ,
pDrl:~no
 GREEK BASIC COURSE urr a

pe Mndro

M:Ja ua

//

arerit1s

Oa_sia irea

e.a enUs1azm6s

ana9er.a Oalasa

irro

GraIIIIIIItical Dr111s
------------------

:n86. 1ned staems7

1 prezvia 1ne6. 1neM i prezVa7

to prok8en!o 1ne:J. ine to prok8erno7

BJB k1 prezna 1. 1ne stamds k1 prezVa7

Bns ke to prclen!o 16. 1ne Bn ke to prek8en!o7

staODSs, 1 prezv!a ke prokseno, 1. 1neM staeOs, 1 prezv!a ke to prolenio1

!n(e) stans7 & !ne 18.

!n(e) 1 prezv!a7 1 prezv!a !ne be~:s1a.

!n(e) to prouen:!o7 to prok8en!o !ne eks1a.

ln (e) BnB k1 prozv!a1 BmB k1 prezVa, oeks18.

pU !n(e) stam 1 prezv:ta ke to proksen!o1 1 prMv!a ke to prokseno,

eks1a.

BtB !n(e) ar1stera. Bms :tne kate1un broat8.

1 prezv!a !n(e) aristera. 1 prezvia !ne katefe!an brosa.

to proksen!o !n(e) aristera. to proksen!o !ne katefe!an brosa.

Be k1 prezv!a !n(e) aristera. BmB k1 prezv!a katefe!an brosa.

BeS 1 prezv:ta ke to proksenio, in(e) Bm 1 prezv!a ke to proksenio, !ne

ar1stera. katefeian brost&.

19


~
G R.EEK BASIC COUR.SE

ineU6, staem6s? 11sta, ine..1 xi, ine.

ie6, i prezv!a? ""118ta, !ne.1 xi, ine.
ie6, to proksenio? U118ta, . cSXi, inc.
ine, staooos, i prezvia ke to ista, !.1 cSxi, 6 :lne.
proksenfo?

kal1Jra 8&S, ps !see? ka14 efxari8tl ka14 efxari_t, kesSt

l _inxor!te. pU !n(e) 1 prenia? i pre.-da 1ne eks1t/ !ne k&teteanbrostl

!() apocS, ar1_tenl lne ek81a/ne lO11

_kr1A .

! to prOk8m!O akri' apo7 6xi, {nel to prolaen1o !() e& kond8/

_11_~ to pr0k8eno !ne pol kr18 apo.

!() _s ar1_tera? _11sta, mel cSxi, Mn :tn(e) ari_tera, :tne

katet!an bro8t8/ , fne &la18, d8tera
ka tetei8l1 bro8t8.
1 !n(e) BeS'l in(e) e& knd&/ !ne pU-a po1:l _kr1.i apo&d.

!n(e) 1 prema aristera7 i11B !l cSxi, .. in(e) ari8tera. 1ne

ela18.

ine to proksen!o e kc:I8'l au.ata, {ne/6xi !ne . .kJ apo&.

!n(e) 1 prezvia ke to prokseno kmd8'l 1 pren!a !ne kood8, W to prolaen1o !ne

1Ikr181 cSxi, !ne pha po1:l ...kJ .

ao
 GREEK BASIC COURSE urr )

kanena (ne1Jter ton) any, Boe, nobody, no

MS ka16 (.) good

'f6 to ksenooXo (the) hotel

. 6 ! kanena kal~ ksenoooxlo 18 there a (Iryl) good bo

arod here7

na (.)

to xi]yretro (the) kiloeter

, . , ..6 , n() ena, ena Ye8 there i8 one, a kiloeter

'f K~ n. xj.]ymetro akr (f'ar) f'ro here.

apoO.

c5:.6 akr1v (.) expensi ~

. ~K.6; !n(e) akriw7 18 it expensi~7

'fv6 ttin (.) rea80nable, chep

.
.

.
...
ex1
orea (..)
he (8he, ) hu

beautitul. n1ce

ci eyil.a (..) l.arge

'f6 ci'f. to ~or.tio (t."e) roo

'fci ci'f. ta omtia (the) ros

" ., . 'fv6 .. 1, !ne ft.in6, kx1 !\, it is reuonable and hu

y~ ci'f.. orea ke meyala /l\itia. nice (and) large rooms.

UnciPXEI. ip8rx1 there i8, there ex18ts

!; episis a180
'f6 i'f6. to estiatrio (the) restaurant

&. t 6 iparxi ep:sis ena ka Is there a1so a good restaurant

21
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

lana't6p 1.0 ! XOV't6:; estiatrio eoo !<0nJ.a? nearby?

. "6 mikr (.) small

6: Iocrra, . .6 maiista, ena mikr 'Yes, there i8 a small, :Jut

&.n6:, &6: ( 6. aristera, al<i 1: 1. ver:y good , on tre 1eft.

'tt t! t-lhat

i ra (the) hur

l:J .; t! ra ine? "'hat time is it1

. . lne !. It's two o'c10ck.

't6 ! to efr: (the) bus

. 't6 i:; inc to 1eofono? \~nere i8 the bus?

6 ~oo . .6:. tc 1eofono iJeksia. The bU8 1s the rir,ht.

Narrative

!~_~~~~~~ . .6. ~_~~~ ine mikr. '(the) bath(roam),

6:. 't. iparxi ena ;;or.atio 'vith'

6:.. banyo.

' 'or'

~.!:~.!:~~~!E~ ~~~~~~ 'kilometers'

6 . to ~lo ksenooo:clo 'other' (.)

"6, &'~~!~ . 6. ka1, aH. !!~~, ine pol ka1. 'th1 s (.)'

!f~ ~~~ ~~I~~~ !~~!~~_ ~~}~~!!_~!:_';!!~J.,!!! ~!~~, 'a good and b1g taV8rn'
. ! xoV't6:. 6 kond8.

- . 't' ena kseno6oxio, ine J{atef3ian brost8. ln(e)

a'tcf. . ..6't "u ' na ilyr.etro makria apOO. fti,
. . 't6, .
a18 exi orea ke m"(8la t1a ne :>'nyo.
cf 't. .. ''.
6 la't.a't6p.o. .. xi episis ena ka1 estiatrio. ena:! oio
't . xilymetra rnakria ':), in(e) ena alo ka
. .''t6 ~x.
ksen06oxio. cyaft e:d pol or~a ke meyala
:n, .
.6. KOV'tcX a'ta&- :Jomatia. a18 ine ke pol: akrivc. eM kond&,

22
 GREEK BASIC COURSE mrr 3

6. ~~6 ~x~ ~ 6 !n(e) staOros. stams, exi ena 1

~~~6~o. ~Ex~ xC
ka1 estiatrio. exi episis ke mia kali
. ~~o !
taverna. to estiatrio, oe ine mea1o,
~ , ! xC ,
! . ine mikr6 ke ftin6, a18. i taverna, ine po1i
mei1i.

ariem:

Mt/X endeka/en8eka e1even

Mt 60eka twe1ve
Mt 5ekatra thirteen
Mt -)ekatesera fO\Jrteen
O~ fifteen
Mt ekaeksi sixteen
XT/Mt ~ekaefta~ekaepta seventeen
MtOX/MtO 6eka0xt6/5ekaokt6 eighteen
Mt oekaenea nineteen

' kosi twenty

~~!!~-~!!!

pu in(e) ena 1::;cno()oXo~ na ksenobox!o, in(e) ena xiJ.ymetro ma)r.ria

apoQ.

~ rnc,,:-&la kyor,~a :'omatia7 alista, exi meila ke 1'0 l:. orea matia.
:tne ftin6? ~lista, ine ftin6.

c:d. estiat6rio7 , xi ena ka1 estiatOrio.

pU in(e) na 8:10 ksenoi)ox!07 en(a) 810 ksenoox!o, in(e) ena i

xilyrretra makria apOOo.

exi afto orea ke meya1a 60~~tia7 a1ista, It exi orea ke meila octia,
me banyo.

in (e) akriv6 af'to to ksenoooX07 alista, in(e) akriv6.

pU in(e) staGmos? staemos ineO konda.
cxi staGmos estiat6ri07 ma1ista, staGms ! ena kal6 est.iatrio.

w(e) art to est.iatrio mey810 kyakriw7 xi. af't to estiatrio ine m1kr ke 1n.

23
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ar1n

ke p8nd.e ekapMde.

8Ilea ke tera ekatr!a.

olctO ke tr!a erdeka.

eca8k81 ke tA8era :lkDsi.

eka ke eksi ok.

ekatria ke &:10 ekap8nde.

ekat8sera k8na ekapDe.

ZIelcaenea kna ko.I.

okt k;yolctO ekaeksi.

ept ky~ eka&li.

1eka k;iks! ZIekaepU.

eka I;yept8 ZIekaenea.
ekaokt ke !koI.

Gramnat1cal Note8

~_~~.!. Adjective: Gender Agreeent.

Bl~ :tne kanna kal ksenooxo Is there a good hotel around

MOV-rt; eo k0nd87 here7

Bl~ K~; :lne akriv67 1s 1 1?

wOx~, ~ -rv. 6xi. :lne [1n. , 1t 's reasonab1e.

El~ ~ ~K ~-rt, :lne ena mikr~ ar1stera, There 1s a small, very

t i) . 18 poll ka1b. good the 1eft.

~ yt -rv. d. kall ke eyiutaverna. good and big tavern.

These sentences iUustrate the use ! adject1ves, wh1ch have d1fferent end1ngs for each

the three genders.

Adjectives wh1ch mooify nouns 'agree' witlI them 1n gender. In

/ka10 !/, the noun 18 neuter, and the af"jective has neuter end1ng, 1n ~

24
 GREEK BASIC COURSE tJ 3

'tf /ka1l taverna/ the noun is teminine, and the adjecti has a tem:inine ending.

Adjectives which refer to a noun a1so 'agree' with the noun, as . &.6
/!ne akriv7/ ., . 't6 /xi, ine ttin/, both reterring to the neuter noun

t /Oro1. 0/.

There are severa1 difterent classes ! adJectives, according to their endings. '1be

most frequent i8 that which has -; /-os/ in the ma.sculine, - /-i/ in the teinine, and

- /-0/ in the Duter, e.g.

. F. .

't6; /ttins/ ~1j /ttini/ ~6 /ttioo/ 'cbtap'

6; /b16s/ 1j /kal/ 6 /ka1/ '1001'

y~o; /meyi10s/ y~ /mea1i/ y~o /mea1o/ 'b1g'

.6; /1krs/ .1j /rd.kr/./ .6 /rd.kz6/ -

An other adjective c1ass 18 represented by:

.-
.; /orf:os/ /or~a/ .-
. /orlJo/ 'beaut.Uul'

Rear:l1' an adjec:t1w vith n- ead1Jg 1n. wrel (_ 1 /. ./) 81'8 ot tb:18 VPe.
'l\o adJectives ; /enas/ '' and
-
; /kanenas/ '~, 80118' have the

tolloing orns:

. F. .

; /4nas/ /ma/ ~~ .~ /rr18/ /4na/

; /kanena8/ /kama/~! .~ /karnY/ /kanna/

Other classes ! adJectives 111 be discussed in 1ater units.

Beg1nn1ng with Un1t 4 the three forms (nascul1ne, feminine am neuter) ! a11

adjectives "i11 gi.ven in the build-ups follos:

6; , -1j, -6 ka1s, -1., - 'good'

y~o;, -, - e10B, .-i, - 'bie'

;, -, - oreos, -a, - 'beautiful' .tc.
Sce adj.Ct1W8 vith 81088 end1ng 1 /k/ baw an a1ternate tea:1D1n. on 1n/-'/, .
6; /Jake/Ibed I ; 1n.: !Ia'd./ K.~ /IaJq./.

!~-2:.!. ID:ie.t1n1te Art1cle

1he atject1w , /, /mas/, /ma/2!: Wa/, /la/ow' 18 alo

2$
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

equivalent the English 1ndefinite article (1;,:1, 'an'):

F.
w~ /eMs staerSS/ /! 6ra/ la 4n / onio/

~~ . l:pa /rrW& r/

'a staticn' 'an hur' 'a 1'0011'

'one station' 'n hour' 'one 1'0011'

b indefinite art1 cle occurs only w1 th singlar nouns.

!i2~_~~. ou: Definite Article. Plural

' ' . /~ ()omB tial the rooms'

This exaJJlple illustrates the plural fonn ' /ta/of neuter def1nite article '6

/to/.
The def1nite article Eons you have encountered up to here can be sumar1zed

follows:

2i. Pl.
Mascul1ne 6 /0/ /i/
Feminine /1/ /1/
Neuter '6 /to/ ' /ta/

Graatical Dri1ls

1parn na ka ksenoooxio e8 kond81 !ne kan meyUo ksenooxio e knd.i1

iPrxi ena kal estiatri e kond8? ine kanena JJleyalo est1atrio e knd.i1
ipArx:i. ella ka ()nAtio kond&1 !ne kanna JJleBlo leofono e kond8?
1parxi ena kald loofor!o kond8? :tne kanna JJleyalo omati kond.&1

iparxi kanella nikr ksenooxio k0nd41 !ne kanena oreo lJenoox!o kond.&1
iparxi lnena JJI1kr estiatr10 eM koncl.&? ine kaneD8 oreo estiatrio e koncl.&1
1pirxi kanena JJi.1' ()ona10 eM koncl.&? :tne kaneD8 oro ti e kond.&1
prx1 kanena :n1.kr leo.fono eM koncl.&1 !ne kanena oreo leofor!o e knd.i1

26
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

:!ne kamy kal! taverna kond8? !ne kanenas kals stanS kond41
!ne lcanyi m:ilcr! tave1a k0nd8? :!ne kanenas meyllos staems koooa?
!ne kaJny8 eyll taverna e ko~? kanenas mikrs koma?
ine kany8 or_ taverna ko~? !ne kannas oreos e koma?

mili8ta, :!n (e) naB e k0nd4.

cSx1, n :Ine kan4nas eM k0nd.8.
maUsta, nas kond8.
6xi, !ne 1caMaB e kond8.
!ne kannas 1kr. kond81 mallsta, m(e) 8naS kond8.
6xi, :lne kaMnas e kond4.
!De kannas or80s () koma1 miusta, ::n (e) naB eM k0nd4.
61, !ne kanSnas e kond8.
miusta, :!ne m!a e kond8.
, ~ Ine kam!a _ konda.
!ne Jauny8 ey111 tav1rna e koooa1 _Usta, ine da e kond8.
, !ne k:an e kond8.
!De kanyi tt1n! tavma e koma? usta, !ne da . kond8.
6:d., n :Ine lc8d kond8.

!e k8ny4 or8a tavema konda? dllsta, !ne m!a eM kond&.

61, .n ine k!a k0rd8.
ine Jnena ka1D estiatrio e6c) kond? dUsta, !n(e) na kond&.
6%1, t\n !ne kan8na e knd.

:te Jn8na t.1n estiatrio e Icoma? milista, !) ena k0nd8.

6xi, !ne kaneM kond8.
:te kanna m:ikro estiatr10 eM koma? mallsta, !n(e) na koma.
6xi, !ne kanena konda.
:lne kanena oro 8stiatri e kom.a? ma1ista !n(e) na eM koma.
6xi, on ine kanena konda.

ine kannas or&!s ke mealos staems ni1ista, !n(e) enas kondI.

e k0nd41 xi, kanenas eO kord&.

27
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ine kamnya nikr orea ke ft1n:l taverna m4lista, m!a eM kond!.

eO kndc? 6%1, ine lua e kaooa.

ine kanera mey:il0 oreo ke ftin estiatrio mal1sta, () na e kn:a.

e kondA? cSx:i., ine kanena kond&.

COrre1ation-8ubstitution Dr1lls
-------------------------------
Substitute the 1Iords in parentheses !or the underlined 1Iord (or 1Iords) !

sentences and change the fonns
the noun substituted.
G.D.3. ,
~_~~~_~~~~~~ koroa.
(taverna)
! articles ard. acljectives as necessary to agree with
~_m1~~!_~_~~~!_~~~in (e) aristera.
(taverna)

~}~~!~_!~E!~! !n(e) aristera. !_~~!!_~~_~~~~..!!!!!~ine ka~!an brost8.

(leofono) (stams)

i mikri taverna ine katefeian brosta. ~_~~~_~!_!~~~_!~!~!~ eksia.

(staems) (oatio)

!_~~~_~!~!'~ in(e) aristera. ~_~!~_~_~~~_~~1ne.

(ksenoOox:o) (Jcsenooxo)

~_'!!~~!~_!!~!!~~~:tne \eksit.
() (prenia)
to ftin ksenooox!o !ne kntefe:tan ~rost8.
-------------------
(taverna)

G.D. 3.2

iparx:i. _~!~_~!~~..2 e kond8?

(tAverna, omatio, BmB) 1parxi ~~!~_~!:~_~!~~e k0nd8?
(tavema, estiatrio, )emati)

\~st.iat6r:io, leoforio, stans, taverna)

28
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ,

pi k(e) na kal ksenoox!o1 ena poli kal ksnOOono,!ne pnde xi~tra

aakr1& apOO/ 1n(e) e&c) kondi/ !ne p4ra
pol! makr1i/ n lparX e kond8 8na
kalC> kSenooxio/ () ena,kat.eteian
brost8, a18 ine pira pol! akrivd/ in(e)
na, eea X:~tra akr1a prok8en!o.

:! &oMt1a 8:1 pol ora ke 8eyla II8tla/ 8 pol

, a18 pol 1kr ona tla/ exi pira

poli kal8 cat1a ae bMyo.
:1ne l't1Jl6 art to Inoox!o? maUata. pol rt1n6/6x1. !ne pira pol!
akr1w, al& kB pr pol! kal/ !ne pol

f'tin, 14 ke kal/ !ne f't1n6, a18

para poli n1krO/ !ne f'tin, ko kal.
B11sta,x:i 8na pol ey810 ke kal

est1atr1o/ .usta, xi na lllikr, a18

!ne pol kal/ ix: , a1A !ne pol

akrlw/8x: , aU . ine poli kal/

n 1 eat1atl'io, a18 xi aia .ey&l1

-in(e) oeu x11,7etra aakri8 apto

ut1atSr1o/ !n(e) arl8ter' to or!o/

ine &ea:tJ . ut.1atoo/1n(e) ecS ~.

katefe!an bro8U, CStera eka18.

1 {(8) .58" ine pd X:1yetra _kr18 apto kal

k8en0od/ !ne p8r~ poli .akri8.

xi 8taI e8t1atrio7 , a14 ex1 l. pol! kali tavema/ ,

ex1 ena, _18 n ine poli ka1O.

ora ine? ine m/ pnde/ ept&/ / cSeka.

pU ine to leo!'orio1 ine katef'e1an brost / k(e) 1

xilyetra makria apoM.

29
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

!~_~~I~~~~ 'breakfast '

&f ~10 want

&f"" e~1ete you want

",,6 "";:6:. fi1dz4n1 (the) cup

",,6 ""0'6:.' (the) tea

6 f ka'! (the) corree

ef"" "";:6:. ""O'6:t e~1ete ~B fi1dz4n1 Would you l1ke ('do you want')
~ xff; , kar~? a cup ! tea or corree?

;:6: 1 zixar1 (the) sugar

",,6 6. 1em6n1 (the) 1ellOn

ef ~ ""O'6:t f o~ !10 !na . me pol 1'd 11ke tea with a 10 !

;:6: 6.. zlxar1 ke 1eni. sugar and [a p1ece or] 1elllOn.

' esfs you (1. or p011te s1ng.)

dr1nk

"" pfnete you dr1nk

'Ea "" ",,6 e81s. p6s p!nete to(n) [Hw abut] you? Hw do you

Kaff '; gart 8&S? talce ('dr1nk') your corree?

",,6 to(m) dr1nk 1

af"", -, - sklt08. -1, - unsweetened, p1a1n

xorfs w1thout
",,6 6: -y41a (the) m1k

6 af""o to(m) blno sk~to ke ( dr1nk 1) w1thout sugar

6:. xorfs Ala. and w1thout m11k.

30
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 4

mpoB

~xo

~xete

kul6r1

ta ku1-ya

vdt1ro

1 marme1'Zla

Iff) ~x~ !., ~ ndpos t!xete kul11rya, Do you by any chance have
. o!~o xt - psond ne wtiro ke doughnuts or bread and

~: mar1ie1.Zla7 butter and [some) uralade7

~xo ~JCUne we have

.~ 1 friyanY (the) toast

. 1 friyany~s 1.

~6 . to ~H (the) honey

. &~ fv . 6JC1, a14 ~xume fr1'Yan~s , but ' have toasts and
.. ~; ke _11. etlete% honey. Do you vant a]%

. 16 11m th1rsty

~6 o~~. potIr1 (the) glass

, -, - krfos, -, - co1d

6 6 ner6 (tbe) vater

6< p6so hv mucb

& k4no ~, do
~o k'nun they ake, tbey do

xt .. l rf, ke 16. B4110 41na Yes, and '. tb1rsty. l d

'
-/ . 6. 6 potlr1 lcrJo ner6. 11ke a glass cold water.

&vo; p6so kMU1 Hv much 1s ('do they

naJce 1)1

x~ 1 ora.xmi (the) dracbna

i oraxmSs 1.

)'
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~6 purbu.r (the) tip

. eMa or~s. !ka ne' 1 drachmas. Ten W1th the

~6 . to purbuAr. t1p.

arXzo start, beg1n

. arxizi he. (she, 1t) starts,

beg1ns
x.~6o k1nimat6yrafos (the) nov1

( . K.~6- : ra aMdzi What t1me does the mov1e

; kjnjrnatyrafos? start1

at. 1.

C1~( K~ st1s okt6 at eight

, krima It's a pityl

.6~. oi6t1 because
f~vyo leave

. ya ~

~ ~ 1 p4tra Patras
~( x~. , .6~. stis okt6. kr!ma. 1t1 e1ght. That's bad, 8
C1~( ~ . ~~ st1s eptA r~vyo ya I'm leaving ror Patra8
~. t1(m) b4tra. Be.

Narrat1ve

~ 1 . 1 p4tra 8kr1! !e~!~ 'rrOJ Athens'

!~~-~!!~~~. :!.

6 ~.. 'tr1p'

Q!_!~~!e~~s . ~_:~!!!~! ~ t!xun '141&. 'taverns'

A~6 !~_~~!!~~!2 1. a.ft karen:!o :!ne 'car~'

~6. tt1n6.

~.!:!~!! <; ~~P!~:! pol1 Are you e th1rsty?'

!~!~S 3. !. !!~~~ e~li kat4. 'he/th1s'

!~_!!~~!~~~ . .6. ~2_~~!~!!~2 :!n(e) akriv6. 't1cket'

"~I~~~ they have

32
 GREEK BASIC COURSE URl'f 4

~ &~ ~a&. p:!nete E~~~ ts4y. 'always'

E~ ~& ~y ~6 y~& st1s ept4, me leofor:!o ya 1()

~~ n&~pa. n&~pa ~ o~ v& b4tra. 1 ptra :!ne pol makr1A apt1n

4~ 'A~, 4& ~6 ~~ ~
ae:!na. al4 :!1 :!ne 0"0. 1
o~~ . n&~pa ~ o~ &
. Ex~ a~~~6~, , ptra :!ne pol meyll1. 1 est1at6r1a,
~ . 8~ 6 ksenooDa, tanrnes ke katena. .1
yua; 6 Ixovv , &
pr6yevma1 ,a katen:!a ~xun kati, y4la k8
~a&' . ~6 ~a& x~ xou~
ts4y. me ts4y .xete kul11rya f pso! ..
~ ~ V~ ~~v
~ ~ &. ~i~; ~ friyan~s me wtiro ke _11, : marme1'a.
lva o~~~ 60 6. n&~pa x~
ste? p:!nete.na pot:!r1 kr:!o ner6. 1
x~ 6 x~~6yo. x~
~6yo ~6 ~ o~ d:~6. ptra 41 k'na me-y4lo k1n1mat6yrato.

6 a~~~~o x&~ 6x~ x~ k1niatyratos att6s, :!ne !! akr1y68.

4pxtte~ ~~ 6x~. '6 ~
1s1t:!r1o kAni okt6 raxms, kyarx:ls1
4, I.6~~ 6x~ ~y ~6 ~
tCl.. pMda st1s kt. alA krt_, 11 st1.
okt6 f.vyo ya :!1.

~ ra tvy1 leotor:!o? leotor:!o teyY1 .t1. epU.

6 _kr14, L 1 p4tra apt1n aef~7 1 ptra :!ne pol:! 8BkriA apt1n aa:!na.

L tak.ld1 or401 _l1rt.a, totalc81d1 po1f -orfo.

~ ' 1 :4tral 1 p4tra '1 katenfa, e.t1at6ria, tayfrne.

ke ksenoooDa.

~ 'xun t.a .teda'l ta kateda ~xun Irat.,. y4la ke ku16rya.

p6s p:!nete e.l. to(n) gat'? () b:!no sk~to, ke xorfs yl1a.

'xun .ta katen:!a ku1'ya7 8l1sta, lxun.

6 keun kat'. ts1y ~8? me purbu4r, k4nun 6 brUJlll&s.
ra t~vyete ests ya 1() b4tra? ey ya t1(lII) b!tra stis tlpt4.

1 1 ptra k1n1mat6yrato? 1, 1 p4tra '1 'na(n) bo1f _y410

k1n1matyrato.

: ra arx:lz1 k1n1atyratos? k1n1matyrafos arx:!z1 p4nda st1s kt.

:!n(e) akr1v6s? m4l1sta, :!ne polf akr1vs

p6S0 k4n1 ~na 1s1t:!r1o? na 1s1t:!r10 k!n1 okt6 ra~s.

 GREEK HASIC COURSE

. DIU 1ete 8'"kal Pleaa8 tell .

. eretznata Greetings.

6 . o~ xronya poli Many happy returns.

. eps1s SaIe to you.

. ard.: 8a8

6 . ka1D taks Have a n1ce tr1pJ

K~ .. kal! nd8os1 Good-by8 t1U 8 meet
againo
X~. sinxarlt.ria Congratulat1ons.
. . peras~ ... Get. e .

acnf; perte Af'ter 1'0'1.

. . st1n iy8 1'our hea1th.

~A ~x &n exete tin ka1Dsinl Would :rou be k1nd

.. IIIU k8net.e d. x8ri Do e a taOr.

. etxarstos G1ad1y.

K~ !.. ! ep1 tixU Good 1uck (tor any

undertak1n)
'. ..ra1&s ~.

Grammat1cal Notes

!~!_!t.:.l Phon010gy: Assim1lation

/p6s plMte to(n) gaf~ sas'l/ ' do 1'ou take 1'our cottee?'

() no sk~t.o/ '1 take ('drlnk') vithout sugar'.

/4vo ya 1() b4tra/ '1' 1eav1ng tor Patras.'
above exa1es sho /n/ plus /k/ rep1aced b1' /ng/ (/tO!! ~~/_ /tO!! Iafd/ and

/n/ p1us // replaced by /m/ /tO!! fn!-/t!!! ~fno/ and /t1!! ~tra/.=/ti~ 2'tn/).
Voise1ess consonants //, /, /k/ becore /b/, /d/, /g/ vhen preceded by /n/ C10S8

sequence.

The consonant ass1m11at10n r0110s the to11oing patterns:

/n/ +/k/,. /ng/ as 1 /'ran gaf./ 2!: /ra gaf'/

/n/+/p/= /rrb/ as 1 b:(no/ ~ /to b!no/

/n/-t/t/= /rd/ (e.g. /10 ~nan denek'/ ~! /~ra denek~/ tor

/e'10 'ran tenekl/ '1 a can').

3b
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 4

~~~~_~~~ Pronoun: Fersona1 pronouns.

Au~6 L L6. /aft ine 1 akriv/ 'it JS very expensive'

u~6 ~L . /afts 3e1i kaf~/ 'he wants coffee'

These are examp1es ! proncuns i t' and he

set ! persona1 pronouns:

! /6/

!! /e8i/ you (fad.l1ar)

~6 /a!t6s/ he

U~~ /a!ti/ 8he

-6 /aftrJ/

! /em!s/ e

/es1.s/ you (plural po11te 1n.)

U'fOt /aft!/ they (asc.)

- /art's/ they ( )

& /aft4/ th8y (neut.)

S1nce end1n ! the verb 1nd1cates the person ofthe subject, personal poun

are RI1chless used 1 Greek than they are 1 Enl1sh. When they are used, they are s11ght],y

eIhat1c. Attent10n 1s dravn the fact that this part1cular person 1s, or these part1cular

per_on8 are. d01ng oeMn.

should be noted that the th1rd person forms are al80 equ1valent Erg118h 'th1s 1 2!:
Ithat"t (do-6c,-~,-6 /aft6s. -, -6/), and 'these' (U'fOt,-lc,-& /aft!, -48, -4/).

!~_~~~ Verb Classea

Greek verb8 -are referred (and l1sted 1 d1ctionar1e_) 1 ! the nrst

persoD s1neular, present tense. Tbus, for ex.aple, the verb 'vant' 1s 11sted as

/eI10/ (11 ".nt'); 11eave' as /~yo/ (' 1eave l ), etc.

Beg1nn1ng vith Un1t S &11 verbs occurr1ng as bulld-ups 111 be 11sted 1 that fON,
but the1r Eng11sh equ1va1ents 111 be glven as 1nf1nitives, e.g. ; /arxizol

' start', etc.

Greek verbs faH 1 three classes. a ccord1ng the patt.ern ! the1r 1nflect10n:

Class ~ - Verbs end1ng 1 unstressed - /:0/ 1 the first person s1ngu1ar, present tense.

(a) . ~~~!~~~~~_!!!~~.! i.e. verbs which have tvo sy1lab1es tu tbe t1r8t persOD s1ngular

35
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

pre8nt~ such atI -& /88-10/ ' "ant' /pi-no/ ' dr1nlc' fxw /'~o/

' have' etc.

(b) polysyllab1c verbs, 1.e. verb wtdch cons1st ! more than two syl1able8 in the t1r8t

per8O1 s:ingular preant~ e.g. /ar-od.-zo/ ' begjn' ~ etc.

ClaS8 and Cla88 verb8 and their subdivis10ns 11 be discussed 1 later un1ts.

!~~_~:.~ Verb: Iertect1ve 8m Pertect1ve stems.

Greek verbs ha'Ve two 8es: impertect1'Ve and perf'ect1vo.

Verb forms conta1ning 1JIIper!ect1ve 8te indicate act10n (or state) ! the

verb 1 incoap1ete or 1 st111 cont1nuing a part1cular n ! t1Je (past~ present or

tuture).
Verb torms containing 8 pertect1ve tel 1nd1cate that act1an (01' state) denoted by

tJe verb "88 or W'ill be cap1eted at a part1cular oe ot t1JDe ( or future).

The 1Jpertect1ve 8te 18 tJe te ! the verb in the present tense, 1.e. the part !

verb in the present tense "hich precedes ending, e.g.

Pre8ent tense ~r!!~:!!!_~!!

-& 1 -&- 8'1-

~x & fx- &-

x~ arx!so x~- 8r.Z-

etc.

The perf'ect1ve te 1 the 8te ! tbe 1Jp1 tuture or ! the verb (" Un1t 6.1).

~!:!_~:.~ Vrb: Pre8ent tense ot Cla88 wrb.

'. 'c & 4'tx:i orM, ke -eyala 6_t1a. 1 ha8 n1ce (nd.) large roo.

~z 'ta&t. 9810 na t8ay. 8 [cup ot] tea.

~ 't6v a; pc5s pinete to(n} gste sas1 Hcn do you drink your cottee1

Mf) f't ('tU; dP08 xe pso:! vUt1ro? Do )'OU happen to have bread

and butter.,

From these examp1es "e that the verb ot the Greek verba1 sentence a111a18 1ndicate8

by 1 ending vhether the 8ubject 01' actor 18 '' (88 in -& /8810/ ' "ant'), 'you'
(as in f't /mte/ ')'OU "ant') or 'he , , 1' (88 in . /i/ '1 ha8' or

~. /ar.zi/ '1 Btarts'). 1 the aboe verbs belong to the Clas8 .

other verbal endings ! the present tense (ClaS8 ) are:

)6
 G REEK BASIC COURSE URIT .

(,) a or8 familiar fonn for 'you' - /-1s/

(2) the 'we' end1ng - /-re/

() the 'they' ed1ng -" /-un / ~!: -" /-une/

The conplete present tenS8 forms ! these verbs are, then:

~!~!~-

' (1) "

/~xo/ & /e~lo/ C" /pfno/

2 .; /~x1./ & /e~lis/ C" .; /p1.n1s/

) (he, she, 1t) . /~x1/ &. /~l1/ ". /pfni/

Plural
-------
' (ve) /~xre/ & /Mlr/ C" /pre/

2 (you) '\" /~xete/ &'\" /Mlete/ "'\" /pfnete/

) (they) /~xun(e)/&" /e~lun(e)/ " /p1.nun(e)/

~!~ Plural

' ipxtCw /arXzo/ iCC /arnzUJJl!l/

2 ipxtCE.I; /arXz1s/ iPXCCE'\"E /arnzete/

) AxtcE. /arx1.z1/ ipxtCoV,,(E) /arx1.zun(e)/

aod the personal ni18:

~!~ Plural
- /-0/ - /-U8/
-.; /-181 -'\" /-ete/
-. /-11 -ov,,() /-un(e)/
The 'tresent tense descr1bes a act10n (or state) vh1ch e1ther 1s go1ng on at
III08nt ! speech (1'm do1 80-a0d-80') ortalces place hab1tual~ ('1 do SO-ani-80).

The verb8 v //, ipxtCw /arx1.so/, etc. -:, therefore, mean both:

' dr1nk' anci '1' dr1nk1ng', ' beg1n' and '1' beg1nn1ng', etc.
S1nce the verbs 1 the present tense descr1be a 1ncomplete act10n or state they are

alvays based on the 1~!:!!~~!!! Bn.

!2~!_!!:.~ Verb . /1.rr/ ' be' present tense.

". . 1 r. :ine /')1.0. 1' o'clock.

". '\"6 L; pl1 :ine leofor:io'l Where 1 the bus'l

The complete present tense forms ! th1s verb are:

37
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~!~~2l~!_ Plural
-------
. /;e/ ' /fu.ste/

. // -& / // 2! /fste/
. /fne/ . /fne/
This verb does not belong to any ! the verb classes and may be said to be 'irregular'.
Ur~mmatical Dri1l~

G.D.4.2-6

e ~KO ~na leofor10. e [~yo stis ~o apti(m) btra

es! ~xis leofor!a. es! f~vyis stis ! apto estiatr10.

afts ~x! ~na kseno~oxio. aftl fevyi stis 0 aptin aefna.

emds ~xume trIa estiatria. em1s [~vume stis okt6 apti<m) brezvfa.
esls ~xete ~nde estiatria. es1s r~te stiz o~ka apti(n) dav~rna.

aftl ~x ksenoox1a. aft~s [~une stis 610 apto estiat6~io.

e ! kaf'~. lm(e) e06.

es! p!nis tsAy me lem6i. es1 !s(e) e6.
afts !! sk~to yAla. afts 1ne sti(m) brezvfa.
em1s p1D11D3 ner6. em1s 1uste sti(n) da.rerna.
es!s p!nete kaf~ xorfs zAxa.ri. esls 1ste sto ksenooXo.

aft1 pInur.e kaf~ me -yila. aftes 1ne sto estiat6rio.

sta9ms ~x! estiatria. kinimat&rrafos arx1zi stis .

ta estiatria ~xun kal6 pryevma. aft ksenooox!o ~x! c~ka Oomitia.

! !ne xorfs zaxari.
tsAv!ne xorfs lemi. i J:'Atra 1116 r.akrj4 aptin ae!na.
i zaxari !ne pol! akriv1. i a1na !ne ra.

i tav~rnes o~ !ne makriA a. proksen!o !n(e) ~ kond4.

aft estiatri &~ ~x! kulUrya. es1s ~xete ~na c~o 6omltio.

yAla !r.e pol! ftin. . leofor1a !c kalA.

i friyan~~s k!nun 6rax~s. t.otaks!6i ya ti(m) b4tra !r.(e) or~o.

aft kafenlo ! pol! kal. ta isit!ria ya leofor!o 1n(e) ftin!.

38
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ..

Subst1tution-Correlaticn Dr111s

Change the forrn ! the underlined verb as necessary agree w1th the pronouns
(or nouns) 1 parentheses.

aft! !~ 8t1(m) b4tra. ~xo ~ kafenfo.

(ey6, a!t's, 8s18, esf, a!t6, emIs) (esI, aft6s, emIs, , aftf)
e.! !se sto ka!enJo. ~!~!! ~() ,ga!I?

(ey6, a!tr, em!s, aft6s, aftIs) (a!tf, ey6, emIs, aftls, esIs)
c! ~xo ~ka raxm!s. E!!:!~ y4la.
(esI, 8, aft68, a!t~s, .m, art6) (ey6, afti, , esf, aft6)
enda !~!~i!) 6. !~~ ya t1(m) bitra.
( ksenoono, ey6 kyes!a, 1 prnvfa, (, aft6s, a!tls, emIa, es!)
kaenoono kyo staem6s, esis) E!n2 ka!'.
(emIs, aft!, , es!s, a!t6)

t. r. tiY71 to leotorio? iyi 8U8 / 818 c5c81/ 8tis /

8ti8 pIoa/ 8t18 a4Ska.

68 akriA, !n(e) i "tra aptin aelna? !ne poU ..Jcr18/ !ne &4Ska X1qttra ukr18
apt1n ae!na/ &en Ine poli ukr18 apt1n
_!a, u(e) e kon..

il1at.a, ie 8 poll / :, Ine

r80 ,ke Ine poli ..-y8lo/ ilUt.a, _ po]j

reo, pol ~1o.

t. 1 i p8tra, ix11c8810&0Xa/ ix1 tawrne8/ 81 rat_u/

ix1 na p8ra poli p~ k. nw r1.
t xun 18 pryew8 t.a estiatOria? xun kaf'e me y.],a ke s8xari, to/ Uun
t8y _ le/ lcu1rya ke ~ , {

pU wtiro ke ane18a/ &4Sn 8xun,pol

kalo kafe, a18 xu pira !! kalQ t8q.
Nliata hun/ 61 &&0 xun ta kateda kat.,
al xun ta estiatria/ n4S 8xun kate 18

ine p&nda kri08.

39
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ps p!nete tonpfe sas? to(m) b:lno sketo/ rs zixari/ pol

zaxari ke yila/ Cln blno kafe, pino tsBy.

exun ta kafena kulU1"ya7 nalista, 8JCU/ Cl 8xun kulurya, a1& exun

fr1~S Vt1ro,ke S1'llleua/ CI&n exun
ta katen!a kulry8, 814 8xun ta estiat6r18.
pSO linun ka!'es ke ta kulUrya7 kinun pnde CIraxmes/.ept raxaes/ eka

8xi 1 t.ra Juda kal tav8rna? _l1sta, 1 nda al !ne pol akr1v!/ 6,

ex1 ka.; e..u !, pu ine kond4 sto

ey810 k8enoox:lo.

t dra fevyet ya ti(m) btra? fevyo st1.s ept8! st18 enea/ st1.(n) Ua.

exi i patra kiniatyrafo? 6x:i., ex1/ a11. xi, ala ine pol

1krB ke akr1~B.

t{ dr (a) arxizi k1niat"(T'atos? arxlz1 ~D1a 81:.1s enea/ st1z / 81:.1s

cSeka/ s1:.18 8ndeka.
!n(e) akr1v6s? Ul1st.a, :lne pol akr1ws/ xi, C :lne
akr1VS, a14 . ine poll kal8/ !ne p4ra
po1l akr1w. k8 p8ra poll or8OS.
pso kn1 na is1tr1o? Jr8n1 *de CIraxais/ okt r88/ l:a
r88/ ilcD81 CIraxaes/ t.rUda CIru8s.

40
 G REEK BASIC COURSE tlHlT S

nou pul6 sell

nouoaVE pul4ne tbey sell

no nouoaVE ./.c; c- p'd pu1Ane 1s1tlr1a Where do they sell t1ckets

c:; parakalM p1ease?

-f vl~po to

6 orc.&~ staG4rx1s (the) stat10n-IIBster

or6v C1'rc.fi to(n) staGmirxi (the) stat1on-uter

(&8 d1rect obj~ct)

BotneorE or6v C1'rc.fi; vl~pete to(n) staGqrxi? Do you see the stat1on-..ster

(over there]!

ivvo en06 to

ivvoeiorE eno!te .an

6 U4.o; 1"'111os ( ) eq:1oyee
~ 4 vho. h1.

." W6porc 1 p6rta (the) door

"BvoetorE or6v W&...o, no< enofte 141110, pd ou eM the ep10yee (vho 1)

c .. !.&o<1'f6 cm orlv !ne brosta apt1(m) 1 front door?

w6porc: b6rta?

ek! there
1 G1rIba/G1r!s (the) t1cket v1ndcw, v1cket

6-.C1'rC, !XEt lc\ ." fv- m411sta. ek! In(e) 1 Yes. There '5 a t1cket 1ow

c, ( nouoaVE or6 . Glr!6a pu pul4ne ta oer ther~ where they sell

orf).c. isitir1a. tickets.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

, -, - rtcs, -i, - first

&faL () i Msi(s) (the) seat, c1ass,

pos1ticn
&f pr6tis ases ! the first c1ass
6 && to par!eirc (the) willdow

f ELaLT~PLO 10 ~na isit!r10 pr6t1s want a first c1ass ticket

&f, & ~ & ~BEOB, kondi sto next to the wir.dcw.
&. f\ar40iro.

c1stix6s unfortunate1y
, -, - 610s, -i, - a11

61es 1.

&f. i eisis (the) seats

.' i amaksost1xfa / (the) tra1r.
6 Tpfvo to trlno
' L- saft!(n) tin amakso- in this trairl
stlxIa
Lf, -, - pyazninos, -i, - taken, occupied

.f p~B 1.

6 w.6 t to vagoH (the) sleeping car

~ &. st1s, 61es 1 Unfortvnate1y a11 the f1rst

& ' t1s rts e~secs c1a5s seats 1 th1s tra1n
&aoo. . saft!(n) t1r. amakso- are taen. Eut there are
.. & a6 6 st1xIa, !ne p,~z~B. <Ithis tra1r. has I )

!. &. a1! aft to tr~no, ~xi sleeping- car sEats ln th.1s

6 . ; ~ka sis vagon1S. tra1r.. Do you want []7

Be1ete . ,

&cX. eavm4s1a excel1ent

. prct1r6 tc prefe-r
'& 1 e140a
~ & st1n e14a 1 Greece
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT S

K-&~. ( ) i kaeistlrisi(s) (the) de1ay

. mnya pu since

Q.! o~. ~6 eavrnasia. rtim Exce11ent. prefer the

', . ~ ~ vagonlf, mnya pu . sleepi r,g car, since the
" f ~ -& t~na stir: e1ioa, tra1ns 1 Greece are alvays
.. ~xun panda kaGist~risi. 1ate ('a1vays have delay').

~6 ' O!kyo (the) r1ght, 1av

fXE~E ' ~xete f\cvo you're t'i~ht

' riy~no go

6 ka61: at a11

y~yo yrfyora qu1ckly. promptly, tut

wEXE~E ', ~ ~xete fJ;yo ~ You're rieht, tralD8

~ ' tr~na ~ ri~nun here don1t fO fast at a11.
6 ~yo. kaecnu yrJyora.

~6~ t6te then

.6 l16 vell
.' i l1r1rfa (the) 1nformat1on

t ' 1 lir1rfs (the) p1ecEs !

T6~ .6. x'~ .

<n ;~~rtE, yl-ell then. good bye and

x.~ . ~' kefxar1st6 ya t1s thanks for the inf~rmation(s)

' ' ~6 .~.o. p1irofaries ke to and the cket.

1s1 t:ir1 .

~6 6 sto ka1e [000 bye (siid only tc a

person vho takes leave)

:~6 6 ' 6 ~'.. sto ka16. k ka1c :;000 bye. a njce trip:
taksiCj.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Re sr'onse Drill
----~-----------

'

p~ pul4ne lslt!ria? stl(n) Gr!a kond! stl(m) ~6rta, pu

!nte) 8ta9m4rxls.
ti isitjrio ~ll aftbs eplv4tis? J~ll ~na lslt!rl0 pr6tls ~BEOB, konda
sto arir.

~I~) dles i ~BlB saft!tn) tin o18tlx6s, dles :1 ~Bl t:1s ~ses
amaksostix!a pyaznAr.es? kond4 _to ', jne pyaz~r.es.

~x1 vagonl! aft! 1 amaksost:1x!a? Nl1sta, t!xi Oka st!sls vagonl!.

! protiM41 atts epiitls? :1.:1 vaf.on1!, t ta t~na

el!a p4nda ka~lstirls1.

!n:ln yr:f,ora ta trt!na stln 6x1~ ~ p:1y!nun kae61u yr!ora.

e1Joa?

arlend

. lc lkosi~na tet.)' 08

. ~o ikos:1bio tent)' to

". ~c: lk081trfa tventy three

. ~ac :1kos:1t4!sera tent.y ur

'. y~ lkoslpfnde tent.)' 1e

'. . 1kosi'ks1 tent.y 81

. tn~~/EtoaI. t~~ lkos1ept4/1k081ett4 tent.y _'V.

. 6x~/o. 6x~ lkoslokt6/1k081oxt6 t.vent)' e:1gbt

EtoaI. lvvfc lkoslen!a tent.y n1ne

~.~y~C trlMda t.hirt.y

~.~y~C Ec tr1anda~na th1rt)'

C~y~C sarinda tort)'

C~y~C
..
C sarandana tort.y an

~~c . t1ft)'

fl
 G REEK BASIC COURSE urr ,

Narrat1ve

~_~~~ y~ ~6 10 2_~~!~! p1yAn1 sto 'peop1e, vor1d'

. ka!en!o.

A~o Q.1_1~~n~l. aft1 !_!~H! pu1ADe 1s1t~r1a. 'ep1o,yees'

~/~c.
o&~ 21 vc~ 1es 1 ~18 ~~ !ne pyaznfnes. '1ts" 'h1s'
'HC.
A~6 ~e~!!~!! ~o i. aftlls !:2~!~! to 1eotor:fo. ' prefers'

~6 ~_c!~~e~, t VC ~ arts 2_!!!2!~!:2! !ne ! 'porter'

"o~ .6. ka1a.

u-r~ ~_~~f!2! t VC ~ aft! !_!!!!~!! !ne poU 'su1tcase'

ycf. eyal1.

~!_c!~~~~~~~ t VC ~ !_!2~!!!! !ne kond4 st1 (a) '1111&18'

~ ,,6'. b6rt.a.

Jto& '6 Ix~ Ivc - ~!! staQ~s, 1 Ana 'each. ever.r'

. kafen!o.
A~6 ~4'r Ix~ atts 2_!E!!~~!! ~ '1 'passenger'
----------
~/~o. 1s1t!r10.

~~I!!e y~cf ~ /~C. s!era t'yo 1& t1 (_) Wtra.

--- - 'toda.;y'

:!~~ t VC ~ C (c !)11!!!!:! !n(e) ota. 'da7'

~!~ ~ y~cf / o&vc; ~~! ty1s 7a t1n _'" 'he'

~~~~' -4. -6 &~!. -'. -6 'vho. h1ch one'

C c ~ '-r ~o&6 Ivc ~ se nda 6ra. t.v;y1 apto(n) stao)~ 'na ttno.
y~ / /~C. ' 6
ke p1~ st1 () b'tra. 610 kZ... !ne
t
6 VC ~ w ~ o&up C6c
ncfo~ - ~/~C ov~cf brost. 1 1r!a pu 1 1p1.l1l1 uljne t.a
6~ vc~ 6 ~&x. w-ru- 1s1t!r1a, kondi st1(m) b6rt.a pu !ne
o&~ -r 'r &
staomtrx1s. b1st1Xs 61es 1 .1 t1s
ovw ~6 cfo&o ~~c..
~6 ~o&6 icfx~ K~ vc pr6t1s ~BO kond! sto par431ro !ne
ol o&~ ~o vc~ ~c p1&ZlInes. sto staOIII 1p4rxi ep!s1s k~na
. 6 6 o~~~ ~6
1eotor:fo. pu 1 ~1 tu ~ !ne P1&ZAnes,
~o cC~ oc, ~6~~
al4 s k6zmos prot1m41 to tr!n pu
c~6 ~6 !x~ ~c o&~
~. Ko~ ~6 ~ ~c p1y~nj 01 yr!yora, 1t1 aft leotorl0
Cxo&o6o ~ ~ C C ~
~xi p4nda kae1st~ris1. kond4 sto leotor1o
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

. ! L v1~pete ~nan a90fr me tis va1itses ke

&,& L tL ,
tis ~1 aposkev~s. sto kafenlo pu lne
L' tL &L
sto(n) staem6, kaee epivAtis to(n) gaf~
. L
L' tL CL. tu, kfstera p~! sti ~! tu sto tr~no.

slmera i 1~ra 01 or~a ky10S kZmos

r1~n1 taks:lo1.

te !~y1 Ana apto(n) sta9n? se da 6ra.

. p~! art.b ~07 piyAn1 sti(m) b!tra.
. ID(8) 100 kZmos7 10 kZmos brost! sti(n) 1r:la, pu
i 1pili1i pulAne . isitfr1a.
!n(e) sta9mArxis7 lne kondA sti(m) b6rta, ekl pu !n(e) 610S

k6zmos.
! 61e8 i ~ kondA par!eiro 1 e~s1s tis rtis ~08 kondl sto parleiro

pyazn!nes7 pyaa_nes.
410 ip4rx1 sto(n) staen7 t!na leo!orfo.
61 i ~ saft 1eoforlo 6xi, i ~1 sattb 1e!r0 ~ !ne

an!neS pye.

protimAi 10s kZmos7 protim4i trino, pu piyt!n1 pol{ "fT!yora.

~x1 aft 1eo!orlo kaBis~risi? U1sta, ~x! p4nda ka1st!r1si.

v14pete kond4 1eo!orl07 v1Apete t!nan ~0!6ro.

~x1 arts ax!rs 'xi vaHtses ke 4les !.

k!n1 k!Be epivitis sto kafenlo pu to(n) gat~ tu.

sto(n) stan

k!ni lstera? pi~n1 sti(n) ! tu sto !.

or~a ir~ra slmera? l1sta, 1:l or~a in!ra slmera.

. p~ 10 kSmos slmera7 pi~n1 taksfoi.

16
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 5

Grammatical Notes

!C!~_5.:1... Phono10gy: Vowel assind1at10n and Vwe1 10ss.

akr14 apoM. Far f'rom here.

trost4 apti (m) b6rta. tront ! the door.

k0nd4 sto par4eiro. Near ('to') the v1ndow'

sart 1eotorio. In that bus.

The V'owe1 n11A10 1 vords ending 1 a V'ove1 and tollwed by a vord beg1nn1rg

v1tb the .... V'owel d1scussed 1 Note 1.5.

The abve ex.amples 111ustrate the assim1lat10n ! V'owels 1 the prepos1t1ons /S8/

lat~ 1~ ' and /ap6/ 'trom~ oE~ than' betore vwe1s vh1ch are the Be~ (/apo/+le?J6/_

/apo6/ and /se/+/att6/./sattI) and 10ss ! V'owe1s 1 prepos1tons betore consonants (/se/ +
/tol-/stO/ and /ap6/+/t1r!'/apt1r!).

Note 5.1.1 Ass1ndlat10n ! /s/ betore vo1ced consonants.

. 6 10 k6zmos everybody

CM't stiz ~ at ten 0'c1ock

c i prezvia the Enba8sy

The 80und // 1 abve ex.amp1es 1s represented Greek spelling by 18tt8r

/s/. The cob1nat10n ! v1th a V'01ced consonant 18 /ZJt. V'oiced consonant. Thus

crrtt; /st1! ~ but CM'tt; 6C",/ B :! oktI.

Iote 5.2. oun Cases

Cons1der the tollow1ng Engl18h sentences:

The ~ b1t dog. !!! b1t dcg.

dog b1t tbe ~ The dog b1t ~!~.

Not1ce that the pronoun has one shape (~!) when 1t's the subject ! a sentence~ and

a d1rterent shape (~~) vhen 1t's the object ! a sentence; but nouns (~~ !!~)
only one shape~ matter vhat the1r tunct1on.
1 Greek the oun as vell a8 the pronouns change the1r shapes. The difterent shapes

are called 'cas8S': the subject-shape ! a or pronoun is ca11ed the 'nondnat1ve case' ~
and the object-shape 1s ca11ed the 'accusative case'.

(There used be a 'case'-system 1 English a thousand years ago, but it's practically

47
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

The nninat1ve singular 1. al50 'name !orm', 1s, the one used when the noun
1s c1ted, as in a dictionar-.f or when talk:i.ng about 1.

The accusative (objective) case 1s the on used when a or pronoun 1s the object !

a verb (as f- -6 --& /vlepete to(n) st.airx:i?/, a

- Lcr.-f) /puln ta 1sitir1a/, etc. or ! a prepos1t1on as '/ 6-

/apt1(m) brt.a/, - C1't6 -& /kondA to paraG1ro/, et.c.).

The gen1 1ve (possess1 ) case 1s generally equ1 valent to Engl1sh possess1 !orms

l1ke ~r.!~! or ~~,~, or to phrases 1nvolv1ng '!': ~!_~~~_~!~.

~~!:!_~~~ Noun: Art1cles: Accusative.

- -6 C1't-&&; vlepote to(n) stamrx1? ]) you the stat1on-

master?

! . -& d ! () i ira pu There 1 a ('the ) Windw

a - cr.-f).. pul8ne ~ 1s1tir1a. where they sell the tickets.

-&. C1't6 ~lo . 1 k0nd8 want a seat next to the

-&. to pal'le1ro. w1ndw.

.- . - e!xarist 18 t1s Thanks !or 1n!ormation (s ).

. pUrotor!es.

The above example. illustrate det1n1te and 1nde!1n1te art1clp.s uaed 1 the accusat1ve

case. ' coMpl~ set ! those !orms is:

48
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 5

Indefinite article
------------------
m. f. .

u
Noa. ~Cl; I!nas c d. or .& rrJ4 Cl I!na
u
Acc. Cl I!na(n) CI() ma(n) .&( )r1 1(n) Cl

Defin1te artic1e
----------------
5g. .

. t. . a. t. .

.
~ i 'f6 i i 'f& ta
Acc. 'f6v to(o) 'f~v ti(n) 'f6 'f0~'; tus 'ftc; tis 'f& ta

8hould be noted that betore consonaats detinite and indetinite . .cline and
detiaite artic:les may hae a1teraate tOI'Jll8 the accusati ve singular (1D

~J:81 ~~ 11') . Ep188s . . ., ton, tin . ., to, t1.

!!!!!?!!!
apti (a) b6rta 2!: tr08l te door

apti b6rta

1! !aan staWxi.2!: ... a stat1oa-aster.

y]Jpo ! A84rx.

stoa 6 2!: 11n the vorld t

ato 6

Betore voels the det1rIite and rde1ai. uculiD8 article and the d8t1a1te tea1n1ae

art.1cl8 are 'f6v /ton/, lCl /4naa/ and 'f~v 1r! respect1~, ..

mS 4/. on 11)41110 eB10yee

B.h lCl 46. vll!po !aaa axot6ro. ... a stat10n-. .ter.

CJ/ /.&Cl st10 eUa 110 Greece I

The 811 1ndetiaite art1cle c /da/2"! .& /rri' uaua11.y has oaly oae tOnD;

8 c ... 8.10 d. el!si. a seat.

,n c & .1! nda 411 prezv:!a. another nbaY.

but / .1 dan presdal '887 be al80 heard.

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Note 5.4 Phonology: Stress

-----
Greek nouns can be stressed either the Iast syIIabIe (e.g. Ifititisl 'student').

the second syIIabIe from the end (e.g. Inaftis/'saiIor'). or the third syIIabIe fro~ the

end (e.g. laneropos/'man'). Notms stressed the Iast syI1abIe wiII be referred to as

I~~~~~ 'nouns; those stressed the second syIIabIe froro the end '~~~~~~' ncuns,

and those stressed the third syI1able froro the end ~~E~~~~~~' nouns.

~o_~ .?.:.~. Declension

30; vl~pete ~nan axof6r01 Do you see a porter1

'L 6 eno!te ipali10 pu You mean the empIoyee in front

. '~ ! brosti apti(m) ! the door?

6; b6rta?

3. 6 9~10 m:fa lBl kondi sto 'd like a seat nar the

3. paraOiro. wind~.

L YLa - efxarist6 ya tis pliro- 'Thanks for the infcrmation(s).

. for!es.

6 6 . uim vagonl. prefer the slfe;Jing car.

. i ipnili pu pulane ta The empIoyees who sell tickets.

L~L. isitria.

'The above sentences 11lustrate accusative singular forns ( 306 I~M

aXof6ro/. 6 /ton ipalilo/, ( ) 3tOL/da eesil

and pIural forns Itis pIiroforiesl Lf)L Ita
lsitria/.

Greek nouns are tradltiona.lly grouped 1 three decIensions:

~!!:~_~~~!~!!!!!~!! lnclud.es mascullne oxytone or paroxytone nouns ending - 1-181

e.g. L~ l1l '8tudent' Inft1s/'sailor' and - l-a81
Iasl 'seargent'; femin1ne oxytone or parcxytone nouns ending - 1-11 E.g. nEPLOX~

Ier10/'area', 6 Ik6rl1 'daughter' and a11 nouns - I-a/, e.g. aL

IkarfJ.1 'heart', Ikira/'lad', 3& IUfJ.lasa/ 'sea'.

5econd DecIenslon: mascuIine and ferninine nouns ending 1 - I-os/. e.g.

-----------------
6 10 aoelf6s1 'brother', 6 /0 nosok~o:csl 'medic'. ~3pno

10 SI 'man, 6 li o66sl 'street'. 11 pfJ.rosl 'Paros'. "-

 G REEK BASIC COURSE UJm' S

/i 6i!kSs/ 'out1et' and a11 neuter nouns ending in - /-0/, e.g. -r6 x~y6 8vy6/

'egg', -r6 'i: /t,o 1!/ 'sh1p', -r'cx-rt-r /tattoknito/ 'ear'.

~!~_~~!~~~!~~ compr1ses (mascu1ine, re~n1ne and nuter) that have var10us

er.diIIfS. Th1s c1ass ! nouns ....111 be discussed in 1ater un1ts.

F1rst
ueclenaioa

Second
--08 --
Declens10n

Third (1ater)
Dec1ens10n

Note 5.6. Noun: PlUral forms.

---------

/-es/ 1 the noa1native plural, e.l.
cu-r /nAftes/ 'saHors', ' /lox!.es/ 'sergeant8' uC /k1rfes/
'1ad1es', 6 /k6res/ 'daughters'.

-. /1/, e.g.

fo /.ta/ 'stat10ns', . /nosok6J1/ 'ed1c.'-V.cm.

.Iop1/'e',

60 // 'streets' , .t60. /61Ikso1/ 'outle~.'

.
and neuter noun. of thi8 declen.10n end 1 -

CCI
,
/a"..,4/ 'eggs', Koc
/ -, e ..

/pl1.a/ 'sh1ps, CV<fOKt / aftokfn1 ta/

'cars 1

~!::~~_2:Z Noun: AccU.8t1e case.

to1lcN8a

*l Katharevusa th1s endinr 1 -. /e/. Some masculine nouns usua11y denotinr sch01ar1v
ccat10n have mainta1ned this plura1 ending, e.g. . .-r-rcxt /1 rit1~~/ 'students 1
& C 11 kae1yiW/ 'professors' . cx&-rcx C /1 mae1t~/ 'puplls', etc.

51
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

j.asc;lir

~!~!!! ~!~!!
.
aelf6s 01. 1 aelf!

.6 kiniat6yra!os t . 6yao . i k1nimat6yraf1

6 6( ) ton aJelf6 v ' tus ao_elNs
6 .6 to(n)g1n1r.atyra!o .; . '!: v tus k1n1matoyr4!u~
(v)
Fem1n1ne
--------
(same as mascu11ne)
Neuter

~!E~!!! Plural
, ,
~:. to tr4no a ta tr~n&.
,
6 : to kser,oboX ta ksenoboXIi

. 6 to trlno TcX ta tntna

,
6 to ksenoOoXo ta kseno<:oxfa
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 5

It should be noted that 3eccr.d Deoler.s:ion ":asouljre and femin:ine r.rcrcrcxvtcne nours

(no~~s stressed . the th1rd syllable from the r) have their stress shifte~ to the second
syllable from the erd r the aoousative rlural, e.g.
t!om. Sir. d L~6 k1nimat6-,rafos

. ?l. ~G L~&v

'l'he sh1ft ! S in declensions is d:iscusscd 1 detail 1 ~ote 7.2.

~~~!-~~~ Adject1ve: ccusat1ve

Note ).1 1 was stated that Greek adjectives agree with nouns wh:ich they mod1fy

(e.g. ~ IkaH ireral and with those which they refer to (e.g. &.o~
ElvaL 11 ip41lli Jl! !ne kaB/) 1 gender, nb and oa5E.
The commonest type ! adject1ve 1s the wh1ch has the ending - /-osl for the
nascu11ne, - 1-11 for the fenin1ne and - - for the neuter (with ccnsonant stems),
or the wh1ch ends 1 - I-os/, - I-a/, - - (w1th vowel stems), e.g. 6

Ika16s/, ~ Ika.H/, 6 Ika161 or ~o lor~os/, lora/, ~o

lr/.

'rhe m&scu11ne arn neuter torms ! adject1vs ! th1s type are decllned 11ke secor.d
declens10n nascul1ne nouns 1 - -osl and secol".d declens10r. neuter nouns 1 - 1-01.
The [~ fors the same case endings as f1rst declens10n felllfn1ne nouns 1

- 1-11 or 1 - loofl/.

~!~~;!~~

Mc6; cG~; ka168 n'tt1s

;'. ~6 cc6 cv~ to(n) ga16 n4ft1

Plural
. cco c~; 1 kal! n4rtes
,
. ~ovI; ccv ci~ tus kalds n4ftes
2!~~~!~!:

cc cc' C (c ~C i kal! ke or~a tav~rna

, , ,
'.co. ~ cc cc ~ ti (n) ga-l ke o%'1!a tav~rna

53
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Plural

Nom. f .-
. i ka!s ke or~es tav~rnes

Acc. tis kall!s ke ordes tav~rnes

~!!?~~!~!:
Nom. 6 .6 akriv~ ksenoooxIo

Acc. 6 .6 to akriv ksenoooxIo

Plural

Nom. & .& ta akriv! ksenoooXa

Acc. & .& ta akriv! ksenoooxIa

~2~~_2:2 Class 11 verbs.

. me sinxorte Excuse me.

. parakal6 Please (' beg [you]')

oi oi <1.~.; ! pul!ne isit:tria7 \'here do they sell tickets'l

6 & noG enolte ipililo. pu . 'Y'ou mean the employee who's in

t
. & d:n' / 6; :lne brostA apti( m) b6rta'l front ! the door7

6 .&. 6 . afts protimAi to tr~no. He prefers the train.

i .. sas efxarist6 thank you.

These are the examples ! the Class 11 verbs.

These verbs will be discussed 1 detail later units. At this point student

should 1cnw only that these verbs (1.e. the first person singular) end 1 a stressed

/-6/ and that their third person s1ngular and second person plural are as follws:

- ~:!~ __ 2!~~~_~!~: ~!:!!_E!~!!._;?!!?S!. ~_E!~!!~2!!.

s1nxor6 ' excuse' s1nxon s1nxorlie

paraka16 ' beg' parakal parakal!te/parakal'te

efxarist6 'to thank' efxaristf efxaristfte/efxar1st4te

protim6 'to prefer' protim4i prot1m4te ".

-
pul6 ' seU' pu141 pu14te

eno6 'to mean' enoi enofte

 GREEK BASIC COURSE rr s

Grammatical Drills

G.D.S.S-7

er1v4is ine6. i ep1vAtes ine06.

sta3n4rx1s 1nec6., i staeArxes n06.

l~po ~141. vllpo t~s eiv4es.

l~~o tus sta)marxes.

1 ra . 1 amak&ostixje& fne sto(n) staBn6.

i amaksost1x!a 1nek!. i rtes !n r.ik~s.

! rta ! oeksi4. aCt~s i p1iroCorfe&4 ~ kal~s.

i 1m!ra ln(e) o~. aftls i tavlrnes, ln(e) akr1ns.

aCtl 1 tavlrna, 01! ka1!. i i~res ln(e) orees.

p1ydnume stl( ) dav~rna. aft! stis prezvfE&.

lpur.e tin amaksost.iXa. 010 amak&ostiXe&,r.vyun ae 010 6res.
vllpume 18 b6rta. afts ~li kal pl1rofoie

'lllpume 1 6ra. piylnun st1s ta~rnes.

kmo8 1nek!. 1 staem! !ne mikr!.

&ta& !ne ka16&. att! 1 11111 51n ! ka11.
lpA1i10s ! &ek&ii. i k1n1mat~)Ta!1 arx!zun &t1s okt6.

~ k1n1mat6yrato& arxJz1 &t1z ~o. 1 a,tr1 sto(n) &taem6.

a30Cr08 !ne kond4 &ti(m) b6rta. i staGnd ' :ney4li

.,1lIo to(n) g6zno._ vllpume tus staeNds.

v1~pume to(n) &taen6. I!XUI!II! 510 1raH1us.
vllpume 1p411l0. aft! ! m tus axBof6rus.
aCt& !ne &to( ) ginj 1I'.at.6)'rafo. py~llll! &tus k1n1:natO)T4tus.
vl~pume ton ax90r6ro.

aft ksenoOoxl0 ! l! ka. BIl ta ksenc1ioxJa !n(e) akr1v'.

aft leofor!o ! makri!. aftl . leoforla ka1A.

5'5
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

proksen!o ! oeksi~. .. proksenla makrJa.

aft to estiatorio !n(e) akriv6. aft~ ta estiatoria ftin~.

~ft kafenlo ine ftin6. aft~ .. bomAtJa ! mey~la.

vl~pume [ ksenoooxfo. ~xume .. me~la ksen!a.

piy~nu~e sto leoforio. pi~nun sta tr~na.

vl~puMe to prokseno. vl~~j .. leoforia.

~xwe meytlo estiatrio. ~xun .. isit1ria.
pi~nuMe sto ftin6 kafenlo. e~lun .. or~a Oo~tia.

~nas epiv4tis, ineo6. vl~po ~nan epiv~ti.

~nas ipililos, lne sti(m) b6rta. ~XUMe ~na(n) ga16 ip!lilo.

~nas axeof6ros, lne sto(n) staem6. piy~ni ston axeof6ro.

:d.. tav4rna, lne Mey41i. piy~nume se mia fticl ta~rna.

mla prezvta, lne pol! makri4. e~lune mla pliroforla.

nda p6rta, lne pol mikrt. [~ se mJa i~ra.

~na estiat6rio, poli akrivo. pi~nume B~M meyAlo estiat6rio.

~na ksenoooxfo, !ne kondi sto(n) staOm6. ~xun ~na nikrc! ksen(){;oxio.

~na leofor!o, p~ stin ae!na. lxun ~na kalc! leoforio.

Substitution Drills
-------------------

Substitute the words listed the right ! each s:n!;ence for the underlined word
! the fllwing sentences using the aprroprJate definite article.

~_!;!!~~! Jneld. prezvia, oom4tio, staem6s, kafenio, par4airo.

kc!zmos ineo6. 41, leofor!o, tavlrna.

~~_~!~~~~~2 tne katefelan brost4. Estiat6rio, tr~no, p6rta, epi-r.ftis, kinimat6yrafos

. G.D.3.'

Substitute the nouns listed the ri[ht ! each sentence for t he underlined word
! the following sentences and chanr,e the endis!s ! the adjectives as necessary agree with
the nouns.
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 5

1__nliroforla_
.. ne kalf. staem6s, i tavirna, estiat6rl0, aXof6ros.

~_!~!~~~~! !n(e) or~os. kseno6oXo, 1 tav~rna, staem6s, 1 l~ra.

1 l~ra fne kal. ksenoooXo, staem6s, 6omftl0.

-------
~_!!!!!~! m1kr6s. 1 prezvfa, leoforfo, i tavlrna.

!_I?~~~! fne _"'11. katenfo, estlat6rio, klnlmat6yrafos.

!f~!_!_~!!~!:!!!, In(e) akri-n. tr~no, ka!enIo, klnl~t6yratos, 0m4t10.

!!~~!_~_!!!!~!! !n(e) or~os. 1 l~ra, estiat6rl0,

. O.D S.1

Substltute the plural fonns the nouns l1sted the rlght each aentence wlth
the appropriate deflnlte artlcles for the underllned words ! the follving sentences.

~_!!~!~~!! fne katefefan brost4. prezvfa, 1pll11os, ka!enfo.

!_!E!!!~! 1nekf. st.a86s, ksenooxfo,tavt!rna.

!_~!!~!!!! fne eksi. afrs, prezvIa, ll!oloro.

IV 0.D.5.8
Do the same substitutlon and change the torms or adjectives to agree wlth the nouna
:. t~ted.

L~~!! !ne m1krls. prokseno, tav~rna, klninat6yrafos.

!_!!!!!! !ne orles. staa6s, leo!orfo, Oom4tl0.

~_!!!H!:!! !n(e) akr1v'. ~o, estlat6rio.

!_!~!!! !ne ka1f. prezv'a, ~o, sta6A6s.

L!~!~ !ne m1 . p6rta, leoto, mft10.

pl,.nete p4nda sto(n) glnilll8tyra!2 eIlete ! pot!rl kr:fo ner6'l

!ne akrlv4 ta lsitlrla sto(n) glnll118t6yrafo'l ~x1 100 estlat6rio ya ryeYBa'l

p6te pl~M sto(n) glnimat6yra!o'l p'd pl~nun aft! ta tr.!na'l p6s pi)'t1nun'l
pd pul!ne . 1s1t!ria ya to(n) g1nimat6rafo'l 6 makrl! !n(e) 1 aB!na aptl(m) b4tra'l
t! p:fnete yapr&;eVJlla, kafA ts4y'l p~ In(e) 1 p4tra?
6, pfnete gaf~, ts4i sas'l piy~nete k4ae ~ra sto estatri'l

pl~nete sto kafenf~ ya to(n) gaf~ sas? Ine ka16 t tc es'.iatri?

! ~B! protlmAte sto tr~no'l p~ ! ksenooox!o sas'l

p~ pul!ne . isitlria ya to tr~no? 6 py~! afts a80frs me tis valftses sas'l

57
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

RIVIEW
------
(tm1ts 1 - s)

Il!:!!!_~~~~_~~~

!!~2!~~~!~

!!~!~!:!~
Lettl'8 Sounds
------- !~!!:!:!!! ~!!!!!
/a/ /'JA/ '...11'
/8/ /eartV ' 'hol1day'
/8/ ! /k4/ 'and'
/1/ ! /&! 'ch1ld '
/1/ /1rlni/ 'peace'
/1/ /ikr'rdA/ 'I~'

/1/ 6 /k6r1/ 'daughter'

/1/ /{pnO/ 'sleep'

/1/ /UpO/ '8leeple88,

/1/ /168/ 'son'

., /1/ " /proiI 'norn1ng'
, , , // arter C08. 8Dd ~ /b.r&/ 'beart '
bol'8 stressed 'Ywe1a. /~ 'vork'

/W68/ 'vh0 1

. / P11S-/ 'let 's dr1nk

./& /toly8J 'nelrt.'
or SClllet1e al80 -& /al.eya/ 'truth'
betore unstressed ~ /re/ 'he drank

/6rra/ ' h1

/6pro/ 't1cb (n)

!S /6pr1/ 'thoee'
/0/ /ner6/ 'atr'

/0/ .

- /a~pV 'Il~I

/u/ /uranIa/ 'Bq'

58
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Rev1ev , - 5

!!"!!f&!~
LetteZ'8 ~~ Q!!!~ !E!!!!~~S! !!!!!~
------
" r1 'l'81'

-- /krel.t1I 'bed'
~

(betON I.,O,u/ axI y~",:

I-r:.ta/ 'cat'
conaant8 ) y6n y/pa/ 'C1pNtte
butt.'

yououvt.
... ymln1/ '1'
; "(~o ' ImCIII'

~ (betore 1,./) yuaCMa I'T1n&b./ 'VCIII8D '

! /'I4rf:AI 'ald'

/ 6 /w81Ia 'd.1tt'
--v-- / !yxuc Iaq1za! '8DCbor'
-- ! /i.l,./ 'anpl'

-- rx/ !. ~M 'opent.1c'

6 6/ ( &bo/ ' 11.,...

: . ;~ ./ 'Ut.'
& - A&~c .e.r.; 'A.th818

/kI 6 /Dl., ' ....

-- 6. /k.tr-I 'Nd'
(-) +" / !!: ",6 K(iPLO / rJ.no/ or 'tb8 -

rc/ tei"oI (ace. )

.i".
/lW1/ ,~

-- l. I.1,. 'tber'

",!c I81tAra/ 'tber'

-- c,./ 'ptsMtet, ,
n /bI JInCc /bira/ 'beer'
-n- /bI nf. ~1/ or 'Y1e7&Z'd'

- I..Wl1/
a6 r&6a 'teIle '
- !.a IeniaI 'ean1ng'

59
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~!!~~!:~~
~H'!!.'! ~2~~ Cl!.'!!! !!.'!!!!!:!1~!2!! ~B!!!~
; /d/ /du1&p./ 'ardrobe'

-- /nd/ /I.rdru/ 'an

/ks/ !kseroa/ 'stranger'
(-) /r;/ 2!: 6 gzero/ 2!: ' knw h1Jn'
/ngz/ rgzro/

/'/ /patIJru/ 'tather'

-- /papas/ 'priest'
(-) t /b/ 6 betro/ 2!: 'Feter' (acc. J
/rb/ Itobtro/

/r/ /rUtu/ 'tailor'

-- 6.. /ap6riP81~/ 'reject.ior'

/8/ ..f ./s1r'/ 'ro'

-- - /&la- 'a8a'
/./ (betore vo1ced CO!l8.) 6 /k6uoa/ 'yorld'
- /na 1; '111 order see

tJer '
/8/ .6 lter6/ ',..ather'

- // . /tJ..ioa/ 'hneat'

-- . /at1Jd/ 'Att1Ja'

(-)+ /d/ ~ / at.1 dnfJ'S&l 2!: '1 ~M -nIt'

/nd/ /st1ndr'fJZa/

/ts/ . Its1""ro/ ' c1;arette '

(-) + /dz/ 2!: /sti dzep1! 2r '111 the pocket.'
/ndz/ /st111dzep1/
/dZ/ . /dziezikas/ 'c1cada '
// (arter ; betore
vo1celess cons.) 6 /att6s/ ''

/ert1/ 'bappy'

60
 G REEK BASIC COURSE Rev1ev , - 5

~!!!!f!:!~
Let.tel'8
------- ~~ 2!!!~ ~!~!:!f!:!~ !!s!!!!!
v ll (atte1' , 6 laYY6/ '-'
betore ywe18 (~-r lrit.oal '..11_ '
01' 1ced COII8.)

l ( IrUoal 'tr1eDd'
6\10 I~I ')'8&1'1

.\l lzi.ahal '1Jrt8I"

Ir-I x~ /r-I '8aul'

(-\1)+ /bs/fl! -r6\1 ( bs4tt1/ ~ 1tb8 1181"

(acc. )

1. .1 /bsett1/

6,
 G REEK BASC COURSE

Review Drills

Fi11 in each blank with the proper form ! the word given the right. ! it is a
ou, use the appropriate form ! the artic1e (wbere necessary).
~2~!
- ---------- ine katefeian brosta. prezvia
? staem6s
eXUJ1le ! stin e103oa. proksenio
i patra eka makria apoOO. x:i1ymetro

afto to ksenoooxio exi triandaoio oomat.io

simera ~ ine orea ---------.
. ,
lJIIera
ee1une ena ka16 estiat6rio
a!t to treno ex ka1es

1eoforio fevyi 6
--------- . ra

xu ka103 stin e180a. 1eo!orio

oen ine kalos simera. ka.fes
emis pinume ton gafe xris

atts kulUri
exo okt _________e orax!

stis arxizi k1n1Jat"(!'atos

- ---------
___________ apoO sti(lII) b8tra, ine IIIeyU.O. taksioi
i ipalil1 pu18ne isitirio
afts : sto ksenoOono tu oeka ipililos
lne iPlili. 8lrx.

to omatio tu xi prta

i e180a x:i ka1a vUt.iro

ee1ete !riyanys manel'oa

atto lne po1:l krio. ner6

8tO stamQ lne tu. aposken
vlepete 7 staemarxis
aftos axeo!oros exi ept8 valtsa

artQ to 1eoforio ~ Mka

---------- . epivatis

62
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Rev1ev , - 5

a!t8 _ _ !ne pol! meyi.la.

paraBiro
att! protisAi
treno
p1yn st1(m) btra nattHn) amaksost1na
&n xete

- ------ ine pol! makru apo.

exete &io kalS

8att. to e&t1atrio to kr88! :lne pol krO&

to 1s1t.ir1o &8 !ne AIV&

tavernes 1neJd. ttins

att! 1 prezvla !ne pol!

ac!lue &! OOit1a.

att.& vlipi to leotorio.

________ 1 S1 :ne pya-'nes.
_________ 11p8llu !ne llto~) &n.
oa

---
Verb

&1nxor
888 pol!.
_& &8 &iqo.
ef'xar1&t6

8&1& 1..1111.

atte8 &n .r. 88 y8la.

t

88i& t!
----- t
. . k1n1matyratos stiz &.
arx!zo
t.a 180trla ~ &bera ;ya t1n ae!na. te'9'yO
ed& ta rna. vl&po
l'ts "'la,ke kuldrya. prot.in

88 parakal
----------
8S:1& t! 7 eno6
i iplili 1sitiria. pu

ta trena st1n eu&a pol! yri"(Wa. piyeno

6)
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

( ; t! kanete2 !" are you?

1 s1ynmi (the) pardon, apology

L kr10S (the) gentleman

L k:r1e sirJ (voc.)

L. si ynmi kirie. acuse me, sir.

Lvv. 1ca18 xr1stuyena. l';erry Chris tr.as

Lv, -, - ett1x1zmeDOs,-i,-o hapPy

LvL, -, - kenr~'os, -a,-o new
6 xrnos (the) year

L LL e1"t1x1znenos kenkyos Happy New Year.

. '
xrcnos.

na sas s1sts may 1ntrcduce you./I 'd

like you to IIIeet
1 abert/aelf (the) si8ter
66 aerts/aelts ('the) brother

DIU

na s1st!so t1n I'd l1ke you meet s1ster

6 . aerr mu, ke ton and brother.

aerr mu.

~L ep1 tr&pste mu allo me

L epi trpB \. na atto- Al.lw _ 1ntroduce yse]J'.

&. sisti.

( 1 k1ra (the) lady

( , ( . xero ara poll, k1ra 1m very glad to meet you,

mu. madam.

L i t1Jn:! (the) honor, pr1ce

. meyal1mu1 timi. The honor 1s m1ne.

Lv( 1 oesp1IUs (the) young lady

, L( xar1ka ara poli, Very rlad to have Dlet you,

64
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

. eSin mu. (my) }/I.1ssJ

. efxaristis nu. It's been ay pleasure.

, -, - katayoyteVlllenOS, del1ghted

-i, -

.a i "I1'10r1Ja. (the) aequa1ntance

uv ~ katayoyt.eMnos apt1n 1'11 del1ghted to have d

. ,. ncrimia . your aeqa1ntance.

6 MU. ~. yL .. . 3,

o~ . . ~. 6 . ~36 .i Iv.

lv .. .& '. 6 36 . . .
3ut o~ V4o . ... u Eva ..

. 3 . . . .6, . o~ 6.

& . , .., .' .

1 .. l. lCC, oOlft ~. U 6uo ' yc.

.. ~. 6 ~. ~ oOlf"' . '
.. lxouv . oo~.1I, o~o M:t 46 ~

Uv. .. ~. , ~. 6 . ' ~

~ . o~ . . ~. 4 ~vc v.
o~ . -. o~ ., .., ~

i. -. . o~ 36. 34 .'

6 . 36 . xat 6 .
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Un1t 6

p1n6 be hungry
bor6 be able

na i40 eat

.. ; t:in6. pd br na i40? 1'11 hungry. Where can eat?

", 1 kuzfna (the) cu1s1ne, k1tchen

p4e let's go

-"" "" ~x. 6 aft! i tav~rna ~xi This tavern has a very good

",. i :. kal1 kuz!na. p4J() cu1s1ne. Let' s go there.

e1d.

",,6 gars6n (the) va1ter

",,6 06 ed (the) enl1

rxpa6v, ",,6 06 xa. g&rs6n. eoo para- Wa1ter! , pleasel

kal.

k84!ro knw

~'t'./ 6t1/p6s (conj.)

, a. f"skos, irfsk;ya, fresh

frfsko

't'6 . psu1 (the) fish

't'6 """ kot6pulo ( ) ch1cken

6't'.o, -, - n6st111108, -1, - tasty, pretty

't'6 kreas (the) neat

bords ve can

& . na that e dr1nk

0""1. ~xo" k8~ro 1 e6 ~xun i~ska knw that they have iresh i1sh,

66
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~, ~6u pS~~fa, ka1a kot6pu1a, good chickn(s) and vry tasty

6 f. ke 01 nstim kreas. mat here. But what sha11
~ ~o; a1A t! borWre na ('can') we drink?
pyUm?

~6 {C to I10 a Greek a1coh01ic bevenge

i b!ra (the) beer

~ i retsfna a kind ! resinated wine

~~ ' 6 stin e1Aoa 610s kmos ~ve~ybody drinks 'uzo' in Greece,

~ {C, l pjni , a1a em1s but we can drink beer or

~o borUme na pydme bira, 'rtsina'

" ~. j rtsfna.

.c~ ttIat is to say

na 6 that say

~ pite that you say

l3v~6c;, -~, -6 eanik6s, -, -6 nationa1

~6 o~6 tc pot6 (the) beverare, dr1nk

~6 l3v~6 ~ouc; o~6 to k6 tus t the1r nationa1 dr1nk

~ 3~ ~ ~~ ~i1aoj 9~1ete p!te. othr words ycu're trying to

~6 { l~ ~6 l3v~6 ti to ~ZO jne to sav that 'U1.0' is their

~ouc; o~6; eJnik tus pot6? nationa1 drink?

~6 ~ to arMki (the) 1amb

~6 t/~6 to fa!/fayit6 (the) food

~ ~/y~ ta favVfayi 1.

~ l~ ~6 ~ ke mjpos !ne to anW:k1, And isn't the 1~mb their

~6 3~6 ~ouc; cpcxt; to eanik6 tus fa1? national food?

t/f~ ~os/vIvea crtain~y, ! course

~6 u~ to suv1'ki (th) shishkebab

~ u~ ta suv1~kya 1.

u musak~s (thE) lT!usaka

6)'1oS as

67
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

s ep:isis as well as
/... ke ta lir<1. etc.

, v~vlos, epJsis ta ! course, as well as shjshkebab,

, a suvlakya, musakas, musaka, etc.
. ke ta lira.
oldm8zo to taste
-& ea 00ld1ue 'U try, 'u t.ute
t amso& right avq
, -, - perffjmos, -i, - famous
8/8 i 6reksi(s) (the) appeti te

6 -& tte 501dJ&&UID _&06 v;ell then we '11 taste tbe1r uoua

. ta per!fima fayit! tood r1ght q. !Dj07';Y0U1'

S. tus. kal! 6reksi. meal (Igood appetlte')l

loyaryazm6s (the) check, bill

6 , . to(n) 10ya~razm6 para- Check, please.

ka.

'. a)l!~sos. lti ght away!

Useful words

6 to py4to (the) plate

6 max~ri (the ) knife
6 to kutali (the) spoon
6 . to pirU (the) fork
6 ala.ti (the) salt
6 pi~ri (the) pepper
i petsta (the) napk1n
6 ylik6 (the) Bv&

6 6 to payot6 (the) ice creu

i p.4sta (the) pastry

ci payos (the) ice
6 to krasf (the) wine

68
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 6

L;6 i brjz61a (the) steak

~~ i naMtes (the ) pot.atoes

~
. VLd ta 1axanik! (the) veretab1es

aOUna i sdpa (the) soup

~ i saMta (the) salad

~6 u~tv~ to an.o1dn1 to (the) car

~:!~~!!_~!:!!!
'

fx1 att! i tav~rna? att! i t. avfrna !1 kal! kuzJna.

a~1ete na pAte ek1? vevdos.

! l~te garsn?

! fxun satt1 ti(n) davlrna? ~xun tr'ska psirya, kaU kot6pula, ke

1! nstim k~as.

bon1me na pyUne'l bo~ na pydme dzo, p!ni 610s

kmos stin e145a, bfra, ! rets!na.

m!pos uzo !ne eenik6 tus . e6? , fne.
ke ! ksirete, 6 :lne enik tus ta:l? arn4ki.l ta suv14kva, ta pB4r:a, musak4s,
ke . 1ip4.

G~lete na .okisete art.A ta rayit4'l .

Narratie

6 ~6 .l. E1VaL 6. !!~~ arn4ki !ne n6stimo. roasted, aked

6, -~, -6 psit6s, -1, 6

~~ .~ U6pxouv ~~~~~ stin _! ipuxun E~M

". ksenoc)ox!a.

~u ~!!!. 6fn ixo kae61u lertA. money

~e!~!~ . e~~e! na fao a~scs. IT.ust, have to

.vou can drink

~!~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ pime sti daverna, when

Lu ~ uL. 50kimasume ta suvl!kya.

Mo~ !2 L~ bor1 te na W te it (as an obj.)

69
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

o,n/o whatever
~~_~~!~ that you

6 . ITI to treno.

~~_~a~ ; ~elete na fate musak~7 that vou eat

6 ~x ~2~~~E~~. afts exi oeka ~ol~ria.

-------
6 ocX.o to bol~rio dcl1ar

6 6 !x~.!: - aftQ to i'ai ~& 010 ccsts

. oolaria.
f ~xo ,' ~f. ., 6,
6, 6, , , . ...
~xo 6 . 6
. . 6 6 f ~x. . 6
t 6 ~.K6 6 6 . '~
.6. . ~ .
. 6 . 6
6. ~x. ~ .. 6
~ . OK.u ~ . 6.
~ ~ " .

!xun i tav!rnes stln e146a? ixun 6ti !lete. friska ps4rya, arnaki 6,

briz61es, kot6pula, Bda. sa14ta, friska

laxan1k4, ke . 111'4.
~xun ~ZO aft~s 1 ta~rnes? m41ista, ~xun pol:f kalQ ~zo, ke pol:f kal!

rets!na.

~ akrlv6 krasl i rets~na7 6xi, lne pol:f [1.

py6s k.s protim41 tl(n) rets!na~ art! pu ~ iX\ln po14 leftd.

p~ bor~te na pylte uzo? soles tis tav~rnes, ke . estlat6ria st1n

elAca.
t:! preri na k4nete otan jste stin aina? pr~ri na pAte na fate sti(n) davirna. ru ~ne

konda sti(m) breva.

?6s lne fa1 ek~7 pol:f [ ke nOstimo.

70
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UHIT 6

p6so 4xi musakAs ekl? ~na 1.

! . 41te na kAnete Jt.1no\sete ta ea e~lete na p1y.nete ekf, 611 1 ra.

. ke ft,in4 fay1t4 ke krasyA sa.rtl

t1(n} daIrna?

Grammat1ca1 Notes

Hote 6.1 Verb: ruture ! Class verbs.

~&u -r~ . k1sume ta perf1ma We'l1 taste the1r aouB

fCly-r~ -rou~. fay1t' tua. food.

&-r y~ nfJyatve-re ea e.1ete na p1~nete you 111 be v1sh1ng go

c1' cxU-rv / -rv, ! sa.rt:r t1( ) dawrna, tavern al1 the 1e.

/ . 611 1 ra.

The aboYe sentences 111ustrate the use ! the future tense. L1ke a11 Greek tenses

(v1th except10n ! t,he present teM vh1ch 1s alvays 1mperfect1e) the future can be

e1tber 1pertect1ve or pertect1ve.

The 1perfect1ve tuture 111 be referred 1 th1s t:ourse a8 'Future Cont1nuoU8' an1

tbe pertectlve u 'S1Ile Future .

.
Note 6.1.1 Future Cont,1nuoua
~----
f-r y~ nfJyc:tve-re . 4!lte na p1~nete ek!, you'll be v18b1n go there

. ! / l:Jc:. 11 1 ra. al1 t1ne.

Th1s tense 1pl1es a ccmt1nuous act10n 1 the future ('1'11 be d01ng 8o-and-80) and

1s a cb1nat1on ! tbe vord /ea/ ( 0&' /-/ before /a-/) v1th the verb fors 1 the

pre88Dt tense, 8.g.

8ct t Kc: & c:. . !no kras! ~ra. 1'11 be dr1nk1ng v1ne every

day.

84 cr~ & . . sas v1.po ~ ~ra. 1'11 be see1ng you every day.
smal1 nwnber ! verbs vh1ch do not have a perfective stem, have on1y one future tense,

e.g. ~ ~x /ea ~xo/, . /ea e/.

!~~!_~:.!.:.~ S1I1e Future

~ .6 -r~ ea C>okirnAsue ta perfjma .....e '11 taste the1r famous foOO.

-r~ -ru. fayitl tus.

71
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

This tense refers a sing1e action in the future (11'11 do so-and-so l ~~ '11m going

do so-and-so'), and is formed in the same way as the future continuous, but the verb form

following the word -& la/, is based the perfective stem. Thus in &6 OK.a

lea ookiasol the perfective stem is OK.a- 160kires-l, in &6 d: l. arxfsol

the perfective stem i8 d:px larx1.s-l, etc.

Forms such as OK.a 160kim4so1 or larxsol are used by

thense1ves but only in combination with -& la/, lna/ (Note 6.3), liv IUJ/ or leirl

lif', ad o~ 16tan/ 'when', /pr1:nj lbefore l etc. ( later un1ts).

These forms wi11 be referred in this Course as ~~!~~~~!~_~~!~_!~~~I.

Personal endings of the Simple Future of this Verb cla8s are same as those of the

rresent tense with only a slight difference in the spel11ng.

Present Tense

OK.a ki n4z &6 OK.a . ClokiMso

OK.a. kin4is &6 ~a . Clok1n4sis

OK.a. ookin4zi &6 OK.a Clokin4s1

.a'U kiwe -&& .a''U CIoki_sune

OK.a~ ookimazete ~ OK.aO'~ ea CIokin4sete

.a'Uv() ()ok1Mzun{e) -&& .a''Uv ea ook1_sun{e)

Note 6.2 Class Verbs: Perfective Stem Forms.

The perfective stem i8 formed from the iv.perfective stelll with varioU8 degrees !

pJ"8dictability.

The most predictable verbs ! this class are those the i:pertect1ve stem ! wh1ch ends

in /. With a very tew exceptions the of i:pertective lll is changed

' /s/ in the pertective, e.g.

Pertect1ve Stelll
---------------
OK.a ()oki~z- OK.a ooki_s-

- arnz- d:pxta- arXs-

Other predictable perfective stems w111 be discussed in later units.

~~~~_~:.~ Class Verbs: Per80na1 endins of verbs wi th stems in -- a/, -0- / 0/, -- el.
Persona1 endings of verbs wi th the stes which end in -- / a/, -- o/~!: -- l
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 6

are _ follows:

~!!!i~~ P1ura1

- 1-01 -
1--1
- -l -'tE I-tel
E8ple:
-. 1-11 -{) l-n(e)1
~!!I!!!!!: !!!!!:~
~& tr60 ~& ~

~W tr6 ~Wt tr6te

~.. tr61 ~W() tr&e)

!!!!_!~!! Claa. Verb8: Irreplar Perf8ctlve Ste. '08.

11ted nuber Cla. verb. have 'irreplar' perfectl'" ._. The 'SNplar'

Y8rb8 b1ch ban 80 tar occrred 1 tb18 cour.. a:

I!!!!:!!~H!!_~~-! !!~!!!!!!_~!!!

~ tr60 '_t' ~- tro- ,,- t_-

AW 1'0 '8Q' - le- ,,- -

~ t'YVf) 'lea".' ,(,- tny- - I-

"v pSno 'drlnk' "tv- -

"1.-

..
7-

""Y8v 1 ""- plyen-

ti
'10'
"'- pa-

>.h ,,1Jpo '808' - vlep- - 6-

'o11o1n a! cop1ete present tense and pertectl" . fo.... . abYe 'SrreULar'

erb8 tl'8n8criptln:

-------
Pre88n\ Perlect Ste.
-----------------
Fo

!!!e!!!: ~~!!
tr60 trne f40 .

tr6. tr6te r4s r4te

tr61 t.r6r.( ~) 41 r4n(e)

1'0 1'. 6 pde

1'. l~te pfs te

1'1 l'n(e) pdn(e)

13
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Present ?erfect Stem Form

~!~~~~! Plural Plural

[~yo [~yune [ [:lume

f~vyis f~vyete f1yis fi'.vete

fE!vyi f~v'J.n(e ) [ f:lyun(e)

p!no pSnume 6 pyUe

?!n1s p!nete py:{s py:{te

1 pfnun(e) :{ py..m(e)

p~o 40 piyE!nume ~!: ple 40

p1y~1 ni~nete ~!: p4te p4s pite

r 1 Yni ] ;->i~nun(e) ~! pin(e) 1"41 p4n(e)

vl~po vl~pWIIB 06 \1re

vl~p1s vl~p~te 3

v1 vHpun(e) ! d()

Note 6.5 Notat1on.

Beginning wit.h ni 7 thet1oo basic forms (1.e. first person s1ngll1ar {or ! the

present tense and that ! the perfect1ve stem [or) ! al1 Class crbs occur1ng for

first t1me 1 the F'3s1c Jialogues or 1 the Narrat1ves 111 be giveo 10 the build-ups as

fo11ows:

:: (:) arx!zo (arx!so) to begin

() piyno (40) go
f () vl!!po (06)

etc.

(The basic forms ! Class 11 and Class ! verbs 1o111 be d1scussed 1 later un1ts).

Note 6.6. Verbs: Subjunct1ve ! the Class verbs.

3~ ~ ia eelete na p!te... other 1oords you are try1ng

to say

; l1 br na [lo1 ~\'here can eat1

.C ; all ! bore na py1me? and what can 1 dr1nk1

74
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 6

The verb forms /na pfte/ ~ /na. f40/, . /ra

pydme/ are subjunct1ve.

Subjunct1ve 1s most used refer t1me after that ! the preced1ng verb ( ~

/e~lete na. / 'you want [w] say [future w1th respect the vant1ng~

vh1ch 1s present]'). Subjunct1ve 1s used when the act10n is des1red, poss1ble, mandatory,

doubttul, etc., part1~ularly after verbs such as 'vant', 'l1ke l , 'tell' and words l1ke 'can l ,

'8U8t', 'shou1d" 'poss1ble" '1mposs1b1e', etc. Used after another verb th1s [ 18 80st

trequently equ1va1ent an Eng11sh verb phrase w1th '' a8 'he vants ' 11ke

' etc. But the subjunct1ve has end1ne which 1nd1cates the actor. The l1tera1

trans1at10n ! subjunct1 ve clause, therefore, il1 be more accurately: ' eat , 'that

dr1nk', ' you _ay', ' taste', etc.

The 8UDjunct1ve 10 Greek 18 fored exact1y l1ke tuture (Note 6.1.1) but

p1'8ced1ng the verb IOl 18 /ra/ ( ' /n-/ before - /a-/). verb 1 tte 8ubjunct1ve

can, cour8e, be e1ther '81p1e' or'cont1nuoU8'.

Tbe cont1nu0U8 8ubjunct1e 1s /ra/ p1us pre_ent tense, .. &

or~v C /8'10 na tr~ 611 1 tJra/ ' want a11 the 1e' ,
and t.he 81pl 8ubjunct1ve 18 6. /na/ p1us perfect1e ste.. t01"lll; .. & ci

/"10 aa t40/ ' eat.'.

Not.e 6.7 Verb: Ipersonal Verb . /1/'1' necesllary', '', 'should', 'oght'.
----- ----
Oorcv EtcnE ~ .. A~ tJtan 18 8t.1n , When you 1 At.hens 8

. iorE cpiorE 1 na pite na . ('goand') eat. 1 a tavem'.

at orCltfpvcx. se d. tay,frna.
The verb torIII . /pr~1/ 111 1ersonal' 111nce 1t can be ued 1 t.he

person s1~u1ar only. The verb that. tollws . /pr4.p1 / 18 alwayw 1n t.he ubjunct1ve.

Other 1Mersona1 erbs w111 be d1scussed 1 later unit.

~2~_!:~: Cla8S Ve1"b /bor6/ ' be able'.

6c..o : ( ktJzmos bor! ra p1y'n1 People can go there eery day.

& . ekf, k4e. _ra.

The th1rd person s1ngular form ! /bor6/ 1s : /borr/ ' (she,1t.)

can, 1s able', 11ke /enor/ /efxa:,istr/ etc. (see 5.9).

75
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Note 6.'3.' Impersona1 use ! the vcrb form : /borf/ 'it's possi~1e', perhaps',
' can, may, might'.

The third person singu1ar form ! the verb /bor6/ can be used impersonally,

e.g.

: ~. bori na 40 stin a9tna. Perhaps 1'11 go to Athens.

: ~. bor! na 40 arniki. 1t's possib1e that 1'11 eat

1amb.

~~~~_~:2 Noun: The use ! the word /k6zltOs/ 'peop1e', 'wor1d'.

: - kmos bori na piy!n1 Peop1e can go

1t should be noted that the 'ford /k6zmos/ a1vays used co11ect1ve1yj

the verb it gverns 1 !!~!~!:.

The express10ns /10 k6zltOs/ means 'everybody'.

!~~_~:~2 Expressions ! T1me

1. ; p6te !~yi to tr!n? wben does the train 1eave?

uO Tav -& tan Jste stin ae1na, When you are Athens, you
1. prl!pi na p4te na f4te nust ( go and') eat a

. d. tav~rna. tavern.

6 /p6te/ 'vhen' is used in questions as .. 1.

/p6te arxJz1 kinimat~afos?1 'wben does the mvi start?' and 1nd1rect questions:

1. g!r arxl2ii don' t Mw vhen the 1

. . k1nimatyrafos. st.art..

uO Tav /6tan/ is used to indicate a concurrent tie 'vhen', as

uO Tav -& ~x -&a tan . ! 1efti, . \oIben 1('11) ltOY 1'11 go

'. st1n eUoa. to Greece.

~~~~_~:!.1. Adjective , , /poHs, -1, -1/ 'numerous', 'rnany','a 10t'.

E~ 1. !ne 18 to(n) g6zo, pu ~ 1t's !or the peop1e vho don't

~x .. a . ~x1 p01l 1eft!. have a 10t ! oney.

The adjective /poHs/ 'numerous', 'many', 'a 10t' the !ol1owing

forms:

76
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ut.I1'1' 6

11. . .

polfs o~

Plural

a. . n.
l!s 6

EX!~!!!!
o~ x6a.o pol k6zllOs ~ people

l:z 6ra a 10t, 1;1_

o~ krasf a 10t, ! 1..

t crrC&o t pol sta8d 88n,1 st.at,1ona

.. poll. presvf8s 181\1 bu8B

6 ~ooxz poU ksenooda 88n,1 hote1s

8 prfp1 na no kar. Jrje "ra. "(6 "'1 na rfvyo P'nda _ t,o t,...no.

8S! pl,'p1 na p!n18 yUa cae !I'. e81 "'1 na t'Y7!s P'nda _ t,o t"'no.
alt6s pl,'p1 na p!D1 t,d1 W8 _ra. atts "'1 na r.vy1 P'nda _ trfno.

8d "'1 na plUl8kaf' k4e!ra. ed8 pl,'p1 na r.V'yU88 pinda _ t,o t,...no.

. "'1 na plnete poli nrd. .! s "'1 na t'vyete p&nda _ t,o rno.

ats 1'11 na plnun(8) kaf' k4e 111'.. att! prfp1 na rIvyun(e) p&na _ to t,NRO.

8"(6 prfp1 na )' ner. - "'1 na tlyo .80S.

8s1 prfp1 na pyfs ..1'6.
es! "'1 na 1 . .80
aft,s prp1

81111s 1
na pyf tsi1.

na 18 kat~.
aft8 "'1 na tiy1 ~.o ..
eIs r1 na !ye .80S.
l. 1 na t.e t8i1.
es!s 1 na tlyete . s o
aft! 1 na py11ne kat~.
aft! ri na f!yun{e) ~BOB.

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 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Ba piy~no sti(m) brezvia K~ ~ra. Ga P~O simera stin aqfna.

es! ea piy~nis sto proksen!o k~Ge ~ra. es! ea P~5 s!mera sti(m) b4tra.
aftds ea py~! sto estiatri ke mera. afts Ba p~] s!mera sto prosken!o.
~m!s ea piy~nume sto kafenio ke ~ra. em:is ea pime s:!mera stin aIJtna.
~:!s ea piy~nete sto proksen!o ke ~ra. ~s!s ea p4te s!mera sto prosk~n!o.

aft:! ea pi~nun(e) sto proksen:!o ke ~ra. aft:! Ga p!n(e) s!mera sto(n) staem6.

Substitution-Corre1ation Dri11s

Change the form ! the under1ined verb (or verbs) agree with the pronouns 1isted
the right each sentence:

p~p! na E!~~ kaf~ ~ra. , ems, aft~s.

p~pI na ! yA1a stiz Q~ka. ey6, es!s, aft! (1.).

aft~s pr~pi na ~~~!~~~~ fai. esi, aft6s, em:is.

s!mera ea ~ sti(n) dav~rna. ey6, es!s, aft6s.
p~pI na !~~ stis eka. aft6s, , aft.

Ga !!~ ya tin aetna. ey6, esfs, aft~s.

~10 na ton aoerf6 sas. emis, aft6s, aft! (1.).

~~!! na sas !!!e! 61 tin ra. aft~s, em!s, ey6.

o~ ~~!!~ na ~~ stin aeina? , aft6s, aft~s.

Ga sas ~ s!mera. aft! (1.), em!s, art6s.

o~ ~~~ na ~~~~ ps4zwJa k4ee ~ra. , aft~s, 8, aft6s, em!s.

o~ ~~~~ na !!~ p4nda efxarist. , aft6s, 8, B~.

E!~~ yala ke ~ra. ey6, es1s, aft6s.

!?~~~ na ~ krul. aft6s; aft~s, esfs, m.

~10 na sas stis okt~. aft6s, em:is, aft! (pl.)

~!!~ na sas E~ br na S,S al"t6s, em!s, aft~s

~~ s1mera.

Substitute the words the right ! each sentence for the under1ined words and
change the aspect ! the verb according1y.
s!mera.

78
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 6

pr~pi na sas vl~ruroe ~!!_~!~_~~!. stis okt6.

pr4!pl na txete !~~~ leftA. sIrnera.

attis prepl na plnun(e) kat~ ~!!_~!~_~r!. stls okt6.

atts pr4!pl na ooklmizl ~ at. slmera.

eds pr4!pl na lmast(e) eM, ~!!_~!!!_~!:~. stls okt6.

na rt1vyo ya taks!al ~~!_~!:~~ sfmera.

pn)pl na }e ~ ! p4a. sfrnera.

na [.e !~!!_~~~!. 611 .

p~pl na r!yo '1& taks!1 !!~2- k4t3e Ara.

att~s 1 na : a6err6 tu !!~!:!. 611 1 ra.

pn1pl na pyite to(n) gar" sas !!!!_~~~~~ 611 1 ra.

p~pl na bok1bwe ta yl1ki !!~~. p4nia.

p~pl na !s{e) ~ !!~!:!. ki&e _ra.

Ats . 4\ a6ert~ tu ~!t _~r:.a~ st1s okt6.

9a tro ~2!_!!!!!:! p_4rya. stlz lka.

_d_ . t!xwe ~~. poU lett4. _I_ra.

_ ardsun na trne ~!!_!!!:!_!H!_~!~.: _Imera, st1s epU.

ea 4\11_ na vs att6(n) to 1p41llo, _Iera

kj,)e "'ra.
---------
_ ea p!n... kal" ~~_~~~.: _t1z .

. !_() ~ k&e _1'8.

------. .1 {.

slmera.

arus . tine !H!_~~ ryeV8. kiee "'ra.

dB . sas .. ~!!_~~~. k4ee !ra.

'x1s letu !!~~!. ki~e _1'8.

_ eard81 na 1 !~!!_~~!~ k4e !ra ~ka.

. e4!lls na 518 lp11ilo !~!~_~!27 kige fra.

'!! . pyme kar~ !!~!:~. k4ee !ra.

dB . 1mast(e) e6 s1mera. k4ge !ra.

79
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

tr ea k4nete slmera? pi~netek!ee ~ra sti(m) b!tra?

piy~nete tav~rnes7 e~lete na p4te stin aefna1
tf fayi t! ~xun i tav~rnes e061 p6s ln(e) i p4tra?
t! pot41 ne t! pi~nete ek11
lne akriv4 ta potl, stis tav~rnes pu tr6te? p6s lne ta tr~na stin e14a1

p6s lne ta krasy! sart~s tis tav~rnes? !n(e) akriv! ta isitlria ya ti brati 9~B!

trte p4nda sa14ta ne to fal sas ? sto treno1

t! ylik4 trte? ~x! i p4tra kal! ksenooxfa1

6 Ine to enik tus t 1

~~lete na kim4sete aft to pot61 borlte na plte t! ra Jne1

Usef'ul vords
----------

3 'ro man
. f'1t1ts student
natt1s sa1lor
lox:aa sergeant
IOsokos aed1c
. vordJ reason, lIOt1ve

1 k6ri daugbter
3& 1 ealaaa 8

1o&s 8treet.

li 1 gira anchor
6 to a"t'V' egg

/ &. to ploo kar'V'i 1

80
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ut1

Y!!!~_7

~!!!~-~!~!~~~

:: : yiMka (the) vif'e, VCI8I&

, &; kal:i~ra, ~B !Be? od orn1rag, how are youi

v:L ~ : p6s !n(e) : y1n~ka 18 your w1fe7

:; su?

ki cy6 / ke 1 both ('a11 the two')

U_, our

KL ' / OL k~ cy6 I18s/ke 1 a.o both ! U8

G 1;!

~ i dUra { the) .cther

t,1s y1~kas the V1f.

II!U .I,1118

'4 t:is y1~kaz JI11.I ! ay v1tc

~o, -, - 4ro8tos, -1, - s1dc, 111

. ' 600 , kt 6 _s ! ma_te ka1i. :. ~ both t:i ne , but rrr vJt.'.

~ : '( yVL ] 1 .dtlra t1s noM . s1clr.

4 EtVO:L ~'f. ytnlka8 iiiu, !n(e) aro.t1..

6 .:6 yatrl5e (tb8) doctr

.C6 yatr6s U. ber doc:t.OI'

vLC () o:rzo (odso) t-h1nk

L : karyi ( the ). heart

6Gvcx, -, - abrnatos, -1, - .eak, _l1a

.6, -, - ~p:lk{nbtn08. -1, - dangerous

YLaOfp6c; vLCL, c atrs t:ls nom!z1 pos Her doc:tor th1nks her heart

:L cLVXL u 1 karbya tis tne 1! 1s very wcak, and that's

uv:, KL'auOf6 cLVXL abinat1, kaft in(e) dangerous.

e1
 GREEK BASIC CQURSE

.\l. epikinoino.

xr6nos (the) year

xron6n ! years

.; p6so(n) n ? Hw old 1s she?

n rather. qu1te

f rio. -a. - ycung

, -, - yer6s. -1 -6 healthy

. vfa. . tne milon a, tne She's qu1te you. she 1s ~

f sarAnda pnde xronm,ke years 01 and she's 1n good health

\l. yert y1Mka. ('very healthy an).

6 ! to nosokodo (the) hospi tal

f. 6 - :-!1 na 1() blte sto Tou oughtto take ('go') her

!. nosokon1o. the hosp1tal.

\l nosokorou ! the hosp1tal

. 1 p611s (the) city

' t1s p61ecs ! c1 ty

\I~\I, . ~ist1x6s, 1 yatrl Unfortunately. the doctors 1r:

\l 6 nosokomdu t1s pole6s our c~ty hosp1tal aren't good.

, f . xa. a. In fne kaH.

1 Gesalon1k1 (the) Thesalon1k1

t1s esalon1k1s ! (the) The8salon1k1

-&6, -, -6 kaear6s. -1, 6 clean, pure

' t . - &14 1 yatrt t18 6esa10- But the doctors 1r. Thessalonil1

. ntk1s tne kaH, are ery , the

! ke ta nosokoda hosp1tals are extrenely

-&. kaear4. ~l.

.a m4l1sta as a matter ! fact. indeed.

certa1nly

. fnos, 1 f1li (the) friend

8
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1

U v , ~, y~6 inas m41ista atr8 8 a matter ! fact one ! ~~M

ou. 6 fv fne f110z MU. too(e) ('one doctor') 18 a fr1end

6u. & ~~ ~ l~ne papab6pulo. na m1 ne 1118 nae 1s (. th.y

'~6. 1 & t1(m) b4tc saft.:.!ne call h1m') Papaboulos. ou

6. pra 1! kalS. should take her to h1l1. He'.

'V8I'J good.
u s1111f6 agre.

ct toether

~oo;, -, -

l~oo, pl.
cS:py& aryi late
f x~a 1 ntxta (t,he) gt

6 tf. ct to , .1Jta6 ..a:1 kDr 1\ [8bd) qree S.tI J08J

''cn l~oo, & / ..., ldaaete tb1 D8 e re;y to tab .r to td

'a6~6 cS:py& f) 1 (11) bb( ) eatta. lat.e(r) ton1ght,.

y(;X~4. ryi 1 nJxta.

~!!!!!!.~!
'f6 ci \-0 bocI7
'f6 f ~O a'awc ta .U t.u 8_toe pu'U buan bocI7
~6 . xlr1 18IId, ar

'f6 6 6&1 , 11
'f6 xct6Ao, 1 he8d

~6 ~CMIO prepo ~aee

6 A~, _t1 .,.

'" JoL(;'n) 1 dt.1 nc88

~6 6 t.o 8~ 80Ith

~6 ~ artf ear
~6 6 b6(n)d1 t.ooth

~6 lra sldn, leather

~6 &~u/&'fu ~4kt110/~4xt110 t1rger toe
& 6 ta maly4 ha1r
~& ta fra evebros

8)
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

'

1 ~x! 1 mit~ra 1 y1n~kas sas1 fn(e) !1 apt1n garoy4 t1s.

1 nomdzi atrs t1s1 odz1, pos aft6 fne epikfnoi~o.

p6so(n) ln(e), 1 mitra t1s1 100 4l0n na, 100 saranda pnd. xronn, ke

yer1.
1ne ka11 i yatrl,tu nosokom!u 1 pole6s sas1 6xi, oist1x6s, ~ lne kal1.

p6s fn(e) i yatrl tis eesalon!kis1 fne l" kal1.

p6s ta nosokomia tis esaln1kis pcl! kaear!.
py6s () f110s sas1 fJloz mu, () yatr6s.
p6s () 1~ne1 ton(e} l~ne papao6pulo.
ea plte t1(n) m1 tT 1 yin~kas sas m{lista, fmaste 4timj na ti(m) b4m(e) ekl,
nosokol!l!o'Z ary4 nlxta.

Narrat1ve

6 Lt ELvaL ~~o. :~_E~~! tn(e) 4 -chl1d

"~!~~ ~6 ~ ~ leoforto ~ thU8, 80

. ttyi sfera.

'Q_~~!~e~~ ELvaL ~ !ather

C1~. 4rostos.

~~_~~~~~~~ ~ ~ nurse

. orta.

o~ ~~~!~~~. nowhere, anywhere

A~ n_~~Q!Q1D ~ 6
area, reg1~n, secticn

L . fne pol! meyil1.

!~~_~f~~~~ ~ C1~ ' :~_~~~ ptme st1c eli~a. nX year

.

6 LC 6 o~ o~ EtvaL !~o '~ L ~o~. plnEL

~6 , ~C1~~ ~ 6L L C10L.
'xo~ lvav YLa~p6, ~6 ELvaL x~o~ 6. '~C1L C1~ K~ ~6

4
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 7

~ ' 6 3 6 '3. vL
3 ~ . E~ ~xo
6 ~ . 3 lL ~ vL.
vL ~ ' ~ ~o 6.

---

8 ln(e) ro8O&! to pe en~s fllu MU.

pd 1 na 1! prc!p1 r.a 1 sto nosokomo.

1p4rx1 kanlna no&okordo st1(lI) bl1 888'1 61, ~n 1p4rJ ka~na.

. yatrds, 8t1<II) b611 8&&7 811&ta, 'xune ~na, aU ~ Jne kau

ka1~.

4 a pA1,to b'osto ! St18 okt 1 st1n I.

~ 8 1 1 aI patlras tu.

S.. cenr7a ta Oeola8da t18 aeinuf , Jne .....,.., ke pol Il8.

xu .ft! . nosokod. talds yatl'l18 ke _118ta. "xun.

o.8Olr6e 8 7

pd Jne ~HA) aft! ta no&okoda1 Sne 88 -' pol kall per10xl 18 p~leos.
t! 9a 'xete U'6m 8tHII) b611 sast tu xrnu . IXW118 atHm) btI11 U c!na 88YUo

noolto:dO. 1'& l an'pua.

. -_.7.'.
Not.e- - The ue 0tm1 t19'8 Cae

~ 1 1tAra t1a ;1n1kaz MU. 1V v1fe's IIOther

6a o~ ~; p680(n) U'onln !re'l . How old 1s she (bf how lIIU1'

year'8).

E~ . IrA! sarlnda pSnde~. 5he '& Corty t1ve years old.

~o v 1 yatr! tu nosokor.1lu thfO doctors t he hosp1 tal

~o 1 yatri t1s eesalcnlk1s the doctOTS Thessalon1k1

The Aboe examples 111u&trate the use ! genitive Case.

Note 5.2 the genit1ve case was described as 'POSsssive' case, i.e. one that

85
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

generally correspcnds to 'of' the apcstrophe-plus-s suffix in English.

addition the genitive case may be used in Greek with certain prepositicns (see later

units) as well as in certain expressicns indicating quantity (age, price, measure, etc.)as
shwn by the second and third eXaMles above.
Other examples:
6 &L to .t10 tu 1pal!lu The employee's is

EtVaL L&. !n(e) arister4. the left.

i kuzJna aft!s tis The food ! this tavern is
EtVaL . tav!rnas !ne ! excellent.
kaH.
!na taks okt6 i'rn. a eight day trip

!~_!:!:! Genitive Case - Articles.

The d.efin1te article in the gen1t1ve case 1s:

11. . .

51ng. tu tis tu
1. ton ton ton
and the 1ndefinite article:

. . .-

6 6a . 6 en6a

..

Follow1ng 18 Chart d.efjnite and indefiD1t8 article declensi08l

~!!~!~-~!~!!

. ~.

!~
--
.
~
.

!: .

~. ~ ~6 &
1 to i 1 ta
G. -r -rGiv
tu tis tu tcn to

. 6 6 &

to(n) ti (r.) to tU8 t1i t.a

86
 G REEK BASC COURSE 7

Indef1n1te Art1cle
------------------
!: f. ~.:
. /. "
41'1&8 rda/rrY, fna
G. 6 /. 6

ell6. rda./rr/'45 .

. () t(v)/.
u
v

'na(n} rda/-'" 'na

~_1~!!! - Gen1t1e C... - Nun8
Tbe Ien1t1e case eding. DOUD8 are a s tollov8:

F1r8t Declension

'~
--- -
~. . ~:~!:
Mc. Ox;ytone8 1 -fs -! -

paroqt.oe8 1 "18 ':1 -

:.s 1 -ln
Felll. Oxytoaea 1 - -f. -&1
':.j :18 -6n
oxytone. -, - -

parox"vt.one8 .:a : .. -611

proparoxyt.one8 ':a "-asl":"I-:'18 -m
Second Declension
-------------------
....c.+ telll.o~one. 1 -6 -6 -

parosyt.cnes " ':cr:

prop&rox;ytones j:J :-08 ~o

::cut. ox;ytone8 1 -6 -1
p&rox;ytone8 11 ':0

.
_O~

Note 7.2. ou: F1rst and Second Declen810ns:

------
Follw1ng Charts ! F1rst and Second Declens10n nouns:

87

 cwrr
--.------.
:I6 DECLES
---~-.-.--------
~!!! a5culine NoU118
------- .. -----
Ye1ie oan !!!~!:!r_!~!
---------------
~~2~~~ ~~!,12 2!~~!

~~

.
-15
1!~~~~ 1!Ml~~ 2!~
1s :'
. ~!:2~~!!! ~~
: 1 - , to -i
,
:. 1
!.
.
1 -1 : & .:..

G tu -i
. !. 1 :. a t1s -1a :'18 -u .
- -...,--85
_ J
t.u ....yU -
:'-as/-!'is
Acc. to(r.) -1(n) :. 1 (n) :. &(r.) 1()"':) :. 1(0) - ,() :. a (n) :-a(n) to -! :. 1

..... PltIr
<)

~
~
i -'8 :. 88 :. 88 1..... .
- - 48 : :'-e8 ta - :. &

- I~-r.. --60 t.n! -y6n -

G -6n -6n -& ton -eSn -6n -&1
u
u Acc. tus -eIJ :. 8S :'88 t-i8 -4s
.
-u - 88
.
- 8 :'-e8 ta -J' :.,.
<)

-<
CQ ---------------------------------------------------------~----- .. _---.-------.-------.~- .. ---~--._.------~~-- ----------------------

::t ~~I?!~~:
.....
.....
~ fititis
. 18 loxlae !_!r!~! 1 61 !_~!~~ 1 k1r1. !_~I!&!r!_ ~2_~~! kanv1
iihljjT---
<,,:, 'student' i;.iior is;rgeant'
i 'Irea' ia&ugtter' 'heart' l&dj- 'anchor' 'chI1d'

i_Mlt~!
'5ea'

.: Neuter oxytOfle and pr~OI'II!I noane 1n /-1/ beeQ 1cluded 1D the 1 Decleaa10n Chart due to s1ilarLt.7 their

in!lect1n pattern.
 t-
-<'

..
J)

~
;:

u
u
-
J)

<
I:Q

::t:
..
..
~ -----------.----------------------------~----------.--
-.-~~-------------~-------~-.-.- . .-..----._-.--.....- --------~~---------'
IJ
~E!!!I

2.!~!!~! ~.!!~~ 2_!!!!~l'2! !_2! !.~~ 1 &14ksoo ~ .. !;Y~ S2_PlU !:2_!O~~e!~9

-----------
'brotber' 'edlc' ,~I'I' , ' 'P.n' 'outlet' 'eg' 'shlp' 'au1iClllob11e
 G REEK 8ASIC COURSE

From the charts above, the [0110~ ru1es can be observed with re~ard the shift1n

! stress 1 Greek nouns.

,) The stress Greek nouns may sh1ft only from '1eft' 'r1ght'. 1.e. from an

ear11er sy11ab1e a 1ater : from antepenu1t (th1rd sy11ab1e from the enc) ta penult (second

syllab1e 1'rc end) or the last syllab1e, and tro the penult to the last syllab1e. The

Str888 on oqtone ncnms 1s, therefore, constant.

2) The parcxytone and proparoxytc.ne nouns ! the ~!!:!:_e!~!!.~!~!! inc1ud1ng paroxytcne

!!!~:!:! nouns 1 /:'1/, sh1ft the1r stress the 1ast sy1lab1e 1 the gen1t1ve p1ural. 1

add1t1on Neuter nouns 1 /:1/ sh11't the1r stress to the last sy11ab1e 1 the gen1t1ve

singu1ar. (e.g. kar4v1 ~ karavyd).

) The stress proparoxytone nouns 01' the ~~~~_Qe~!!~!~!! sh1fts the

penultimate (second trom the end) syllab1e 1 tbe gen1 1e s1ngular and p1ura1, and 1 the

accusat1ve p1ural (nascul1ne and fein1ne on1y), e.g. k!r1os - t-u k1rfu - g1rfon -

tus k1rius; a!tokfn1to - tu attok1n1tu - a!tok1n{tonJbu~: . attokfn1ta.

~!_Z:.!:.!.. Houn: 1rregular Dec1ens1on: 6 /0 rr6nos/ 'year' and 6

/01lyos/ 'vord', 'apeech', 'reason'.

'1 vords 6 /0 xrfJnos/ and 6 /0 1lyo/ are 1nt1ected 1 the

s1ngular l1ke Second Dec1_ns1on 188cul1ne nouna. 1 the p1ural, hever, the.. vord8

(and. l1m1ted nwber other nouns) have Ol8: 0De 'regular': 6. /1 xrdn1/,

6 . /1 1671/ and one '1rregular': - 6 . /ta rr6nya/, - 6.

/ta 1tya!.
1 should be noted that the p1ural Ol 6 . /1 1cSy1/ eana '8p8_CbeS' or

're&80ne' whlle the ( - 6. /u 1(ya/ lIIana 'vord8' only.

~!~. _~h
6 xr6os 6. 1 rr~ or - 6. ta xr6nya
-

-6
6

6()
tu xr6nu
rr6(n)
- 6 on

- 6 tus rr6nus ~!:

xr6non or
. -- -

-
on xron6n
to(n) 6. ta xr(,'Iy&

!~:!_Z:~. Adject1ves:
F1rst and Second Dec1ens1ons.

1 stated 1 ).1 the mo frequently used adject1ves e1ther 1 -,

-, - /-os, -1, -o/(l1k K6,-~,-6 !kas,-,-/) or 1 -, -11, - /-os, -a,

90
 G REEK BASIC COURSE .,

-o/(like , , lo~o, o~a, o~o/).

All DMne adject1ves end.1ng 1 - 1-11 or - -aI are dec11ned l1ke F1rst

Declens10n rem:in1ne nouns.

All aacul1ne adjectivcs end.1ng 1 - I-osl are decl1nd l1ke Second. DecleD810n

I88cul1ne nouna.

All neuter adject1ves end1ng 1 - 1-0/ are c1ec11ned l1ke Second Declension

neuter nouns.

I:.x.ales:

Sg. Pl.
. ~ y~
1 lc8 Jra]j y1rIera 1 or8ea ke 1ra1" 11Mb-
G. 'S' yc 'S'v c yc~
t1 re ke kaHs;v1n8ra ton or8cn lc8 Iral 1inea5n

. 'S'~V () ~(y)y 'S'

Un oe _ li yWka t1s oree Ite 1ra1U 7iMk

. d 6 vcro'S' 'S'6 6 ~ vu'S' 'S'& & c:..&

lral6 to Iral { 1 ka1 Urte8 ta lra1i e7'
G. 'S'OU u v~'S' 'S'ou Cl..U 'S'v u'S'v 'S'v nc~.

tu 1ra111 itt1 tu ' pey\i ton ga nattr ton pl8n pe&,.Jn

. 'S'6v 6() vcro'S'()'S'6 6 c:. 'S'06 o~ vu'S' 'S'& & c..&

ton 1816 n&rt1 to ka16 pe tus ka1w. ntrte8 ta lra1i e7'

. 'S' .w.6 'S" & tEvo6 o X Et c

to la1 lc8en&cdo 1ia 1raU ~

. 'S'ov vCu 'S'v

tu kal1! Jaeood toD 16 laeDnd-

. 'S'6 6 'S'& vt

to ka3.6 Iaenoxo ta lraU JcHoa

91
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

shou1d be noted that the stress the adjectives a1ways persistent ad does

shift as does with some types ! nouns (see Note 7.2 above).

The on1y exception this ru1e are proparoxytone adjectives which (derending the

speaker) may or may shift their stress the genitive p1ura1, e.g. (

/ton mo yinek6n/ or 6 /t n6st1mon y1nek6n/

'! the pretty women~ Both pronunciations are acceptable 1 'Kathomi1~n1'.

!i~~~_'Z~!t. Adjective: 6 /aft6s/ /610s/.

6 6 v1~pete afto(n) () Do you that gent1eman?

girio.

' & '6 6 61es 1 ~ saft All seats 1 th1s bus

. 1eofor!0, !ne are taken.

pyaz~nts.

6 /aftS/ 'this' !:!_!~!!~~~ by the art.ic1e p1us the noun

The adjective
1 modifjes.
.
Contrast 6 !kwn& ka1 ksenoooxic/ or

6 6 /to ka1 ksenoaoxfo/.

Most adjectives, l1ke 6 /ka16s/ occur between the art1c1e and the noun (as

Engl1sh).

/610s/ 'a11, every' 1 &1so generally !~!!~~~ by the art1c1e and the noun,

. 10 kZ80S 1. Everybody 18 here.

~~~!_!:~. Adject.1e: , , /polB, -, -1.1

adject1ve 1 1nflected fows:

2!~ -~!:.
11. _!:. -~: .
_!: .

. ; &

polfs 11 P01~8 14

/ /

/ I1 5 pold / I1 1 1 pc16n

6 () .\ &

pol!(n) l() polds 1 l.

 G REEK BASlC COURSE 7

!~~~_Z:~. The word )". /4lisa! \l8ed 1 the sense ! 'as a _tter fact "

1ndeed', '1 part1cular'.

' 1tcn .'f6 . nas m4lista yatrs As a attEr tact 0118

.. fne fl IIIU. doctors 1s a fr1end 1.

Th1s exale shows 1d1oatlc use the . /4l1sta/ las a _tter

tact'.
Other exple8:

'f 'f 'f; 61es 1 ta~rnes 11 the taverns th1s town

6 'ft. r, af\!s t1s es ~u ha\""e 'rets1na l ; one [ thell]

.'f, ~''f .. , 'f1, retsfna, d. _l1sta 1 part1cular has [any klnd ]

~ ~'f. apart~s, 11 6tl krasf w1ne that you [1181'] vant.

'W1ete.

; 6; !6 . ~l8 1 nosoktmes e66 l1 the nurses here are lood,

;, t,.cn,~'f; fne ka1ds, nda A11st,a [but] ! t,hsJI 1

. o~ ~. apatt~s. :! p4ra partlcular 1s e.xce1lent.

po]J kalI.

l.~~-!.:.! The U8e erb /):q'bl ' 10' &8 equ1alent Engl1sh ' take

(B~one Boe.N)'.

.. 4 n I'fCC1'f6 lIIU8t taJce her \0

t. D08ok08fo.

i 'ffiv ni're a' W'f6v :ou .at ter to

h1J

Whea tbe "rb . /~/'IP' 18 wed vith a d1reot object, 1ts rean1ng
corre8p0nd8 to the Engl1sh ':.rana1t1Vf!. verb ' take (soeone Bone'fhe)'.

Other eUlllplea

itE'fE 4 aac; 'f'C1~'fO 4!lete na sas 488 you vant take you

xtvYJ'fO 6 ~C1.6; _ att.okln1 by car. statl0n'l

() staem6'l

, 3 a'f . n', !10 na ne pdt(e) Yes J I'd 11ke you take ne

ek:!. there.

93
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~~~~_I.:~:. The use ! the word & /puOeM-/'nowherc , an.., place' and

, , /kan~nas, kan:fa, kan~na!'nobody', 'on'

'an,ybody', 'any one'.

&. p1~nume puaeM-. ~e are golng anywhere.

& 1puxun pueen4 ek:i There 1sn't any F.xpens1ve

. La. akriv4 nosokomia. hosp1 t.al over therc 'nwhere

there expens1ve hosp1tals do

exist').

should be not.ed that the word & /puoeni/ 1 always used w1th a
ne~at1ve verb the statements as 1 the examples above.

the 1nterrogat1ve senter.ces, however, the verb may be either affirmative

neeat:1ve clepend1ng the meaning, ..

& ; 3:1 p4te pueeni s~:ra'l Are you go1ng ~. place

today'l

& & ; ~ ea pilte pueen4, Aren't yu go1ng any place

sfmera today'l

The vord , / ., /kan4nas, kamfa (kaY4,

kan~M/ behaes 1 the sae way, . g.

. l:. !ne ka.nnas eO. There 1.8 one here.

but:

. l: !ne kwna8 ~ l any here

. t; ~ fne k&nnas I8n't anyboQy here1

~~~~!~!!_Q~!!!!

~!!_~!H!.

ume to kar4vi tu M-ft1. ks~ri aOerfa tu loxta.

kserume aelf~ tu f1t1t:f. ksrune to(n) yBr t-u lox!a.

ks~ri t1n y1nka tu staem4rxi. prctim41 t1(n) 0481 tu loxia.

~~ azI me t1s yin!kes ton nat't6n. p1yenun sta t~na lox:i6n.

ks~ri 1() mit.la [~. vl~pun tis yinikes lox16n.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNI:T 7

kslro tus n4ftes aftu tu karavyd. 1~po aert t1s yinikas sas.
v1~pun tus aertlls tu peoY\1. !ne ts4y t1s k1r!as.
:tne y4la tu \1. ksero tus 1pal11us brezv16n.
po1l1 la1 88t1atonon. pi~nun st1s kuzlnes davern6n.
ks~r1 es t1s Q~a1s on karav16n. ks~run tus aoert;)s y1nek6n DB8.

kSrw .et tu 1pal!lu. po1l ta oitia a!tl1 tu ksen!u.

prot1mA1 .ftok!n1to tu yatrl1. l~p1 . par4e1ra tu omatu.

k~r1 61. ta ksenoox1a attls t1s oU. ~x! ta 1s1tlr1a leofor!on.

r1~nun sta _1. a()erf6n sas. p1y~nun sta estiatria .

e4n.m taftok1n1ta att.on lpal:1lon. proti~Jn afts t1. ~.1B aftokin~on.

-------
Outl1ne:
Subject (dject1n .Noun)---3)~ Object (Adject1ve+Noun)

------
Ddela

att6s ln(e) kal6s kfr1o.. (vll!po). vl~po () ga1(n) g!r10.

att6 In(e) kau-;,o. 8taeS. (Ja8ro) attl 1n(e) 1 o~. y1n!ka. (kHrm)

attl In(e) 1 or~a tavirr.. (Ixu) 1118 dkr peJ!. (Ixi)

att Ine tt3n e8t1at6r10. (ell1) att. In(e) 1118 katl.. (C>ok1IIIta1)
att6s In(e) n6o. 8tae4rxjs.{ksfro) aft! In(e) 1 4rost1 d~A. (vl'pun)
atL6s In(e) 4rostos ep1v4t1 (vl~pun) . att Ine mey410 leotorro. {prot184n)
attl !n(e.) 1 ~. 80k_. (vl~pun) att Ine en1k 6. ()

aft6s In(e) kal6s 1p411los. Ocalrun) ln(e) 1mo yatr6s. (kslro)

attl In(e) 1 perlt1m1 retsina. (prot1m6) aft4 Ine . t~8ka ps4rya. (tr6ne)
At In(e) akr1Y pot6. (p!nun) aft~s !n(e) 1 meyiles amaksost1x!e (rlvyun me)
_. In(e) oreos k1n1mat6yratos.(vl~pun) aft! ln(e) i perit1m1 &nsropl. (kserume)

9S
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

,) lIse the nouns in parentheses as 'possessors' (genitive case) 1 the following

sentences.
:1odel:
aft ! to kald peur. ( naftis)
aft ! to ka peo! tu naft1.

afts ln(e) ~os k1n1mat6~rafos. ( a~erf6st i prezvfa. ksenocoXo)

afti ln(e) i ftini tav~rna. (1 p61is. , staem6s)

aft ine to neyAl.o kar~v1. ( rAftis, kIr1os, of!los sas)
afts in(e) kals p~lloB. ( staem6s, i k1rIa,. nosokomo)

aft! !n(e) 1 orta ylnika. ( yatr6s, stae~rxls, aoerr6s sas,

[loa sas)
aft jne kr!o . ( kIrios, 1 k1ria, 1 yi~ka sas,

1p411l0s)
att perSfimo [. (1 tavSrna, estlat6r10, plo)

2) Put above sentences 1 plural.

odl:
-----
a1't fne kal pe:l. ( n4!t1s)
artA lne ta ka1l pey4 natt6n.

p6aon xronn ~B3? ~xun ta nosOkomia t1s pole6z maa pol~B

p6son xronn fn(e) 1 yi~ka sas1 arstus.

&XEte re? jne ft1n4, aftl . nosokoma"

p6son xrnn jne ta po-l sas? na klnete, : fste 4rostos?

l1 :ln(e) pat~ras ke i mit/ra sas? prepi na k4nete, t.an i yin!ka &8

ps me i 1y:ta tu pat8ra 888 ke t1s lne 4rost1?

nit8ra& sa8~ ine eplk!nolno na ~xete anat karyi?

oQz pos 1 yatrj nosokomon tis borite na MU ta ~11 tu smats?

pole6z mas, jne kalf~

96
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Ull'f 8

Unit

JUI&a t (&&) a9o (_) 1, to _tq

'.6, -1), -6 el1n1k6s, -, -6 Greek (adj~)

"'t .Mt ta el1n11c4 te Greek ~

' &av E.Mt. 11m studylng Greek.

"'t. 1 t4ks1s (the) c1as8, order

"' k4pote 80_le

-n "'t. '"' "' sti(n) dAks1 mas Jmas~e we have l 8tuder.ts 1 our
o."'"'C xt MtO"'E .. plnde f'1 1 U , ke class ( 1 ollr class W8

k4pote, fks1. t1 studEnts') and 0881e.

81.

..cnx6, -1), -6 &1plo.at1k6s, -, -6 d1p1oat1c

"c 1 1p1e_. (te) HYice

c DfO 1 1p1re.Ja pl1ro- U.S.I.A.

. tor16n

"'. c. . 1 t~seris Jne 10ma Four are Foreign 5erv1e.

n V4o. KI.cS c t1kJ 141111, kyo OrC1eers and 18 rrOll
~ ''''l) c . ~naa apt1n 1piesJa U.5.!.!.
.. plirofori6n.

uo."'"'I simfititfs (the) fellow student

f\J1tv, -, - Iksipnos, -1, - 1nte111gent
./. (..) milao/mi16 (111181) speak ( peaJa)

ac i "(16sa (the) language, tongue

"'"' . ~nas simfitit!z mu !ne One fellow student ! mine 1s

, .. . 1! eksipnos, mil~i intellignet, he speaks

97
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

. eksi yloses. si languages.

-& kaeiyitis ( the) professor, high schoo1

teacher
-& i kaBiyftria (the) teacher (female)

' tHinas (the) Greek (male)

i el1nba (the) Greek (female)

'lSvoa t(o) 6noma (the) name

-& '- kaBiyitfz ine 0Ur teacher 15 a Greek froa

cm ''tTv '-&. ' n aptin . Athens. His name is

L 6- tcnom4 ti1, ine ?ap&dopoulos.

. papaMpulos.

() oyav4zo (oyav4S0) to read

, -, - oiitoros, -i, -

1 fr1 ( the) sentence

6'tL ( 'tL) 1 prtasis (pl. prot18) (b) 88DtenC8J J*'OPCIIit1CD

(a) epana1amvILno (epana- to repeat

livo)

't6 & arts mas He reads us various aentences

't&L L't 't oi4fores prot4sis, and we repeat tbea.

keds tis epana-
a&.
lav4nwe

/ rot40/rot6 to ask
/'t"a rot4i he asks

t'tL/'t"L i er6tisis/i er6tisi (the) quest.ion

i pl.
talk
-&, -&a/ kaeenas, ea/ each on, every

a-&&, -&a e1', kaeena

i yn6mi (the) opinion

' L 't , fstera mas rot4i ertsis, Then he a sks (us) questions,ve ta1k

' -& rni18me, k;yo nas 181 and every g1 & ( t ay t) hi8

98
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 8

~ ~ou. t1 61 tu. opin1on.

~6 .ci . yilia (the) 1nter1ss10n, break

&., -, - etx4ristos, -1, - pleasant

'" cn;~/'.;/c:N;~~(1. i sizftis1/i s1zft1- discussion, conersat1on

E~6 6.ci. tvou ~6 sto y!i_ p!nU8 Dur1ng the break ... dr1k our
A,c6 c, ; . 'Ixou- el1n1kb kar, as kex-e Greek cottee and ba"

4. c:Nt~~a.. etdr1st1 s1z!t181. a pleasant di8CU8S1on.

(tbe)e"n1ng; 1r tbe e1n,

at 1.

'f6 cmt'fI.
'f6 't....

to

.1_
spft.1 ( tbe)

(tJe)
hOU88, boe

1888_

'f& ~c ..ef_ta pl.

' O~.c 1 91 (the)

'fCl.vtc 1 tenfa ( ~M) l1J, 1 cture

' w ..~ 1 _yn1 toton1kf (te) tape

'fCl.v'C tenfa

'1'6 66. cmS cm''f. ; Yr'1, 8~O spft1 ..., we ba" to learr our le8Scn A~

, & &u 'f6 &~4 ",1 .na le ~o hoe at 1 1 tb t.Ie 181

_81. . . ., _ ~1
t.ape8.
;. ~ o~ .: 'fW

y~o. ~... vofd1a tQn _yntto-

ton1kbn ten1bn.

66cnoAo, -, - f8kos, -1, - d1ttlcul~, hard

' 6u.& 1~ () orc, job

c:N6 s1nxr6nos at the Bae 1e,

81ultaneoU8ly

Ec. 66' 6ouAeIr&, &u& !ne fskll ul4, &14 It's a d1ft1cult job but at
1 ke the sae 1e a very
c:N6 c' 6 &-

.~.
etx.trist1. pleasant .

99
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

'

py6s ma~n1 e11n1ki1 ey6 ~B~no e1inika.

p6s1 f1t1t~,isaste st1(n) d~ksi sas? st1n d&kai mas, imaste pnd f'1t1te.
!n(e) 61i 1 fit1t~,o1p1omatik! ip~li11? 6xi, ~nas apaftus in(e) apt1n ip1resia
p11rofor16n.
ti ine enas s1mfititis sas1 ~o s1~it1tiz mu, !ne 1 ~ks1pnos.

p6ses 1scs m1141 afts1 ni ! ~ksi 1ses.

apo pd in(e) ka11tis sas1 ine i1inas, aptin ana.

p6s ton 1~ne1 ton l~ne papao6pulo.

tf k!n1 kaiyitis sas sti(n) d8ksi? mas oiav4zi oi4fores prot~sis.

tf k4nun i fitit~1 epana1amv4nun tis prot~sis.

tf rot4i istera kaiitfs1 mas rotAi erotfsis.

tf an k4Be fitit:ls1 i1&i. ke 181 tin "(tIi tu.

tf k4nete sto !11.-? pinume ton e1inik kaf~ mas, k~xume

ef~rlsti sizitisi.
t! pr~pi na k4nete to vr40i sto spiti sas1 p~p! na m4ume to mai4 mas, ti{ n)
viia ton manitfnikn ten16n.
p6s in(e) atti 1 ou1yi? ine ofsko11, a14 s1nxrn8 ke 1

efxAr1st1.

Narrative

UQ!~ 6 ~ !:!!! fiyo JII to t~no, before, ago

~~~o. p~p! a ~xo ~M

isitirio.

' ' 1. X~e!!.:. i 1!a in(e) ~~a ~~!:!:. country

'!!_2X2~~ i~ ~ :K~~. 1 sxoH afti ine alr1vi. schoo1

6 : to uoUo ler 8choo1

!~_~!!!2~e1~!2 'E~ ~_~~~!!~ eksoter1k6n Departent !

St.ate/M! n1s~ry
! Fore1r,n Affairs

6 io:O to ipuryo (the) Jin1stry

too
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

afts Z~_~E~~!~!
yatr6s.
() Su40 (spuo4so) study
'~~~!~ ek1ni i Xra fne pol:

. akri4.

, -, ~o eklnos, -, - that

3 ~!g!eg~~ ~6 k;i3e nx: ra, ~~~!!~~~

&~& . a3 u.

~& (~&) ~tafr4zo (metafr!so) translate

3& ~~2 ~ 3, o~ p;ime ~~~ 1
only
-& ~ ~. aefna, p!me ke sti(m)
b!tra.
A~6 ~6 ~x art~ to ksenoox10, ~x

!!eg1~!g. pol' '!:!~:!.

~6 pr4yma \ b1 n

A~ x~ & att.:t 1 , !1 ~nan

!!~!!!~. meyilo E~!!~!!~.

o~H6 politiz6s c1n l1sa\1oa
~' ~ stis t~seris a\ tour o'clocC

u'f6 !~~!! M~ / --- aft& !!~ ptnda

~O\J. 1t!ra tu.

(Ko~) akuo (ak6ao) bear, l1aten
&C~ &~ esIs &yavAzete pfnda me

!!e2~X~ prosoxi.

0 i prosox. attent.1on
6 ~ ~ 2~! ' i kri tis 1 0141
------ s61ea
~ ~. t1s ()ul~s ti8.
-& voiGcS help, a&sist

~KO 3 ~ . '
'~ ~ &30 . '~6 3
~ ~ ~K ~o ~K ~ oU-
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

. ~ .
~ . ~ 'L
o~ 6 , ~xo V
6 ~ . ~o 6 ~

~o 6 6 .
W 6 , '

6 & ~o 6 ~ .
' & ~&

'

!naropi e~lun slmera na p4ne stin e!a? 1~tikl ir-41ili.

prdp1 na ktnun, prln p4ne stin x~r(a) aftI? prepi na Meun elinik4.
pu arx!zun maelmata elinik6n? st1n 1omatik axoll tu ipurJiu eksoterlk6n,
st1n yuisinkton.
~x1 i e11nikl t4ksis pol~B fitit~s1 6xi, i e11n1kl t4ks1s, ! p4r.da ~na vjkr6
ariem t1titdn.
p6aes dres t1n i~ra Su4un 1 ritit~ spu,Mzun ~k81 res t1r. 1dra.
8ti(n) dk! tU81
tf ktnun ekn kae1yitls tus ad1 prot4s1s kekln1
tis epanalam4nun. fstera artds tus
rota1 erotIs1s. ~x s1z1t181 ke k4pote
metafr4zun to ma9iIIIIk tus.
ma~nun m6no ti(n) yldsa saftl ti sxoll? 6xi. rnaO~nun epls1s ke 14 pr4ymata 18
ton bolitizIII tise14as.

tf k4nun 1 r1t1~ lstera apo ti(n) d4ksi? pi~nun kyakUne me prcsox! tis maynitoronik~s

tenles.
tus 14! art6, ya na m4eun t1n y16sa? m'lista, tus 14! p4ra poll.

,02
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 8

Gramatica Noter.

Not e.1. Pronoun: Possessive Pronouns

~ ~L ~ nfv~E stin d4ksi . lmaste \':e have five students 1 oyr

L~~t. p~OO 1t!. class.

~ vL~~ ! s1fitit 111 . one ! l\ llw students ..

YL~p6c; ~ vtCL yatr6s tis nondzi ... her doctor thinks

The above sentences illustrate the use ! the genitiv case ! perscnal pronouns
('of us', ' me'. '! ber') as equ1valent English possess1ve pronouna ('or', '~', 'her').
The coIlete ! these forms is:

u tI\Y ('! e')

\) ycur (a.) (, ! ycu")

~o\)
h1s (' him')

~
tis her ('of her')

~o
1ts ('! 1 )

r.&S or ('of \;.s')

C
sas yur ('of ')

'fO\)c; tus tt..1r (' thell')

These pronons ar~ ~!!!~~!!!~ and follow the noun they mod1fy, e.g. ~6 ncnt \)
pebf ru!'rry chlld'. However, 1f 1a od1f1ed by another adject:lve the POS888a1"
pronon may !ollo e1ther the adject1~e ' the noun, e.g. ~6 6 Lt /to kal6
111 peb:l/ ~ ~6 6 L t /to ka16 pe3:1 JJ/ 'rry good chlld~
Wben the od1f1ed by the possess1ve adject1ve 1s proparoxyt.1)ne, the stress 18
autcat1cally ah1rted the syllable, e.g. !~o /0 ineropoa/ 'the man',
but &~6 /0 anerop6z IfIl1S/ 'or man

!~~_~:!. Pronoun: Personal pronouna used as d1rect and 1nd1rect Objecta.

Aa ~ng11sh personal pronouns can be used either aa direct ' ind1rect objects !

a verb (e.g. he ~ - direct obj.; he said ~~_~ - 1nd1rect obj.)

Pronouns used d1rect object ! a verb are:

me me
af se

~6() hiM

103
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

() tin her

6 it
mas

sas you (1.)

tus them(m.)

tis (r.)
. (n. )
D1rect object pronouns a1ways come before the verb. except 1 some 1mperat1ve (command)
constructions (see 1ater un1ts).
1::

6 6. l~ne paa6U. They ca11 h1m Papadopou10s.

~fL L6. se 8411 yatr6s. The doctor wants you.

L L. tus rotAi erotfs1s. He asks them questions.
The 1nd1rect object pronouns are the as possess1ve pronouns but are

d1fferentiated !~_~!~!~ by an accent mark.

I1 me
su you (.)

'toiJ to h1II
t1s her
'toiJ tu 1t
l:8 us

YOl1
't tus them (m..f n.)
But, un11ke the possess1ve pronouns. the 1nd1rect object pronouns a1ways precede
the verb.
1:

L LLL. mu pul4i 1s1tJria. She sel1s tickets me.

LL / :. miUi 611 tin &ra. He talks to 1011 a11 the t1e.

8 'toiJ L 6: LJo!.cX. Qa tu m1.lAo pUda I'l1 speak 1f1th h1m alvvs

el1n1kA. :in Greek.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE mlIT

When tvo pronouns are used a5 direct and indirect object ! a verb, the 1nd1rect

precedes the direct, e.g.

8& 6 f'x. ea to s:Unera. 1'11 11 it to you tod.q.
6 & .&' 6 . ea sas ta yaw8U111 to '&1. \Ole '11 read the to you ton1ght.

add1 10 the prcnomina1 forrns descri bed abve, Mr are 10nger forms vhich

can be u.ed d1rect or 1Dd1rect Object ! the verb.

The long pronomina1 forms are:
! eIIna e me

! B~M you ~!: yau

att6n h1III or to h1III

() her 2!: her
aft6 1 or

.i u. ~!: U8

! & you ~ you

! aftl1s the. (n.) or to theIII

aftls (f. } ,
croTci aft' , (n.) ,
Tbe 1og prono1nal 10'8 118 be used e1ther for bas1,

e.g.

x&~ . !. ka91yitls 1~p1 It's _ (d1rect Object)

e.na. the teacher .e.8.

'l1 _. It's you (d1r.Obj.) he

6 .&. . afts lIa1 mi1A1 .. He '. talk1ng .!!!.. (ind1r.(\b.~.) .

or after prepos1t1ons, ..:

byavaso n(} esas. 1'11 read together with you.

' .ci !.

!. f1yo m(e) aftus. 1111 1~ with them.

& . '! ~ 8.10 na , dcn't ~n to read Greek

5(e) es~na e1iniki. you.
..

10S
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~!?~~_~:.~ Pronoun: Demonstrative pronouns: , -, - laft6s-f-61 and

l'L , -, - ek! r:os-i -

, , laft6s, aft!, aft61 'this', 'that' and l'L,

l t , l'L lekfnos. ektr.i, ek!nol 'that', are used both ,) independently,

as 'demonstrative pronouns'. and 2) modifying a noun. as adjectives.

, -, - laft6s, -1., -61 may correspond 1n mean1ng Engl1sh 'this' or

'that' depending on the context, e.g.

X~o . afts 'neropos,lne Th1s man 1s good.

. kalSs.

f f . aft pu l~te, 'lbat you say 1s

. lne ka. good.

order avo1d any JIIb1gu1ty the adverb l le'66/ 'here' can be added
, -, -6 lart6s, -1., -61 pec1f1cal1y 'th1s' and ! lek1.1 'there'

Mean spec1f1cally 'that" e.g.

afts e'66 : atrs. Th1s one 1 a doctor.

l'L . .. artA ek1. . Those are l\ chlldren.

,o'U. pey4 1.

, -, - laft6s, -1., -61 wh1ch usually eans either 'th1s' or '' 1

respect d1stance, becoes def1n1tely 'th1s' when paired w1th l!, -, -

IfJk:MJB ,-1, -01, e.g.

. . , afts k:r1os 16, Th1s gentlean 18 here

! . . ek:nos klr10s ineki. and 1s there.

lKEt
.' t. 6 kek:n1 alne me and they ('those') l1sten to JW
. prOSOXi. attent1vely.

, , ! leknos, ekin1, ekinol correspcnds 1 ean1ng

English 'that'. spec1fy clearly ' oer there' 1 ray be coni:l1ned w1th the

word l! leki/ 'there'. Thus l! ! lek:ns ekfl eAB 'that OV8r

there', e.g.

' ! .. ek:fn08 ek! r~141 That over there speaks

.&. e11nikA. Greek.

106
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 8

shclJld be also noted both 6 la!t6s1 and leknosl

nay e1 ther precede or fol1ow the noun they modify, . g.

6 ~y~po vL - afts !nrs,lne Th1s an 1s good.

6. ka16s.
~ or
l~po 6 - 4n9rpos aft6s, Jne

6. ka16s.

Note 8.).1 Alt.ernate forlllS ! 6, -, -6 laft6s, -, -61 and , -, -

---------
lekfnos, -1, -.

6, , 6 lart6s, a!tf, aft61 ha8 alternate forlll8 1 11e

s1ngular and plural, while , -, - lekfnos, -1, - alternat.e O18 1
!1e s1ngu].ar on1y.

Q!~:.~!~ Q!!!:.~!. !~~:.~!.

6 \) / \) / !

aft6s art\1 aftund att6n a!ton6n aft11s

/ /

art! att:ls aft1ns att6n arton6n atWa

'6 \) / \) /

att6 aftl1 aftun11 art6n a!ton6n aftA

/ tLV\)

ekfnos ek!nu ek1nu ekfnon ek!nus

/~y

ekfn1 ekfn1s ek1ns ekfnon ek:lnes

/ LV\) .-
Lv

ekfno ekfnu ek1nd ek:lnon ek!na

Exaplea:

6 ntL \) (\)) spJti aft~ (~!:aftunu) This man's house 1s

\) ~pno - tu aner6pu, ln(e) expens1ve.

6. akriv6.

6 () peoi aft!s (gt:aftinis) This woman's child is small.

6. tis yin~kas, Ine mikr6.

107
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Note 6.~ ~~estion words 6, -, - Ip6sos, -1, - 'how much, how III&ny' and
--------
.6, -, -6 Ip.v6s, -4, -61 'whlch','which ~ne','who'.

6 ; 6 k4nun How much do they cst

.6 . 6 K~o; py6s in(e) afts ~~o is that gentleman?

kiris

The questlon word Ip6so1 'hw much' 18 used acI.verb1ally the aboe
sentence. The.ue word i. used 1 rM ! an adject1ye 6, 6,

1680., 6.1, p6so1 100 IIIOC11ty a no w1th "h1cb 1t agrees (11ke any other adjectlve) 1

gender, number and case.

Exales:

6 . ; p6S0S kR08 1ne? How any people are ?

6 & ..& - p6su kIU ta 4 The 1:hlldren ! ho l.7 persons

.& ~ ~; f.vyun ya.tln ae:lna'l are leaving for Athens'l

& ks4!rete ! you know ho many day

6 ; k4n1 tNno" wiU 1 t take( for ]the traln

(1;0 arrle]7

6 .no ; p6aus anirc?pus kHrete7 w 1' people do 7011 knf?

6 .6. . . ~6 6" pe6yj ! .. sto any ch11dren 11111 be 1

''.; ptt1J bouse7

The que.tlon "ord .6,-,-6 /py6a-l.~/ f"ho t , 'b1ch', '''h1ch 0118', 111 d8clined

.. tollosz

~ f!!!t.

-~ .!!: _!:. _!: -~:.

11. .6 . .6 -. . ,,'
py6a 4 6 { p,.t. 4.

G. . o.i .\ . . .
pyd

.
01' 48

.
' 4

.
--
' py6n

.
' py6n OJ' py6n 01'

. .
pyand pyan!s pyand pYMD pyan6n pyan6n
. .6 .&() .6 .< . .

py6n p:fi(n) 6 PY~8 t1Y!

,08
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 8

Exalllples:

L L ~6 ; pyand ine kafemo1 Whose caf~ 1s this1

L L ~6 ~6 n(~L; pyan6n in(e) _ ~~ose (1.) house 1s th1s1

sp:iti1

Lf ~; p~s ks4ret.e1 '.hm (! .1.) do you lmow'Z

L u(u 3& ~; prd8 kir!us 1 '.'hich gent1een are you 101118

to see1

L ~; pylis kserete 7 Wha (.1.) do ,"ou knOlfI

~!:!_~:.~ The use ! verb /l~o/ in the sense ! ' name', ' call (by n&I8)'.

T6v n6nu. ton( e) l~ne papaMpulo> 18 n. . 1s Papadopoul08 (they

c_ll h1_ Papadopoulos).

The )rd per80n plural ! the "rb /l~o/ 'to say' 18 cc:nonly used 1 Greek to

COrre8poOO 1 mean1ng to the Engl1sh 'one 's nae i8 80-aOO-80 (l1terally: 'they call h1J1

<.., her, etc.) 80-and-SO').

~her exaple8:

-. .. 1fne mko. l\ nae'B N1cho1aa.

6 nLC ou 6 ' to pe6! 111 to 1! '\ ch11d's n&IE 18 Alexander.

. al'k8andro.

~!!!'!!~!~!!_~!!!

~!!_~!!

O.D. 8.1
to sp!t1 111 16. to pot. _8 !n(e) 1 rets!na.

to 1.eotorfo 8U !t!yl s!nera. en~k sas _ fne to arn6k1.

1 ~818 tu ~ fne ka1f. 1 yj~ke8 tU8 fne n'ea.

1 Uly' t1a ne kaH. ta nosokoda tus f fne kae61u ka1I.

&e.at16 tu 41 p~I' parI~~ra. k.in.imatoyrafa tua fne I118'108.

G.D. 8.1-2

r}M e !r.e dz6n. emis mas nodzun ~ksipnu8.

es~na 8e lt!r.e n!ko. esas 5as 411 to pe 5as.

aftn ton rotane erotSsis. aftus tus l~ne dz6n ke nfko.

afti(n) t1n !ne marSa. aft!s t15 v!un kaae ~ra.

109
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

me l~ne dz6n. mu mil4i einik.

ks~run kala. su l~o kal1~ra.

v!un k!ee ora. tu epanalamv!n1 1.

1 !lun ya u. tis aV~1 n49IN.

p~! me y'la. tu nil4i elin1k4.

mas l!ne maria ke mko. mas pul4i to est1at6r1c.
sas p~1 to ts4y sas. sas 1~1 pol' pr~ymata.

tus v!1 k~ee ~ra. tus nil ta pey tus.

tis rot41 erotisis. tus yav!un to n491ma.

. pul~i 6Aka ~. tus ~line elin1ki.

e~na,mu nilH e11rUk&.

es~na.su pul4ne 1s1tir1a.
en4s, epanalamv4nun protas1s.
884s, s.. ! nfko.

2.:E.:!:~_
arts ~ 1ta16s. ek!nos,ekf !ne n4ft1s.
artun~ Bp~1 !n(e) akr1v6. ekir.~ to sp!t1 !ne makri".
aftin:1s 1 I1t!ra ~n(e) 4rost1. a&erfs 8kfnis, ~n(e) 14111.

aftund to 110 ~ ftin6. tattok!n1to ek1m1, !ne 1kr.

aftn ton l~ nlko. t.a 4 ek!non ~M ~ks1pna.

att!n 1 gzlro. e~r.ua ekf tua l~ne dz6n ke nlko.
aft l~po k4ee "ra. ek~nes ekf, ~ dis ksArun 1ta1J.
attl !ne l ~ks1pn1. ek~na ~ne t.a p~ tus.
atton6n taftok~n1to !ne r1kr6.

aftnn 1 8 ~M kond.4 8 1pury!o.

aftu8 tua l~ nfko ke al~ksandro.

! t1s kHrun 1 ~~z '.&.

aft4 ta v!un k4e ~ra.

110
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

68 !n(e) aft~s? p6sos kmos lne aplti 8a82

4 ln(e) afti2 p680n gafI! i~lete'l

6 fr.(e) aft~? p6s1 z4xarl e'lete1

ryanl1 !n(e) af1 to eplt1? 680 4la 431181

pyad8 In 1oaf1ookfn1to1 p6s1 klrll fne s100 es1ola1o~rlo2

pyand fn(e) aft. enooxo p6a88 y1n}kes

f'yi p4ne 8to e81ola1obr10? p6sa kS8nOOoda 1118 810ln alM

p~B pAne 8100 1puryJo'l p6son naf10n 1 y1n'ke8 pine 810ln ae!na?

4 r-4t Oyi p1ywtnun sartf 1 8xcU2 p680n inekn . pey4 p4ne s10ln aIlnat
ya6 fn(e) aft.! ta leoforfai p68US fi 101 . 'xete?
1~8 ro1ofaete erot!sis? p6eea y1n!kes Vl'pete1
pys 81111to11n razf ~as1 p6sa 4 m10et

pyC e.1ola~la ixun ~1oBI~

ae py6n pAte .81oln aIM?

Correlatlon 5ab8tl1out1on Drl11

.-----------------------------
G.D.8.a
. . tbe pTpeT ou 88 lndleated by 1000 Encl18b 1e paren10hesesa

_ 143ne nlko. (b1111, ycu). 101. 1'1 kal1_ra. (100 b1I11, 100 1obe_ {.), to
8&8 8411 1 klrr (ber, b1_, 8, tbelll(a. us, 100 JOU (pl.

.. 1Apn k4ee . (blII, ber, th8111 (f. mas pul41 'na 1811ofrl0. (100 (pl.), to bll11,

1on rot41 ero1o~81a. (her, 100811 (n.. 100 her, to 10helll (11.

1018 puUne 'na aftokfnlto. (tl-.8m (n.), lt) 1oU8 IIIi1ine ta pyi. (100 ,", 100 _, us,

101n 143ne arIA. (you, JOU (pl. to hll11)

... n08lzun 'k81pnua. (" (1.) 1Il (11. en!na .. l'ne dz6n. (hll1, you)
10us 1 k4e _ra. (us, )"Ou (1. es48, 4311 artS kirlos. (us, 10helll (m.),

8U pullne 1811ofrla. (her, h1111, 10helll (f. (f.},(n.), you (s1ng.

mu d141 ellnik. (100 us, 100 hlm, her, es~na 5 ks~ryn ka14. (me, you (pl.), hll11,
100 thelll (11.) her, 10hem (m.

su epana1am4ni m4ei ma. (to hi , 100 me, aftn ro1oane erotIsls. (them(f.), her,

U5) you (sg.

,,,
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

afta ta pulane o~ka oraxns. (it). em!s mas nom!zun ~ksipnus. (you (pl.),
aftn tcn vl~pune k~ee ~ra. (you (pl.), her, them (m.)
t, them (f.)) aftus tus l~ne dz6n ke ntko (you (pl.), 118)

Transform Model Drill

---------------------
~
jne nikos.
tonoml IIIU

me ltJne nfko.

tonoml su fne marIa. tonomA tu y4nis (neuter)

tonom4 tu y6lj"os. tonoml sas fn(e) al~ksandros.

ooml mas marIa ke y6ryos. tonoml tus mar!a k(e) l~1.

tonoml t1s jne marIa. tonom4 tus re nfkos ke 6'!". (neuter)

tonoa tus nfkos ke y6ryos. ton_ u y6ryos

p6s1 t1t1t4 fne st1n dAks1 sas7 bor!te na .metarrlsete O!sko1es e11n1ktJs
p6s1 apattds re 61plomat1k! 1pa11ii1 protU1s7
p6s1 apt1n 11.. l1rfr1n7 aIn1te k40e _r., t1s mayn1 toton1k's tenes7

tf k4nete st1n d4ks1 s&87 6 fl".e tnllll. t1s sJtoHs spu2l4"ete

tf k4n1 kae1yitts sas stir. d4ks11 el1n1k47
rot4te k4pote erotjs1s ton kaBiyitf sas7 p6s tone*1'ne ton kae111t! ...7
t! 141 atte,tan 4 gstJrete to &1m4 sas7 !sk11 1 u1y sas,sto 1puryio
p6ses y1eeB .114te7 eksoter1k6n7
tf kinun 1 t1t1t4,sto ay411ma7 nomdzete pos ta e11n1ki a{skcl1 sa7

68 a~nete to _1 :rA sas7 odz pos 1 1. jn(o) o~. :-7

nomfzete pos 1 'lines jn(e) ori1 k. pos

1 el1rd6es ~xun oNa ke mey41a .utya7

*/tt5ne/ 18 somet1Jnes 11800 for eupholl1 :inStead ! /ton/.

112
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 1111! 9

~~~_

~!~_~!!C!~t;

~o ario torrow

-6 to pro! (the) morning

yyv (" parangelno (parangI- to order
) 10)

~6 O'UO"ouo. to kustWn1 (the) suit

A~.o -6 & aW10 to proI, 9a ! going to order a suit

'U-U.. paran;ilo kust&i. tc8orrow IIOrnin.

- ertixs tortunat.ely
-6 -- to kat.astima (the) store, ho

- -O"~- t.a katastmat:.a pl.

-6 {, to zna (the) cloth, material. tab.c
- vfcfaoa a ir"zata pl.

E''Ux V&. -& Ax:a, 1prx1 Fortu.nately, there 105 a .toN

" o~ &. u ka t.1Ja, pu181 vhich 8e118 very good
xc& v&a- pol kala itazmata. DIaterial (8)"

,, .. 1 pi1dla (the) arietl

- vfaa&o\l ton ifa_ton ! mater1al ()

. x~ & . ..- kU:1 b wda eyt:u. and 1t ba8 a lare

Va&-. p:SJdl!a 1f'araltn. ary ! tabr1cs.

., -, - ma11nos, -1, - oollen

6, -~, -6 anvakers, -, - cot.ton

no nylon

cf- ., ifazmat3 malina, vanva Woolen material(s), cotton,

, . kera, no ke t:.a , etc.

113
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

() aorazo (aoraso) to buy

' -& ' i elines ee1W1 The Greeks don 't like to
, - naOraz1Jn etiJna buy read:r-made suits.

,. kustUr.mya.

-& (-&) sinieizo (sinieiso) to be accustoned to

/ rattis/o raptis (the) tailor

-& siniGizun na piyenun They usua11y go to the

6 . sto(n) ratti. tai10r.

() perno (pcro) to take

ta l1Ietra (the) maa3urements

,, (,- xrisil1lOi (xrisi- t.o use

,) mopiiso)

,,6/- i eitiiti ta/-t.1e (the) skil1

, i foresya (the) suit

,, -, - teli08,-a,~ perlect

-&& rattis Sa sas pari The tai10r will take your

-& ,, ta metra, ke Ga l1Ieasurements, and wi11 use

,,6 xrisimopiisi 1! tin a11 h1B ski11 to make your

, , epiti~10titc tu, ya ! t pertect.

, ,. na S3S k8ni ti(n)

toresy& sas, teUa.

',, -, - ~YOB, -a, - (the) same

i dUna (the) dozen

, -, - aspros, -1, - white

6 , to pukamiso (the) sh1rt

'6 , -&' apto tayo katastima 1'11 a1so buy a dozen white

eaoraso ke I1Ila shirts trom the sar.e store.

~ ,. dnzlna aspra puk8misa.

,,4
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 9

, -, - metaksts, -!. - made si1Jc

i yravata (the) tie

.to xrna,~~.ta xr6mata (the) co10r

' lu saIt to kat.istima, exun They al50 have vcry good sl1k

( ke pol. ka1es metakso- ties a11 co10rs, this

~ ' - tes yravat.es, s1a ta store.

xrnata.

&/ an/ean

(() meno (m:no ) rema1n, to stay, to dveU

(, -, - merik, -es, ..a any, BQII

6 , to xr:ma pl. ta xrJa (the) money

i 1U.tsa 8Ocka, stock:l.ng

to pap.tsi (the) shoe

K~'~ ~ ( K~( qan mu mnun ke And have any mone,. 1eft

x~ ~'yop erik8 xrmata, ( 'Bne money vi11 rena1n )

( o~. ea-yOraso llte8 111 buy [8one] soclcs aad

ke pap.ts1a. sboes.

ar1n!

~"' perdnda ena tirtyone

~"' pen!nda fitty tlo

~"' eks:nda sixty

o~"' evor.!nda seventy

666"' '.ind.a eighty

"' nn:ta Dinety

"' ekat on hmdred

! ea k! arts, avrio to r: a parang!1i ena kustUmi

pu a
.
pai na parangili to klIstni7 sena kat.istima. pu pu1al 01! ka1a
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ifaznata.

exi 18 ifazmata aft to katastima7 mails ta, exi rn.ia mey11 pild.lla ifazmaton.

1fazata alina, vamvakera, nailon,

ke ta lipa.
Gelun i elines nayorazun etima kustnya1 6xi. Gelun.

pU sinie:tzun na piyenun ya ta kustrnya tus1 siniG:tzun na piyenun sto (n) r'fti.

t! kani raftis,sto katastima tu7 raftis pernl ta metra, kc xris1Jopii

611 tin epitiCIiotit8 tu, na kani ti

foresy8 , telia.
t! ep:tsis Gayorasi ItB kirios apto Gayorasi ke m!a duz:tna 'spra pukAmisa.
kat8stima?
t! ilo xun saft to katistina1 saf't to katastima xun ke pol kales
metaksotes yravates, Ba ta xrmata.
t! Ga cani afts ' tu rn.inun merika Ga-yorasi ~ltses, ke papUtsia.

xria1

Narrati'98

A~6 ~~!X~~! !~~!~ artS ~~ mey810 !~!~~~~ 1nterest

!!e2~ '~ ~ . saf't! t1 yinika.

() (kso) to ov

~ ~x s:lmera 1 taverna xi polus

!!~~~:!~.
~ pe14tis C\lS toer, pa tron,
client.

~~e!~~~ 3~; t! ~!!~ 1 exactJy

A~6 ~ ~~ge!~!~!. art pu lete 1!!!~!!~f. pleases e

&' ayorazo puk8misa me

~X!~!~ !~~!!.
~6 to BxCIo design, plan

~ ~ nikos lei p8ma tin

~~!g !!!~~.
3 i alleya truth

, 16
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 9

aftS Mni a ta x:riJat8

'tou. tu.

() (Oso) to give

't mas ini panda poles

~~~~~!~. simu1es.

i simu1! adice

'~_!K~1~
1 ekloy choice

afts ! pol! ri~~~. taste

't't
'tou 'tou 't 't 't
~. 't't, 't 'tu
au'tOt ~o
't 't. fxouv , , 'ta't
U't. 't 't~U 't't't, &~o y~o
! 'tO 't 'tou 't /'t 't 't
't KO'tO 't ~t't.
'U't 't 't't 't 'tOU
'tX 't~ , YLa'tpot
'tOU . 't 't
't 't CX-- .
, t, ~ ~ ~o 'tO
!~o, 't 'tou ~'tL 't KL'~'taL ! a
~ 7IV'ta YO'tO.

ps to lene to l sas? to lene nko.

pU ine to katastia tu tllu sas7 !ne kond4 sti(n) breza, stin aeina.

protiJmin to kat8stima att7 aft! pu eelun naoraZIln Wlia kustUmnya.

Xn eld ka18 Uaznata7 , exun poll kali, malina, vamvakera,

metaksot8 ke n&1lon ifazuta.

t! aneroros in(e) raftis? () enas aneropos, me meali eitiitita.

t! olxni stus pelates tu? 6ixni saftus mey810 eniafern.

kani raftis _ kal3 kJstmnya malista, kani ta kust~va tus akrvs

stus pelates tu? ta eelun.

117
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

, " , ..
:. pane sto ka tas tima aft? li i Qiplomatiki ipalili,tu ipuryiu eksote-

rikn, ke tis ipiresias lirofrin.

ali pin(e) eki? pol yatri ke iplili tu proksen!u.

ya l piyenun eki'l piyenun k, iti tU8 efxaristi i pikilia

to Bxeo ton ifa_ton tu.

anrS !n(e) mkos'l ine naB ol! eksipnos ke efxaristos

anrS.

t ni stua peates tu? tus ini ti<n) sinwl tu, ya ayorazun.

pa !ne ta pra"(lll8ta pu aorazun? !ne ol kal8 kexun pol! yUsto.

Grammat1cal Notes

~~_2:.!.. Noun: Third declension neuter ou -- /-a/.

&. ~&~a, iprxi na kat8st:iJa, pu There i8 a store wh1ch sells

. & &- pu1ai roll kal8 very good materia1.

~. 1fazmata.

.. &~ pik1.l:ia ifa_ton variety ! naterials

~& x~ s (e) 618 ta xrata. in a11 oo1ors .. ,

.'& ~& ky8n a mu m:lnun,ke and 1f have ar: money 1eft

.& x~ merika xrmata

In Note 5.4 was stated that thc third dec1ension inc1udes a largc number ! nouns

with various endings. The above examples i11ustrate class ! third dec1ension nouns,

nanly neuter nouns in -- / -ma/.

All neuter ou /-ma/ are dec1ined follows:

~-~. ~~_Il
5g. Pl. 5g. Pl.
. to xrCa ta xrcSmat;a to tt;:ba ta katut4Jata

G. tu xratos ton xrnat<n tu katast:Jatos ton k.atut1Jiton

. to xr8 ta xromata to lcati8~ ta kataat4Jata

~6 &
--------
Note 9.1.1 Noun: Third dec1ension neuter nouna /to y8.1a/ 'milk' and

~6 / to kreas/ 'meat '

'lbese. nouns are dec1ined like neuter nouns in -- / ~/.

118
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 9

.
-~~:.
. 6 to yala ta yalata

~. tu yalaktos (ton a18ton)

1.. to yala ta ~lata

,
. 6 kreas ta kr8ata
G. tu kreatos ton kreaton
,
. 6 to kreas ta kreata

Grammatlcal Drills

att to :lne kal. at. ta xrataI fne kalA.

aspro Hza fn(e) akrlV. ta aspra Hza, () akr1"a.
1p4rx: pol xr!a 18. s1mera. af-t.8 ta maeiata, ine !skla.
to kat8stba a!'t :lne tin. a. ta xr:mata, & n 11018.
ft to niG1ma :lne !! eiskol0. ':.a eyla !a, eksa.

1 1p811l1 attu tu katast!matos, n kal. i pa artn to katast1J8ton, ka!!.

ta puU1sa a!'tu tu xratoa, ne kaU. 1 "ltses atn ton xroaton, () al:riv'
to xra attu tu lrazma tos, (e) aspro. kaG1Y1tis artn on _Wto, ine pol

1 prot8s18 att tu _e!atoa. i-ne kales. eksipnos.

proti. art to xra.

to xra atn ton lra"ton, fn(e) "pro.
Cts 8elun to aapro sa. .u. xwe _a katast!Jata.

attl 1 yat.ri exun po18 xriJa. a!'t8s 1 toresy bun 11018 xrma.

e:Us 8xue 8na ka16 t8sUna. t.s GeU 1t.zata lD 1101-' .

1 fi tite epnalanr8nun to _81aa. art to za exl 11018 xr"'B.

Correla t.1on Substitutlon Drlll

------------------------------
Put the vords 1n parentheses to the appropriate case (slngular or plural, as necessary).

iPlllos arto (to Mia) Ga p8rl avr10 poa (to xr:Jna).

art! 1 fi ti maGenlJn pol kal8 (to aIJima) tus.

1 pik1lia (to :irazma) aftn (to katastima) pol meyali.

119
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

(to ifazma) aftn ton aspron (xrma),ine poli akriva.

(to xr6ma aftn ton akriVn (ifazma) poli orea.

Subst1tute the words in parentheses for the underlined word or words ! the sentence,

and change the aspect ! the verbs accordingly.

enns aoraZUle 1!'azmata ~~_~!~_~~~:. (stis eksi)

aftes ea epanalavun to rae1ma, ~~~I!_~f~. (kaee (avrio)

mera) ea parangilume ta pukamisa mas sto(n)

r~i ... "yavazo It to maeima ~~~_~~~~. yan1, avr10. (pnda)

~st1s ok't) esis sinieizete na trte e!~~: ~~~~_~~~.

es:!s prepi na meete to maeima I!~!_~~~~. (611 (st1s ok't)

tin dra)

aft~3 ~~ spudaz1 ~~~ elin1ka. (avrio) stis okt6. lstis eks1 avr1o)

/,is ~okimsune ta krasya !!!!'2. (kaee mera) esi men1s ~~~ st1n 1~. (sen& xr6no)

p:lnete kafe ~!!_~!.~_~~:. (avrio to pr). aft:! xriRimop1un E!~ 611 1 ep1t1~1otit8
f8me musaka 10. (kaee mera) tus 18 sas efxar1st:lsun. (avr1o)

ItB prep1 na p1yen1 st1n e1aoa, ~~:!_~~~~. ItB ili:.s aOr&z1 kala kustUm,a ~.
(avr1o) (avr10 pr)

aftes M.nun ~~ XT:ma .a vs<m:!a. r&rt1s p&rni ta metra 2!!_~1-!!_2!:!.(avr10)

(avrio to pro:l) dra tr ~ E~:1 (avrio)

~:lte s:lmera to n:lko. (ai mera) pU piyenete ? (avr10)

kBnete! avr10 to pro:l '1 pite saftd to katastima ca mera'l

iparxun ka18 katast!nata sti(m) OO1 sas? pite p8nda ston ratt1?

! xun aft8 ta katastimata? !n(e) r&rt1s ka1s'1

ine akr1va ta pra'Y1ll8ta k? xni r8ft1s enb1aferon stus

kBnete sena kat8stima? pel.ites tu?

:lne i yravates ke ta pukwsa akriva sto prot1m8te naorazete ~tima kustUmnya,

kat8stima pu pte1 na p1yenete sto(n) rafti?

1parxun ka1a 1!'azmata, ke ala pra"11ll8ta

sta katas~ata 1 po1e6s sas?

120
 G REEK BASC COURSE 1111'1' ,0

10

.6 ker6s (the) tie, veather

.6 60 ger hot long, ('how IIII1ch ti.')

t-r nfnat.e J'/l _tayed, re_iD8d

l6ao .6 t-r a-r~v 6 ger dnate stin ow long d1d ;you 8ta;y in

, aeina? Athens1

!. Inina stayed, re-.1ned,

peripu approJd. .tel;y, about
& i e0n4a (the) week

". 660 &; I!Idna ek, 610 vo- ( _ta;yed the ) t,o eek8

. _e8, perfpu. approx1utely.

6.; 1 akr6po118 ( ) Acropol1.a

-r {at.e

t-r -r~v no .; :fate tin akr6poli 2 Did 70U ..e Acropoli82

&; x94s

(!) . (e )p:fya vent

(!) (.)"'no

, & -r6 ~t btijya " n, Xl!s to prof,ep:fya Yes, went up there ('t.&'3~:l!r')

ct li~. eki [, az! ne -"i th others 188terdq DIOrn1ng.

41us.

() r:fsko (r6) to !ind

i vr:fka / evr!ka fO'Jnd

v, -, - ~fkolos, -i, - easy

v 'fkola easily

121
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6 o()1ys ( the) guide, dri ver

B~K~ 6; vrikate 8rkola,inan Did yu tind. a guide easi~

~ tound
ek81y to expla1n
~y eks!yi.se he exp1a1ned

1 lepto8r1a (the) deta11

~o.

~o. e lept.oMr1es in detall

x.~K~o.K~ i arxi tekton1k (the) arcbitecture

6 naa (the) taple

, ~K ( , vnk8ae nan, pu aas tour on bo expla1ned

~y ~o. eksfyise leptQ8r1es, to U8 in detall the arch1 t8o-

/ x.~K~o.K~ ~ t1n arxitekton1Jd ton ture ! the tepl8.

,
naon.

. 1t pleasea

! oe8e 1t pleaseci

& sa8 are" 1t pleased you

.6~o perietero oat (adv.)

.6 6 & . 68 n.8 su are8e Wh1ch taple d1d yu like the

6~o; peri8tero? be8t. ('pleued yu the 11081'.)1

d6, -~, -6 al6, -!, - 81Jpl

&au., -, - 8a_8108, -a, - adertul, beautitul

& parennas (the) Parthencn

6 &. - aplcSs ke eaws108 The 81Jpl ar beaut1tul

3, pareennas Parthenon.

.( (.(/ xri81J8vo (xris1- to serve, to be use

.) PSO)

~/~~() /er

't, -, - arxeos, -a, - ancient

~x (the) art

1
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1IfI 10

LL pu xris:1Jnevi ra CI!xni shovs ('serves to shw')

~6 6 ~La sO(n) glO, pso the wor1d hov perfect the

~~ a L te1ia i tan 1 arxea anc1ent Greek art vas.

~x. eliniki texn1.

~C (K~ kata1aveno Ocata- to wderstand

&) 14vo)

~L, -, -6 raoymat1ks, -, - 1

. -.~x o-kal1tex1s (the) art.i8t

Kat ~6~ K~ ke mo tte kat8lava, And only then d1d understand

~Lug t.t 1 8rXei eUnea, tbat nc1ent GreeJ

~a y~Ko ~x- !ean pra~tik: rea1 artists.

. ka1it:xnes.

'

p6eon ger itan aft drios st1n aeinal itan k, evoies per!pu.

pe p!ye st1n akrpol1i piye xees to proi.

ui ae pyUs Pb(e) eld pno? p!ye eld , _si .. 'lua.
eOla enan 1,1 MUsta, vrike pol ~kola en.n.
tu eks!71M artS 1? tu ek8iyi8e t1n arx1tektoiJd ton arx80n
nan.

l'; naB tu irese per1tero? pareennas veWoa.

18 lO? t1 k{e) apl6a, ke 8a_s108.

ixni pareennas1 1. p6so tl1a, ltan i arxea eliniki texni.
kat8lave attS Idr1os, tan tn katalave pos 1 arxei elines, :ttan

barthen6na? pramat1k ka11texnes.

Narrative

!!~e~q.!: a ~ . ~~!!, pa stin el.8CIa. last year

'~!:~f~~~- f:t1os sas in(e) ~!:~~:!.

~5'
L6, - Amer1can

,23
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6 ~XEL !-fi~~s;. xrnos exi O3eka mines.

nBB month
. eel0 na pao ~~. everywhere
6 L !pye rets:ina mno

~~~ tlJe, oCC8a1on

ElvaL kond8 stin eesaloniki. :tne

~E!:!!.!:!!. :8 ~!e!!.
tL to 10 ru:1n

' ~~~~!~. a-yorazete pola !!!!!~.

Lt tov1vlo book

~ iCSeran!kserane they knev

&& !Gelan/Gelae tbey vanted
& Q~~g!~g LL& & ta !~~! pey, eelun
&. pol8 pra'YII\ta.

L, -, -6 slJer1ns, -, - contemporary, present

&. 'QY~ aft! i ip81111!'l~ pol
. kala.
() () to llve

~x. ~~. art! 1 y1neka ex1 pol !~!.

i lUe

': 2YX~g'Q1l~~ - em!s !~!~ ato .kaf'enio

: . tu n!ku.
& s1xn8zo to v1s1 t of'ten,
to f'requeat

& ;~~; ElvaL ta ~~ katast!mata, n

.&. oeksya.

", -, - la1ka, -:!. , - popular

Q!_!~~!:g~!:!S;i aresun 1 ~!~~~!!!!7

LL 1 oBB~BB fun, amuaeent

& 6 ~!y!eQ mno kond8 sto kndro t1s center

. pleos.

K~o .& to kndro o1askeo'seos nightclub

1Zl
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 10

A~6 L afts :me enas Mealo

las. people, crowd ,

A~f L ' L !~!lQ aft:t i Plis maresi ~~~~_[X2!!J so(much)

, & :. pU lo a mo elci.

v<t6 & L<t<t ~L arts fititis ~~~!~ na

& cv<t <tfv C.a att:l. /Hskoli ylosa.
to be ~!!! (to d.o
o~ (<t) kondevo(kndepso)
sanething)
r.!:!!!! t<t KC <t ~~! pmete ka!e,6li tin ra1 wby, becaUS8

ntpvaL ~C Lxc6 <t cxc <tOV C &C. "La

: <t xc! c cv<tOU. <t &c, ~f , ~

II<tC ot li 6L. '~c ~<tcv ~ &" c 't 6L
xt 'to & xco co L . ! oc cv<tcX ~
xcc tLC, & c-ro ~c 4 npYX<tc YL 'cv<tcX '<tcX oC Ltc
,Ccn xc '&c & L npyx<tc , 't'v ,
xc <tfv , . '&C &,
cv<tot, <t xc! <tt c , <t Xc <t xc! ~6
& 6. r,'cv<t6 c , . <t
~c, ~ xcc, ~ l't,c<t6p,c xc a<tcX ccX K~C ,c.
. ' !&c npcXyx<tc yL 'cV<tV. 'x&c CI. c
C6 ~, c ~c c6 L . KL'cv<t6 <tv & <t6ao
Mv<tEcxv t. cXv<tc ~ '.

! p!yan s't1n e18~a7 enas amerikans me ti y1neka tu.

6 p!yan .Jd.,1 perisi.
pso () ger 81na eJd'l pnde m1nes per!pu.
8 pyes plis tis e18~as plyan7 pIa pandu. st1n :, sti Oesalon!ki,
sti(m) b8tra ke poles ales Plis.
pU piyan tan :ttan stin aeina7 pi"(811 stin akrpoli, ke stus il",s arxeus

naUs.

pses tores pla eld7 p!an ek: merikes forcs.

,25
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

tus aresan ta arxea afta erfpia? , tus aresan para 011.

tf ikseran ya tin arxea e1aoa1 lkseran po1a praMata ya arxea e1aoa.

a]'O pu ikseran, a afta ta pra"jttl8ta? ap po1a viv1ia pu avasan.

tl 310 lee1an na maeun episis1 lee1an na maeun merika prayroata ya tus

simcrinus elines,ke ti simerinl eaa.

t! akri lee1an na kserun ya tus ieelan na kserun ps zUn aft! i anerOPi,

simerinus elines? ps v1epun ti zot ke tl kanun simera ya

ti Xra t~s,ke ton a10 kzm.

11 :lan ya na ta 1Ca) aftB7 pa el pu sj.xnazun l(i) i e1ines. stis

tavernes, sta kafena, sta laika kendra

iaske8ses,ke ta 1ipa.

ke tl: emaean yaftus? pos ine enas 1as me karJy, enas 1a65

pu Icseri na z:t.

tus arese aftO? ne, tus arese tBo poli pu kndepsar. na

minun ya panda 5tin eUa.

Grammatica1 Notes

Note 10.1 Verb: Past tense ! the erb 'be'.

KaC ~~ K~ ke t.te kata1ava, And only then did understand

:1. ' pos i arxei elines, that the ancient Greeks wer

1. itan pra-ymatiki re.11 artists.

~!. kalitexnes.

be past terse the verb '00 18 as tollows:

_21:
1. V}() mun(a) vas

2. O(C) isun{a) you vere (. )

). ~() tan(e) hc,she,it vas

1.

1
~ / Jaste or :ltastan vere

2. / /.f1 :saste or lsastan or 1888 you werp.

). / ~ San ~!: :!tan they wcre

16
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 10

Mote 10.2 Verb: Cla88 1 Verb: Past S personal endings.

E~ ~~ x6o~; a 1 akrpolil D1d YOU Acropolis7

' lxEt )!ya eJd pno, I118! 1 up there vith the others.

~o. alus.

~E& a~. naM po18 pra'Vlll8ta. They leamed any th1ngs.

The present tell8e perscnal endings o~ the Class verb8 (used w1th present, ~uture

and subjunct1'V') e d18cul!IRd 1n 4.5. The above exnplea 111ust.rate the p8st 8

personal end1ngs o~ the Baae verb class.

'1he capl8te set o~ these end1ngs 1s:

21 !.

1 - -a - -

2. - -es -~ -ate
3. - -e -() -an(e)

!2~_!~~~ Class 1 Verbs: Simple Past.

6 .6 (~ ~~ p)so(n) ger minate st1n long d1d you 8tay in

&; ae:na7 thell8 7

~E. txEt . 1118 ek!, &: eva.aes. 1 8tayed tlere ~O WO veek8.

'&a npayx'fa. 8aM :8 ~. n. leamed 18 Mng.

W&v ieelan na Iarun... They vanted to knf

~H 4 npyx'fa ' ilaeran :8 pra~ta They kner _ th1r.ge tl'Oll

'fa .( .. _ tvl!a pu - bo0k8 they read.

vasan.

The Greek S1Jple c:orr8sponds in meaning to the Siple Past in Engl1sh (11 d1d 80-

axi-ao ).

The SiJple Pa8t o~ C1a.. verb8 18 ~orred by (,) add1ng past tense p8r8onal

endinga to ~!!~!!!_~~ o~ the verb and (2) M~1E the stres8 to the th1rd ayllable

r the end.

'n1u8, tor exapl, the verb ( /arozo/ 11 begin l has the perfect1ve

stem (- /arxis-/. 'n1e S1mple Past ! this verb 1s, therefore:

Pl.
,. l. ~rxisa arnsame

127
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

2. L arx.ises arxsate

L arxise lXPXLcrav 11 arxisan or

arxsane

As can be seen fram this example, the stress 1n the plural forms ! the verb comes

one syllable later than the stress in the s1ngular fOrmB. The reason for this 1s

the plural endings -, -, - /-ame/, /-ate/ and /-ane/ ccntain t"o syl1a.bles.
When the th1rd person plural -l /-an/ is used (as 1n . /8rrisan/ above)
the stress falls on the same syl1able in the s1ngular fOrmB.

All 'regular' po],ysyllabic verbs ! this c1a.ss have the1r stress stdfted in Simple

Past according to the above pattern.

'n1 d1as)'llabic Class verbs have a stressed 'augent' prefixed to the Bte ! the

verb.

'tI..B augent 1s usually the wl - /8-/ (e.g. mae8no-maeo-naea) or somet1mes

/-/ ("1th a 1.iJni ted mmber ! verbs l, as -& /ela/ frn the verb -&

/8810/ 'to V'ant', I1ksera/ ro the verb /kaero/, etc.)

The augnent 1s prefixed to 11 'regu1ar' dissyllabic verb ! this class ], V'hen

a syl1ab1e past tense en<ti.ng 1s added to the verb stem. \\'here the end1ng consists tvo

syl1a.bles (e.g. p1ura1 end1ng -, -, - / -arte/, / -ate/ and / -ane/) the

augent : or rrI!I1' be prefixed to the verb.

/kI.rw/ (/ /lc8no/lo) 'to do

1 ekana ' d1d' (~ ) (e)k4name

2. 8kanes etc. (~) (e)lnate

k.ae a
). 'kaDn but:
k:6an

'1be S1JDple Past ! the verb () /pemo (p&ro)/ vell a8

that ! the siX other '1rregu1ar' erbs l1sted 1 Note 6.2 1s 88 follovs:

/prno/ ( /ph:o/) 'to talc8

'
1. (~) (e)ra (~) (e)pframe

2. (~) (e)pres (~) (e)pirate

3. ( ~) (e)pire () (e )pfran(e)

126
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 10

( } /tro/ ( /1'&0/) 'to eat'

~ efara (} ()laae

efayes () (e)fayate

~. ~ ~ i1 etayan or
~ 1'ayane
( ) / ( /pcS/) 'to q'

1. . pae

2. "
1.1tcx Ipate
3. !pe () Ipan(e)

,tuyltrr.,o/(!J //) 'to lene'

1. " 'f1ya (} (.) yae
2. c5fiyes (} (e) f8te

3. ~ efiye - i1 'f1yan or

v tIyane

/pUo/(. /pr6/) 'to dr1nk'

1. ~ {p,ya i1. pya

2. ~. Ip,yeS . :!pyate
3. . .(} ()

t v ~ /- C!~ / ( /r.o/ 'to go

1. ( } ( )p!oya (}f) ()p!ya.

2. ( ) ( )pyes (l}nf)yaort (e)p!yat8

() (e)p!ye ()u-\() (e)p!yan(e)

/v/ (;lO/) 'to /

1. 6 ' 'ame

' i6ate
6 () !'an()

'e verb /vr!sko/ 'to find' belongs to a n1xed erb claSS: vhile 1t
r~rfecti steIn orr i8 constructed like any other 'irregular' Class verb ( , ,

/vr/, /vrs/, /vri/ etc.) its S1Jnple Past i6 fored by add1ng the past suff1x

129
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

-- /-1k-/ to the perfective stem /vr-/. The resulting form:

, , , , , (2~ , {)v/evrkan,vran!)

/, vrikes. vrike. vrikame, vrikate, vrkane/ 1s a typical Simple Past form ! Class

verbs which w1ll be d1scussed 1 later Uni .

The iJnpersonal verb L /prepi/ (Note 6.1) has the Past [on\ ~ leprepe/
'1 was necessary', 'had to'.

~~~_!:.!!' Verb: 'lbe use ! the verb /areso/'to please' as equivalent to the
Eng1ish verb 'to like something or somebody'.
L6 6 L ~B nas sas arese wbich temple d1d you like the

6; er18tero? best ('pleased you most')7

'lbe verb /areso/ 'to please' 1 coonly used in Greek as equivalent to the

El1gl1sh verb 'to like'. Thus:

L ~ 'L nu ares1 or narB1 ' like' ('1t pleases me')

L 'L su ares1 or sares1 'you (fam.) like'

L, L, tu ares1, tis tu 'he, she, 1 likes'

(i L mas ares1 'we l1ke'

L sas ares1 'you l1ke'

L tus ares1 ''they like'

'rhe pno 'liking' 1 e1ther in the geni ti ( ov, , , /u, tu,

8U, etc./ above) or in t.he accusat1ve preceeded b,y t.he prepos1t1on /s(e)/ 'to'.
'rhua t.he atglish sentence 'th1s gentlean li.kes th1s teple e auch' _ be e1ther:

XVptov L 6 attu tu 1dnu tu ares1 po]j artS nae.

6. or
6 6 L '6 6 XUp LO. atts area1 pol! saft (n) ton g:lrio.

and 1n plural: 'Tbis gentleman l1kes these temples very much':

xvp tov Xptaovv t attu tu Idriu tu aresun pol aft! 1 nai.

\/. ~
Xptaovv '6 6 arti i nai aresun pol saft(n) to(n)

XUPLO. g:irio.
'rhe S:1Jple Past ! this verb 18 , , , , ,

/8resa, areses, arese/ etc.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE UIT ,

~~~_!2:.~ Verb: The the verb V't" (V't"f) /kondevo (kondepso)/

'to be near to" (

the veree
,
, 'to be about to'.
.'t"'t"~ ov't"EUEI. & &-& t1t1U& kondv1 na The 8 18 about to I118ster

cx,j't"~v ","~ { . a1 atti t1 <Hsko11 this d1ff1cult language.

188.

Other ex8p1e&:

K6~: "& :i~6 ~6 kndepsa nay0r880 att aBo8t bought car.

:i~OK~O. taft.odn1to.

Ko~{ & .:& : kond8vo na 18 10 ' about to [anp1ete] read1ng

~6 ''6 .. art. to -n:Ylio. (aU) th1. book.

K6~ & . ~6 kndepaa na w. 610 1Jlos f1n1.h8d ('dr8k')

c. to kr..I. aU th18 1e.

Ko~. & .~ t kondm na III1ls1 He '11 aoon be ab1e to apeak

.&. el1nik4. Greek.

v~{ & ~6 : . konde'VO na [~ to 'a about to eat 87 _81.

IIU.

'1be abo". exap1 how the 'Yerb o~{ (ov-rf) /Jmdo (kond8peo)/

U88d 1 tense eans ' A1Joa d1d .o..J!d-8'. U.ed 1n tbe Present. tenae 1 t l888

' _ about. to do ao-end-eo.

Note that the.,.b v-r{ /kordo/ 1. ud w1th & /na/ p1ua SubjUDCt1'Y8.

J!~~!~~H!
~!!_~!!

1 111 _& xee. t eelane na prye'Vln8. Bta > ,.trcS

n:k08 Iwe 610 to kr..1. aft8& &e ,a-a8an ta v1vlia 88&.

1can& pe aul e!5 a"(Orasame pol8 pra-ymata.

irx:aan ulyi pr:tn p8nde xrn)ra. 5e 88& xri.lmepse attOl

1 Jdr11 t1y prin res. afts lcal1 t~xnis 61a ta xria

atta xees lcae61u tus aerfus tu. mazi .

& ldm8sate 618 ta pot8. aers nu k1 ykB tu _nan ena xr

nikos p!ye 18 ul' stin 1talia. ro stin eaa.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE

p!yate saft to kendro oiaskeMseos1 t! !pes peOi mu1

5 vrikame kanena isit!rio ya ton oe katalava ldrle~ tl na p!te?

giniJat"(raf. pu isuna 1
af"ti eoosan lef"t8 & kanenan. t! ef"ayes niko7
l' ar&se tBo poll i el8.oa~ pu Qelame na kondepsame na flyume ya t1(m) b8tra.

!nume k:.

Correlation-Substlt\Ition Drill

Use the vords in patentheses and change the umerl1ned verb according1y:
aerf"s mu oe na pai st1<m) brezm. ()

rdkos ~ ano ret8lna. (xes)

!!!!~ ulyi st1a okt6. (Xes)

!~~ ya t1n aebt (Xes)

t! lne stin taksl sas? (prin na dna)

e! . p8me stln akrpoll~ na ie ton paren6na. (prin da evoraa)

yavazote poIa vivl!a7 ()

af"ts ayorazun pol8 pra-ynata apaft to katist1Jaa. (XSes)

arts prnl 6la ta vivl!a to splti tu. ()

af"t! i atik! ip811li~ . ~~ saf"t6 to kseno&oXo. (pr!n !. ewnia)

~n !!:!!~ eat1atrio na f"_8. ()

6 ~~!~ xdata & kannan. (xea)

ar8si kerS? (Xes)

af"t. ~~ to kafeno. ()

.us 1ine ti na ~!!.. (t)

af"ts oen katalav8n1, tl: akr1ws 1. (Xes)

---------- ------
. !ne stis eksi sto(n) stam. ()

tro stia Oeka. (XSes)

pU eM prisi? 8 5 kendro o1askease08 S1.xnizat8 ~N!

t! kinate 8d? ti(n) OO11?

 G REEK BASIC COURSE 10

pu ea m!nete tu xronIJ 7 (jyawzete elinika vi vliai

:lsaste Jcapote stin e186a7 yavasate po18 vivlia ya tin arx:ea e18ai
pyes a10s xores isas~e1* nomizete ya ton arx:eo e1iniko po1itizMo?
sas arese i e18a7 t{ noUz 18 tin arxea e1inild xnii
sas arese per1ster eki? nizete 18 tus s:iJnerinu8 elines1
aresan, ta arxea er1r18 t1s? 11ete na pte stin el5a2
sas aresi na oyaY8zete vivl1a1 Gelete na dnete 18 pima d?

*/angla/IEng]andI ,/yal!a/IFrance , /yernana/'Genna~I, /itala/'Ita1yl.

133
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Reiew Units 6-10

Review Drills

Fill in each b1ank with the proper form of the word given on the right. ! it is a

noun, use the appropriate form of the article, where neces88ry.

Nouns

ta fay1ta aftis ine nOstima. taverna

____________aftQn to ksenooxion poli kales. kuzina
stin ela5a ine ftina. psari
- ---------
aftos kseri ! safti(n) ti(m) bli. kzms

to xrma
- --------- !ne oreo. retsna

}n !ne kal8 8 ti(n) gar5ya. ot

satt!(n) ti(n) daverna bor!te na tate 0

suvlili
k&pote ayOrazume po~ 0
yl1k6
i 5ulya _ mu exi enaiaterono :itera

i e1B5a xi ! orees 0
yineka
exete pbxta poli _ reksis

attu tu nosokomiu ine ka1:l o yatrs

i elines exun meyal1 kar5y4

mkos ea t!yi to 0 ya ti(m) b8tra. xrno

ixate ! rekai, pr:(n 5! 0

loyaryazms

i pl1z 88 8xi pnde " nosokno

i fitit attis _ ine poli eksipni. t&ksis

atti i iPlili arxizun u smera stin __ plirotoriono ipiresia
ea parangilete esis 7 bri

___________ mu ine poli kala peoyao simtititis

a5ertos tu patera mu milai pende _

ar to vivlio exi ena meyal0 ariemo

--------- " rtasis
~en maresun i poles _ ertisis

___________stin ela5a 011 pinun retsinao vra()i

yatros sas ~ 5 0
spiti
aft to ivl!o xi pola _ mae1r.a

aftos r8ftis, exi meali epi tiitis

atts kaeiyitis exi _ 5ulya

134
 GREEK BASIC COURSE B4m.w 6 -10

to kendro !n(e) k.
askass

aerfs sas xi pol8 ~_. kustUi

1 na ex1 1 kat8st1aa
ta .aUna !n(e) akr1w. tB'"
aft.ea !ne 1! akr1W&. torea~

k8ero inan e11.naa

d't to kat8at1ma ine r8rt1&
1 prezv!a !n(e) e1cat makr18 . etro

1 1 tal!a !ne pertimi . t1& oree& ti8. -yraata

a'YOrune tna pukimiaa. duzw

ta aB4ta tu ksenox!u SB& exun pol ora _

polu. kalu. tlo8

ta tu pl)'8nun to kras! xrma

tus aral naJne _ (pl.) tu patera tua. 8itul

_______aftu tu 1cata&tnatos, !ne pol orees. cal.

_________ !ne poll ttin8 e.

kotpulo

e:mera 8 !ne l&. ker.

& areai att!

- - - -?
8 ek81 pme &t1(m) b&tra.

at1n alcrpol1, mskete pMda

t.u aresun 1 pol8a _

Sn kat.8la"';no _ _ attu tu nau.

at1n akrpol1 lprxun pol!

atte 111181 l1 t1n ra ;ya

sta pinume elinik kafe.

Sn prepi na pit.e saft!(n) ul

prep1 na m118te .e proeox

1 811a ex1 na poll meyalo poUt1z6a

eel\8le na as ! sas.
t!yate pote
musaJs

! yame ipuo

saf'ti t1(n) daverna vlepete polus sas. pelatls

135
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

maresi aftis tis yinekas. yUsto

stin i ta1la piynun pol kali tex.s
afto to en 1e1 pote aUya
!xan panda efxaristes
sitisis

ry ioame to(m} batera sas.

simera ta psarya ine freskos

aft to ka t4stima xi m:ia meyll plld.l!a 1ta_ton. IIIIlinoa

exete pulc8misa. VDvakers

ine to fai sas1 It1JDos

a!'t8 ta sx1a ine t.&l1oa
i fili . pol! anropi.
etxhistos
ta paraira af'tn ton spityn ine neyr11a.

ixame pri-,.ata mazi mas.

118J'esi poU to xrma a1'tu pu1Jdsu sas. metak80ts

pr8pi ra k8erete ps art ine ep1.1dnins

i elines ine naB 1aOs. plB

i t8xni af'tOn ton ine a..asi08

-------
i italia Bxi pol y1nekes. n6st18)s
_ _ pot aftl ton :xor . akri. eeni1aSa
i aJpolis en oaus. per1'boe

i lri 88 ine. aMnatoa

8 as arisi i 0&0.
i Mitera S88 ine y1neka. yer.

i aerf mu ine ipilili. iomat1Jca

art ta estiatria !ne poU kaears

i .1' ti t a!'t:ts tis t.kseos ine pol! 8ksipnos

a.t't to leri xi ep1vltes. l-yOB

Verb8

eniB Mn a xr1mata saftn. no

aftos xes 610 to kras:t.

1)6
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ln1er 6 - 10

e&:I& &tin e1ACla prin . xrnya.

ta peyB 8a8 8n 88& kau.

akUo
t (88) xei8?
attu CIul,yi llti. '1.
arnzo
ile n kenU1'yes foreIS;ru. ayor4zo
Al.lc8adro 8na xrno ya t1.n eliCIa.
- - - - pr!n
~AB" to Cl1 sti. okt.

_________ na Urn..e st1n l8. 18 piad.a.

ey k10 rU.koa Xe& st1(n) davema. tro

() aft to krasf?

(..8) t . prepi na k8nete?

an.:t .
-..------ .t1n 1taUa, pzo:b ina xrno.

e.:l1I prp1 na aft to ~vl!o.

arta to a:.& tu { fore&.

pd (.&) stin aeinai 81

.n. prep1 na
------ to a ....
..: xee.
------ po18 pra'YUta.

pd (..) na pi;y8D81ie t.a r8187

(.) 1 a
---_.- .:lerA7

tu xrnu n!k08 . pii na 8t1n e18e.

pSs ()
------- tu8 811nes7
..t. &40 eUn1D.
t:! ra t.o tno xees .t1(a) b8trat
! na () peristero enCI1ariron 881't.

8 t:! an. to pra-yUJ xr1.:1a4ho

1)7
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Harrative

~!_~f1Q ~ . 1n a while,

Co, -, - l1ttle, fev

~_f!~Q] .

() to arr:ive

~~/ ~~ P1raeus

~ oo~ ~ .

x~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ,

~ o~~ ~ t~, .

L'U ~ ~~o ~ lL L, ~ t~.

' oo~ . ' ' ~ ~

'~K ~ ~ ~ f ~

6 ~K6 ~o. ~6 6 t~ ~ ~L

EiL L L. '

-& ~ 6 uL "

~o KL'tora~ ~ (L. '.

6 laor~aor6PLO L6 ~-& 6 t

'~ ii" 6 , cnxMora, L, x~,

~, ... Ma ' ~~ nLcXTO L L

. 6 t, ,

, ~L. ~ ~KO L L
6 6 i ~ ii-& KL'aVTOt . KL'
uL L 6 -& YLcX
cf~ npt.ly ii-&EMV L YLcX ', EIvaL L -&cxL

~ , EIvaL uL ~o 6.
6 -&L 6 L ~ 6 ~~. n~L

L 6~ L~6 ' -&. L6

fL ' 6L. ~6, 6

~ ~. ~L 6 . ' ~

6L 6L. ,

-&L, 6L -&. ~ L ~, -

138
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Revie 6 - ,0

, la~~a~6p~a, , ~ ~ .~.. U npwt ~

6o~. l ~~ ~o .

x~~~o~ ~ ~ ~~ ~6 ~ ~ 6
cf
.
,
~o 6 ~~ 'Axo~ U. A.~6 'A~6 ~~
~ 1 . ~~ ' ~ ~~ xx~-
o~o '. 'cfa ~ ea~ xxt -

6 cf~~ a6,o ~o cipfaE~ ~6 tfPE~ v ,.

139
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Unit 11

() to ork

used to ork. as orking

~ -rl (the) bank

~ ~~K -r 'nIe Nat10nal Bank Oreece

6 x6~ ov -r ~~ years ago orked at Nat10nal

& -r . Bank Greece.

l1x~ uaed to start

1 unt11

-r6 6 . (the) .rternoon

W~ -r o~ '-rC 6K-rw used to start (IIG") ork at 'clock 1

-r6 t -rC -r6 6. lIIOm1ng [and vork] unt11 to 1 the

aEternoou.
!-r to sere

. -. - fore1gn, fore1gn8l'
& () to cbange, C8_h, 8XChange

WEnPEnE & !-r had. to ere ('It a D8C8_sary t.hat

& ' -r -r serV8 ,) a lot ! Eore1gners ho anted

-r. to exchange the1r money.

~6-r, -, - lIIOst (adj.)

~6To~ '-r -r Host ! theD had their lIIOney' 1 dollars.

-r -r o~.

to be vorth. to be value. to
deserve
~o , - , - oeon, anyone

140
 G BASIC COURSE 11

U Eva ( ~~ dollar 18 worth ) drachmas and vi th th18

'~ ~ ~ {much] money one can do many th1ngs ln

~y~ '. Greece.

, -, -6 obvious
, -, European (per80n8)

~6, -, -6

6 Eno It 1.8 obvious that the European 8 eU

< the Amer1cans kncw that Greeee 18 an

~ x~. 1nexpens1'V9 count..

~xo to come
tPXOV~CL they CC11118

( the) thousand

M~ LL by tbe thousands

And for that [rea8on] th8y coe by tbe

thou_and8.

vhen they cOIIe

~ 6o1.~ (the) beau~

~6 (the) cUmate

Ixclt1.6~ (the) ant1qu1 ~, ancient onume'

L~f (lL~f) to return

MoL

L'v & xt ~ 6L And. vhen they COM and 888 1. beauty, 1.

'", 6 '", Mt ~ dPXCL6 cl:1Jate and 1ts IIIOUIII8nts, the7 ant to

~ ~, ~ou Luv cor.e back here again 8oret1ae.

L.

1ndeed

~ ui.& &yc
'rh18 ork very 1Dtreat1Dg {Ib8d
o~ vLCv. a lot interest'} imeed.
 G R S : c R S

() to offer, to 8uggest
) -/-, - better
L-& ( the) salary
() to

L But WaS offered ( they offeroo me') a better

-&. L6 L~, L6L ' poeition with more sa1ary. (Recause) you knw

~ ~ &,f, fv ~ they dldn't pay me weU 1n that ,

L'v . (and) 80 1eft.

6 101

102

110

LL 200

LL 300

6L 400

vL 500

L 600

!6. 700

LL 900

tL 1000

Responae DriU

-~-
6 6 6 :> f. \) 6 La.
~VL T~a

~ ~L 't~v 50LJ ; .

.. 1 6 ; ' .6 6..

L ; '

~ ' .

142
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1mIT "

( ~6o~ o~ .

( ;

6 d(~ o~~o; T~ .

( t~ ~ ~ .

( ~ ; ';

Exo~ ( o~ ; , ~xoT~ x~~.

( ~o ~~ .

~ 6 o~;

o~ o~ (, & VO.
;

( ~ ~y 6 ~ &- ( 6 (
;
~~ ~6To ~.

Narrative

6 ~ ~x. dnq.

6 a1rplane
( .ei ~~ .

( (() to kn, to ee

( ~ ' fe

.~ (.~)

' (. ~'.

6 ( 1s1and

E~ iU9kx6 4 6

'.

~x6, -~, -6 natura1.

i ;

() to br~

6 6 6 .

(6) to C8sh

6 check
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

' LL for example

xXpLV L .

6 L6 .

L 6 kilocram

' ~Xe:~ etKOOL L.

6 pack (of cigarettes)

~L L ' 6 6. 'L

LL , , , YLX

x~, 6 6 , L L

~o L .

' L L L . 'L

L ,L

YL~ ' ,

LO (L 30 xt '~ L
,
-

. L t t XXPLV

L 6 , L , lva LL YLX 6 Lv
, L.

L6L L !; O~~

L . oo~ VL.

Respons8 D'iU
-----------_.

VL L ~ ; L, ~L tfVOL ' 6

6.

~L L , ,

; .

rLX ,

a ,

L6 L

L .

' t L 1 L, ~xo.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE "

& o~ ~o ~ ; ~C ~ v'
~ x~ ~o.

vd o~o ~ ~. a~o x~

. ~~ v ; K~6 , nK~o ~~da

! .

6 M~6 OL ~6~o~ ~ ~ .

o~ / .;

dptaE~ ~ c; .~, ~o~ . nc .

!~~_!.!.:!. C1u8 Verb8. Cont1nu0U8 (Imperf'ect.1w) Put.

- 6(,0 6... 60u ~ 7UI qo _rked 1n t.be b8ak.

~Ccx.

''.; -" 6. . wed to atart D7 vork.

The -Oat1rwous Put describe8 _ hab1tual or contiuous .tate or _ct.ion 1n the pa8t
1UII1 correspnd.8 rohly to tJe Engl1.huaed to do so-nd-eo.

'1'b8 Cont.inuu Pa8t the Cla8a verb 18 .r01'Md. by ar.r1xLng paat teM peraonal
endinp to the 1Jperf'e<:t1e .tea the verb, the strea. pattern 8d the _upnt (11 ~)

are tbe . . . . . UoM ! te SiJpl Paat, e.g.

~za.~_!!!t! ..i!!.8l!1!2~.22
X.t U8ed to begin . a U8ed to dr1*

.C etc. etc.
IpXIoCc
ipxtccc ()

ipxtcaoc ( )a-
&.; .a
or or
~xtcavc ,,

The Cont1nuoU8 18 _1va18 'regular'. Some verbs (such l> and . and

ae othere) baw ~ one _paat. t8nae tom, Vh1ch may Me e1ther pertect1ve (S1mple Past)

or 1Jperfect1e (ContinuoU8 Past) lDean1ng.

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Note 11.2 Verb: Past tense ! the verb ~ 'to Me .

---------
Tbe past tense ! the verb " 18:
Sg. had Pl. ' we had

you had ' ';" you had

he (she J ) had ( ) they had

~~:!_~~=.~ Verb: 'lbe verb ~oCX 'to come'.

'';" ~oT ';" And for tha t reason they come by thousands

';" '. to Greece.

The erb ~o . 'to come' 15 a '1rregu1ar' Class 1 vcrb.

Cl.ass verbs 11 be discuS3ed :later un1ts. this stage J hO'",ever J the student

shou1d already be able to use this verb in 1 ts three basic forms which are fo110WS:

Present Tense

1.
2~
,. ~o. . 1 CO etc. .';"

2. ~ . ~x'';" or -&

~';" . o'I.

~-& 1 came etc. ~p

~-& '.&';"

~-& ~.&()
Perfect!ve Sten Fo
--------------------
1. & or ~ 30 or -&

2. -& cr -& &';" .. &';"

3. -& or & 30() q 30

'l'he Future and the Subjunctive forms ! this vcrb are constructed by conb1n1ng the

prsent and the Perfect1ve stem irms with the partic1es and

1 shou1d be noted the S1mp1e s and Perfective stems ! this verb ray a150

be ~- - respectively. 50 that may hear ';" ~-& ' came' and ';"

-& ~-& 'he'll cone' paralle1 ';" ~-& ';" -&.

Other forms ! this verb wi11 be discussed in 1ater units J togethcr with other Class

erbs.

146
 G REEK BASIC COURSE "

~~_~!~~ Adject1ves denoting nat1ona11t1es.

EvL 6 L L .' It's obv1oU8 t.bat the &1ropeana

L ~ the Amer1cans lmov that Greece i8 a

L ~~ . 1nexpens1ve cous1"1

~6o ~L ~~ ~ l ; hov perfect the ancient Grcek art 8.

.K~ ~x

L ' lcx that. the anc1ent Qreeks real art1_t8.

Cyo 1C4/..~.

Adjecti'V88 d8n0t1Dg nat1onaUti_ have tvo 1ns depending vbet.her they aod1.fy perSOM

or th1ngs, e.g. (,) .6 (') but (.) a...'C6 -m36.

'an J8r1ca lr' 'an A8er1can _tatian.'

Other exaple8:

1 y~~6 French doctor

"In6 (~ a Spanish sailor

6 X4.y~ 8 Geran profe_8Or

Pao L'n)-nc; 8 Russ1an student.

\ .6 :WC1/ a French ho

~n.6 va:6c; a Span1sh t8pl.

~ y~K~ ~x Qenn art

~ c1'.K~ 6.. Rw_1an t

JdjectiW8 tbe f1r8\ C8teo1"1 {i... tho8e odif7 peI'8OD8) are 8l8o U88d, Un
1n _l18h, .. na. e.g.
1c..6(

-BUva:

&-

Russ11

With on. 8 . except.1ona the adjectivea (or nouns) ot the tirst. categor,y have te1n1ne

tonu in -.: e.g.

' Greek VOI'W\

French

,47
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

( 5panish woman
. ( German

( Russian

~~~_~~~~:.l Houn: Hae ! languages.

' .3( l. study Greek.

The languages various countries

e.g. Greek language

the French language

y.x~K "the Oran language,

e1~K the Rus81an 1anguage, etc.

are a180 1'8terred to as

- ~x "areek
- y~x French
- . ~x Oan

- e1~X Ruas1an... etc.

Note that these nouns a1'8 UBed in ~-e~!~_~~~!_!2!:"'_~.

~x ~ . Cireek 18 d1rr1cult.
x~x ~ ~Ko. Spanisb 18 -87.
y~x ~ ( . French 18 a beaut1tul lagua.

- - ( ~ . ~: ~x x~ .

'Ea -6 - ~. 'Ea ~' ~( ~.

- - - ~ . - ~ ~o x~ .

x~ . 'E~ ~(

- - x~ . .

( - ( -( ~:-;

x~ 't. -( ~' - ~ - x~

't.

148
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ' "

nfPVCJL ~ 3 ~ .

' ~

. A~6 ~ ~6 , ~ .

't 6 .

t C~ ~ L ' ~ C.

A~ &PXLCav vL& 3 ! ~ x~.

"'. '/ 6. ~ ItL .ed !- ~6 a C1C.

. XL ~V : ~3 ~6 ~.x;

A~6 fPXE~I, ~. 3 ~ . A~6 ~ ~-& l.

'EoEtt x6O'~ l 3 . ~EIoLEtt & O'~. ~. .

x~ . ~'t( t ; 'Ec1Ett ~&~ ;

A~ xo~.,A 3 . At~o lp&o\lv ct .

& l 6.

'E<J(j 6~ ~3;

A~6 ~3 O~ / .

' ~a '~ ~ x~ nfPVCJL.

6~ ~8~ ; .
A~o ~pkv l 6 .

TranstoationCorrelation DriU8
------..--.------------------------
U8e the ord8 1 parenthea88 8IId change the \lderlined erb8 to cnt1nuow pa8t.

' ~2Y~~2Y~ ~ ~. ( 6)

A~6 !!!4~!! .. (\l.)

A~6 ~6 ~OK~o 4EL'&1 . ( )

'EaEtt nL1t'I' yta ~~ . (3)

' 6L}LC 3 ~& cn~v "-

_ .
(.)

~ 412~~2~Y ~ ' ~6 ~6 ( 6)

xa~/.

A~6 . ~ . ( 3 )
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

L !~~ K~ ~ (~ )

~!~2~~ '6 6 L. ( 6)
r
atu~~ 6 6 . (~)

L ~f2~~~ o~ . (~ )

ReSpnS8 Exercis8

o~

6 :

o~ :

E~ ~o o~ :

"

L ' o~o ~K

" :

~ -&~ f ~lX;

-& 6 6 ~-&6 :

6 r&:

~ lX~ xat ~

1S0
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 12

tmit 12

. George

. George ('VOC )

M~/Mo.& (a) to look, 1;0 8

seel lookJ

., M~ . . Georce, vho I t.he cioor.

(the) ailr.an

6 &a. (the) telegr_

ya. (the ) let. t.er

,,", -, - re~i8t.ered

', . " ) themai1Jr..an ~.r. Qeorge. You Me

.' , a telegrar. and a registered let.t.er.

(. rLpyo.

. (~) to wait

~T wait!
6 6

. 6, . . 'ait a 1nute, 1'11 coming right. a87.

------------
here it 181

. Aerica

() to 8ign

15'1
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~ ~6 ~6 ~ Here 18 your letter and the telegram. They

. '~ ~. are from America. Sign here,please.

~ ! .

~\)OW to ail

~\)o ,; that you 11811

() [ ~o] to throv (tbrow it!]

~6 o\)~ (the) box
~6 ~\JL (the) post ofn ce, _11

-r6 -r6 (the) stamp

; Do D a favor. can you ail this letter for

~o ~6 ~6 ; P'~o . Put i t ( ov i t') in the na11box

-r6 xou-rt ~o -r. ~E at ('of l ) the poet ofrice. It has stamps.

-r6

~& 10ud1y, 8trng],y

-r& (the) neV8

& r1te

-& ~ ~&,o. Coe, read them 10ud1y, George, ha 15 the

vfcx 4 6 6 ; nen ('your brother vri t.es you').

!: () to hope

lnLaxfn-roxL (&) to ia

& lnLaXEcpo&Tj that he visi t .

-r6 ( the) unner

He says that he hopes to visit. us this

-r6 ~6 . sumer

snething

'[6 xopt~aL (the) girl

X~o
to be arr1N
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ,a

& n\l~~/~o& that he be arri

x~~!o. ~ ~o And soDleth1ng e18e. He vanta to get urried.

Ko~~, ~ n~~. ('he vanta ua to find h1JD a g1rl so that

he :arr1es her')
, -, -
beeutitu, band8cne
~6 Vt.:~ he doesn 't

npotM (the) -dor1

Ncf l~ 6vo, ., *6 MC He "18 [he vanta her] on. to be good and

*xt ~6 o~&:~ ~ . pretty and be doesn't eare about the ckNr,y.

~!!e!!_~

-ru6-.

~C r~"pyov:

lx~ d ~x6o ~ ~6 r~: -r K.~ v-r

6 ~ ~: 6 -r~v .K~.

~ d r~pyot; cn6v -rv6: Ncf -rou cf ., 4 -rou -rgv~

: .

~ )( cn6v r~: -rTjt; .cf uv-r -r6 .. w

-r.

. d 66 -rou .~yo; ;. 4 -r(, !.a.- .-r6

-r6 cll4 ...

.; ~ .. 4 wu c c ..6

t-r. .4 4 ClV-rpevrTj

.. npot...

--_._--
Ilu'rat.1w

; . (, 6,; _m.PA'.
6 I~c;

. 6 a-r6 ~~~~e!~.

-r6 -r.M6 abroad

.6; !!~e~~~! (, ~yOc.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE

() to pass, spend (t1me)

Q~~~ C . howewr

~x ~~!~ . ne1ther; nor; even

~~~f~~~ . unrt una te, poor

~~~~!~~ na~o. he s1ts

M2~!~ ~x, . as as

~~~~~~ . to be sorr,y

!~Q!g. noth:lng

, na, -

!~~~~~~~:
1nter:i.or

:~~~!~~ !
.

~!~~~f! ~

() to send

~ ~ !~~!~I l mnY order

~ ~~~Q!~~~! .

().& 8ddre88, d1rect1on

6

~!~!~:.
pacJge

; telegraph o!'f"1ce
. NewYork

' f ~3 &
a 6. ! .

6 .

o~ '.

. ~ na~o

. 6 ~x ' ,

154
 G REEK BASIC COURSE t.

'~6 ~~ L ~:' uL l ~o~ YL~

. 6 L ~ ta~EPLKOU'. HE~aL MLp6.. nEPV~EL

~~ ~ l '~6 N~o. O~ l ~x6o

~( ~6 ~6o MLp6 C! '~6 ~

tnL~a~ 50 . ~6 , ~~ LV&uL ~o ~o,

I~ ~ ~ l 'rijc; IcL , lS~L

o~. o~ . ~X~CI /'t 'j 6, .

o~ 'r . '" elvcL UoL KO~~ '}.

Response Dr1ll
-----------
-~
LL ~ \lVC- ~oU MIi.fe
;

rLa~' ClU-roc; ~ "AEpLX~: rL~ vcI C ~6 6 ~o

( ~~ lXE't.

Mlive. ~ ~ ~ lla:pw: 4.~Cl. crr6 naa.fuo ro anL~LOU /

Ma LL ~6 'fCIu6.

~ pcmIEL 6L ~6 (~6 ~Cxv6 xt ycla.

'j " 6 ~ax6o: ) ; 'Aui. o~.A4 ~O'

.4 i, 6 ya'AI wr-

..\ '.
'j ,c .v.r6 Ic,vc . ; 1'6 y&a o~ .~ c <r6ov .-

6 t.~CI" 50 o/.c.

f I, d l~ / crr6 yac: ~ IC7'fELoc vc ,. &c; -

c~c. ", & . / oe,u

Ma! yp*jyoa 8 :. MOy'ri ~.

r-t1cal lote8
-----------------
!!!:!-!.!~!. 10181 Vocat1 V8.

., x~~~o: nOL6c; elvaL c~ Oorp, .88 V!1o. at the doorJ

M~:

HEx~ u~o, Mr. George, you have a registered letter.

pLE rLGipyO

tSS
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

, ~ . Maria, ceae qu1ckly.

These exaples il1ustrate the use ! the vocative in Greek, vhich is used in

calling or addressing someone. As can be 8n from the above exaples, nouns in the vocat1ve

case are used Vithout articles.

First declen$ion:

a) Masculine nouns in - bave the vocative like the accusative, e.g.

Vocati ~
It should be noteci, hwever, that Be nouns in - especiall7 ho denoting a h1gher

soc:i-al or proressional position rom their vocative in - (a8 1n katharevusa) ..

~ VO"-Atiw : ~ pror"aorl

b) MaacuUne DOUW in - bave the voeative alvays l1ke the aceusative, ..

Vocatiw;

c) All Eeinin and neuter nouns ot the !1rst d8cleaaion ha,ve the vocative like the
ninat1w, 8.1.
,w , daughterJ ad ch1lciI

~~~!~!~!_
MeuliD8 nouns 1n - (except proper nueB) bave the vocativ8 in - 8.g. <.

S1rJ, no CaptainI

b) Mos prper nanes in- the '9'Ocat1ve l1ke the accusat1ve-, e.g. . GeorgeI

~_!.!!.!:. Verb: Clas8 Verbs: I:perat.ive.

l( SeeJ
U.f 6. W81 t a irwteJ

'1he above ex.amples il1ustrate tbe use ! IJperative (Cc:and !orm).

The IJperative in Greek can be either 'perf'ective' or '1IIIperf'ective'. b 'perf'ectie'

IJperat.ive eans siJply 'do the action ! the verb' vhile th8 'iJper!ective' Imperat.ive IDean8
'keep doing the action ! the verb'. bas vo !orns: a !uiliar 8 (2nd pers. singU1ar)

and a pol1te or plural 0118 (2nd person plural).

The 'perfective' Imperative vill be referred to iJp1y as 'Imperat1ve' and the 'iper!ective'

Imperative 'cont1nuous' Imperative.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE ,a

!!~~_~~:.~:.! Imperat1 (perf'ect1 )

he IJperat1ve 1s f'onned 1n Greek by adding the sutlix - (tam1liar f'onn) or -- (polite

or plural f'onn) to the perf'ect1ve 8te1 ! the verb.

F..xaplea :

. .- readJ [. ( .) read.]

6cj cj-r s1gnJ [ (ocj) 1:0 s1gn.]

{--r u--r-r 8eel (-- ( u-r-r) to 8. ]

SCe verb8 with 1rregular perf'ect1ve stem Iors ( Note 6.4) '1rreg.lar' Iaperat1ve8:

Verb Pert.Ste ~~!:._~~~!:!!!

88,. - -r /-r

. .-r /.-

...
drinlc .-

"tj.)"tc

t1Dd - -/-

!!~:!_!.!:.!:.!. Continuoua I8perat1w.

~ Cont1nuoua IJpe1"'" (tkeep do1ng 80-and-sol') 18 tored by 8dd1ng the sutt1x -

(tud.l1ar Ion) or --r (pol1te or plural torm) to the 1Jnpertect1ve Btea ! the erb.

~l.s

. ~"- keep read1ngl

6 u-r k8ep look1ngl

v--r u---r ete.

Verbs with vovel Btes (98 . 6.3) haw the t8lll1l.1ar IDperat1ve f'onn 1n -- and

tbe pol1te tOl1ll 1n -- ..

Verb !.1!e!~~~!!!_~~!!! ~~:._~~~!!!

-rp~ -rpw- -r/--

aay - f- 2t
-r*
Note the verb 7fTJyatvw on1,. (cOn t1nuous) Imperat1 f'onn:

. -

'Ihe Cnt1nu0U8 Imperat1ve lonn the verb

.

~
1s:

Sg. &u/u/lfu

. -

* The f'onn - 18 wed n the telepbone only equ:i valent to the

English 'helloJ'.

,S7
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

!~~~-!~!~ Verb: Impersonal verb .. '1'.0 care'.

6 .. . npotx. He doesn't care about 1'.he dowry.

The erb . . iB used i:npereonal1y, 1.e. in 1'.he )rd pcrson s1ngu]a r as follows:
Present Pas1'.
------
.. 11 don11'. care . d1dn 1'. care
.&. you dm' 1'. care ~o. you didn 11'. care

.&: etc. .: etc.

.. .
6 .. 6 .

! c'i ... c'i vo.

.&:. 1.

.. .

.. ~o.

c .. .

Gra8lat.1cal Drilla
------------------

''sA , n. .ou.

K~ .. ~&, " ...

Dou 1.,dt ou;

cn, .;

-On .t, KUPtez ou.

no.6 1. 6 6 cz6~ 6
' ; cz, . .(.

. .-&', t \ -:6 o&cz.

6.., t &. cra.

rLiyo, " Min.

. czxu6, ;

G.D.1

lIfo& 6 & , . . 6 ~ ou .

., . ou. u.. .

1Se
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 12

o~ ~. ~.

. ! .

!. ! ~, .

! . .

~ , . Mci 3.

. .

. ~ .

! 6 . ~C 6 .

' , n. ~ .

" !~ ! . 3!

!i ! , !.

oC~ ! lxovv .

! .c. 36 .a 6 6 .

! o~C~ av ~ .

oC~ 36 o~~.

SUbst1tution

Subet1tute the appropr1ate Iperative 1'o1'lllB 'the wrb for the underlined /prlJp1/
phrasea 1n the follov1Jg sentencea.

E!~~!_y~_~~~!~6 .
e~~~~_~:~ef~~ oE~ ~.

~~~~_Y:~I~~~~!~ 6 6 nC~.
Ue~~~~_~_~e~ 6 6 oo~.

Ue~~~!_y~_~!~~ 6 6 3.

e~~~!_~4e!q~!~_~ . .
~e!~f!_~g_~~!!q~ . .

e~~~~__~~~~Q~!~ .
~e~~~~_~_!~Q_~_!.

.e!~~!_~_~~e!~~f!~ .
.!~~!_y~_~~~ ! .

~e~~~!_~_~~~!~Q .

1$9
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

E~!~~_~~_!~I~!~ .

E~!~~_~~_~~~!~ ~ In.
~E~!~%_~~_~~~~~I~ n~~.

~e~~~!-y~_~~& ~~ .
~e~~~~_~~_ef~~& ~ .

Respnse Eercise
-----------------
~ ~ ~;

~ ~ j~;

rifE ..E -r ;

' ~xo ~ ~ v ;
E~ xo~ n. t;

no~cf ~ ~& ;

t ~ ~K ~ ~ ~i;

~ notx, \ ci ~ x~;

II6L ~ ~ i ~ n~~ ;

\ ~~;

. -rou " . ni-rE ~;

. & ft~ a~ ~;

160
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNI '3

(the) servant

L/at (the) a1d

& a EtvaL Our aid's husband 18 a sallor.

.

6 vL (the ) (ocean )liner

6aL, -, - world (adj.)

~ (the) hope

uL aT6 vL' 6 He works an the (oeean) l1er 'Wor1d Hpe'.

aL '.

6, -, -6

, ~, EtvaL H15 life, so she tells us, 1 '98r7 bard.

/u (,) to ake up

ear:q
M~ (M~a) to clean
6 MTaTci (the) deck

UpfnEL u MC He bas aJce up ery ear:q and clean the

6 crc. deck.

afterwards, later, beJord

ao (aoa) to w1pe, ....ep, bru8h

(the) cab1n-

cn (aT6a) prepare (the bed),set (table)

6 L (the) bed

npfnEL ao ~ Atterwards he to sweep the cab1n8 ard

cn L. ..ke the beds.

,61
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

(uaed af'ter verb o~) af'ter

~ ~) 1'.0 tinish

6 (the) capta1n

~~6 (the) otticer (un1t0J:Wld)

~~ ~~ ~ o~& ~pt Atter he tinishes this job he has to clean

~ ca~ ca the capta:n's cab1n aD those tbe

o~xo Ma ~~K. otticers.

/ (1) 1'.0 tee1 pa1n, io hurt

Kopc:.o, -, - tired
Ko~ 1'.0 sleep

-& tbat be 81eepa

.6 W oc~ At n~ht h1s body hurta hiI 80 {1IIUc:b], and

ca C 6 ., ou he 18 80 tired that he can t 81~ep.

o~-&.

~o~M Ji1losophica1r

c fxE1. that 18 ('these has')

.4 c~6 ~oo~. .: ' B.t he philoophica~ saya 'bat can ve do,

&; & Ix~ 'm vcuTI tbat'. the l1te a aai1or l

cno~ (u) to plan, 1'.0 1

tocUcI. Uo 6.c C~ He plans 1'.0 ork t.o J88I'8 tbe . . .

4caa..

oooW

- ooof he viU .8".

6 CX; a _11 s1'.ore

& nou &ci OKoo~, And vith the 1DOD81 tbat he V8 he wiU

-&'C C. buy 8 sa store.

!!!!~_~H

o~& ~ ~ E~ .
~ ou;

162
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1)

nOL6 .; 6 L 6L
L ; L .

LC L L6L L

of L.

TC L L & . - 6 -r-r,

-rC -r
-r -rL.

L L L - -rOV
L & ; L -rwv LL.

L3 6 ; '., L6n L

-r6 -rou . .

L L' -r6v .. ~ . . Mv-ra:

; &, -r .. -roii
/.

6 MLp6 . Xp6VLtX.
3;

C 3 ; 8' -r

3 .

Narratiw

~tl_~~~~~ 1~. L~ . Greece

-r6 !~_~.!:i!4~.!: I~. . port, harbor
6 -r 1L

6 ~_~p!.~.
d .. cook
L6-r '-r -r

~xo -rL-r 3L,

-r6 -r6 !Qye!~!~~ ~xL

'(L -r.

-rL-rL6, -, -6 tour18t (adj.)

6 6 -r-r . '!!g~Q~~

16)
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

'<t:6 ltalian

<ta: t : (. )

<tpfa YLci <tv D<tp: ~!~~l~~~

t ~& v &.

cn::<t (<t::<t) to stop

Au<t& <ta :&:<t: ~!~e~~y : .

L:~ (L:~f) to last

Ain6 <t6 : L v L 1!~!~ X~~.

<t, -, - ruu
: joy

6 vL & & & x\}pLO a<t6 L&VL -rou LCLci. 6

~vL -av<t6 elaL ~Av : Xto. ". l:n<tci x:w<n'p<tc MC 6

. 6 l:<n'.cx<t6PLo <t 't & e1VXL &u&L. "EXEL :
v L.t ~ 4 Lv ~.' '<tv ~ -rou eIVXL

' <t 4. 6 . ~x. <t &..

L6<t. t.~ o~.o : <tULcn.~ &. ~6

~6 . . xc v U wU~. EtMOaL 6 ':u<tv

etw. 'I~o. 6 ~.o, .~, <n'::-m. / ~:: YLci vc

1I4t in't~et tn.~ . 6 '. ~o 6 ~ .~ ': lAX~

1Cll ". U v 1Cll C. 1\ y~ .:. 1CIIt :.

~!~!-~!!

& :\}. cn6 VL ~o .:.; 6 . .

IJW V . ,6 ~6 1.0; ' t :.

D6z M4~O"~ .; .

a. ~6 ta~Lcx~6PLO <t ElvCXL &. M4t ~XEL noAv

&. O.KLta: :~ M4t Lv.

"EXEL 1CIIv L; MaL~:, v :. Uv: ':~o'

VL ' ~ ':.
4 o~.o L6~L L~L~ &f.

tL~;

164
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 13

. 6 6 . ~. .6. . .

o~ ; . '6 : ..

6 .: 6 . 6 '. ' -&. C

. ; .. .

Gramatical Notes

lote 13.1. Verb: Class 11 Verbs. Present Tense.

. o~ . He has to vake Up wry ear]y.
6 6 . 6 night his body hurts JW 80 that he
o~, o~ : o.~. can't sl.eep.

'lhe above sentences 1lluat-ate the use ! Class 11 verb8 1n present tense {see a1ao

'D1e w.1n c!'.aracter1stic the erb8 ! th1s class 1 they 1 ther erxi 1n

stressed 1n the1r citation or (Uke 't,o be able') have t1Io a1ternate

[01118, on 1n and aother 1n (Uke / , . / .4).

Accord1ng1y, the Cla8S n verbs have two sets ! personal end1ngs 1n the Present tenses

~!!!i' Plur.

1. - r - - or -e

a. -~ or -~ -EtorE -e

-./-e -(} -e(}

3. -:

'Jhere are three

-
r

"OUp8 of .
or
class ot 'gerbs:

~~..l cap verb8 vhich have altemate fo1'll8 1n the f1rst person s1ngular and

plural 8J'Id 1n the th1rd person plural. 'D1e altemate o:s used 1nterchangeab]y by the

nat1... pe8n ! Oreek, e.g.

Verb , - 't,o 1888'

Plur.
,
-----
- on - fonr.. - orn - cm

1. or or

2.

3. ./ () or (}

165
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~~~_! comprises Class verbs which are used in both alternate fonns 1nterchangeab1y

1n aU persons, e.g.

Verb .,- (or ().) 'to speak'

~~. Plur.
- fonn - fonr: - tonn - or

,. . 2! ().i .ci or ()~o

.i (6). .i'f or ().'i:'f

2. 52:

3. ../.i 21: ().: .i() or ()./.()

~~~e_~ cpri Class verbs which have alternate forms e.g.

Verb lto be able'
Plur.

,.

2. 'i: 'i:'f

: ()

~~_!~~!_Class verbs: Future and Subjuncti'V8 C1t:inuous.

he Future Cc:81U1lOUS and the SUbj_ct1w Cont1nuous ! tbiB class ! verbs are oned

qy eans ecf and respectively, e.g.

8 .4 4+ ~. 1'11. be spealdng f!1Very day.

8 ci~ 'f c. ' U keep uldng 10\1 a1l t.be 'tiSM.

8i i~ f 4+ fcx. l' 11 be s88111g 10U eery da7.

!0t8 '!-.! C1a8a wrb8. Iiotat.1en.

BegUm:Sng 1t1 1" ,4 verb. be1ODg5ng to t.be Group , 11111 be arkei (,) Sn tbe buUd-upe,

wrb belmq to the Group a v1Ube arke4 (2) 8nd V8Z'b8 be1oDg1ng to th8 Oroap 3 WiU be

8U'kei (,). 8.1.

(.) to ake up

"' ..
cx.cn (a) to thanlc

CW (3) to 11'98

1'he Perfective st8 orns will be given :1n parentheses as for the Class 'gerb8:

()

()

,66
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNI 13

Grarratical Drills

o~~ f f ~~. ~~~ ~ ~6 ! '~6 ~6

oci; ~~, K!~ Do;

A~6 ~ 3 ~~ t~ . O~ ~ ~6
'~6 a~~ 3 . ~o f f ~'~OK~6 ~o.
~~ ~~~ ~'~OK~; ! , .

A~ ~ ~ . 6 ~~ ~K! ! ~.

3 ~ ~. \ ~ ~ 3~ .

OKoo~ K~! ~ ~ ; ~f '~~o\ ~~ .

A~6 f ~! x!~ ~ ~o! ;

~o! ~. o~~ K!~;

~~ f ~~ ~6~ K!~ ~o; ~ '~6 n ~ 6K~;

A~6 ~~~6 u! f f.

COrrelation-Transf'oat1on
--------------------------
Change the personal end1!'1gB ! underUned 1rerb6 to agree v1th the prcnOUS (or ouru)

11sted 1 parenthes~s.

~e~!!~~~ f f. (~6)

~!~ ! '~ ~ ~. ()

~~~~~~ 3 f ~ ~. (~f )

A~o ~~ey~~~ '~6 ~~ 3 f. (<)

!~~~~!!~~ K!~; (~6)

~~~~~~~~ ! . ()

6 ~~ ~!~e~~! ~.
.
(~ 3~ ~ )

A~6 ~!~~!~~! ~~OK~. ()

2i~2~~~~~ ~ x~~ . (~o)

A~6 ~~~~y~! ~ f ~6 ~o. (!)

~ ~~!!Y~!~ (<)

A~ ~!~~y~ ~ ()

( ~e!!~MH ~6 6 ~

167
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

. (:')

66 ~~I~~ - ('L)

rLaTt ~l~e~~ ; ('L)

~~Xge~~! G. ()

6 ~~~~4H G . ()

6 6 ~~~~e~!~! G ('L)

e~!~~~ . (6)

6 6 v ~~~~~! 6

iJ. . (<)

~~!_~!"..!

8c 6a ~ V~ tpxoVTaL ' ~;
iC ~ o~ ;

pa ~ 6 ! 6 6 ;

'1' & oii 6 0'.

BoT)'a''fE f u S -

;
6 ;

1Wc; ElvclL xa~ V ,-*>vo _t ;

.ftcrc. tn)yctv"t'fE 'fCV ~W'f ,mEpEcXVE~o;

-Bxcc. ~ ~~.f MOa wo~~c.Ata ~a~;

Df)"t'fE RO ~" ;

'r&V .""c '6 .. nO'fc.JoUiTE ot;

168
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 14

-------
tm.t ,4

-'l.lHa (the) pol1cun

6 (t.he) street

L -'l.lHa, vL,na, Officer, where 18 Aerica street, 7

6 L;

-6 ''- (the) block, 8QUU' (Qeetr)')

Ha -- ' . T811 blocl (tar) trc here.

-- (the) barr8Ck

EtVaL -i - --. 1t'5 r1Bht beyand the barracks.

~~e!~_~!~~:!!!1
LLfv, -, - old, aged, elder).;r

EtVaL L LLv Oh, 1 13 too far for an o1d cn l1ke _.

\(Ha, KL .

cbaufteur

~,,/~ danIt

(x~)(3) to 1

'l.l-~ ( the) ADbaasador

'' 'l.l- the Abassador (katharnu8a

cm)
~ -, '.( 'l.l. tL Don' t worry, (Dy) ~, 'm the chaufteur ot
- 'l.l''. tbe _bassad.or. 1'11 giw you a it

-'-(-6 'l.l. ('take you ith rr: car ).

-6 - ( the) sectiCll

~ (~) (3) oonaider,

( (the) visa
~ (() to give a visa
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

x~~ . ~6 Thank you very much. ' d like to go t.he

~L6 L, ~6 Aaerican Consu1ate, to the Visa Section

~~o . ('to the 8ection that thel give visas').

~6 (t:'1e) son

6~/6~ (the )jnvitation

" ~6 ~~ ~K~ ~ have a 8 jn Ameri.ca fho 8ent me an

~cnELoE 6L . v 1nvita't'.iClll 1;0 go and ee hb.

~6 .

'f. to t..'tjnk, to Me in n1nd

'f6 ,~o {the) otfice, de8k

6 {the) consul
~ (~) (,1 ask tor, look lr

"E~aL cn,,~o. v cn6 ~o 50, -1'11 go ('1 have 1n m1nd to got) and

~o ~o otlou, " 8 t.he Aerican Cos and ge't'. ('ask')

~6 xt ~o ~~ " some jnfrratin.

-..

cxoc. to appear
80 he appear

"X~a .. o,. -. - wetul

(o~) (1) to help

" l\141 , , have a fri81d over there vho ay tura out

CX" x~.o * v ii o~a. to be U8efUl and helptul to ;you.

" to 1sh

xoc" a " ci" *. hope ('ish') eveth1ng goes f1ne [for

you].

~..!..~
.t
~~ KUpta ' ~6 ; 'f ~ 6 A~K.
 14
G REEK BASIC COURSE

~ 6; ~ , K~

' .

~ 6 ; ~ ~ ~ ~K~

. K~ .

6~ 6 6 '6 .

~~ '; 6 ~~6 , 6

~~~ ~K; ~6~ x~ L,

~ 6~ ~~

~ 3 6 L rL 6 L

~o ; .

6 ; x~ , 6

x~o

o~ ~x~

Narrative

NKo~ 2_!f~f~!~I2~ o~ the last. reC81t.

~ .

:Q_~~2Y!2~ ~ wealth
.

~o !~~_f~~!e!~
~K& .

~ opportW11ty

~ 2_!e~~2~ nanner

6 G

~~!Q!!~q!.

~ :impress1on

~o 6 ~ !E2~~~~. frightru1. dreadful.

terr1ble, tremendous

171
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

K~~6o ~x~ ~o !~

~~2~ ~& ~~&.

a(H 1n!luence
6 ~~~!e~!~ x6~.

~~o, -, - :1Jeasurable

''EXE'rE !..l.~aa!.~~_ ;
~6 ~a~~o pasport

6 M~~ ~o\ r1.pyOU :~ aovcx

u !!;.~ 'e!:2-.
w K~'~O/X~~o
- ~el~~!~! a~6 K~o 1t 18 lo<:ated,
. s1tuated

Ccxo~ to be tound

6 ~E.~C~O NCt.p6 "&.~ &u '" < 'A~K. "-:

av-m 1IOU <U . ,,"6 & MoVro C"/ ~ , ~ ~t, "Ma~ ou

K~, . ~6 ,,"6 ;ij K.~.. ~ou' Cvouv u tV'r<ma~ N4t

", c~~ xWc. "X'ra~ _k

Ixouv : ~o~ Ka~ a'CU~U.
.ta

&fc . ~ " 81.0 o~

m
u Nouv &fouv & ~

'~Ma~ Ko~ ~ 'ffi'

'" t.t.c ' " ...
to ct'rP'l'rc ~c . V< \ ,,"6 ~6 & ~ou' .~ 'r6

.ca'r~.6 ,,". T~Ko~o ,," 'AI\lCl' ~ 6 '~o K~~O ou c~ _,

~ 1IaC. A,,~ 'r6 "'rtp~o a~ , & x~'!x. a <~'rC"'r.~.

B'qC'rIH O'W Kfv'rO ~ , tJ. ~6 ' ctvcn. xC ~6~
o~ ,," .

~f2I.!!!.!!:i..!!

& " ,,"6 'rU'rL

-

u & & ~ ~K.

_~6.

K~ ~o &~ & t~u~ o\~o ~, _~

'U'r ,," ; nou & , ,,"6 ;

~, K.~..

"Exouv &o~ a~ ,,~ '"'r; M~~, fxouv ~o ~ 'U'rV.

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

' ;

'

& ~
; .

& ; &

6 '&; '

; , ~x
.

~ .

Grammatical Notes

!~~_!.!!~!. Noun: Tb1rd Declene1on.

F8dn1ne nouna 1n:

1) ~ (Th1rd Declension ~ 1n katharevusa)

2) - t , - ('lhird Declension - t , - in ka t.harYU8A)

) ~Tj'm (Third Decleos1on ~ in katharevwa)

~~!:!_!.!!:.!.:.!. Th1rd Declension Fllin1ne nouns in (unstreSSed) ~

t Untortunate1y the doctors in ('of') our city

~~~~~ , . bospital aren't good.

uYaoEpa ~~~~~~~~.=. then askB U8 quest1ons.

~ . He sent me an invitation.
---------
& - reads U8 a nuaber ! sentences
I;SlW~ Nightclub.
!~_~!~!e2_~~~~~~~~~~~
the underlined nouns in the above sentences belong to vbat 1 traditional1y called

'Th1rd Declension'.

This particular group ! third Declension nouns consists ! femin1ne nouns vhich end

in an unatressed ~

17)
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

these no1.mS have an altermative 'dh:imotiki' fonn 1n - and sne nouns ! every

day usage, such as for exanple, have on s1ngle fonn in - while the fonn

. 1& used 1n wr1tten katharevuaa only.

80th ems have one set ! plural endings, but two altemative singular 8ets.

E:ple&:

s~~. Plur.
. ~. -& ~. *
G. ~ -& -&

.
#
-&~ ' . ~. *
* 1 should be noted tha10 the katharevusa -ors ! fenin1ne a.rt1cles 1n the . and Acc.

plural are and cX respect.1vely. <aee 14 ter un.1. ts ).

The cplete 11810 ot case emings ! tb1s group th1rd Declension OUU 18:

~~. Plur.
:'.
#
ll. -.

. :'/:' -

#

#
-. -.
.

~~_!!!~!.:.! F81nin Houna 1n - C, -& / - , -

o~ 6 &. 61.0 Ne vorks on the ocean liner 'World Hope'.

. Two ....eeks approxiJately.

In tt first sentence the Greek vord for 'hope' U8 used 1n its katbarewsa !onn because

1 t 18 8 part ! proper nae IWorld. Hope'.

All ed.Din nouns in - and -& have their katharevusa counterpart8 1n -

and -&; respect1ve1y (e.g. ;, ocX, EcX)

These ons, hvever, have been caly replaced by the miern Greek -, -&00
to... (.. , ocX).
'n -,- nouna are decl1ned like f1rst Declens10n feMinine nouns 1n - (su.ch

u ) ....ith the sing1e exception that the ~!!!~!!!_!~~~ end1ng thS&8 nouns

- 1.8 wsVessed.:
---------
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 14

~~fi~ ~!~
.
( .
. (

't" ( 't" (
G.
't"( (
. 't" (

't" ~ n 't"cx 't" -& '1be tailor "i11 take your IIIeasureents and
.. 't" n.'t".6't"'t" 't"ou ill 11 his ski11 to make your su1t

. 't" . 't".. perfect.

Feminine nouns in -'t" are declined like those 1n -(, - (Note 14.1.2), i.9.

~~ !!~~
. . . 6 't" 't"a
. n,'t",6't"'t"

G. 't" .'t" 1.6 't" 't"a 't" n.'t".'t"'t"

. 't"~ n.'t" .6't"'t" 't"( n.'t".6't"'t"

The katharevusa counterparts ! tbese nouns end :in.t 't" , e.g. n.'t".6't"

(8ee later mits).

!~:!_!.!=! Masculine Nouns in - deri 'id !rc t-he Thi.rd Declension katharewsa nouns 1n

- and -.

. 't", ., n, O!!icer, "here 1s AJerica street, please2

6 ..
It's right beyond tbe barTacks.
. 't" ~o .
'Jhese examples 111ust.rat.e tbe use ! nasculine nouns in - der1ved !rc the katharevusa

th1rd declens10u asculine nouns in - and -. 'Jhese nouns are dec11ned like the !irst

declernsion nouns in - (e.g. ( ) except !or the I~:!!!_t:!!~~!_~~~ -

vhich 18 never stressed (cop&re; 't" 't"cX! the policemen' to .
-.-------------
'! the .sergents').

The nouns and are 't" in

kathareVUBa.
'Jhe katharevusa !orms ! these ous as well as those enumerated in Notes 14.1.1,2 and 3

vi11 be discussed t.ogether vith other Jrd. declension nouns in units dea1ing with katharevusa

gramat:i.cal !orns.

~~-.!.~~~ Nurerals: Declension ! 't" 'three' and . I!our'.

175
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

' . L , L L aIoIo.

L '~OK~ .

TI1e above ex.amples sbow that the numerals L and agree 1n gender

and 1n case wi th nOW1S thy od1f'1'.

'1hese n\llllera1s are declined as fo110118:

. . .

. L ;

(i. ~Io

. L L

. / /

G.

Ae / !

, ,

Anotber 'declinable' nunera1 'one' discussed 1n thit 7.1

!xamples:

\ 6 . he vife ! a friend 1n.

~ 6 .6. \ie knor th1rteen good doctors.

6 . . et,. he houae your tbree brothers.

no ,

- ~ .- '1'be 1uggage ot tbose tour touri8t8 18

L . here.
't xa& co&cn.. We h8d t'0U!"teen hour de1a)".

E'toa. ~ a~ U(o cno6 1'teD~ three _a110rs go the bsrracla.

a~.

'Ihe boe examp1es 8ho that no n1y the n. .ral.s a 'Oe-', 'three '
8d . 'iour' but also the1r CCIIIpO\1DCI8 8uch 'orteen' ,

E'txoa. 'tventy' tbree' etc. agree 1n gem.. and 1n case vitb D01WI the odif1.

1.1 other nneralB Ercn 1 to 199 are 1necl1nab1e; 1.8. the;y baw Uy 08 .

'Ihe dec1ensin nuerals fran 200 up 1 be discussed 1n 18ter un1 ts.

!~_!.~ Nou; F1r8t Dec1ension case end1ngs in katharewsa.

. \ \. II1 the Abassacior's chau1'feur.

In the footnote to Hote 5.7 1 a& &tated that a small number tbe f'1rst dec1ension
IBascul1ne nouns 1n - (such f'or exap1 aa ., a& etc.) are
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 14

o!ten used 1n the:lr katharevusa !on.

'1he oonplete .et ! case endings ! such nouns is as !ollrs:

.
~~.
-
---
Plur.
-

. - -

- -&

E:ample:

11.

J}.

Gr'llll8tlcal Dr1l1a
------------------

A~ 6L vL o~ . A~ vL & 6L.

A~ ~L fv vL &. CL ~ ~ !

vL o~ ~o. ~~ &.

A~ 6L vL YL& . '& L L.

A~ &faL L o~ ~~. fvL .

LfL vL L'~6 o~ ~XOvV A~6 ~ vL Ko~ ~6

~&. &6.

A~ L L&vvC .

& nC~La ~ ~ 6 vL L. f ~ ~ ~~

6 &~L ~ tVL ~& vL &L.

. 6 t ~ '& vL 6.

~v~~L &f vL &~L ~o ~o ~ vL

~. &.

& L EtVaL KO~&. LL v vL

6.

1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

x~ ~ & .

' ~. ~ .

x~ ~. .

x~o x~ 3 -

3~. .

6~. ~& .

6~ ~ . o~ 3"C'o

~ ~ . ~ .

- t~. ~ .

3~ ~ "C' . x~~
. ' .

~x6~ v~ 1 . ux ~ . .

~ '~
6 ~ o~

lfanp. ~ .

~
.

~

~ ~x&. . . ..

.- ' ~
av"C'IIV ~3 ~ \l1.a 'twv cn\l\l

~xo.
~ lX

6"C'cS . crra.. 6 "C'6 ~x. 3..

fx~ 6 6 6 ~ ~x~ o~.

n6c.. 0 6 3 -

A~ xo~ ~x~ "C'~. .

6 . 0 ~ "C'o -
xf~. "C'-

~v&~ . 0 3 3 ~

"C'x ~ "C' 6. 6 ~ ~ ~

"C' 6 ~x. 6 ~x.

~ 3. ~ ~ ~x

178
 GREEK BAS1C COURSE 14

~L LV. L .

L ~L . L L L

L lL ~. 6 LL.

L L ~o. tL ~

L L L .
. a L
L L ' 6.

. L Lwv

L .

d L ~L L

. ~L LL.

Ma !L L 6.

SubslluUCIIl Drill

Subst1lute the ords in parctheses for t.he \81derl1ned vord ! each sentence us1ng

plural foras h_ necessary.

~~ef~ L . (6L)

~a !!e~!Z~~!~s; L L. ( L)
~2~~~!!. {L)

'6 6 L6 ~~ef~~. (6L)

6 !x~ Iyyg!~~ (~L)

!~~!e~~j ( LL)

t~ ~~!e~~ . (4 )

!~~!e~~ L . (L)

6 d ~6 !L ~~~~~2~. ()

6 '!!~~ L 6. ( ')
~ 3 t ' ~~~!. (L~L)

Subsllu the nmerals 1n parentheses for tbe underl1ned anes using the1r aropr1a

179
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

tcm8 to agree vith the no1Wl t.bey 1IOd1f'y.

~~Y!~ YLa~pOt L ~6 . (2),)

6 nt~L ~ ~ ~Q2 L L 6 L6. ( 4)

~6 LL L !e!~ . ( 1)
!~! L 6 . ( 4)
~OK~ ~ ~ ~ L~~ f EIvaL . (33)

~~! LL. ( 4)

A~~ 6L ~XEL ~. ( 3)

6 ~ ~ !YY~ YLa~Wv EIvaL Ko~. ( 3)

~!Y!~ ~L ~ ~ Et~L 6 . (.)

~Q2 ~~oC ~ EtvaL o~ ~6 . ( 3)

~XEL ~!Y!~ . ( ,)

EtvaL 6aK ~ L~;

ocj~,~ ci~ <r , crr6 - ~ ~~ ;
NoC~ W LMa~6 fj 'A~~ tXEt. uL

YLa~C;

NoC~ ~po x~ ~L L ~u ;

LL txE~E;

tci ciplaEL ~ dpXO~EK~OVLK~ ~ Cx YQ; ~~" 'EC YLCI~t;

-Ex~ , 6 . L~Lt o~ L6 L;

dptaL ~6 Cl~ ~ ;

Y~ crr~v o~ ~'~OK~6 ~ C~ ~6 ;

JIo~ v ou ~ ~;

84 .c~ v Etxa~E ocp;

dpfaEL o&~ ~o6 ~o;

~ C~~ ' ~~ C~;

8~ ~6 ~~ ;

,80
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 'S

L (L) to belie'V, th1nk

: dadd;y, paPA
(ox~) to obl1ge
6 ton1ght

L, : , don't bel1eve,father, you're going to make

XL "6 6 . us stay hne aga1n tonlgbU

-& / &11, far f'rn 1

~ 1n accordance
t (~) to go ce out
~ outa1de

"OxL, -& &. , DOt all. 'l'he 1 ('accorcUng

L EIvaL L6 to ."". plaM ) 1 t s t1Je for us to go out.

~.

'" ~ (the) c01mn (nerspePer)

'" lt/lt (t..'1e) newspaper

LtC (Lt) to advert.1S8

6 -& (the) spectacle

~ ~ lt, Look up 1n the amusenent co1wn ! the

LtC L -&. DeWBpaper (I1ook tbe 00118\ !

nvspaper 1n h1ch the;y advert1se nr10us

spectac1es ' ) .

6 "E&VLJW National [theatre]

tC (: ) plq, perfon
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

l., -, - stingy, niser

, &.6 (the) actor

( ) to take, get, recei e

6 f!: (the) place; toi1et

to take part, participate

, -, - excellent

6 '&.6 6 . Tbey're P\1tting on 'The M1ser' tbe Natial,

&. ' .. the actor (bo part1c1pate :1n 1t.)
6 . .. are excellent..

TIItEI. 0.1.
(~){a) to telephone
~6 -&fo (the) theatre
(/) (,) bo, keep, reserV8
yocx. {"} to bece

~y." vhat bappleci

6 " (the) telephme

1" '(IItE . 8& ,,~O' 0"(6 -&fa'(O .. 'U can the tbeatre to l'88eMe 8

" i K'(~o" -&'.. "..

'(6 '(;

t" (tEXdO') (1) to forp\

() (1) to 8po1l., breaJt cIown, d88tr07
'f.x/.v (ep'f.at/.t) to f'u
&6/ yet,at.1ll
B~ ~~ Oh, frgot to 1Ou

U' ca " '(6 ~.t" 6. It's out ! order and they haven't t1xed

)'8t.
d6., -11, - on in charge
'(".6, -, -6 telephre (adj.)
'( . (the) copany, a88oc1ation
l. (the) pennission, leave, l1sence,
vacation
.
(the) vacation
. (the) interrupticn

182
 G REEK BASIC COURSE '5

d6~ ~ T~ ne nan vho does th18 ldnd job (Itte

a~ ~x~ &~. eplyee 1n chargel) for ('of') the

Telephne Copan;y 18 vacatin.

vhere e]se

T6~ 'Jh81 her elae can 1 go1

,., ~cy (the) t.ragedy

d ~o~/~~ (tbe) tourist

-Ox~ ~y, y~~ & Not to preek] tragedy because 1t v111 be

l~ y~ ~~. h11 ! tor1sta.

~o, -, - certa1n, ur

~~o~o;, -, - 8ucb, this k1nd ot

,., 'cn (tbe) beat
,.,
(the) 80ul

a~ ,~, ~~o~ ' Yu '1' be 8Ure tbat 1n such hot veather

f ' x~ . (theat t ) there be JJoul there.

'~~!E! Nwbers
-----
X,c ,00,
x'~; aooo
~; ,,;

~aa,; ,,6;

~ ,,; 5000
,,; ,0000

,,; ,6, ~ ~

", ~ , 20000

lx~6 ,, ,00000

l~(i, 1000000

,a~(i, , Mll10

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~I!~~~-~!!
J.

Tt L ; UO TL LL

L' tL.

Tt L ; '' L, -& li .

L EIvaL L
[.

Tt L YL L

; o~ Lt ~ L

-&.

na'- C1'f 'E&VLc6 -&bo; .VO.

n'o &oOLOt; Na, ~07tOLOt :

' L UnfPOXOL.
npfnEL d llpfnEL a -&fx

~ ; .& & o~ 1j -&fL.

; ''OXL, YLxTt

. &c6:.

8& no~ '"1L6 La 6 .& "., L~. lYLvE L6L

; 6~o .

'ETxLptxc; ~XEL L.

T6o-c lo ; JInopouv ,

lb -&L :

, liv x:t 6

& , YLX

LvL -& ElVXL

-- 6 L'u; OTL L & L

.
 G REEK BASlC COURSE UNI'L 1S

Narrat1ve

M'f~X~e!Q!QQ~~ v~. 1t pleased. e ('useci to o . )

v ~~~~!Y!I ~v

lI~o

v, -, -
last, past
K~K6, -, -6 cla.81cal
~6 &~~O atCouv ~va o~ 6 ~eYQo

~6 play, i1, rork

A~6 ~6 ~6 ~v x~

o~ M~50

~6 &&
depth
uOAo~ o&oo~o ~v ~6v e~~Q ~oo

6 6 role

To~ v '~ !~~Q o~ ~~Q ~6 ~6 ~oo as 00. as

~~~!~~~ ~ &v x~
o~ o~ o&y~

~~6, -, -6 draatlc

A~ ~ a~~ Etva~ o~ !!~x~o

~x6, -, -6 poar

& d r~ ~~~~ ~6 ~~ ~o !

~o~ ~oo

;~ (;) to gether, cOllect, take 10

6 ~!2e!~H v~ ~6 o~

o&~o

~&v (~op&~)
to acldew, 8Ucceed
A~6 d ~~v v~ YY~~5 '~

~v ', ~~H~ v ~ v o&~o o&oo~6. because

v~6, -, -6 knon

d VWC1'f6 acqualotance
lfv t although, Vl1 thougb
o&oo~o ~o 'E&V~KOU 8~o natcouv 6 ~v v

V~~6v. V~~6v v~, ~, 6 ~ ~y ~o .

Etva~ ~va ~6 o~ &. o&oo~6 a;~ ~6v 6

185
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~ 6 ' . T'So ~ ' Ma' p~. '~ Ma'

~~ o~ ~~ a' ~6 ~~o. a~ ~o~ ~

~ ~ ~6o . ~ . ~6o ~6

~~o. .. '. ~ ~o.o' ~

~ ~.K - ~~ . ~x. ~~

~ ~~ . , Ma' x~, ~~ ~x. "E~aL ~x.

~ ~ ~~ ~ 6.

~ a~. , ' ' ~o.6 ~ ~6

~!!~!_!?!!!!

., ( ~.6; ~oo.o . 6~o

, ' ~.6; ' 6 ~( .

~o . ; . ~.

. ~o.6 '. ~6 ., ' 6

~ ~L6; 6.

~ ; Ma c P~.

' ~ f).& vc a ~6 ' ~6~ ~ .

3~o;

r.c~; L6 l . ~

~'o~ ~ x.~o 6

~, 6 ~~o.

~CI .. . ~ ~ ~ ~.

-l30o.o; . ~a a~.K ~x.

~M ~6~ v~; . ~~ ~x &.

~, .

. ~ a~.K 6 ..

". . ~ . ; , .6~. '

166
 G REEK BASIC COURSE ,S

&oo~6, ~~ ' ~6 .

Granatical Notes

Note ,5., Cla88 11 Verbs: Per,fectie Be ,fon.

--------
Mt ~ ~ & and W1th tb ma1y tbat he saves ('"iU

&'& 4:. save') be'll buy a 81118.U store'.

~ ~ . 1'11 phone [and ask the] to seDd t.he to me.

Perfective 8te1n ! Cla88 11 verbs 18 ,foned by add1ng n o,f the ,formative su.r,f:1xes

--, --, -- or --to the Present ste ! the erb, e.g.

Verb Present Steb Per,fecti e St8n

~- '1:.0 speak' ~- ~-
- lto be able' - -
- 11:.0 laugh' - -
~- 'to consider "orthy' ~- ~-
'1be grea1:. major11:.y ! Class 11 verbs on the1r Perfective Ste fonns W1 th the sutfix

--; only a ery .1Jited n_ber f verbs have the sutfix --

F'oUOIfing 15 the Us1:. ! Clas8 11 verbs vtu.ch have already occurred in th15 Coures

J
O\.l (O\.l) (3) 1:.0 "orry

& (&) (2) to help

~ (~/~) (3) 1:.0 last

() (3) to lDeaD

() (3) toexplain
l\J~ (l\J~) (2) to Br

\x~~ ( \x~) (2 ) 1:.0 please

:~ (:~) (, ) to ask for

(:~) (3) to l1e

& (&) (3) to oonaider

Kp~ ( ~) ( 2) 1:.0 hold

~ (~) (2) to speak

( ) (3) to be able
( ) ,
( ) to ,forget
t\Jnvw () (, ) "ake up

() (2) to save (oney)

187
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

( ) (,) to beg
() (, ) pa88

. (.) (, ) be hUDgry

(f) (, ) hurt

o~. ( o~.) (, ) to preter

() (, ) to e

~ (~) (, ) to 8ak

~~ (~cx~) (, ) to stop
V (v) (a) to excuse
V (V) (.) to agree
~o (~o) (2) to mall
~ (~) (2) to telephone

( ) (1 ) to deatroy

Aa can be trn above 11at the verb8 and have tbe

prtective 8t8 tOJ'118 and respect1\'8ly; 1.e. both verbe loae their

f'1nal /a/ ! tbe pre8ent a't8B.

!~-!~!.1=.!.. Clua Verbs: S1ple Fut1d'8 and SUbjunct1e.

'e SDple hture and tbe SUbjunct1w a tormed by' ccmb1n1ng the vord8 .ea and

rupect1ve17 vith the pertect1ve te OII the verb.

The peracal end1Ags S1Jple l"uture and. Subjunct1\'8 are the Ba &8 those the Pre8ent
\888 Cl8 verb8 except; tor the orthograpb; the Bocnd and tb1'd per80D S1ngular.

1Ibre intead -. d -. the erd1n. are - and - Nspect.1e17.

Eple8:

i ' ask .ea *

.ea ~ etc. ~ ~~

.ea ~ -& ~o()

!..o:!-l~! Claaa Verbs: S1Jrrple Past.

6 !~~!~~~ ~ We tound a guide ho expla1ned to us the

.~K~o.K ~ . arch1tecture temples.

The underlineci verb 1n the above aentence 1llustrates the use ! the S1Jnple Past a
---------------------------------------------------
* '1he 1 at pers.pl. end1ng - 1a somet:1JDes used 1n

lrathn11\Den1 1nBtead -.

,88
 GREEK SC COURSE 15

Glass verb () 'to explain'.

The S1mple Past ! the Class verbs 15 fomed by aff1x1ng past tense personal

endings to the perfective ste and shifting the stress to the third syllable fran the end.

I f the nurJer ! syllables 15 less thall three a stressed au~ent ~-is pref1xed to t.he verb.

~plB:

Class

Verb: , (2), (3) (1) (3)

Perf.stes: ,- - - -

~!J!!~_~~

~~:
1. ()( ()6 () ~

1>. () ()6 ( ) ~

3. () ()6 ( ) .

~
( ), ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) , () ( ) ()

( ) ()6 () ~

. a

!2!:!-!.~:~ Claas 11 Verbs: Cont1nuous Past.

, 6 V. 1 t didn 't please (I1t 1fasn' t pleasing')

her uch.

'l'he above example shws the use the Cont1nuous Past ! Class verbs.

'1he Cont1Duous Past ! this Class ~ ~bs 15 t01!IIed by add1ng the sutf1x -{)- to
tbe stem ! the verb. 'l'he personal end1ngs are those whicb general~ used tor the Past

tense. 'lbe sutr1x -- 15 al.,ays stressed.

~~!. Plur.

() , () ,v

2. (), (),v

(), (),()

~~~~_~~~~~~ Continuous Past in -

nov o~o6a with the money sav1ng

,89
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

'n1 example 111UBtrstes the UBe ! another !onn ! Cont1nuous Past vh1ch 1s constructed

by neans ! the unstressed surr1x -- and the Past tense personal endings. e.g.

S~. Plur.
1. () () .

2. () ().

). ( ) ()()

'lhis !om of C<:.t1nuous Past 1.8 8OIII1n8 uaed 1n 11eu ! t.he !or 1n --

'Ibe wrb ( ) !onns its S1Jrle Past l1ke the verb tcnc. () -(see

~!J1I Plur.

1. ())(L't: () )(L't:

2. ()-yii ())(L't:

3. () ( ) fj)(L't: ( )

Hote 15.5 h1.rd Declens10n Neuter nons 1n -.

---------
& . . 'Ibe tail.or pays spec1al attent10n ('8hows

~o 'tou. grea t 1ntere8t. 1 ) to h18 custers.

Neut.er 110uns m:11n 1D - (in kat.hnill8en1) are decUned as !oUows:

~I Plur.

. 6 t .'t'CX

. 6. .6

.:
. 6

~-!.~!! Ad.ject1'Ve8: SbU't ! st.ress on prparoxytone te1nj.ne adject1ves v1th

. t8a end1ng in a vel.

Nd . lS. . ; You nay te 8ure that 1n 8uch hot veather

6 ~. u ~. there vm' t te a soul there.

In the sentence above the feninine adjective is stressed on the second

8711ab18 fraa t.he end. vhlle 1n the ascul1ne on ! the SBDle adject1ve the stress 18 on

the third 8711able !r t.he end: ..

The sh1.tt ! stress to t.he seccnd syllable frn the end 1n fen1nine fOl'llls ! t.he

prop&l'/CYtne adject.1ves vit.h ~l Bens 18 regular 1n katbarevusa. 'n tE nay or nay not

190
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 15

be shi.fted in kathonilueni~ e.g. or .; or ..

!!~~_!~~! Noun: 'Indec1inable' novns.

n1lllber ! nouns borroved rm foreign languages <most3.y fran French) are '1Jdecl1nable',
1.e. varied by inflectional tendnations, thu::

~.

~ .
! .

G. ~o ! ~ !

~6() ~o

Other :1ndecUnable nouns are:

~6 a elevator
~6 ).,. rad1atcr

~6 6 sport
etc.

Ga8at1cal Dril1s
------------------

{. OL ).,).,).,. -& ~o )., .

. ~t ..

-& )., ~ 'a~ ~ ).,..

A~ -& .)., t.&.

. &~ ~ ...

M)~6 -& ' ~6 &~o ~6 .

. H&TI~ ~6 ~6 &.

~ -& ~;

~ ~o~ ~6 .

. vd o~ .

~ -& o~.o ~6 &..

. ~~ ~ ~ . '~6.

. -& u~ .

. u ~ .

-& ~ . ~ .

191
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

,," ,,"C ~ ,," ,," x~a,,".

L ,,"~~,," ~ ,," ~,,"~ ~.

au~ yuvaCM YL ',,"6 ,,"6 ,,"CL .

-& ,,"~ ~,,"~ ',,"6 XfPL, ""~ .

,,"6 6 !& &L L ,," .

-& ,,"~ ~6 ,,", ~,," ~ 6 ,," -.

~&a ,," o&~~ lUOL.

L ,,"c; ,," ,," LC ,,"u ,,"6 <1..

nfPUCH tunvouo: ,," ~ 6~,,".

,,"6 ~u~ ,," ,," ~ ,,".

c.U~t 't' a L .

& ,,"6 u~ ,,"6 Wa .

nO,,"LoUoav ao ~L ,,".

i p~ouaav ,," ,," tL ~~~L.

c. ",,"6 Cu~ ~~ &

,,",," .. ',,"6.

ou ~o\IC l:: tou ,,"cua 't' &.

L6 .. "" lvoou~E ,,"6~ ',," no fc.

ou ~o\IC LC "': 'auu L ~".

au&.vo &6", ',,"6.

~o 6 66 lu~ ,," &aU~~La ,,"~ L,,"~,,"L~~ au,,"ou ,,"ou ao.

6 au ~ ,,"~ ~6 &la,,"o, ,,"6 ,,"~ ~a L.

IJiv,,"a La L , ,,"~ U .
T~ Ka,,"O~ ,," ',,"6 xfpc.~

cf& ,," LL u ,,"6 .

" ,,"~ ,," ,," LC .

- , ,," &U.

192
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 'S

Transformat1on-8ubst1tution Drills

Change t.he verb fonns frn Cont. Past to S1mple Fut. using the words 1n parentheses

or subtitut1ng them for the 1Jderlined words where necessary.

, ~e!~_~~!_~~~~~. ( )

6 ~~~_~e~! . (aUPLO)
6 6 6. (aUPLO)
L Q~_!~~_~e L . (6 )

'6 anCTL ~~~_~~e!. (' )

vQ~~_!fi~_~~~~t~~ 6 L tL L. (aUPLO)
!t~~ 6 . ( 6 )

6 ~6o ' . (aiJPLO)

I.!~e~qk ' 6 L&6 . ( )

UgL~ . ( 6 )

& L . (6 6 )

Subst1 \ vorda 1n parentheses for the mderl1ned wordB 1n the follov1ng sentenc88

change the verb o.ns 1nto Contb1uus past.

~~E!~ ~ 6 . ( )

8 ~~!~~_!~~_XE~~~. ( Xp6VLa)
6 ~ Q]~~e! 6. ()

8 L ' ~E!~. ( LK&)

8 '6 n Q!!~_~Q2. (, K~ )

~ !~_~~~~ ()

~ .

!~_~~~~ ~& ()

~~e~~ 6 6 ; ()

~ !~_~~~~ . ( )

8 ~!~_~E . ( EtL )

& ~ L ~~_~B~:~.:. ()

193
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Transforation Drill

C1unP. t.he underli!'led verbs into Siple Past:

~~~~2Q~~ . !!!~Q'2~!~ ' n .

'~~X~E!~!~1 ~faTPo. ~!!~~!~ .

Mf ~~YX~E~1 ~ o~ ~. !!2~~.!: M.~ .

!!2~~ ~Q'2~!~ C L 2!~Y2~!~ a:.

!YY2f~!~ '; 3 ~!~~!~~ o~ .

~E2!!~!~ !~~!2~Qf!f Tpfvo. (~ ~ ~~E~~~ .

~!!Y~!f o~ ; ~Y!l~Xf!!~ M.a:~u.

~2Ef1!~ v ~~; ~f~Ef1 .

~~!~YQ~~~ ~o ( . ~!~Y~ f.
M!~~!~ ~!4; ov ~~!~Q'2~Y ~3 .

E~~!~ f ~; ii X~M~!} . .

ii ~~!! ~o. !!J~!:f~~~Q'~ .

3 ~~~ x~. Tov !~y~ ~!~f!.

ii !~~!Je~!~Q'!l . ~~XS~f!f .

8 !~~~~!~Q'!l .

IIoa cnIjv rouaLYKTOV;

" rt;

~ cn ~faTPo;

C ii i \ ;

6 o~ ~~o 3;
d ;

6 K~6o;

llOLO( 30o~o Tov EVpwna~M.OV M.~Oo ii ;

ECZ ~M. ;

6 ~M.6 ii ~ ~ ;

~ ~K ;

ii ~;

194
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Rev1ev " - '5

Fill m each blank vit-h the proper or t-he vord given t-he r1gbt. 11' 11'. 18 a

noun, use the appropriate fon ! the article.

tJouns

6 '&

-. 6

6 3 ~ 6

' ~xo
8
' f .

. . L .

.
_________ ~ ~o .

-.

X~ 6 .

'6 .

"

8 .

6 .

6 6

195
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

& 0' _
'
A~ ya ~XEL L _

~ ~o L lxEL _ t
A~ L ElVL y~ _ ~x
~~6 L
~~yo
~o ~xo & ~L~
~~
'lKELV ~ DL ~
6 ~L ~
L6
0

npfnEL ~~ ao
6L
'~ & ~ ~~o L
8 ~t ~L 0
6
~ ~XEL 0
o~o

~ ~ yao ~6o
V ~ ElVL aLvoUPYLo
K~tPLO
~ ~XEL a6 6
tL
~ 6L ~XEL EtL 0
~.~o
~ pfEL ~ ; .&L6
& ~ ~ _

~ ~ LL _
'!t & L ~ 'I~o
L

L6~L ! ~ x~~ ~o L ~o
Tou dpfou dL tLf 0
<-

16 ant~L ElvcL o~ _ ~xoo

&~ ntv ~ _~ o tnL~y~

! EtVL ~ ~oo
L~L

~ tvL ~6 L 6 ~xoO, ~L

~yo

IX lKEL L 0
L6~~
6 ~~o XLp6 ~ 0
L-&6

uAv ~Lf~ ~ L fv ~~ ~o~ <1

'~6 ~y ~ L ~oo

196
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Reviev 11 - 1$

'-& ~xo , 't

'tv L't 't 't 0 'tL

-& ~'t 'tv 'tv " v6'tLv Lv

6 L ~'taV 't _ L
MnOLa 't6v .
LL

't6 , & tfPE'tE

't 't.
f av't6v _ V't

-& 'tCL . La'tL

't L n6L _ V't 't . !'tL

-& 6 'tLv _ !'tL
__________ v't 't -&a EtVaL ~o.
~-&o

uO o v't EtVaL tL.

6 La .__ liL

CL 'tCnO'ta.

'tpCa Xp6VLa 'V't _ t'taLpCa

V't6 -&fL Mv'ta L 't6v 6. L

' V't 't ! LC'v 't6 L . 't

TH'tav ~a ~vL -&a

C't f a ._ ''t
' 'tov, YL'av't6 't6 . !V'tL

Adje<:ties
------
-& fa'tELo 'tpCa 't.
v't
__________ 't vL .

Av'toC EIvaL &v-&pnoLo 6

'tL v't EIvaL 't. 't

L ~ . 'tVL'tL6

6 L L ~XEL
U ~'tav ~ ~o 6. x~o

AV't6 't6 Epyb EIvaL 't . 't6

L 't. L6

197
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

_________ HaLp6 ~6o.

~ , ~ 'L. L
LL ~ v _

A~ EIvaL L.

LC EIvaL v

L naCtEL v . LK
v
v & ~ LL
~o l.

_________ tCL .
L

~ l v '. L
'~ ofO LC. /L
~A HC txovv , EIvaL v LV
L ~ & ~ &~L.

~A Hat
--------- , ~~ 6 .

Verbs

' x~ V.
v

' v 6 .
3 'L.
i
L lt~ tL . (PXOxL
~ ' .
L
~ ~ L v v ~o .

6 6 CL __-----__ .

X~ '6 ~o v .

' x~ v ~.

6 VL nplnEL .
'
'E~ 3 .

VL L
- -------- '~. '
L 3 6 CL.
v L
v ~ 50 L.
nplnEL v .

 G REEK BASIC COURSE Review 11 - 15

~( Ha 6 ~6 , ; Ha-

~ 6 (~ .

o~ ~ . ~

~ o~ , K~

~K.

~.

x~ .

~ ~ Ha . ~K

!~o ~ .

~c ~K.

X~ ~oo ~o .

~o~o ~ '6 ; :

X~

Jt . &

HH~ .

~ () .

~. ~

f~ ' .

Ko~ 6 .

() CS .

~6 .

HH~: o~

() . ~

HH~: 6 .

: -m .

uOT~ ~ 0 ~

~. o~

K~ ' , .

199
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

8fovv & a~& ~& !.

~a'
! ~o ~.
K~

~~a 4 ~o~ ~ ~ xaC a ~o~a. a

To~ Xaoa &~a &~~ a~o n&

d ~o, M~6 4 ~ . ~

~ ~6 K~tPLO ~6 K~o ~ 6. cno~

'& 4 o~ 6 " , ~ H~&. ~

---------
--------
Narrat1ve

Mat o~ ~ 'E&~K &'a x6~a. o~ ~ ~

w uj ~ o~ ~~ v ' ~& ~& ~o.

xai:p~ ~x '&e ~~x ~ 6 ~o~, j Maa

( vL4. ! & ( xat ~& &. ~~o~

~o~, ~, ~& x~~& ~o o&~x , ~, ~

'4 4v&pno~ xoo~o ax. ' xat Jbx ~~

W . 1lo ~ w ~ &, ~o~x

fYLvE. O~~ ~ 4L& 6 "" &. r~'u~ ~ ~v~i: H~

~'M" ! uc". 'Ai c, ou , 4i j Maa 4

a~-e. ~\CX ..xc; noxxo ~ 4 .& v ' ~ xa~

~ov. ; ~o & v~(m., .x~ ~ : 4 &

\)nqx '~ ." ~ vcf ~o ~6 o&t~o. lb, (, ~ 4:

' d '.w.c6 , : vxC xat ~6 4 ~6 ~x~o .

6c" ~6 .4. x~6 4: MC ~o & (. vYa~Ex

r6 &te~o 'c at ~c\C. ; xyc:- odK.a, ~nLav rvc

c a -8c.c. fYLvE r ~ 4. i& 4

~~C 6 / ." ~ ~a ~6 . a. MaCC

x.vc" a~. :~" dpxai:a .!.a, ~" ~a~, ~o( K.~o4o xat m
a& K~ .a. .a , .~a, ~ .. ~o .

. ~6 i: xaC ~. ~" .&. a4 ~ Maa~~y ( .

4 ( vcf a. KO~& ~ a ( ~x a !&no

( & xaC " , ~ M~. V~ a

d . a ,~ ~ Maa & a ~o xaC vcf '

200
 G REEK BASIC COURSE Reiev 11 - 15

~ ~K. Ma ~ ~ ~~fv.

~6 , H~ ~o o~xo 6~ ~~

ln~a~pfouv ~ ~K, ~6~~ f ~ ~6

~ t ~ ~~ ~o ~ Nfa 6. ~ ~ ~K
Ma ~ ~6 ~~~6 ~ ~6 ~~6 notEvEto ~ -

~. "E~~ 6 notEvEto i!a~Ep 6 ~f f~ d6~

~o ~o ~ . E~x tv ~ f ~6

~o '6~o ' ~ ~ ~K !

~ ~o ~y ~6. 'r ~f V

3~o ~~. ~~t, ~~, f ~o ~~~o ~o ~

~ Ma ~~~ '~6 ~t ~o ~ ~6

6 ~o ~o ~ ! ~t f ~6 v ~o ~ ~o

"/ ~K .cf nf ~6 df.

201
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~!_!.!

~~~_~e

~ox~o, -, - ro1Ung
~ x~/x ( tb8) aot.1on, C10n,owenI;

~ ~ox (tbe) tratt1c

~c ow

1v ~ , Alexnder, bo s tbe tratt1c (n.r) this

, Tc ~6 ; .om1ng.

~6 6 ( the) presmt

6 6 6 at present, r1ght ow

- prett718D!N1b ,qu1te,ta:1rr

*ci toarda, about, aga1Jlat,

accorc11ng to, dur1ng, V

'f6 ~ DOCI -u.

auv~~
_ ~

ci, terr1.bl., a1aerable, atul

II6c; 6 ncx6 v: ~ - _1, 8 pret'ty god r1ght nw, bIlt t.ovarda

c1Ai *- ~6 <:n)t~ v~ v: ~ 1 \181.1&111' get8 atul.

Xcio~.

~x (the) m18tortune. b8d 1uck

~6, -, -6 halt (adj.)

M'~v balt past e1s'V8D

-r 1'1rst, 1'1rst 01' a11, prev1ous~

to begin 111 th
(the )un1vers1 ty

202'
 GREEK BASIC COURSE ,6

~6 o~)(:o (the) Scoo1 Techn010g,y

~)(, 6~ npfnEL ~ ~ Wbat a hae, s1nce (first) have to go to

x'~ ~ ~~6 ~~o the Universityaromd 11:30, and tben be

~ ~6 f ~6 O~)(o. 500001 Technolog,y noon.

l 1f vere

& vould go

HAv fo ~ &f~I. & - vere you ('1n your place 1 ) r'd va1k

f~ 6.. ('go by ') [tbere].

& & I'd like to

~ (~) (a) a1k, to stroll,
to take a alk

(tbe) ra1n

~6, -, -6 po8sib1e, straDa

M~o 1mpossible(edv.)

8 '& ~, ' 'd l1ka wry uch to take a valk, bat. i tb

~ ~ vL v~o. this ra1n it 's Dp08sible.

besides, -n.v87

(6)Cyo a l1ttle
(6) Lb at least
'f6 ~t'{ap'fO ( the) qurter

& '{6L~ ~ Be81de8 it il1 t.ake _e leut 4S ainute8

~f'fp~a !. to get there.

x~6 (6) besides, 1n additia tio,

Xcept, apart rra

~6o, -, - uoo, 80 an,y (8dj.)

6 (tbe) pedestrian

~6 6. (tbe) sidevalk
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6 ~:\)6 (the) crosa

.:~:. (the) :intersection, cros_road

K~.6, -~, -6 central
6 6 (the) road., st.reet

.6~. l~6 6 ~~ :~OK~ Because :in addition to tb8 heav tratlic

. ~6o. nECot ~ C6.: (tlII8JV' caars ) there are too un, pedestrian.s

xat ~ .:~:\). ~ K~. on sidevalks and tbe dntm

6. inter8ections.

you (... ) have 1D JI1Dd,

70U p1aan1ag

T6~ .6 ~ ~a. ~; Then \lbat are you. go1n ('p1anning') to do7

C. 8iP17

C!. (Cv:!) to poatpcne

clv~cM poatpned

,,6 cz"o;:; (the) _ppoint8

-AnW; C /~ v'C! - 'U 81117 call and po8tpane rq appo1ntMnt8

c"o;:; .' ,,6 clncSoyeux.

& (the) 1d8a

UlJllhere, 1der....

.4 (\be )coolne8

6 ~.o (the) 81

ra~ m, .6~. xat ~ '1bat's a good ideal Bcawe lerewI" you.

,,6 clMYEux . 4~: o.~ ~~ it's al 0001 :In Athens :in the attem.oon
.A.~ xa t l~6 a~o ."( and besides that bel1eve e '11 ha..., S<81

&& d .. ('will cae out) 1n a hil.

 GREEK BASIC COURSE ,6

Usetul words

6 6 1nteJIt.1a

() (1) to ansver
oa (oa) todec1de
oTf Deer, eBr

~J.>!!.~_

--

c~ 6 t U~ ~ TOXCC vL 'A~~;

ElaL 6 fL;
tf L txE~ on v 6 ;

6Lv 6 ;

cT6;

6 XVEL u~ 'cT6 6 f 6 :vLcn~;

~T x~ 6 6;

6 '" _ 6 ;
T HTV cT6 c _~ f;

~!)1!!!! .f6 ..i.

6 (6~) (2)

Hu Mfwo~o Q!!..t'l!!!!2~_~i!!!2~.
6 ~n6 Ei

Ycnep ~V!!e2!2~.
~ c

-6 " ~~:n~~.
VC~6 a,'

W~ V ~ 6 2!e!!~.

6 cnc6

llpfnEL v 6 ~E2~~~

'tl_~~e!~~!~ ElVCL . expens1veness, accuracy

~ f L ~~~f~!).

205
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

/ gasoline
'~ "," ?:r~~'!J_8 ~.

() to take out
"," "," ~~eg "," . beyond, over, the
other side
~_!~_~~~~_~~~. to ake ends meet,manage

''"," :~<!~..!:~ . rich

'' !1:!!!2e2.!: . '...
~oo IIIrchant,

x~ ","6 ","6 ~~2~.!:~!fi.

.'"," ship ner

~!!~ . ","6, ~!!~ .. either or

!e!x~!~ "," .

"," (",") to run

''"," .f"," :;~u:;~:;~.

","","","/",""," speed
","6 2]~!~~'!: ","",".

. () to mean
8& "," "," ~2!~~~~~~~~_!~~_!e2X~!~~. t.rtic pol1ce

~e~~!2Q~' ~ . "," ..

onao& (o~) (3) to tr

~~! ! ","6 ., .

() to put, place, lay', _pp~

:!~~~ ~6 v","u . perhaps, rq be

l; ","6 !. !~_I:!!~.

Tt_2]~gl~ . "," ~ ",".

meaning,sinificance,
:iJportance
6 "," "," I:!~~~ ",".

6, -, - self, alone, single,

the nly one
'"," "," ~~~I:!.
. strength, power
W~ "," ~~!!e!2] .

206
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 16

() (1) to 8urp&SS, exceed,

". ,," ,,"6 !!e22f:H:!!~ .

.6 destinat1n,predutinat1on

. ,," ~~!2~!~!!!!!~_~~!!!~x~!~',," ,,"

6 . ~,," ,,",,".

,," ,,".,,".,,".6 ,," autcoblle &ccident

& ,," !~~_e!2~ ,," ,," . 1D'1tll

~,," ~~~f~ K~. ome one, .oe~,

, , any CIOe, ~,

one, nobod;y
'Ihoever, vh1chever
,," ~o ,," ~V!i1.v~li.'

v.& respns1b1l1ty

"H~ d a ,," !!!1~. slOW'1y

vatL

va. (v) 1 bapp

v 1 bapp8Ded

6 ,,",,"~o MLp6 o~,," ,," ,," ~,,".o 6 ,,"

. ,,",,". nEPLaa6,,"Epa . &. aL

L LL& ,," Lt ,," L,,"LV ~~~o,

~ ,," , ,," NaV,,"LKOV ,," ,,",,". " " o~ '

d EtjoC lva &LL6 ,,",,". ,," )(Xt ,,"~ ,,"6 iK-

L ,," , . ,," d , ,," & . L

~oo ~ L~~. ~ & ,,"V. . ,,"' C

,,"',,",,", ,," " ,," ,," ttVOL, ,," d ,,"

x~,,",,". Av,,"6 . ~ d~V ,," ,,", )(Xt oa~

c!o & ,,". ,," tL, YLa,,"t . ,,"',,"

,," )(Xt txovv ,," , ~ YLa,,"t ,,"6 d ,,"~ ~

,,",,",,". . 6. ~ oou M&,,"L. a't"Tjv

Tcao ,," . ,," aV,,"OKLvTj,,"OV. ,,",," nPOC1lt

~~ ,,", &. L d',,"

. & ,,"6 L6 ,,". L'V,," ,," ,,"

,,"L,,"L~L& ,,",," K~ ~I, . ,,",,", ,,", ,,"

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

' ~ ~ . ( ~

()~o MX~O ' (,

MXt ! -&.

o~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~o 6 ~o 6 ~ 'A~;

Ev ~OK~;

B~ ~~M ~OK~

rLCI~t ." ' ' ~OK~

~ ~'~OK~

rLCI~'; ~6K ~ ~ox

K~(\!." i~o( ~ "L ~o ~Lv~;

~Exo ~ ~~v~~~L ~x~ ~ '

NoC~ &t ~~ Mo~ ~6;

- _.- ----------
r-Ucal Hotes

~!.!:l..wr. tOX'88C1 trc dj.ct.iea.

4 x~~ 1C.L 'c~; (.) vell !1anla and )"OU2

KOV-M ~6 n-Vo. Hear tb. v:1Ddo.

~ LCI Certa~J

nLf\l~ V ~6, !L d. Wa1t a DI1nute, 1'11 cce right avq.

/ <J'nJ ." .

1te ab0'98 exaple8 1llstrate tbe use ~ dverba tormed 1'r' adject1ves. bes. adwrb8

en 81tber :1n " " :1n -.

MI\r adverbs end:ing :1n -a 1181' a180 8 correspond1ng orns :1n - e.g. /
LCI.

Sone adnrbc bave ~ or, e.g. :.

!~:!-!.!:! Adverbials t:1Jne.

~ ~~o 6 late1y
all the :iJe

208
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 16

last week

6 6 this month

Nuns denot;1ng time are used 1n tbe accusatiw case to correspond 1n ean1n! Engl18b

ad_rb1al phrases 'last week', Inext month', lat n1ght l , etc.

Other xanplB:

6 )Coxa.

lf 6 next year
.6 cf n1ght

~ n1ght

~~-1.!~ Adject1es and Ad.verbs: Coparat1e.

lf . '6. cf Re81des 1t l s least ten b1ock8 ."'ay.

v aKpW.

T~ .6 . ~. M08t ot th_ are Eropeans.

Da&v . 6 .6 ~o 6 'lhe Partbenon 18 tbe b1ge8t t!mpl 1n

6 . ,. Acropol1s.
. ~ 6~a .6 ~o. He wants to dr1'V8 t'aat.er.
'1he above example8 1l1ust......t.e the u ot cparat1e torms adject1Y88 and ad'V8rb8.

'1he coparB1 ve 1n Greek 18 !ored 1n tvo way&:

1) by' putt1ng the .6 betore the adjective or adverb, e.l.
1.6 ~o b1gger

.6 ~yo ta8ter

2) by' atr1x1ng the 8utt1x -, -/, - to the ne11ter tom tbe adject1e.

b ~ the neuter adject!wl or 18 soet:1JDe8 replaced by the J!!. e.l.

, -, - , -, -

.6, -~, -6 .6, -, -

, -, - , -, -

:, -, - .6 , -, -

, -, - ., -, -

6, -~, -6 , -, -

6, -~, -6 6, -, -

6 , -~, -6 6, -, -

209
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Sae adject1ves !om tbe1r cparat.iw 1rregu1arJ3, e.g.

xC~po, -/-a, -

cf ~po, -/-,

'bad' x~6~o, -/-, -

p~6~po, -/-, -

'old (8&) o~~o, -, -

6 Io~po, -/-, -

Greek 118811 " 6 fol" t.b8 IDglish 'than I , e.g.

A~6 o~~~~ l~ ~~o '.

A~6 ~6 aaa v ~ x~p6~o 6 ~ .

,6.J
------- S\IP8Z'lat.1w
1he Superlat.1" m Greek 18 tbe caparat.1w preceded b7 art.icle, e.g.
~6 ~ a~6~o .

~~ v~ ~ H~ .

~6 ~6 II~ ~ ~6 x~6~o a.

('l'he kat.hanmn superlat.i.,., t01'll8 are di8cusn 1n later un1t1).

-------
JIote ,6., Verba Cd1~1onal

- \'ovc ~~ ~.. C10V ici ya" U . Y'OU ' valk t.hezoe.

'1f M~. ' 1ik. '9817 aucb tak8 valk.
fj.eM v t e~a
~ Qt 6o~ ici oou vcf ,. nos. are the only nB ho cold cio
,.~ ...
cab1ned vit.h tbe Cant1nuow Pas1; 1s used ind1cate tbat. tbe actin the verb

:. cons1ered aa potent.:lAl " con1t1caal; 1.e. 1Iber Fngl1sh we 'ou1d' 01" vou1d

'U' senteDces v1U be 1scusse 1n etall 1n later un1ts.

Ex8aplez

f).&EM vcf ~ya~ .-

K~. vould like very auch to go t.here.

~a vcf ~6 . vould like JRuch to b1D.

- a ~cf 3cf ~ya~ a~ '. It Dloney oul go to Greece.

~6 i4 .ou & cfa . vou1d please very much.

2,0
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 16

~~~_!.~!.~ Adject1ve: katharevusa neuter fonn 1n -"

. '"r :" It's :i1!Iposs1ble go there.

-ov 1 the regular ending ! neuter adject1ves in katharevusa" 5ne adjectives are

~ used 1n th1s i in spoken Greek.

. "" . a"r~V r."rV;

tv"r & a"r6 u: "r.;

"Av ucx i"r6, ."rt -yatv"r :;

6 . "r6 u: ""r.v ";

-yatv"r uv~& :;

ll~-ya"rE O"rf ~ 6. ' "r6 u:;

. vd nEPM"rci"rE;
i"rtv"r ~XE"rE;

. 6 i"rtv"r;

. vd -yatv"r "r. "r'i"rtv"r6 ;

% . "r d"r vd nEpV"rE ",,"! i"rtv"r;

t~"r "ru "" "" "r~ ru&."rV xvouv ~ u.;

t"r nO"rf i"r.v"r."r.6 u"r;

"Av , "r ~ u i~6;

tt"r a"r~V '.K~ Y(VOV"rI. .6 4 i"r.v"r."r. uu~"r,

" ytVOV"ra. a"r~V Kt "rt & "" Ein;

lloU v,"r . ~6 .tvuv d"r a"r~V r."rV ~a"r~v ~;

. . t"r. ( M~"r~V ! ~ u:K;

~ noU . .6 K.~ vtt ~ "r~ ;

dptaouv ~ .. ~ "" in' -"rtv"r;

.~ ~u ",,6 i"r~v"r."r. u""u~"r;

21'
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

tJa1t. 11
-----.

-m C (mt ) to 118 qu1et., 8er

# ~ (t.be) 1ns~
c1~ (c1~') to let. alone, 1_e aloe

- 1et.J 1eae JII8

a10118J 8top 1t.,
# \)v'tX
aca '
(d.o that.)
(t.be) comenat.1ca, talk
l', ana .4 ~.~. ' 'f~v \) Mar1a, be quiet. tor a .eCClldI DonIt talk'

v'fCl '&06 'ft . 6 CI'ff- Let 8 hear ha tatber 18 8q1ng to 1

.", ( .",)

.6'f ( .6cj)

tct , ~ .", v ~.. VC 'f6 v 0.1. dgn 118 a&J'7I d1dD Xrtc1d to

.c6. ) 'fOV 'ft .. v4 iDterrupt. b1. Ak b1a [exact.17]

i . doe8 be vant to ten .

1 1.8 bot, tIu qv.e8t.1ca 1.8,

the pobtt. 1n quet1ca 18
rnu.

; 6.'f. cf \; .~ tb11k be bas 1n dJd to talJc to you

1.4 'f6 'tIX t . \) (1'f~V rc c about 70V1' tr1p to Fl'nce.

. yoV(1'fO 11'

! (!) to approw

!Kp.vc a~ed.

'tX.tC . to use, to nab , to treat.

'tX . ~MAX used

.12
 17
G REEK BASlC COURSE

& ( () to persuade, to conY1nce

'' o~o f ~6 What it be doesnIt approV8 17 (and)

xC 't.o&X ~f : .f tr1ed everytb:1ng (rused all tbe 1188D8 )

f ~6 . to p8rsuade h1n.

: " (: () to torture, to teaae

.tf . a little

X~fo&. ( the) approval, CC8188nt

.~, f ~6 . ~6 1; dn t.lW1k , but;yu knr

~x. .f~a f a:' tatber, be aly. vant8 to tea8e 8 a

.f. ~ x~f6 ~o. 11tt.le betore be g188 bi8 approaL

o~ (o~) (1) to acqu1.re, e

~6 fo& ~.
ewrth1n
' n (. ~o 6 ~o tMnk he has b1s reaeca tor 401Dg
~6 f. :~6. &. 'o~ 1t...... He 408811 n U8 to take
~6 fo& ~ . fo. evertb1ng tor grnted (rthat 1 et

ewrth1n ..~,).

6oa. to rece1~, aooept, 8d1

6x't . be 8d1t1, accept8

~. (~.~) 1;0 e&ea,to apprec1at8
: (tbe) vortb, value, C08t

x't . , ~O '~fo df, He doen't app"Ow ('acC8ptI) at once

6.6~. o&f. cf f cf vbatever ve aak (rtell ) h1a, because he

~o ~~ ~o;:; fo& f- V8Dte to ab U8 apprec1ate tbe '981118

~o.

~x (t.be) bapp1ness

t f : f C ~x ( ~6 nd to t1nd j07 and happ1n888 :in '9ertb:1n&.

fo& ~..

() (3) to 18UDderstand

813
 G REEK BASIC COU RSE

tvw wh11e, vben, vhereas

6311. (tbe) 1ntent1on, a1J, purpoee

3.; tL ~ .6~ Indeed7 ADd e 1.suDderstand hh ID08t of

~6 u, tvw ~6 t t1Jne, wh1le poor [father] re~ nean8
~x. ~6o 63.. 80 . ('1188 such a good. 1ntent1on').

~6 lI~oo (the) 1nd1vid.al, peraon

6, -~, -6 go1deD
.6, -, -6
d-v' (t) low
w:6. (t) \lDdetancl1ng
-!. (the) f8lll1q

. lc cu. ~oo u Be ' such a ondertul per8CD. He baa ('111 t' )

., 4') . l Wl t a golden heart. tull (extrce) low lDd
w:61. .cf ~f f. ~ou. \lDderstndmg r hi I~.

Ueetl ard8
----.--
_ ~o ~c t!!I!!I!.

~6

. C1C1. t!2~~!!!fi;

!!!~!~!!& ~ ~!e!~l
( )
to8OlD

~6 ~o

neclcne H-~.

!!!fi~!. VQ!'!~_~!i_~!~fi~2~~3 i !!!!~~2~~. lIhen the7 ant ;you

c430 . (3)
to s1t dn

cpV (V)
to shut, caU
1 o~ !~t!2 ~6 !~_~I~e!.
l, -, - ugr

~6 6.

HEx~ 6 u~ ~~fi. vo1ce

 G REEK BASIC COURSE 11

~2!~~~! & ~~ ~~~~!e~~ .

.cf ( .cf) res_ble
lcf COU81n
f cous1n (t.)
8cf ~ ocf ~~~!:!I!!'! Ha C !!ly~~~~ ~6 ~2~~~!2~
~6 IflZ

Ha/a

~6 o~o

A\~6 !v&oc; !2~!'!! .

--
oa .

. cfc; ~~ ~ w'Uj
C 'fOU ~ \~~;

r.cf no.6 pi . cfc; 6K.~. vcf ~ . a~ ~o;

. o&~. o~ vcf :

r.a'fC . cf . '\'f ~ Ha~& 'f0'U M'flC;

6 M~. \'fa\'f6;

l&c; . a~cf ~ ~ .. ~o ~a ~o;

lrrat1w

AiI'f6 a. ~\~OK~O ~O ~2~ !!!2~eI2~.

, Mr. Ms. (prDOUDced

d unoup'f6c; /kl.rV:J., k:t.a/)

M1n1ster
T~ 1~!!2~2' ~!e2~~!!!.
IyxtW (d~1

o.cf

~ . ~ ~~r!~2!!~~~~~;
lZ6o.

AU'f6c; . ~~ ,'l.
A~6 o.~~ cf. ~~el~.

cx 00188, trouble,
 GREEK 8ASIC COURSE

T~ x~a ~~ ~ ~Y!2~.

~oo, -, - 1ntn8e, 1nt8D81"

3 d~o ~~~E~~~~~.
uagerat1ca
~ o~

": v~ Y~~!~E~~ Kfv~pa.

K~~6, -, -6/x~6,-,-6

:!~E!!! 6 i.
~~~

fv ~ ~~!~!!E!! ~o~a.
!~ (!v~f)

A'f ~ 6~ ~ d~ !~!~!~.
dt~03f~ot, -, -

U ~03f-rx

~6 II.r~

~ c~6

E~6 3~o ~~ !E~!!~~ 6ao.

:tK~6, -~, -6 utt1cUat, 8neral
E'f6 !!~2~ .,\ uw 3fa'fE.

'f6 'f

'!__~ ~6 beCO'fE ~ 6 .

"\'f6 ~ a ~~ 'f6a ~~x!~.

~ "'ax pMC8, qa1etea8

" 6 'fOU oU "E'f~ 3f~ vcf ~~ a'f~V I'C. 8~

vcf 'fpC x6~CI a'f6 I~ ~~ vcf aoMI7Tj a'f6 : v~a'f~. "'

"6 1 o~4 6 ~o fv K~ u'f6 ~6 -rx~

'f. No'~ ~~ fv c~ f ~~ v Ko~~ vcf ~ vcf

'fOV ~o~ a6o~ d 6 n~. ~"a6 ~6 6

et3 at a'f6 n ~o. 6 ~f~ M~ ~~ ~~

~o ,~ n~~o C ~~ ~~ i~a ~vcf Kfv~pa ~o. 8~

CI, a~ 1C~ f 63~, I~ a~6 tC~ a~

6K~-rx~ vcf ~ ~ ao~a. f 3~ ~o f~ ~

 GREEK BASIC COURSE 17

vL L6. 'Etap~~trL 6 ~6 !~oo HaC '~ tL Ha36

v~Lv ,. ~tL vL ~ o~ HaC ~ vLtL
~o~!o. ed d, , L~ o~ ~ ~'dtLO~ta~ ~o LL, d

t~~L d L avaL6v ~ '~6 DapCaL HaC ~ o~

'ttf ~ '~6 n ~. '~L K~6 HaL6 at;,

l o~o " ~6 a~ ~. 4 ~6 ~o ~ od ~6 ~Ha

HaC ~ ~ YHaTt~ ~o KL'~~aL tvL YL~ x6a

,optt ~ d Ha C ~ ~.

~tL d 6 ~o " ~Lv;

r~tr~C ~~ d d ;

'EYKpCVEL ~6 ~6 ~CL a~ ~;

rLtr~C x~;

AtEL ~ 6 ~o ~ ~o L'(~6 ~ L4L;

dL ~;

~o dmrv0r8 (~;

!/ HaL6 (~ ;

Iy~ ~6 ~o;

!.O!!-!~l Cl8 n wrb Ipe.t.1....

P~ ~o ~ ~tL d R .
\18.

'1'h8 aboe ....... 11l\l8trate8 tbe IaperaU... o.rn ot tbe Cla88 n 'Nrb8.
L1ke Cl8 '98b8 tbe e.u8 n wrb8 ... to IpeUe I~: perfeeuw aDd

1Jper1'ecU.... '1be bperteeu ... r.perat1... 18 ba8ed Q the pr888Dt 8te the wrbJ the
perfect1ve Iperat1... OD 1 perreeu 8t.8. 'lhe 8CCd p8Z'8CD 81ngular and plural ed1np

are -( 8Dd -a~ r tbe Upertect1 and - and -~ for the perfect1... Iperat1... , .,.

at7
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

.
~~~~!!!
Verb:
Sg.
Pre8ent St8: .-
Pl. .
Sg.
Pertect. St8 .-
. .

VerbI u to &81'\'8'
u~
Preet St8a !U- ~
~
l"8rtect. Sta: ~-

, . HeD "CID the abcmt ex.uple& the &t.reS8 18 on the penult:bate (next to _ syl3Able)
_cept for tb8 81ngular fbn ot the perfect1ve Ierat1"" 1Ihere 1t 18 QC the antepemlltJJnate
(th1rd f1'a tbe ea1) 81Uable th8 erb.

~ 18 ana1.1l' d1ffemce 1n Dlan:1ng beteen tb.e perfect1e 8Dd hertect1e

1perattw tbe WI'bt d.8 elu8.. V1tb tbe lII&3or1ty erb botb f08 1D87 be used

1nterebceab~. Sae wrb. howewI", bn8 ~ 0D8 Dperat1ve or, vb1eb -.v be e1 ther

perfeot.1... ' Dpertect1....

!!!!-1.! 18818 Decl1Jaab1e C8rd1Nl 11118'818 ta 800 .

ID Rote 1".' tbe dec1D81cI ; 8d .; 8Dd t.hdr ccpoad8 . .

hllodJ ~ 1llu8trate tb8 ~ C81'dmal 188I'W trc. aoo up. Buer1A

rca 1 to 199 (tze8Pt r c , pat ofC1aEPE " a the1r ccpound8) are 1Ddecl1Dable

.....:.-
' EtWI. .&6.. ucf t 'Dere are aI3. _ , ",1I88n 8DIS tJ
l, .&6, cf t - cb11dren there.

W'i:KEC; _t .&6. cf .,i.

no Xt,O , , t Ve 888 10001181, 1000 VCI8D ad 1000

- t . n . .i ch1ldren.
no 6(() .,f 4. '60 .t.f- Ve ... aooo __, 8000 aen aDd aooo
yvK; '60 ..f ..f. ch1ldren.

. f an.r 6 , '1boae are the boU888 ot 1 1II1ll1c: . .,

6 . t 6 1 n1ll1on 1IOIDIID and 1 1ll.1a ch11dren.

n...

a1e
 GREEK BASIC CvURSE

'Jhese exa.ples Bhor that the Cardinal Nuerals 200 througb 1999 agree vith the nouna

they moc:I.1f;y Uke regular adject1ves (plura1 1''onn).

Tbe plural .1n ! 1000 ( . .cf ) is !l~! d.n1n and 1l1ic or mill10as

('t6 't1.0, 'tcf 't . ) is &!!!l! neuter. '1he rest o:r the neral g'88

vith the noun 1 od11'1es~ ..

!'t. . 6. vv't 't ..cf ~, Ha

..f.

Ha't. .. ~~ 't ..cf !. . 't

~ Ha't. . 6. ~~ 't ..f !.

. 'tpta ..cf.

~..!.W AlterDat1'98 pertect1w ste !or of tbe 'V8I"b &.

'~y i'I o&~o ~ ! vfo. Wben they Wa:t 1'011 they V111 call :you.

~~~~~ is another perfect1ve stc !om ! the wrb & b1 18 uaed

:1ntercb&geab],witb the!on &.

o.cf . 't 'Edo ~ f'tE cx y.a'tt;

dpfaE. 't6 E~..(~ .) i'I

crrv. crrf)v 'Ed cx y.a'tt;

C't ~ u.'t'tf V. ll-&. x~6.;

,crr't cx-&'tf) i'I ;;

"Av !x~ .e4 Il v4 f vef vcf

CO .;

d. VUX'tEPLVf) ;~;

t;'t L foo .f fOIoO v4 v4 ; 'tf f);

8lPE'tE 4 lv. ~'dtLoo&~~ 't -&f)v;

ant'tL !XE'tE yIdyocfaE'tE ~y ~ ,~aE'tE a't~v f;

" nO'tf L't't~ vL't~L;

"Av L't vd 6 't YLcf 'tv ;

219
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

----
.11 ,8

&U. .,. after taorrr

6 -6 (1ohe) brotber-1D-la
.6, -~, -6 _-, ar1t1ae

6 C6ufo _1otaotW
dv (dvcx) (3) 1;0 d.epart;, 100 .'98

&U. 6 clMyeuX, d -6 , _ brotber-1n-1a, h1s tr1eod the R_Y8l

6 " d Nc.M6 6 Attach& ad. ",,8U are g1D1 1;0 Delp: tb8
ufo; &Cvcxu .d u da;y aner tcaorror. Rave)'OI1.wr been
U. -. d. tbere (, 1;0 D81pl1')"
u

-~-
.&! _ beto ,.terd\
vcxCC (d) to qaD
6 & (tbe) WDder, 1r_c18.

cad.ertI1 (uaecl _~)

Kt, d. d! . &!, , 1''98 been tbere 8e'98ral t1ae8. 8_

d.~, fo . VC d. _1oter ot t_c1o 1 ... about. to (I...q 1;0')

Itvs. ..., d ! VC 80 tbere aa1n tbe ~ betore ,..8tena;r.

n t 6 . lf,'8 - 1fODderh1 p1ace, bat 70U C8R'f, \
tb8re b7 tra1n.

.d' (.) to teaae, annr, ottea4

.;. D8'f8r lII:1d

.'.. Ct. Ifner 1:d.. ve M'98D '\ _c1ded. ,..\ bu10 1

C6, dl .u . &d ~ tb1nk 'd r_tber there b.r bu8
! 6 .

280
 G REEK BASIC COURSE mIT 18

.sx (f-&) to surter, undergo, susta1D.

(the) car

. -YOU th1nk

() to spcd

. l.& ; oi ~ What happened to ;your car ('1our car

. f f .ed underwent ' )2 Dan't tell YOU're

' .f ; worry.i.ng (1th1n1dng l ) about the l8OD8 ;rou
vould spend OD ga8ol1ne.

! c ho do 70U th1nk -

.. to be bored
6 4. (the) t:i1'e

nx6, -cf, -6 01d (th1ngs ~)

'' . , : . . , old pal. Who do 70U th1Dk

4 C 4 f.X ( ' . bored') dri~B and be81de. the

oi . . ncz4. t1res r car are a l1ttle a1d.

-~-

or or 1888

~ .K~ 6 TC. 6 About hor 10ng doe. 1t tak8 to there r

o~o nd-4 bu8 ('bov \ bours <10.. the tr1p lut

b7 b. approxbate11")7

1) c4/crd. (tbe) .top

.4oC . to need

'X.fTC . 1 18 nece888J7
.! (d(j) to ej07, to prot1t
6 f. (the) J8)Q

F1ve hours 1nc1udiDg the stop. Just enough

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

(1&8 nece88&ry t) tor U8 to enj01 the n811

d.. 1DOOn.

-~-
d~~ (d~~) to d1aappo1nt
;~6, -~, -6 ho, an

(the) b181d1f;y

3 d 'd~~, 6 dal to diaappo1nt 7OU, bat. tb:I.k

. ~ vx. no ~~o.o (Idcnlt 1U th1nk1) thU 18 too lc:ae (Itoo

~6 .6 t '1hf ~~ ; 8t\Y [hOur8] ) 1n 8uch bo 8Dd b18llid.

eather (18Uch bu1dif;y t)'r

C<t aq, a,yb

fo~ b7 aU uaD8~ 1n aI\Y C888

;. . to be/let t.1recI
lI U30/"cn 1t get t1red
() to turn around, r8tun,CC118 back

beh1nd,back

ect . n~ 3CI 6fo~ Ve'll 888. AJvhor velll 10 tbere 1n ~ c:ue,

1\1 "cn 3CI '" / ad. 1t ". e" t1red _111 CCI88 back CID

Fo!dq.

_!!-
''; . 6 . 6 f . m '1'be veather 1gh cbn&e. Vell th8l1, baw
60'1.., .6 t f c!a d a ood t1 and donlt toret to 888 tbe
cn6 "'.

b ~_~LtI.!!~

~ ,,~px Mcnd.a,y
T~ Tuesdq

~ T~~ Vedne8dq
~ 'DNredq

2
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 18

~6 ~-L week md

~6 d~ Saturday

VL Sunday

~ ~o 3L
-
~6 d6v;

llOLOt L ~o;

''L nfEL lf L no~f cn ;

tL ~o ~o ;

~ ~o ;

rLa~t, lL ~o ~OK~o;

6~ L'L ~6 ~tL ~o f ~6 ;

Tt &f tfo ~6 ~ f ~6 '~ ~ Cf~ ;

d o~ ~o ;

tC~ &f ~ ~ ( ~ tL f;

(C~ aL6 &f L tL ~ ~ o~;

f fL f do vf tfo o~ ~o ;

NarraU".

A~6 d !er!~~T!! ndp . hevorlc8

fc L to vork
6 4 ~6 LL L !~

!1!!!~e!2 cc.erce, tr, .bw1l1..8

f (C L ~!!~e!!!!2 vf ~o~6 ~.
d~t~~, -, - 1nd18penaablA

~6 ~6 ~OK~o EtvaL Q~~~Q1!1~.

L6, -, -6 eccnom1ca1, ecac1c

yd ! !!e2~~~e~ Kf~L;

f (f) to o!ter
6 ant~L ~L !f~_~~!~~1~.
!L/! ease, relaxat1on, cefrt
 G REEK BASIC COlIRSE

'~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 6 K~. he decided

A~6 ~_~~~~e~~~~~~ L~L ~ L~. vice CQ1Sul

'dL ~6o ~ ~_~~!~~!~2~~. situation, conditiCB

A~o elvaL ~!~!~ !.

~o~ alwal's

~L ~ vL d~d ~2~~!.
L~6, -, -6 acces81ble, 1hi reach
I~~_!el~~~!) od 3<t d ~ a.

lxo, -, - next., CCII1ng

Elv L ~~2.!:!!~ vcf ~ ~.
L~~6, -, -6
Q'2 ~.L vcf f; ~!!~~~~!~!!.!: y.t Kt~ ~1..
L
EtvaL ~~ ~~o y~o ~~!e~ d'~ ~.
'' experi_C8, pract1C8

ft&eMv vcf ~ cf\io Y:~~1~!)!~~!.

dnoyo'TfEOO~ . (du-&) to be d1aappo1nt.ed

o.t !; , lp-yette~ . ~ ' ..

"f~.cr { . vcf ~L ' ~ fa. rI. '~ ~ 1v.

'1~o vcf f~o~ ~OK~o. 'L,t, ~ L 6

v. ooo.6~ dt ~x . dL ~ 4 .
xcr",t&i ~Lf~. '~. d dnefaLae 'Cyof v 4& LI .6

! 1. Voo . ~ ! d .~

~ '.. tH x~~aLf; ~o ~o~~o ~o EtvL { ''

~. ~o CK~ .-r. 6 XPELtte~ L . L LVOGPYLI t~.x.
rI. 'criI~6v '( ocr ~o ~ ~ ~6 d6u vcf vcf ~6

~c ~! 'Coo. ElvIL L~~ vcf f &~L , KL'

, &. d~ vcf avo~. y.f cf~ CXLVOUPYLO ~~OK6 ~o, YLI~t

L~{L . ~x CK~ '~. f du-&.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1 '8

td~L

MtVEL YLd ~~ uLd ~o ndv~ ~~ '3

nptnEL vd ~ ~OK~o YL'aV~~V ~ uLd KdvELj
~OK~o !XELj
EV. ~6 6 ~OK~o:

~OK~o dnEfOLaE v 'dd:

' 6 nOL6v .e ~6 dpi;
EV. wrl1 K~cn. a~6 ~6 ~OK~o;

6L~ L d t~ ~ tfv ~ ~6 6;

rLQ~t 3d ~~ :

No~ lXEL d ~6 L~ ~6;

Gra8at1cal Rote8

!2!!_!!~ Verbs Cla88 1 8Dd Clu_ 11 Verb8: Present Pertect.

"L d. nO'ft O"t' ; Have 70U 8V81' be8D ('aoe ) 1D D81pb1.

' ndE1. K~ . ba". one _eY8r8l tDe8.

~oE IorL 6. 'Ie ba'V8D't de1ded 7et.

1'be_e are exarp].ee Prea8D1o Perfect teD8e 1n Qreek.

'I'be Pre_8Dt Perfect( '1 have dane so-ad-eo') 18 expre__ ed 1n Greek, .. 1n rnU8h, b7
Pre_ent telD8e tJe verb ~x
'have oll.oee b;y tJe ".rb8l f01"ll vh1cb 18 rouh11'
'
equ1val8n1o to &sli_h ' Part1c1ple' f08 1n ~ (, giV8D, tbro), -10 (bo, C81I&ht,

8Dt) and -d (sold, held, had). '1'h1a verbal.fom 18 tJe pertect1". _t8 plU8 -. a11Dg

(l1b 3rd peron 81.ngu1ar tJe pertect1'9 _t_ f01"ll).

Jnple8s

Verb Pertect.1ve Bten Pre88Dt Perfect

~ .

-yr / d- ! d.

( 1 ) ~ ~ u~.

"'t' (2) .~~- ~ VL't'.

aas
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Verb Perfective St8 Present. Perfect.

--------------

l"ol],jng 18 the ccplet.e parad1p ! tb8 verb f in Present. Per!ect.a

,
! . ~xo" fX.

~. . ! t .

!. <tpxtO'Ei. !xo"v .

'!!~~ V'3rba Verb vith pret1xes

maber Oreek '98rb occur 1n cClDb1nat10n Vith pref1xea h1cb undergo certa1n

chne8 h the erb 18 118811 m the Pa8t. t.en8e (both Simple nd Qmt.muous). 8 th8 aJor1V

tbe8e '98rb8 a1'e rest.d8d to pre. katbarew8a contsxts ~ they viU be d18cw8ed m deta11

1n lat.er un1ta.
'1!e '98rb8 vith prefixe tbat have a1reIcQo occured 1n our UD1ta are:

~~
~le
------
Pa8t \a8

~~~
1 _ppea

ull. auvf auv .

clMCO"tw to dec1d8 IfO'* d!'.t

Cvat!f to~ IllC ClII

to apJIrC8 ",.r

.c c6 to 1Dterru" .KOcj .'tC

VnoXpEVW t.o obl1p

VX tcr* \'nEXplw\ICI
l. C to 1Dtere8t . .

Cla88 11 erb. bfewI'. baw tbe pret1xe8 cbaned 1 the Sbple Pa8t. ~. 'De

cb8np 1 th8 ~ Pa8t occur JD katharnuaa coot8Xt ~. 8.g.

---------
Put te8e8

-. -
Cat.1n1lDU

to obt.a1n lnOKorouc1%

tcrv'rOucr

-----------------------------------------------------------------

aa6
 G REEK BASIC COURSE URrr '8

!!:!-!.!!~ Put '1'ene A1JPII1t l-

AD urutre88ed paat teDae augent - Ctor the st.ressed aupaent ~- s" Note ,0.,) 3 be
prefU:ed 1;0 lIIf7 Cl8 or put t88 verbal tora begiDn1Dg v1th a CO""Clala1t, tbat 18 1;0

uq t0J'8" l .&, l\, et.c. lU7 OCCNI' puoaUel 1;0 i.&,

\ etc.

'1'r8n8f:owat1ca D1.ll
------------
a.e tb8 uderl1Ded erb 1Dto tb PreHDt. Per!ect.
~ ~~~~!2! .;

~!2!!2!~!! YLd 6 tt. u.

A.~wv 6 6 I!~~!~ d.

6 n . t ; I!e!~! (;.
!!e2~!!~ ; vd , d .
:!!!~!~ 6 .t ~ &. u;

6 ~!~!~~!! 6 ..
~~~~ &6u.

'!!!~!!! ~&6u 6 ou.

., ~~!~;

6 ~!!!2*! ; ;.
' ! \ !~!!!e!~! CI~d d ~.
I!!!~ 'CI~d (; .

6 !l!2'!~!2! 6.
~!!!!2!~ CI~6 (; ~;.
(;; !~!!~~~ &6u CI~o(; (;; &~u;.

Rt . ~ ~-e!~!ln~!!.
t2"t lxci:ve d .-ydc;
-------
~ &( 6 !~~~!!!~
" !!2!~H (;.

T~ ~I!!!2~2! ..
~!e~!29~ ~; ~.
~~~fi!! &6u.
~ !!~e2~!! tu .

T~ !~~!~~ 6 .

6 ~c . ~ ~!2!!~!!~
'g~~29!! 6 ~oxo \ Cu ;
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~~ !~~~!~q~~ xa~o.

~ ~~~xe!~~ d ~o~ ~.

~y~~~!~ ~ ;

6 ~!~!!)~!!;~~~ o~ t,,~6 ~6 tp'YO.

1,,~6 d 30o~6 ~~~!~~ o~ ~.

/ ~ I~~~~~ a,,~6 ~6 v;

E~( !!)~!~~fi~~! o~.

A~~ ~I od ~o !!~!2!Y ~6 ! ~.

6 !r!~~~~ ! ~6 6 ~6 x~~o.

!!!~~~!! ~ 'a,,~ox~6

~!!I!!! ! ~;

~!~!~ ~o~.

t t\r -: ~ ~r;

~~y nox.ftc;
MoI~ vd ~ ~ ~ ~ ttf;

Dov .y~ auv~ ~ aa~o-K~~a~;

d d"~ r,,~6 ~6 tal'fO-K~pIorxo;

tC~ ~ ~ o~! d ..mo vd ~~~~ o~ ' /"

"/tt

"1" c, ax~~ d y~ ~6 ~ ~6 a~ox\l6

.tC~ V. t~~r ~ tupntxd r~ox'f v~ ~6 oxoo~X

c16 'f' &~XC~xd;

~ y~a~ o~~o ~' &~xa~M4 r,,~ox'f;

I ~ v~ ~ ~~~~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~OXrr1; / fa;

CC~ ~'r,,~ox~6 v~ ~~~ ~ y~! ~o ~ tf~

~ 6 xdvE~ ~ vCCvr crrf)v Ma;

tC~ Uv d ~xo &~xy~~ a,,~ox'f, ~d

vCCvr v~ ~6o x~I) ;

o~o v~ xaC~o~ ~~ ~~ , y~x !~;

aaa
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 18

~ dfL d ~x ~6 ant~L ~ dvfL ~ YLa~tj

MnL~ d ~ nOLd dL vL vLd 6 ;

No~ vLd ~o ~L d~ &;

~ dfL d y~ d vLj

! dpfaovv L6~ !L ~'d<!~ ~ VK;

~ dpfaovv a ~ ov~fpv ~fv ~ ~ Lj

~ dfL vLj

llOLd vL ! dfLj

~Ex~ <! fvLj

rt nOL6v Ld~, -ro <r~fp ~ ~ ~t ';

~Ex~ !~tv ~ lt

No~ d <r LLd L d dvv !v 6 <r~t f ~t ~o ~o~

vL~ dyd
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

& (&a)

K~. Uov ~ao~; &- Oood orn1ng Kostas. h baw )'OU beeo 'l

a. . III18sed you.

n () to be ab8eot
&.

W.n. &. K~~ .& 1fasn' t here {...... ab8ent). u ....117 1n

~ ~. ('bad gone to') Crete for 'S dq8.

M~&o~, -, - 8u1table, ~ t1t.

K~tr;w (K~tcM) to bu1ld

tou &ca& a~6 ~6 a; C.~ ~. D1d :rou llk. tbe 18laD41 Do tb1ak 1t.'
&1".1. ~,o .' & K~~ ~6 8U1table place for 10U to b1d.ld 'IOVr

."(. cmto CJOU; 8If houH!

6a./,u (tbe) nature

~6 o~6 ( the) 8DUDta1n
n.&/n.. &~ (tbe) pla1n
(the) 8ea-ebore

&~~. ~ K~& Doroua~J bel1eve 1t ' s JnOst (1qu1te 1 )

~4o. "Ex~ 3V~ ~, su1table. has natural beauty (Ivandertul
', nL& na(. nature ,), ounta1ns, plain8 8Dd shOr8S.

230
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 19

.~ you (tam.) had v1a1ted

6 % (the) paat

.~ 6 6 6 Raw you ('had you r) ever viaited th1a 1ahnd

% ~ be!ore ('in the past') or th1a the

; the first t1Je?

' bad passed

X.G (the) vinter

6 6. (the) sh1p, ste8er

.f~ T.i.a1ted

fv prev10ua17, befo:e

' 6 . f 6 6., passed by there c a in 1nter, but

6 .~x I'w O'V1' via1ted there before.

f.

4. (the) 1nhab1tant

~o, -, - proud

.6, -, - bosp1table

. to ge't. buay, to be ocoup1ed

. the;r are bu8y

W xo~. 4. . I'w heard that 1 inhab1tants are VfIr1

o~ . .6.. proud and hoap1table [people]. rJbat'a

.; the1r ain occu.pat1an ('v1th vhat are

thq OCCQp1ed')1

6 .6 (the) V1llage

(the) .t'Weran

pl.

23'
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

6 (the) taner

fv, -, - educated

~aa6o~ x~ "~ " In the v1llages lIIOst the people are

~ . 6~ eitber ti8henen or tanerII; 1n the toms

fv~ ~3no~. tbere are 81\ profes81caal ('educated 1)

people.
~K6o (the) lnf.y'

x"y~~ (the) eng1neer

au"f"/v"~ (the) vr1'ter

~K6o~, Y~"Tpot, X"Y~KO [such a8] layers, doctors, ng:1Deera 8Dd

o~ ". (88) vr1tera.

tC~ to 118 t880U8, to be Jcnon

tCv"~ tbey are tuaous, ve1l knon

~ x~ (te) bravery, va1Dr, courage,

~-n) (the) old:'

d ( the) var

r~ Iv" ay tCv"~ o~ '1'hey are ail, hovever, [particular:q] 11811

, y~ ~ "x~ . knwn tor one th1ng - the1r gal1atl7.

rtVOVT"' , "~

cn6v 6.

Uo6 ~" d &";

Tou ~6 6 ;

oU ~"";

~K xeto~" ! ;

!.no~ "~ ;
xoo"~;

o~ '" ~6 ~ao ou"" 6 ~ ;

E"~ " a"~ K~KO;

2)2
 GREEK BASIC COURSE '9

Narrat1e

6 '&. Irakl1n (c1t1ea of

6 .& Reth1non Crete)

& .&

6 &. 6 . o~ ~1!~!Y~.
..6, -, -6 healthtu1
I~_!~~!2~ . o~ ~~!2e2~
6 ~o 8011, earth, grouncl
\),-, - tert1le

~tl_~e~~Q2~~~ & . ~. cap1tal c1t7

~~ . 2!~2Y2~!~ & . 6 . econaQ'

.6 .& & ~~e~12~Y 6 6 ~~~!.

& to produc

6 &. ol1ve 011. 011

& &. & !e2Q!~.

6 \ 1'ruit

& f 06 ~e~!!~2Q 6 . 6.

d .6 the CretaD

..& .

6 6 . . ~!~!2e~!!~ n6 6 ~o.
..6, -, -6 d1tterent

Mfvouv & & ~Y~~!2.

6 &

h.cn6f; Fe_toe

~Y2!~! ~& &.

~o.. 8pring

6 ~ !~_!!!y~~~e2 ~& . autunn

M1noans

fH . 6 .6 & '&. ". ..6

6 ~oo ~o. \& . & .&. ' & 6.

233
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~ ~6 K~o ~6 P~o. K~ ~ ~ ~~K

~ ', ~6~~ ~ ~ o~. K~O~KO ~

K~~KO ~ o~ ~ ~ K~ ~o. ~6 ~6

t~ , o~~ K~~~. ~

~K~o~K ~ ~ ~ ~o~~K 6 ~ ~~K~o~K ~ '6

. 6 ~ 6~ tt ~ ~ K~o ~

~o. K~ ~o~, ~6o o~~ ~ ~oc

~ ~6 , ~ ~o ~ t(

~o~o ~6 6 ~ o~6 ~ .

K~~;

~6 K~ ~6 l6( ~;

~o ~;

Mo~ ~ & 6 ~

6 tC ~~ ~~ ~ ';

r noL6 ~oo ~;

4 ~ K~;

x~.~oK ~ ~;

MoI~ ~ 4 t ~;

6 tnLxtn~OV~aL ~o~ ~6 ~6 ;

ft :

!.,ote '2t'. Verba Class and Verbs: Pertect.

~ ~ Kp~ Km~ aB avq 1n (Ihad gone ) Crete or "
. days.

tnLCKE&Tj ~6 ~6 ~6 ~6;Had ,"OU visited that island 1n the past?

The urxier1ined verbal 1ns are 'Past Perfect1 w

he Past Pertective 18 oned like the Present Perfective except that the perfect1ve
or in -/ is preceded by' the Past tense ! the verb , e.g. ~.
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 19

The Past Perfectlve 18 used to descr1be an action wh1ch (,) occurred 1n the d1staDt

past (very orten w1 th Ibefore', 'ever befre', 'never before', '1n the past', etc.) or
(2) wh1ch 1Jpl1es the occurrence ne other subsequent act.ions.

~~_!2:.! Verb: Class 111 <M1.ed1e/Pass1ve) verbs.

. He doesn't approve.

. You (t_.) thi.nk.

. '. s0"7.

. '1hey are aus.

The above examples 1llustrate the use Class Verbs. The great major111Y these

"Irbs have e1ther a ~!!!!!}~!!!S (1.e. repres8nt the subject the recelver the act.ic:n,

e.g. 'to be loved', ' be k111ed', 'to be wr1tten' etc.), or a ~'!~! (_~!!l_~~
(1.e. denote an act10n that 18 d1rected back Upcc1 the subject, e.g. 'to waah ODesel!', 'to
ble oneel!' etc.). Sone ! the verbs this Class, however, are s1JDp]y 1ntrans1t1ve verbs

(e.g. ~o. , to coe', ~o. 'to work') or one1Je even trans1t1ve

OD8) that 18 to verbs tbat can have a d1rect object, e.g. . .

'. 1II8r1")"1ng Mary.

All Class verbs end 1n - . 1n the t1rst prsc:n s1ngular Present (c1tat1on :).

!..O:!_!!:!~ Class 111 Verbs - Ster Forat1w Sutf1xe8.

'1here are three subclaSSB ! the Class Verbs 1n kathiluen1 accord.1ng to the

three d1tterst Ste Fo:at1'99 Sutt:1Jtea:

Sta 'orna1 Sutt:1Jt
-------------------
1) Verbs 1n -. -0-

2} Verb8 1n - .. . (-. 1n katharevusa) -.-

3} Verba :1n -\. or -. -\- or --

Class 111 Verbs 1n - . are tonned like the ~!!!! vo1ce the ajor1ty Class

Verbsj tbe sutt:1Jt - . 18 add.ed the IDperf'ect1'Y s't8 the verb, e.g.

Class Verb

~:~ tormat1ve
Sten Class
verb
----------- --------- -----------
(.&ctlve) sutt:1Jt (Pass1ve)
. 'to read' .- -0- .--. 'to be read'
'towr1te' - -0- --. 'to be written'
'to buy' - -0- --. 'to be bougbt'
() 'to ' f- -0- --. 'to be sa1d'

235
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

C1.a88 verb8 U8ual]y !on the1r Pu81ve Vo1ce (Cla88 verb8) u o1lor'

Verb8 belc:ng1ng to ~ - , ,

'D1ose tbe ~~~! - , ,/oi , ( caet.:1ea - , l1ke -&\) 1,; \) . ,

-oi, ..)
'Do8 ~~2

~!
& (1) .. 'to be loved'
V.(2) .n,~ X.oi. 'to be tb8ked
-& ( 3) -&oi,
cas1dered
'to be '
~_,..! Cla8s Vc18 - Pre88lt teaae.
'l'be preaent ten peonal cgt1Dg8 Claa. m nrb8 are u oUB

~.

1. -,

. -O'cz .
.s. -vorcz,

IpX-ocio
~.
-
n.
X-6:c

8. IX-CC1Ix, lx-/lx-~.
(PX-CTCZ.. -.

a) 'I8rb:b - , ,

!. ~
. ~cm- .. f4I. ~m- .
a. &yczn-,to:, &yczn-Llaorc
&yczn-C'fTXI. &cz-.iV'r./&-.v.

3) Verb m -iX . / -ii . ad -ii .

!.
1. xo.-./xo.-oi. -&-oi. .- .. -&-*

2. .-cz. -&-. .- .. -&-

,. "oIo-a'rczI. 3-.. . xo.- .. ./xo.oi ... -&-oi .. ./- ...

* '1'he kat.harewaa !or -&-& 18 et:lJeB used.

36
 G REEK BASIC COURSE '9

Verb 1n -. ( -- on)

5g. 1.

&-. Ito be niBtaken' --- (K~o.. -~)

2. -. ---
. -~'
,
&-.
~

3. -.

'lhe prep081t1on used ith tbe pBB1e fOl'II!S. correspd1ng :1n mean1ng to Pngl1sh 'byI.
18 6 or '.

~_!2:!:'} ~nt1nuus Future and SUbjunct1'.

'1be ~nt1nuOWl Fut1J1" and Cont1nuOWl 5ubjunct1e ' the Class verbs are foned b,y

Mean of' the part1cles ~ and respect1ve]y put bef'ore the present tense 'ons ! the

erb. e.g.
~x ~ we IU be com:1.ng eigbt 8V'1"1 eek.

t.

. !. K~ . w ce ewry day.

!~~_!!~~ C1a88 Verb8 - Perfect1 V8 BteD FODD.

'Jhe Pertect1ve St8a ora ' the Cla88 111 verb8 are orned by Meant of' the 8Uffix -~

( -- ) att1xed to the pertect1w 8t8 of the verb and the foUo1ng persnal d1.Dg" e.l.

,. - - ~- ~-o

2. - - ~- -&-

,. -fj -() ~- ~-o()

'1be Oll81on ' the perfect1 e 8es ! al1 tbree cla88e8 wrbs 18 d18cwsed :1n

!!~~_!!:~~! C1a8S Verb - SDple Fu'l;ure and SUbjunct1w.

u&~. hope be co be d1sappo1nted.

'lhe above sentence i11u8trates tbe use of Subjunct1ve ! the C1as8 verbs.

'lhe S1Jple Fu,l;ure and SUbjunct1ve are formed qy means ! -&6 and pu'l; before tbe

perfect1ve st8a ors the 'Yerb.

231
 G REEK BASIC COURSE
---- -_ ..... _----
~~~-!.:.~:.! Class verb8. Notatlon.

Beginn1ng '11th Unit 20 the per!ectlve te fonns ! the Class verbs will be given

1n the build-Up8 1n parentheses.

Fol1v1ng 18 the l1st ! Class verbs which have a1ready occurred 1n Units 1 through 19:

Verb Perf .Ste !or

--------------
~xoa. ~-&

.x~oa. .-&

~o. ~-&

&-&. MC-&

. -&

.. .-&

f:~. &W

\'. -&

. -&

~x",o. ~x..-&

. -&

. -&

~d.. ~-&

.. -&

;",. "&

&'. a-&

,. -&

vooc . Vo-&

cm~. cm~vb

.M~o. .lp'&

&. -&

'. .-&

238
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 19

Translonl8tion Drill
--------------------
Change the tmderl1ned -verbs 1n the oll1ng sentences trI Actiw to Passive and

change the direct object the sentense 1nto the subject the new sentence.
~~~~~f~~! .

f :re~!f~! 6 6 ..
~!~!f!!f2~~ -&faTpa.
'~~!!~2~~~ .

no6o ~~~E~~ 6 ..6 .

Vf. ~~~~ef~~~ 6 ~~.6 .

~~~~f~~ ~Ko ..

f ~~~~~ .

f ~~X~~~~ noTf.
f 2!~2~2~~!~ ~Ko .
6 '&.6 ~~fQ~~ 6 6 ~o.

~2~~~~~ . ..

f. ~~~!~~! 6 n. .

nf ~!E~~~! 6 . .

. ~ !~X~~E2~~~ .

~ !E~~_o 6 6 t.

f ~~2Xa~!~! 6 . .

.6 !!~!~X~\! '6 .
!eD~!~2~2!2Q~ 6 n. .

6 . 6 .6:

f . .

& .:

' ~x 6 :

. noTf f . . :

. .. . .:

. v f:

f. 6 . :

239
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

L vL vLLv6 6 L vLv ;

~ a tL 6 ;

fL ~ LV;

L fL ~vLfv 6 ~ 6 ;

WAv , nOLav L;

L ';

W otKOyfVELa L6 ~ L6 ~ VL6 ~ vf;

EtVaL f ~x fvv v~nv

.;

L . YLa 6 .L6

240
 GREEK BASC COURSE 20

Unit 2!D

't" 't"/'t" (tbe) propert7. fua

't"6 ' (the) tie]d

., L, L6 Jabn. do you lcnw by !\ cbance vho Oeorge

L 6 6 80]d h1s property and tie]d to1

. 't"ou;

't"6 -&
(t.he) i8tak8

-& 't"6 't" 't"OU 't" It 1 _ not :18tab, he sold th. t8N to

( IE't"a.p(a V't". a tru1t CCIIIpJ\T, [but] dD t kr

. 't"6 . 't"ou . about t.be f1eld.

't" (the) k1nd

't"( ' ot 1Ibat lDd

( t 't" 't" 't"6

't";

!:.!:~~~!)5

't" (the) apple

't" 't"&L (the) orange

't"6 L (t1'. ) pear

't"6 (the) t1g

't"6 . (the) cherry

't" L (the) peach

't" (the) apricot

 G REEK BASIC COURSE

. , bad an orta 1'ru1t, 8uch apple.,

L, L, VK, L, oranges, pears, f'iga, cherriB, peacbes
Lv . nd apricota.

'" (tte) stup1d1ty, 811J1' tbiD

EtVCXL L TtTOLO ' a p1ty tbat be eo _uch _ taa. It

. ~E & . _ _ 81113' th1Dg to do .('he de _ big

stupid1ty' ).

f).& be got scared

6 at the 1 tbat
Lv6, -, -6 next; door (dj.), adjacent

6 6K~ (the) fara

~ ~ (tbe) 8te, rook
6, -, -6 c:Ir7
~6 < (the) p1ece ood
t.&" (L&) to cat.eh, grab, .eize
'" cnL& (the) 111"8
6 .l & f).& ~6~ 't6 lcn that, b1t he gt scared vb8R tbe
~n"6 'tou 6't ~'tav ne1ghboDg 18D vb1ch u rocq and tall

&'t 't !L" dr7 1fOOd caugbt 111"8.

,n&.

'" LL (tte) 8cwe, jU8ut1cat1aa,

pretext
i

'" ~o
'''tL !, au't6 vL But frQ 1Ibat 'w heard th1s 18 on1y an

LL. L &L excw. George oe ant to 8tay 1D

& ! 't ~ox. the countr,y arr ore.

L6 ... - -6 ovn

C side b,. s1de, cloe, beside

 G REEK BASIC COURSE URIT 80

, & & & 'tt , 'tOU - . an to ad bu1ld b18 0181 bow. D8t

a'tOU &;:; 'tOU a't~V 6 ,. to h1a brother'. :i tbe c1V.

'tf, -, -, l,y

(oo~) (,) to 8d1t

Tou &, , 't 6, ,'tt Be l1k88 c1V ., becaua8 a UtU8

, 'tf. '6 1887. Be bu 8d1tted 1t [h1 -e1.t] to
au't6 !. IUIIV' [people].

,-&6 probab:q
-&6 (the) tather-1n-la

"-&& (tbe) 8Dther-4n-la

T6'tE ,-&6 ,' -&6

,' -& 'tOU ct.

,6 , 't6 't 't6 , 'tOU;

tu fpOU'tCI 't6 'tOU;
'' & ",6 "oUa;

r,'tt 't6 a;

l, &~, ",6;

;:; -&. '.' & 'tt n;

r,'t -&, & & & !;

8& & 6o~ 'tou & ~ 6,;

& ',, 'ta,& , 1!~2!!!!.

u't,, -~, -6
u'tf yuv !n~!~2~I~~ ,& 't~v 6,& 'tu.

!~_~~1!!2~ au'tou 'tou &pxatou ;:; ~'tav 't6.

Au't6 't6 u , &'t ~22!.!:1!!~~.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

- taste, flavor, prett1Des8

6 L f~~1e~!~~2~ ~o.
L-L6, -, -6 exceUent
- L L ~2~~!~!~~.

6--/6- quant1ty, aount

! - -vL;

-6 - L grap8

'-6 -6 !~!~!!~e~ ~ - CL. eapc1a11y

:2_~!~e~~!~ - - -LL L . durat10n

!~!~_!~~_~1~E~~!~ - -LL & & dur1ng

'L.

!1_~Qe!~~ & - ~.

o-~ bol1dq
-6 L 6 !~1~.
-6 &

V !Qe:~~2~~ - XPLa'tOVYEvva.
l- (-) to celebrat8
K~~ L 2!2_!e~~!~!.
-6 -cm .

:Q_!!!!2~ EtVaL L-6 - n6 .

YLaYL&
-&
UDcle
&

parent

OOL ElvaL ~~!e~~!Q.

-, -, - urrled
tv ~!XE! - -. uutil. uP to
- ~L

L6/L6

L /L n1ece
- ty6VLa
grandch1l.dreD
6 grandsn
 G REEK BASIC COUkSE 20

OY~ granddaughter

o~,

~K. O~OK ~ K~~, ~o x,o~

~ o~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ o~ ~o.

~ , ~'x, ~ UK ~ ~ ~K.

u Eva ! o~c o6~~ ~ ~. ~

~ . '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6

~ ~ ~O . ~6, ~

~, ~ o~ ~o '. ~Yx ~o, ~ ~, ~ ~

~ ' ~ ~. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~l

~ ~ ~ 3 ~ '~ ~, o~o

,3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o ~~ ~. , ~,

~ o~ 3 ~o, ~ ~~ &, ~ 3Ero

~~ 3, ~o t ~ ~ ~

1 ~ o~ ~;

'o~ ~ O~OK ~ K~;

! o~~ ;

~ ;

o.'~ ~ ~;

t~ ~ ~ ~;

' ~ ~ ~ ~ o~y;

& ~;

~ ~ ;
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Granat1cal Notes

!~~_~~~! Verb: Foration ! Perf'.'!ctive Stea.

!~!:!_~~~!:.~. Cl.ass Verb8.

In Note 6.2 1 was stated that 1II08t pred1ctable Class 1 verbs (8S far as the

tonatlon ! the1r Pertectie Bte 18 concerned) are those whose imperfect.ie te ends 1n

Here are ee other categor1es oJ: lDore or less'pred1ctable' perfective Btes of th1s

clase verba

,) IJpert8ct1ve st.ans 1n --, --, --, -- md -- dunge f:1nal consonant

(01' ,"",1 consonant clust.ers) to ..

Verb Pert.St8
-----
6 'to cut' 6-

ci 'to r1' 6:-

o~ 'to spead' -

'to d.1818s' 6:

yc. 'to ab8ion' -

a) Ipertect.i" Bte8 end1ng:1n --, --, --,-- and 8C 1n -c- cbange tbe1r t1nal

CD80aDt (01' cCD8CllWlt cluster -) to , 8.1.

"icn 'to teacb' .ci

dt 'to op8a' [

'to atcb'

'to _b'

'to p3q' -

3) 1Jprfecti'V8 st._ enHn 1n v- are leas prediet.ableJ BClll tbe chap the - to
_ 8C1118 retaiD the - and Bc others 1088 1 ccplet.e~, e.g.

ci 'to los8' 6:-

. 'to send.' -

'to bring' -

Note aO.1.2 C1.a8S Verb8

--------.
'lhe [cration ! the Perfective stems 1n Class n 'V":Tbs d1SCU8Sed 1n ,5.,.

'lhese ten8 are: --, -6:- 01' --.

246
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 20

!~~_~:.!:.~_Class Verbs.

JOlliDg are the D10st pred1ctab1e 1'OOt oonsonant changea vh1ch 1a k8 place :1n the

frnat10n tbe perfect1ve BtenB ! this ClaS8 ! verbs before the sutfix -fJ-/-'t- (Rote
19.,3)

~~~:
Verb Perf .Stc l'cm
----------
-- change. to -- LL 'to be read' LfJ/L't

-- -- (CL ''to be pla:yed' LxfJi;;

-- -'1'- L 'to be h1dden' -&

-u-/Y / -'1'- L 'to be .pent' ofJ

-- -'1'- 't(L 'to be 1eft' 't-&

-- -- L-. L 'to be taught' LfJ

-- -- (L 'to be Opened t LfJ

-- sero (L ''to be shown' LxfJi;;

2. ~_!!!_!!!~_~!!!!'!_!~_~!!_!!_!~~.
'Ihe - - the perfect1w (Active) Stes:1n - - aDd - - 1 108t before the

sutf1x -.1}- but 18 reta1ned 111 the Btens 111 --, e.g.

~!.!!~~!!_~~
(~) aL.L 'to be 10ved' fJ

(~/-~) uL 'to be forg1ven' fJ/&

(~) LL 'to be lau~ed at t fJ/'t

!2!:!_!~~ Verbs ClaS8 Verb - Sjple Past.

fJ 't6'tE 't6 L6 'tou He got scuP.d 1fhen the ne1ghbor1ng farm
6't ~L 'Pw'tLcX. caU(;ll t f't..re

'Ihe ~;'1p1 Past the Cla~s Ver 18 fomed by' affixing the unstre8sed stiffu

-- and the Past tense persoral end1n88 to the Pt'rfe'ti\'C Be t:oras ! the V'3~'[, e.g.

~.

'tfJ 'tfJ

't fJ

'tfJ 'tfJ()

241
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~~~_!~~~!! Verb: Cla.88 Verbs - Cont1nuoU8 Past.

"". "" "" ("" 'Jbe orange8 Crete been alway.

"" aous.

'Jbe Cc:t1nu0U8 Paat personal eld1ngs Class verba are aa

Verb8 111 ~21!!!.!:, -2Y1!g! al'Id -~1!g!/2Yi!g.:; Verbs 1n - .!:~1!C!!:

1. -6"() -6/-6""/-6& -."() -.",,~/-.

2. -6"() -6/-6-r/~& -.() -.""/-.""

3. -6""() !.""() /!."" -.""/) -.""()

'lbese endings are att1xed to the Dpertect1w .'t8 the verb.

Oorre1at1..5ubst1tut1oD
~-----------------------
Dr1U
-----
Use the word8 1n paathes88 and change the tense the underl1ned verbs accord1ng1y.

(. ~eX2~!g.: "" . ."" ( . ("")

!eyg~!fi!~ "" t. "" !ey~~~!g.!: .' 6 " (( ""( 6.).

!21!!~!!! & ~~.:~!; (&)

"". & !~e~~~~!2YY, (3 )

~~!2~!g! "" "" ",,6 &v.(-r)

!O-!~!D~! 6~ !Qy~!!. (.)

~o 6 ~y~~~~y!g! . ( 6.)

~~~~! ~~ !~~e!~~! '",,6. ("")

"" & ~~!.!:1!~Y~ "" ""'""(",,. (.)
vO~ & f""d~ .'"" & ~2! ~o . ! .~

. ~ l~ "" X.~o.(.)

!!2Q21~~y ",,6. (cf .6)

~!~~g~1!~~~!!g.!: t. .. (.)

~!~~!~~Y . . (.)

~6 ~6 . ~~~.!:!l~~!g.!: a. (""OV 6)

.6 !~~e~~~ ~ 1 ;' 6. ("")

ry~l~!~!~ "" ; (.)

6 6 .( ye~!!~~~ ( ~~2e~~~~ f.. (""OV 6)

248
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 20

" . &, !!c;!~!E!:Q!!J~!!~ . ( )

rt ~2~!!!~!!!~ . ()
Q1~2~2!!!!J~!:5 KaM(youmade out.well), , . ( ).

! !!c;!!X!!J~~ XW. ( )

& !l!H!!~~!!! (you beba"ld) . ()

~~!!~X!~!!~ f '~ ()

!~~e~!!c;!! & . ( )

!~!~~~~ ' . ()

~Ex O ;

t ;

~ ;

6 ;

.;

'' , " & ;

& ;

' ;

' & &;

' ( "

& ;

" {,;

{,;
 GREEK BASIC COVRSE

REVIEW
----------

l"1U 1n each b:JlaDk v1th proper or tbe g1ven the r:~. It 1 18 a

DOUD. WM tb appropr1ate tbe art1cle.

-
ROIID8

6 . v-~

' 'vC-<1 ,

~30oo avoou . ~-o

_________ - ~ - - 6. 6

K~ ,v -( oov. -v6

6 - - ,Cv - .

u . -~ -. v-u

' . 'K-~ '6 -6 .. <1.

~

Avo6 .\ ''-'v-t- _ - <1

tC ~ aV-6 '4-.6 '

, ~ ~- no- -6 _ vaVOLx

Wou6 ~ l) ~ ... --6

f nt~eua - ~ .- -6 _ 6

, g. ~~ -.

6 av~ot
- --------- ~ v-6

,6.

- ~- 6 ~ ~ovva - '_ 6 v <1-

________ e

r ~ : ( )

. ~ ~ ...

. liPEaE ~ ' 6 fKava v'.

~So
 G REEK BSIC COURSE Rev1ew 16 - 20

_ -&

' a'rfJv , '

_________

-&

_ ' -&.

-& ' ' !

~x

' o'~o.

-& . !

_ ' . l

-&

' ~ ~ _

!,

6 !

. ! _

'-& &-& ~ . ~\)x

.

~ _ 6 0
6-&
tXEL ~ & -&

& . ~

_ & ' -&.

~ -&

. ' .

-& .
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

fv f~ ~ ~ o~, ~ _ ~~

ntpaofva o~"
To-K~xo

~ ~~ " t~

~ ~ T~

~T ~~ ~T "

V ~ t~ L ~"

V~ ~ OT~ " :

o~ ~~ _ .

' ~~ ~x ~ _ o~6

~ ~ ~ o~, t 6 ~~

~ _ .

fv tfOVv 6 ~ ' " 6~

' 6 K~ x~ ~ ~o~ ." x~6

y~~ f ~6 ~K ~~"

NAv ~T ~x6 , ~~ ~ ~

'f)cn) C1~fv ~"

'~6 ~ K~~o ~ no .

TH~ ~6o Vao ~ ~ 6 _ ~6

A~o! o~o no6" ~t/-u

&. ~o ~ "

tC1~ ~ ~ "

f ~ " ' . T~ ~T ~ ~ 'x~o"

. o~y ~ '" lo~~

__________ , ~ ~ ." &~6o

_ ~T o~ ~ ."

~ ~o" x~

K~ txovv ~ ~ , , ,
_________ , , ,( "
~

OTo~

x~
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Rev1ew ,6 - 20

'~ . . '".

~ . ..

30 _ . .

6 ~~o ~ .

.6. 6 l .

3 '6 6 6. 6

' .. . ... ________

' 6 . .

6 . 6 . _

6 . . . _

6 &3 '

~ . 3

6 . ~3o

. , . ' ~o 6.

6 6 . 35 ~oo
U. 3 . .

. 3 . . .

. 6 .

. 6 &3 ' 6

_________ . . . .

_ .

. . .~.

ooo.~ . . 36 .

6 6 ' 3. _

_ 36

_ . . 6.. .

. .

' . .

25)
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

'' .& t _

A~6 ~6 ' .

.. L .

_________ L . .&.
-&
~x~;

'~6 ~6 ~. ~ .

.& ~ .. w.

~ ~. ~ . .. -&

' ~ O~

.& ~6 . .6

A~o ~ _ .6 ~o. 6

O~. ~ ~& .~ .

~6o ~ . 6

6. . ' '~ ~ 6. ~~ _ L

~ .

' .

U. ~ . f _ .6

" K~ .& 't' .. (

r, 6 . .6

6-&.

' . . . _

6 ~, ! . ~

. ~

. .

& . .

( ( L ~ .'

.&.

-& L
 G REEK BASIC URSE Review 16 - 20

K~ ( . LL

L 6 YLci 6 n(L . L

6 ~ 6.

~ L
---------.
__________ & L6.

L & L 'i:L. L

L (L & . LLL

L (L. 6

( L . vL6

L L . 6

L L L. L

6 6 L _ L

LL L L

( L

' L (. LL6

" L L _

6 Lt ELvaL L6

6 6 ( L '. 6

Verb8
--
~ L 6 6. (

n(L . L

L,

. . L

LL 6 . L

6 & . L

_. ~ n(L. L

& 6 (L . L

(L . & YLQ L.

& 6 .
 GREEK 8ASIC COURSE

& p~. ~

~o~ .

6 . ~

~. ~

~& 6 ~ . ~C~

"& 6-& ~' .

&

! ~Ko. oo~

~ ~ ~ . yvpCCw
"E~ o~ ~o () ' . o~

'-& oo~ 6 y~ ~ n. .

" . -& ooo~

" ~ ~,~ .

f . .. .

~ ~ ;

(6) . .

6 OOK~.

& xp~oy; t

&& & 6 6, . ~y. .

Oo~ . ~ ~ o~& . tC~

\ & 6 .

r, & 100 o~. &C

., 6 6 -&. ~x

~ OK~o.

.~6 ._ t 6 .

.K~.

, ~ -&.

. .

! . _ .e
., ,

o~ K~ 6 . &

to make a Spech
256
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Reviev ,6 - 20

Harrat1ve

Bto, h1story
fort.ress

, -, - bo, vhoewr, vh1cbever

, -, - / , -, - s1gn1f1cant, 1Jnportant
1

() to ga1n, eam, 1n, prof1t

hungeo

th:1.rst

( () to del1ver, to sun'Dder

aston1.sbent, . . . .8I1t

~ 0011181, p1llar
1eac1.er, ccmander

begi.nn1ng,or1g1n, pr1nc1p1e
. 818.,.

3 enev

6 1ead
bul1et
() to Idll
3 (3) to r8l1nd
( generositq

&& 06 1821, 06 V

al l 06.

3, . ' ~ 6

3 . ' ~ 3

~ '06 . ~oo

. '

~ . '
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~ ~ '.

l , . .

'. '

6 K~~ 6 .

': To~,oI. 6 6. '

!. y~ , .

~ . ~x~o. . n . .

L~ ~ ~. .'o~~
3~ ~ 6 ~ .

o~ ~o t ~oI. ' ~ x~o

6 ! i6. : " 6:

.6: 6 . 6 .6: 6 ~ o~o

'. ':: ! ~o 6. l.:

. ' 6nL. ~ :

6 . 6 6 : ~ ,

. o~ C .6n, ' ,_
o~,-x.6vL . 6: , .

~ W oV~. 6 K:z':K~ 6 : -6 . .Ai:;~

C2000 M..6:~ .. , f.o 6 " ~ .6 !)\_
'. ($ & (). .U~ !
T~ ~ ~ V 6 . ~~

i~o YLA atatPE, lTL ! L v& ~o~ 6

6 ~6 LL6 ~ .:

\ Lv.

2.Se
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 2'

tbit 21

6 (the) barber shop

() to have a ha1rcut

(1. ) (the) pr1est

, , beli'e, George, ve'd bett.er t1Dd a

~oo & barbershop and.go get a ha1rcut. We both
. t 6 & look ('are ) l1ke pr1esta.
.

() (1) tolaugh
, -, -6 natural
' 8ince, tor, because, 8 long ..
6 alnost, about

M~ . 6 , ' Don't laugh. It'. 8urpr1s1ng, 81nce e'"

t 6 ' 6 been 1n tb18 1sland tor alllost a IIOnth.
.

(the) ne1ghborhood
l (the) tactory

i& ~, Wbat vou1d ,"OU 88 1t sugrested V go to

6 , the barbeJ' 1n this ne1ghborbooci, the
6 ; on next to the tactory1

(the) worker

'lhe on1y th.1.ng 18 "e'l1 have to va1t 8 Uttle,

&, because there are always SOMe vorkers tbere.
& .

(the) advantage
6 (the) d.isadvantage

259
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

L oK~- But there are SO advantages too.

't.

(the) barber

bes1deS, 1n add1t1c to
6 (6) to cut
; () to sbave

0 L 't 6 '1he barber 18 pretty good and be81des vh11e

fo 'tf,v : o~ \) 6L he 8& cutt1ng your ha1r and shaY1ng .,

't& ~& C~,

regard1ng, concem1ng, about

electi0D8

L't~6, -f" -6 poUt1cal

't6 6 party. fact10n

'Ko~ 'tf,v au'twv you 'U be able to hear tbe op1n1aru

'twv ~, o~ 't tboe8 ord1nar1 people about tbe eleCt10D8

't& ~&o ~'t~ ad variow pol1tical part188.

6'tC.

7tpOc (o"c) (,) t prok. to cbal18up, r0U88

t 'to~~~ ~'t~ :1D 8f3 C88e. ~

.oU 't6 ~co 't& You're row1ng V cur10aiV (v1th 70r ord8).
6~c . Ev 'to~c~I "'t~ Az;yq. . " got to to that b81'ber bop

.. & mf,'t ' cU6 b.r aU . . . .

6 \i.

() to be careful. to vatch out,

to pa; attentlon
capleteq

c~f, -f, - 1nd1.f'f'erent

~ (~) to escape. to &Up
~ ~ (the) ord

260
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 21

6 L &~, Be caref'ul, hwever, not to get exc1teci

(.t,o be :1nd1f.ferent') because 1.f you let
L L,
someth1ng sUp (. e vord sUp out ! you').
(the) meber or Parl1aJent

! L L 6 they nsy !1nd out (Iunderstand ) tbat you lre

". the brother ! a eber ot Parl1cent.

6Lv L 6 ;

rL 6L~ L ~ !!;

!YLVE "6;

nOL6 L "! 6L ;

''Av L~ !!, nOL6 ~, L, 6

6 L;

llOLa ~ ;

fxaVE rL, 6L ~xo " L;

~ L i;

6 L

" 6 LL ~2~~~e!2.

6 .L beauv ln

! ?L n_g!e~~e~~g 3. b1gh soclev

L 6 ~~!~~ ~2~~~~!2!~!~~.
6 t1Dor, _torq

"LC aprtent bow

6 elevator
"~~~~~~~ YLa 6 6 tL " L'fL

() to enter
L !~_~!g~!e!Q~g . apartment
, - - modem

261
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Q!_~!!2~Q~~ ~o ~ L ~
.

'& haU, salon, parlor

ato&ouaa ~o ~o L ~L
--In~n~~t~!I., ,
vaiting
tL, -, - furn1shed

- !~_~~!~~ ~o . .
-6 ~.o a piece fudture

-H~ 'a ~ ~2~~!e~~~ ~

~e!~!:~
-&6

V o~6 ~ ~ & .

~~~~~~!!~!.
~L, -, -6 collrtabe

A~ !~_!E~~~~~~!~ . ~ ~~ ~E!2~!~~.
't'6 ~K. 8III&ll table

't'6 LL

~!_!2IX2! 't' ~o 't' .

't't 11&11

!~_~2~E~!~~ 't' .

't'o. pboto, p1ctre

't'6 !~_X!!~!~ . L co1!ture

!!j~-~~~~.
od., ta_h1CD
~ nav't'a ~2~Q!~~!~ ~!~~!~.
't'6 oua't'aKL I8OU8tache
- L/ L beard

't'6 -6 6. . ~~1~~!~.
, - -L/(- .) poU:te

~ ~o Q~!~~!!~~~
L't'L, -, -6 talkatlve

262
 G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 21

theme, sUbject, matter,

question
athlet1cs, sport
o~ ~ ~2~~~~~~2i~
Ko~~K, -, - 80cial
T~_Y~Y2~~~ ~ o.~ o~ . e8nt, tact
. . . ~~ ~!~QQ~~!~~~
&.~ a13osphere

. & 't ~ . Ko.~o . George, :

. . . .. " . ~ . .

. &. E~ . . . ~ ~o~ o'O~K

x~C.~ . ~ . '.. M~ . p~

. ~ . Ko.~o ~ ~~ ~ . . at-
& . ~ ~ . x~ .

~. &6 . ~ '~K .

.K~ . ~ . . ~K ~ 1p~

o~K. 'OxO~ 'r . ~W &~ .

., . , ~ ~K

o~ o.K~ ~. ~rge ~

. &~'~K K~'. . &. . . M~~ ~

. &., o~n:, &n6, ~ ~o Ko~~K ., . '.~

. . ! & . . x~. .~ . !b~.

~ .6 Ko~o . ~rge7
E~~ o.~o;

~ ".;

E~ &6 . ~K K.~ . .;

o~6 &K~ . oK'O~K ~~;

!;

~ aL&Ouaa : .;

. . . . . . ~;

26J.
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~ Oeorge '\" '\" '\";

~ o~ '\" '\"ou ~ ~;

&'\" '\"~ & & '\" L;

Qruat10al Hotes

!2!:!_!!:.!. Houn: b1rd Declensin Neuter Nouns 1n -.

. We never 8&11 tbose p].aces.

~ '\" ( . 'nosB are the best ld.D1a.

'l11ese exanplB shw the use o~ the 3rd declens10n neuter nouns 1n -.

'Ihe ccp18te declena1n parad1.1,11 ! t.h1.s fam1~ ! nouns 18:

~. !!.
'\"6

'\"ou '\"

'\"6

!2!:!_!!:.! Houna ne U8B !

TC \'\" '\"6 '\"6 /; What 1dJ1d. ! fru1t d1d th18 ar have%
'\" '\" '\". had 11 SON of fru1t8.

'Ibe ord 18 otten used 1%1 gen1t1 case even h 1 18 the subject or the

obj.et ~ tbe 981'b. e.g.

'\" '\"; \ JdJId of th1ng8 are tbese%

TC '\" '\"; ~ k1nd o~ th1D do you se.%

' '\" have a ! of th1Dp.

othr construct1ons 8uch 8 ~x '\" thoub 1888 frequentJ3r

ued. are al80 po881ble.

!!!!.!!.%1 Verb: Cla88 Verb8 - JJperat1ve.

'D 'ta1l1ar' Iperat1ve (1.e. 2Dd pers.S1%1g.) eu:Ung ! this Clas8 ! verb8 18
#
-

8Dd that ! the .poute. IJperat1ve (1 2d pers.P1ur.) 18 -'\".

be aW.ar tr :lausuaIllv based OD the act1ve perfect1w Bte and the poUte ore the

pas8i'V8 perfect1'V8 BteI.

Class verb lI1dch do have an act1ve nmterpart fom the1r famiUar Iperat1'V8

the bas18 ! t.h8 root consonant cbanges discussed :1n 20.1.3

264
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

...
ErJUmlea:
;;;;;,

Act.:f.ve
Perf.Ste Pass1ve Perf.Stem Fa1l1ar Polite
Verb
--- ---------------- ----------------- --------
.".cx-.,-u... ~_A",,..,,.,_ &&- ~a_ao Kx-&x~"

L - .&- . .&

tL - .&- . L~"C

:. -&- ! !&

Sae erb8 th1s c1ass haw 1rregu1ar Iperat1ves e.g. the Iperat1'V8 the erb

~xol. 18 l,

'!be 'pollte I Dperati'V the wrb a&. 18 &TjO"'t and the 'Iaillar'

cme 18 xci~E 2!: &'t'C1.

Note 21.11 Ad.jecUw: 'l'be US8 ., -, -6 'oneIa 01ID'.

------
. \ 't't \ l. '(. ant't'..Ie vant to go and build h1s wn hoU8e~

'D adject1'V8 ., -,- 'cnB 1 alvays UBed together v1th the possess1ve

pronOUD , ., C1otJetc. and agrees v1th the noun 1t modit1es or the noun 1t re!ers to.

In the 1atter case 1 t corresponds in neaning to the &1g1ish possess1'V8 proun 'in , 'youra ,

h1B , ete:.

~!!:

'~_~:~'i_~\! 6 !( m brother.
Re 18 m.
6 l. ~:~'i.~~':.
Your on daughter.
'1!._~:~'2._~~,: .
. ~!:.~1_~~,:. Sbe 18 yours.
6 . '(. .. H1s OIID ch1ld.

AV't'6 \:. . . lt 18 h1s.

~~_~!:.~C:~~'i . Or on brothers.

. ~!:,~C:~J:~'i.. 1b8y are oun.

~~_~I:.~~~_~~'!. . Yur ovn daugtters.

V't' :. ~~~~'i_~~'i.. 'lhey are 70U1'8.

..___I:.~~_:.c:~ . .. '1he1r om ch11.dren.

. _:.~__:'~V_'i.. 'lhey are the1rs.

 G REEK BASIC COURSE

Reeponse E1erc1ae
-----------------

&& 6 6 ~ ;

6~ ~& a~& ;

~ 6 v ;

8v' 6 ;

E~ ~K6 ;
E~ ~~6;

~& o~ & &~ & ~&;

O~ ~ 6 ~ K~6 ;

~ ~ ~vxva 0'.6 o~o;

~ avT6 K~ ~ ~;

o~ 6 fv;

o~ ~ TOV ~~o;

~ ~napxovv ~& ~oK

~fv o~~K;

~~ ~6o ~K ~ ~ t~;

o~& ~ 6 ~o6 aVTOV ~O 6;

 G REEK BASIC COURSE 22

Un1t 82

&'4. (.a&) to be 1n a buJ"I'7

&, ~ .&c-. ~6o. 8& 6 Dcm 't be 1n a 1nr17, Lak1. ou rq

U~t~. nn oel" b1' a CU" ( . . . . . C8I' Ul cut ;you').

(&) to anUc1pa_,to et 1n tJ,

toC8td

. & & ~6 "-EoPEto, y.~ haw to catcb tbe bus, because otberv18e

. 34 &a ~6 &. I'U 11188 tbe pla8.

6. (tbe) bId Hta

~ ~. 6K.~. &~. d1dn It knor tbat yu vere 01ng to traV81

'u~6v ~6 6.. ~& 1n aucb bad veather. \here are you o1n82

6.&~, -~, - 1nternat1coal

", &a. (the) exh1b1t1oa,8ho,state81t,

report, copoa1t1oD
~6 6. ( tbe) a1.rport

~ .&'&. 8 (. the Intenat10nal Fa1r 1n bessalon1k1.

. ~ K~ & . ~6 have to be at tbe a1rport b.r eight.

6..

", (tbe) epocb, 888.011, t1Je, era

. . ~& & . &~ Do you think the p1aD.. are alvay8 crovded

267
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~ ~ ~ ; this 1J ! year~

~ (the) caU8e, reasn, mot1ve

lK, !rn

lt ~ !or that reason, because

() to doubt
(the) bad veather

-c, lt a~a ~ l&. Mybe, beC8U8e ! the 8Xh1b1t1cn. 1

~a ~6 'a~ doubt 1 tbi8 ewn1ng v1th th1a bad

~ aaa. rLa~C a veather. Wb7 don't you 70U1' tr1p

~6 ~aCL ~ ~pLO; unt.1l worToil

Ko~~ DQlUJense

~L (&)
to th1n1c too I8cb, to pq too
IIIch ter1
a~6 (, , ~o ) ;aelt, your8elf, h:1mself, etc.
~6 :~a (the) queet1OD, po:lJlt, 188U8
~ (the) t1ancM

Ko~. 8 &~ Don't be 8~ ('don't aq 118_ l ). 1011

f~.L ~6 a~6 . ' kno dn ' C81'8 ~ucb tou ;y'_elf.

~6 :~ o~ KL But the tact 18 that rq t1ano4e 18 11n

~ ~6 6L. tor tbe a1rport..

lnC OD, upn, dur1ng, by, under, tor

lnt ~o at 188t, A1\V rate

&~ (Ka&~) () to delay, deter

~ ~o, O~L :. aJV' rate, do vhatever you vant (ltMnkl).

& Ka&~ ! don't vant to keep (Idelayl) you 80 that

lt ~a ~'oo . you 111 miss the plane becaU8e ! me

, -, - exact

6, -, - 1JPB1

268
 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 22

, . Have a nice trip. Run 50 that 1011 'n be

,( on t1Jne. because lao how 1mpatient

~ . yoar tiancee 18.

on tbe cntral'1

vL6, -~, - patJ,ent

&~ LL 1n 8DY c...

f ') to talJ owr 8ga1D

. ' Don ' 8.,. tbat. Ob th. contraJ'7 bel1e...

nLaorEUw OTL ElvaL nL. .he '. 'nI'7 pat.1ct. In a;y cue. FOdb18
' &~ LL. & ( POV. w. 'U talk 1t oer apjn vbD 0188

~& & . back.

,( ;

" 6 L 6:

L 6 &;

~ & ;

6 ~ L ~K 6 , YL6 ';

( ~ 6:

& & 6 ;

6 ~;

& ' ';

N8n'at1"

& :!~_:!P.~i! ElvaL KXLVOUPYLa.

8treetcar
" & L !!e~~!~!!.
&L, -, - lJ'
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

6 ~~e~ L. (they) ensted

"H~o ~!!e1Y~~ x~. ;

L, -, - yellow, pale

3 ~!~~~y~!~y .

~3L (~33/~~) to feel

~~ ~_~~~~!f~~~~' luxury

L ~y ~1_~~e!~~~~.
~ sard1ne

" '6 3 ~~e~.

l.1ne, tall

~~~!~~~'
~L' (~L~) to cce near, to approach

part1cle used to express
certainty the part ~
6 vL !e~~~~~ ' . the speaker.
6, -~, -6 mad, 1n8ane, crQ1'

CL !~~~~~~~~.

6 L6 LO ep1sode, 1nc1dent, occurrmce

600 Lp o~-&o~ i!4Ig~~ & 6 . 1n va1n

~K/~Ko (bu8) conductor

aya'L& L ~L ~.

~L, -, -

6 6 trolley bu8

YLa & ~~~~~~~!~.

aL (KoK~) to be flattered
!!~e~ & ~~ . v1ah vere able

~ L6 ~~~~ . carriage, cart

~~~!~g ! YLa 6 CL .

L (L~) (2) to start, to set out

EtvaL L 6 ~x~~ ~v&pnoL.
~xo, -, - cah, qu1et

6 6 ~L L ~~~~~e~.
3 vannth
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 22

~ ~ . ~

, 3

~ 'cx\j. ~ , &

6, c c c. '

, , ,

,. xU. . ' -;'J (CX

xcx3 3.

~ (

& . " , 3

' .

& ~ 6

ot ', a( 6

. ~ 6 ~o &

. Ma& 6 ,

! '! 6 o.~

, 6 & & '.

& 6 ;

6 ;

! ~ 6 ;

K~ !~o ;

K~o ;

6 &;

an ;

Gruatical Hotes
...--------------
1!2..'t!_!!:.!. Adjectives: Adject1ves 1n -.
. '. '981")' pol1te

::71
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

EtaaL L ~ . Run 90 you '11 be (ex.act)on 1Je.

~ L~~L (. Internat10nal Fa1r 1n 'lhe9saloniki.
h abo.. exanpl8 1nustrate the us ! adjectives 1n -, -, - ()l'd declens10n

adject1es 1n katharevusa).

Saae ad.ject1ves 1n - sucb tor exapl & 'polite' bave an alternate on

1n - L6 .. L6, LKTj (Clt LXLa), 6. ( See a180 . 3.')
'111 plural 81d1ngs these adject1ves are -ELtor the Dl8aculJne a t8ll1n1ne and -

tor the neuter, ..

5. Pl.
L~ ~~6 L& ~~o!

L~ ~~L / L~\' t&fL

~6 ;& ~ L-&

'1he lcatbarews& decleru10n ot these adject1V88 111 be d1scussed 1n 1ater unit.

!2..~_!!~!-Verb: Class verb8: Proh1b1t1ve IJperat1ve.

() ~x ~6o . Dan run 80 t&stJ

K~() ~o ~(o~. Don ' 11 wn. anytb1.n1

'D8 prcb1b1t1v8 1Jnperat1ve 18 tcmDed b1 sane the ~( ) put betore tb8 2Dd per-
.... Preact (Ipertect1ve Aspect) or ad pere.Pert.5t8 lora (Pertect1ve A8pect).

_.). Verb: 'D erb ci

_.. ---
T6~E av~ci ~& K~tPLQ.

'Jbe perf8Ct1ve at.a orr ! th18 verb 1 ~ &Dd the CDt.1nuous Past 18 ~x.

8.. A~~ci ~ci K~tPLQ &ci & xLp6.

o~ ~~o~o vo ~.

V~ ~~ ~ ~ K~!PLQ.

&ci vci ~ '~~.

~_!!* 'D8 US8 ot the word ~.

'1he wo L plua 18 used to expr8SS w1sh!'ul thinJdng.

'1118 vorb tol1ow1ng L may be 1 ther 1n the Cont1nuOU Past or 1n tho

Subjunct1vo.
L 6 w1sh had been able to come 1 th yu to
~ ' nlpuaL ~6 (L. Greece last summer.

272
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 1

. ~ ~ & ! 1ah 1 could go 111th to G'eeo next.

~o 6 ~6 tL. 8UIIIIerJ

- ~& ~~ ~

wE 6~ ~& !6

r~a~t 6 WpxotJv .&

~ ~ ~.6~~ :

wExouv ~& ~.M &K~o

No~ ~~ ~ox K~ i . ~ ~~ ~ox

x~ ~ ! En'K ~uo;

~ ~ ~ ~.~~. &o~o ~

&&~ ~~ ~~~~ o~O

NoE~ ~~ ~ !L & ~L~ &:

6 txE~E ~~6~ &o~o ~

lJ6a oto:

wHa~E o~I L&v &.:

~y~ ~~ L& NIxtaL ~ 6

wAv , o~ & ~ ~E I~:

Ifo~ & ~ M61roLO EUX~PL~O v6 '~ ~ C1:

2.,3
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

't"6 .
't"..
- (the) bakery . (. )

't"6 'L (tbe) butcher ho (.)

't"6 'L (the): !ru1t-vegetable store (. )

't"6 .'L (the) grocery (.)

't"6 'L (the) tWmnac,y

tfPE't"E nou . 't"6 't".'L, Do u know by aJJ chance, where a rbread

't"6 'L, 't"6 'L, 't"6 vemor r a rmeat vendor l , rgreen-grocerIs

.'L 't"6 'L; shop , a rprovi.s1on store and a pharmac,y

d (tJ1e) baJce, own

't"6 . (tbe) btcher shop

't"6 . (tb8) f'X'u1t-nptab18 8tcn

or6 nX.KO (tbe) g'OO8Z'7

8or or 6 u, 't"6 You lD8n the bakery, the butcher 8hop, the tru1t

., 't"6 . or6 - ud vegetable store and the groC81'7f

.;

(the) _arket

't"6 . (tbe) t1sh urket

't"6 3u'L (the) t1sh market (.)

. a't"6 xfv't"O "," , 't" TheyIre 1n the oenter the market near

< .. 3uo'L tbe t1sh market or n8h dor 8 'lOU

f't" 'L aq.

't" (the) town. aquare

(the) Twn Hall

 G REEK BASIC C,-, URSE UNIT 83

(the) pier

6 K~o ~ T~ , ']he pbarac,y 1s the square, r1gbt. b8h1nd

K~ 'T~ , the Twn Hall, near the p1er.
T~ .

() to

O~KT6/O~XT6, -~, -6 open

x~T6, -~, - cloaed

V ~ O~XT & y~; How long ar& these stores opent

y~ general:q
() to close

TT~ 6 , , depends on the store, acam. But

y~ . genera1J,y they 11 clo8e 1ate.

oT6o~ (th&) resort, pa

6, -~, -6 y1:g (adj.)

~ Ko~~K~ ~ 1 us knof that the soc1al 111& 1n t.b1.8

x~ r&eort beg1ns 1ate n1ght.
~.

(the) ork

, ~ ~~o~ \lel1 then, ha t:1De do the people bere

, y~ a vake up in order to go to orlc2

()T6~o, -, - native, 1Dcal.

~~~o, -, - accwted, 118\1&1, U8ed to

K~ l1lce you

27"5
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

~6LOL K~ , '~6 '1he local people pretty ear11', but tbey

~o LL. L VL~LOL. donIt n1nd; tbey 1 re used to 1. But the

L6~OL L L major1ty people here are etrangers and

KL'~o , . they get Up very late, l1ke you

, -, - cur1OU8, pecul1ar, etrDg8

~L; ~6 ~; 18 that 807 How d.o you knv that! What a

~~no ~. 8trange JD8n you are.

L ~~ K~o L , L, L, L

&.;

~ ~ ~~

~ ~~

~6 ~ .& ~& .&

~ ~ ~6

~ . ~ o..~ ~ ~ ~ o~o;

~ n&. 6 ~6 npt, .& & & ~ .& ~o

- '~ ~ ~6 d &~no;

rLa~t ~6 V~6;

----
Harra't1w

6 !~Xg!~ ~6 ~~o.
~'i:/~ acc1dental1y
f ~~~! ~o 6 ~& ~ ~6~.

~a. (~-&) to rem.eber, to recaU

!~_!2~!2 ~~ 1aD1acape

6 t ~~ ~~!~~e~q! L.
~Lo, -, - Vr1' grer1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE urr 2)

' ~ Hy!e!!.
6 /

6 ~~~!2~ .

6, -, - steep
. . ~!!y!~e!l!!! ver: beaut1!ul (poet.)
rQe~ '6 .. ~ & . uoUDd
. ~~ef~!!!2'

va1k, St'oU
6 6 .6 . ..

6 ./ plane-tree
!e!!r2~~2~~!!y ..
() (1) to s1ng
_~!~~e!! . . gu1tar

~y~!e2'
6 .

~Q_~!e!!~ ~ 6. a1r, v1rd

36 6

_~~e~~~ &' .. _811, per1'ue, fragr8DC8,

scent
6 .
a ci18h ade ot 1ntest1ne

HH~ ~!!y!!!I!~eQ~y .. vouDd an a 8p1t

() to br1ng bck

. ~e!!r~!!~!!!!'
.6/- real1v
. . 6 ~y!!~yfi~!~ .

. recoUectl

. ~~~~ ~~e!l!!!~ 1 81JJ>11'

a beau~
~ , t ~ ~ 2_~~~
Ood
~~!~ 6 .6 .6 1

. (.) tc grant
() to l ive agam

v ~ 5 ' . .

~. 6 6 . .

277
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

( . , '

~ ~ .

' ~ , , .
, ~,

,

'6

(
p~o,
.
" ~
:" 7C:~J
'

-"
c:r. , :-,
. A~o ~

~ '

~ . ~

l , .

~o

' .

~!_~-
.L
;

~ 6 ;

To~ & 6 ;

6 ~ 6 ;

~ ~ ;

U 6;

~ K~o 36 ;

L6v 6 , lv ;

! !L;

~ , ' L ;

r-t.1cal. Hotea
-----------------
~~~ Verba Past Part1c1ple.
& ~ Tbe va1 ting room 18 beau~ fum18hed..

~.!:~~!!?!'~~!I.
L ~~e~~~~~~~ In the townB there are lII1V educated people.
~v-&L.

0!78
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 23

~ ! We d1dn 't knOlf that your 1'rleM a.rr1ed.

!!!!~!E~~~~2~
'1he underl1ned vords 1n the aboe sentences are Part1c1ples.
'1he Past Partlclples in _ bave gender (o.()S , - .()) and are :1nf'lected
l1ke other adjectl 1n o.()S.

8 a general rule tbe Greek past partlc1ple 18 ba8ed n. the Class Verbs (Puslw)
perfective stem of the verb and. 18 fomed ~ the addition ! the .uCf1x _, -,
-. '1he last cn.scnan (or cnb1natlon ! to COMOMt) ! the st.. 18 elther dropped
or replaced accord1ng to the follving rules:
1) -& / -- or --&-/ -u- ere usual1y dropped (Vith exception ! te8 1n -E'lJ-&-/-
-- aDi --&-/-- t.he -- ofthe surf1- 18 doubled), e.g.
Verb ~!:.~ ~2~_~c1P!!

'to marryI -&- 'arr1ed ,

-&- 'r1tten
'to be vr1tten
' '
-&- /- 'pent
'to be spent '
'

to be disissed'-&- 'di818sed'

2) --&-/-- are replaced ~ --

'to be opened' &- 'opened'

to be tauht' -&- ugt

&, 'to be changed -&- 'changed I

'to be 8ent. avay -&- 'sent. nay

~)-~-&-/-C1'f- are replaced b7 --

' 'to be -&- 'read.

' to be bought I d:yopaa&- d: 'bought

'
be laughed
to -&- 'laughed at'
at'
4) --&- 18 dropped, e.g.

'to be loved' -&- r. 'loved'

'to be forgiven -&- 'forgiven

' '
'to be vashed' -&- 'vashed'

279
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Verb !!:.~~ !!!~.!~~~!~~

cit; . to be -&-

:. 'to be -&- 'sent

'
~!!_!~~ Verb: Class Verbs: Irregular Per1ctie teDa.

\) . lSn 6 It sees to me tbat be liws in h1s

&~. . ~r1e8.

'1h8 Pertectie St8 10m ! the verb :. 'to see is , ,

etc. is 'irregular' beC8use does not have the suf't1x -&- (or - -) lIhich
1.8 characteristic ! perfective stIDS ! th1s class erbB. 1he S1JIIple Past and

tbe Cont1nuua Pa_t . 6 ( ) are regular1y tored (or tbe Pert. St8 !orn and.

tbe Preseat reepectiw1y)

.tq otbr verb8 ccjugateel 11ke t : . are:

:. () 'to be glad'

6:. () to be

ro:. (.) to be drown8d.

'
~!~:1 V. .bt V8I'b8 ~ lJIixed Ccrjup1J..on.
S088 Cla88 Y81'b8 l1b to t1Dd ' 8d 'to go out l and other
on tb81r Pertect1... Ste8 ons l1ke the Clu8 verbe descr1bed .bove~ e.g.

~-~~
mc

1be ~b : . lto b8cae l beba.... like a ClaS8 wrb ad t. wrb &-&:.

t.o s1t ~ Ito re:1e l1J Clus 11 ~b:

~y

-& &-&

8 ~ 6 . . ..& '

'~;

2'80
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 23

~ ~ K~~~ ~ ' ~

~ ~ ~, t ~~ ~K;

~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ tpyaata ;

~~~~ ~ tpyaata ~ K~ & ~;

~ ~ t ;

O~& ~ ~ ~~o~& ~ ~ ;

~ ~vL ~;

~ & ~& ~o-K~K;

~ && o~;

~ ~ &&;

~ ~L;

~~ & ~ ~ ~L~~ ~ ~~K &~; 8& ~

~'&t ~ ~& ~ ~ ;

~ ~ ~ o~;

L ~ ~o ~ t;

~ ~ ~ ~; MoPEt~E ~ ~K ~ ~ ~

~~ , ~o vt ~ ;

~ ~& ~ &6 o~~~ ~ ~ ;

2.0,
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

Un1t a4

Bu1c D1a1op

6 Hel10J (on pbone), oCI8 1n (at

kDock), torard
K~~o~~~6, -, -6v real estate (j.)

6 K.~ Mr. 80-end-so

(O~K~) to reDt

'6, ~~L~6 ~OU He1.1D1 Real e8tate Of'tlce ot Mr. 8o-and-eo1

K.~; ~~ VL ~ lci 1:1ke to reat 8D apartaent.

~L.

-~-
VO~K (the) 8ect1cn) cii8Vlct

VOK ~6 ~~ 6 Do you bave rr partlcular 8ect1cn 1n 1d

~~L &; (I:1n what 8ecticn d.o 70U "w 1t I ) 8Dd

ho1f 81V' J'QCII8 do you need1

~6 a 8ect1on ot Ath8D8
~ K~oM (tbe) bedroa
~66" (the) 11\'iDg roca

~ (the) ci1n1ng 1'Oa

ci ~u ~6 L Ilci pre!er oloaaki, and. we neeci t.bree

~6aa ~ K~oM, bedroClJl8, a large 11'Ving roc, a din1ng

c6, ~; ouctva roc, ki tcben d a ma1d 18 roc.

~L .

look (Reneral appearance) ,

~ SI
oons1derat1on
6 under (.).
'SLV ur1er C81deratcn, 1n e

282
 GREEK BASIC COVRSE 24

, -, - e1pJ1th

(the) tloor, atory(ot a bu11-

d1ng)
&L, -, - aV81lable, tree, V8CUt

' ' ~ , a't6v 1 knw one (, ba'V8 0D8 under COIlslderatlo')

'tt, 6 't6 OD the e1ghth floor an apartaent boua8,

6 &. but 1t'a vacant t.he present t1ae.

't6 't6 (the) ba t.hroca

(the) garden

't't (the ) terrace

nt'tL ' ~'t But there 1a a house vltb everyth1ng you

&'t ! 't, vant md be81dea [1 ba.] vo bathroas,

't't. a gard.eo an a terrace.

! (the) church
't6 (the) helght (lience)

& (t.he) nev

't6 6 (tbe) ba1ce;r

't (t.he) porch

6 tovards (.)

't !, '~ It's ear tbe clwrah t.he h1l1, ad tbe

~ & 'tou 6 't vi8II toarda the ... [both] !rom tbe

6 't~v 't 6 't~v ba1CC1Dies and tbe porch 1a beaut1ful.

& &.

'tt () to cost

't6 ! (the) reo

(~) to exceed, 8urp888

. 6 'tt 't6v ; Very vell. Hov uch does 1 cost a 1IIODt.h:

~6 'tt don't vant to pay more than l drachas.

4.000.- . (' the rent to exceed
d.rachaa' ).

28)
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

&. (the) heat1ng

~6 K~.6 (the) electr1c1ty

.~ . ~6 beCAUS8 you pay 80 mucb (nY), 1dth the

~~ &., ~ K~.6 K.~.. Mat~, electr1dty, ew.

~x (-ro) to bappen

.OK~~~ (the) proprj tor, ownelr

() to call back

"' t~.6 (the) (telephone) exten_1CXl

. ~ ~~ ~~ ~.~, It 80 happ8 that r1gbt nov dcn ' knov 1t,

& ~~ ~ .OK~~~ bu1; ' go1Dg to call the mer and

& . t~ ~. ~6 call you back. Did you say yr telepbone

"' . 045-136,t~. number a8 o4S-136, extene10n 2031

6 203;

t6:~ _ure:q, tor certa1n

"' U.o (the) ontract

OK~o~ (the) ret.a1ner

() to pay :1n adwnce tor,
to pq a d.epo1t CD
~ "'~ tt'-ro- ~ ~ . go1Dg to caU 7011 th18 aft8r'Cl, tor
n6yU K~'5 ~,lx& cert.a1D 8Dd 11' 110 u1 7., CC88

"' ~ U.o "' over, 8 the contrac1o 8Dd pq a d8p081t

o"'o~ . ~6 - 88 a reta1ner.
"'.

', "' .

~& "' .;

. ~ ~& ~ ..

6 ~. ~& ~x;

A~ . ~~ ., ~ .~;

284
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 21

~~o~o ~~

~o~'~o ~&~o

~~ ~6 ~ ~~;

~ ~ ~~

~~ & ~o '~ K~ ~ ~;

6~~ ~ ;

OK~O ~ ~ ~ ;

K.~ & K~~ ~ ~ ~~;

& ~K ~ ~ ~o & ~ ~ ~~;

~ OK~o;

Narrat1".
------
' \ ~ !~:!~~!!~~~~~~~

~o ~ ~o.

Koo~ (Koo~) (3) to sat18fy'

~ ~~g1~~ ~o\ ~~ ~ .

DC88s1v, need

&u6~ o~ ~ !2_~~~2!.

Mo~ ~ ~'~OK~o, ~~~V~J~

OK~o.

~H& ~o !!E~!!~~E~ ~&o.

() to pay 1n advance

~OK~~ ~o\ ~ ~ ~E~~!~~~~!~~' 1nadvance

:!~g~QY~ ~ ~ & ~, &

&~ ~ &~o.

/ 1n proport1on to

'Q_!~e~e~~ ~~ o~ ~ 6~ ~ o~O~Kc. dOODlll, jan1tor

~ ~g~Qe!!~e ~ ~~.

Ko~ rad1ator
8 &~ ~6 ~o ~o\ ~6 ~~~Q~~~

~& .

Ko~K, -, - regular, ord1Dary

 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6 -& L ~~:E~~~~' vasteful, extravagant.

~o, -, - prodigal

" ,9o~ ~~_~~~~!!!fq~:~ ~ ' ~

() (1) to sv1Jn, to bathe

6 ~o ~fe~:~QX:E~' da:y and n1ght

!!~!!1f~ ~6 ~ ~o.
L duck
'~ 8 ~!!}eQ.

~6 6 bab;y

A~ L '~ (~ !!~~~!f~1~.
~6 1t~L vash1ng ach1.M

"L 2!_~~21~~1 ~;; ~;; ~Lt L

L.

~L lodger... tenant
EtvaL L ~o ( !e1q:E!~~2!.
Ln6 - Chrut1an
~ ~!e~~~~:E~1 ~6 -& ~.

LaL (-&) to ahare

~o ~ ~~22~.

~6 ~oo expens8

L ~_~~:E~~.
extr.~g8Dce ,
vaste(of' -onBT etc.)
3 !~_e~!!e! EtvaL -&vL. pelthouae

EtvaL ~Q_2~Q:Efe2 C1(~L L.

~o, -/-, - S800nd

A~ ~_~~~~ EivaL 6~o. sta1rway, sta1rs, 1adder

~:E!~!~~~ ~L( '~ ~

VVOLKta.

~(L (X~La-&w) to be bu1lt

8 ~ ~6 L~L6 . L

~~~Q~~~~~
( diff'1cult:r

2
 GREEK BASIC COURSE 24

6 K~~o~~~K6 ~o ~o K.Maupfa ~ ~o , &f~

O~K~ ~a~. .uf ~ ~&o

& ! & ~6o Koo~ ~o ~ ~o. ~ ~ ~

~ &fuv ~ ~o ~ ~o ~ ~. O~ ~ ~

~a~ uo ! ~ yo~ ~ ~ ~ ~o ~o! ~

, ~ ~ K~~ ~ ~a~~, o~, ,

OK~o. Ko~ ~ npfnt~ ~ ! ~6~

oK~ OK~o~, ! ~6 ~ ~ ~OK~~. .

f ~ ~~~ o~ ~ ~~ OK~o ~6 OK~O

!~ K~6, & ~o ~ ~o K~ ~~.

~'~6 ~6 o~~o o~, ~6~~ ~ fv~ ! oK~O~K fv !~

~6 OK~O npfnE~ ~, ~ y~, ~ ~6

~&6 ~o &, a~o ~, ~6 ~f, ~6 K~~, K.~..

~ y~ ~6 oy~6 ~o Ko~ ~ nfv~E f

y~po ~6 Ko~, ~ ~6 ~ ~ao ! ~o f

~ -~ ~ ~ f ~6 6, ~ ~ ~

~ 6 ! ~ & f ~6 ~~o. K~' ~ oo~ &o~

o~o~ npfnE~ ! X~~~o o~p&~ ~ ~o ~ ~

~o K~ ~~6 ~6 &f.

~6o~ ~ ~o K.Maupfa o~~o ~ ~~! &fa.

M~KO o~ o~o 6 ~o ~ ~o l ~6~~ fv ~o fv

f ~ ~6~~ oo~~ ~6 vf E~ ~ ~6

K.Mupfa ~o ~ ~o ~6 ~~~o ~6 K~~& ~6 f

oK~O~K ~ & &fv ~6 &f~

&fv oo~ ~o ~6 K~~o~~~ ~o ~o K.Maupfa;

~o ~&o !~ ~6;

po&~ ;

K~ K~ ~ o~ ~o;

281
 GREEK BASlC COURSE

v 6 LL;

6 tOtKLa L L;

6 ;

LL vL .;

" vLC 6 tOtKLO L 6 6 ;

Tt L 6 L6 xapL;

rLaTt tL 6;

L L ;

t , L;

Tt nPOTLou L~~6L .;

rLaTt nPOTLou 6;

LL~ ~ ~;

~L ;

~~~_~:1 Verb: Pret'1x - 'aga1n .

' ~o . about to go there aga:1n.

~. We 111 talJc 1 over aga1n vhen cae bac:Jc.

W3 ~ vanted the to take her back to

L. ADer1ca.

[ hope J God vil1 grant DI8 to 11e aga1n

L. those beauti!1I1 oenta.

8 11luatrated b1' the above exap1 the verba vith the pre1"b: - CO8 in

.an1ng to &1gl18h Ido so-and-eo aga1n , 11;0 re-do soneth1ng.

'nd.s pref'1x 18 extree1y producti ve :1n Greek, and can be ued. vi th a great n\llllber !

verba, e.g. lto aga1n 1 lto go ou aga:1n', -

~ 'to t1nd aga1n', tL 'to recur l 't rewr1te'

V '1;0 coe back aga1n', '1;0 read aga1n'

'to g1ve back' lto cla1J back l 'to rev1ve l

'to rebui1.d' ~ 'to 1eam afresh', L 'to speak again',

11;0 re-take' L to rearry L 'to catch

aga1n', etc. etc.

8
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 24

Verbs '1:>egiDning wi th a 'VOWel usually have this voel ass1Jn1lated ! th the /a-/ ! tbe

pret1x - e.g.
& 'to love' 'to love aga1n
'to ~ 'to repurcbase'
& 'to Opn' 'to reopen'
~o 'to cae' / 'to return '
. etc.

Hote 24.2 Verb: Present Active Part.iciple

Mo~ ~ ~ ~o~o, You can driw th18 car ('take it')

o~ o~o. pay1.ng a down-payaent.

Th1a example il1uBtrates the use ot Present Active Participle, vhich 1& one

by add1ng the su1'tix -o~ (Class Verbs) and -v~c: (C1aas 11 Verbs) to the Present

stem the verb.

7be Present Act1ve Part1ciple mean8 on doing ao-and-eo' and 1& :1Ddecl1nable. ('1'be

correspond1ng katbarevuaa :n, vhich iB decl.1nable, 1 be d18CUS8~ 1n later unit8).

F.xanples: o~, ~o~, .~, ~ etc.

. . ~ ~

M~ ~. ~ ..

'' ~ ~., . ~6 ~ ;

~. fXE. ~ ~. ~ ~ ..

~ x~~ ~ ~ ~.;

~ ~ ~ ~ o~o . ~ ~. ~ . ~6 ., ;

~ ~ . ~o,O

~ . ~., . ;

'' ~ o~o,, ~x. & ~ o~o,;

'x~ & '1' ,, ~ ~ ;

tu ~. f~ ~ ' ~ ~' ;

'x~ ;
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

U ~6 ~;

' ;

~~ ~~ ~o ~6 ~~ ! ~;

" ~ ~~ . :> ~ ~, ~

~~ ~ ~~~ ! ~;

~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~o~ ~o~o~ ~6 ~~

3, ~'~ ~ ~;

8 ~ x~ o~ ~o 6 6 ~ ~ ~

~ oo~ ~ l6 ~o 6;

~, . ~, ( oo~ ~~

~~ ' ~ ~

o~6 ~ 6 ,

6 ~, ~ ...

~90
 GREEK BASIC COURSE as

Part

, , ~. Cae on 1n please. Take 8 8. Wh1ch

nOL6v L6 ; doctor do j"OU have an appo1ntment 1 tht

a patient

~6o (the) doctor (general pract1 tiaaer)

L (the) surgeon

6 ~6o, ~ W1th tbe genera1 practitioner, but IId alo

L lJ 6 npw'Cxt l1ke to know when (Iwhlch houra ) the

L. surgeon recelws [pat1ents] 1n the o1'1ng.

~Q2'Q~Q~Q!,;

.6 L Dr.(IMr') Papadopoulos th.atter

!. 2.p.JI1.

() to subm1t, to prU8Dt, sugpat

~ . L- Hwever IId l1ke to 88k (Isubm1t I ) 70U 8Q118

. ~; questions now. What 1 your rw1 Where

'~; do you work?

, -, -6 rural, agr1cultural

~/LL (the) 1naurance, aecur1 ty

6 : (the) c8sh1er Is off1ce

(the) health

L Lv. L (}oty nae 18] Prak81tel1s Triandafilu. work

' at the Agricultural Bank and bave health

L 6 t 1nsurance wi th the bank.

2.'<}1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

.fv, -, - 1n8ured

6 ' (tbe) 8stab1i8bent,1nat1tut1on

6 Uu .. Hat10nal SOC1al Inauranc8
~ (...) (.I..)

f & .fv 6 Uu .- You are not 1nsured 1f1tb the Nat10nal

. "A~; Soc1al ~OO7

., -, - public

, W 18 tar publ1c S8rvant, vorkers,

~o, ~&T ... etc.

n
Part.
------

6 .,

.f. (&) to be bon1

6 (the) Je&r (.)

" &.. & & 6 All r1&ht. NoW' can ta_ dow1 tbe hiat.0J7
. . ~; your 1l1ness. Wber8 vere ou bornf
16 t &; old are OU7

"f '/ . 45 born :1n C1P'U8 and _ 4S )"8ar8 old.

.

& to BUtfer, to be 111 (.)

6., -, - chron1c
~ &f./6 (.)/ (the) 11lnoes, s1ckness
.
6 &.; Do OU have ary chrn1c di8oas8s7
 GREEK BASIC COURSE as

6 ~~ 8~/6 o~

86

~Ox~. 6 ~~ . ~Ex ~& Thank Ood, nol '. in retv good health.
.

- here and there, trc:a t1Je to tJM

~ -& ~n& artbr1ti8

() (,) to get 01der

6 ~ O~~ -6 ~x '1he on~ th1ng 18 that f'rn t1e to t1e

~o~ 6 6 -&~~~. sutter trca arthr1t1c pa1ns. you

, ~. kDw, 1fe're 1D oldJ

~2q2~~~,

r. &-& ~; - (exac~) are yuu lb nor7 Wb8re

~ ; do you have pa1nt

6 (the) pa1n

~6 ~ox~ (tbe) atacb

(the) headache

~& (the) 1feakne88, 1Dii8po81t1oo

A~ ~ ~~ 6 ~6 'l'h18 very om have 8C pa1n 1n rq

ox~, ~ 8tcaCb, a headache and a k1nd ! gmeral

~&. 1feakneS8.

6 betore (.)

6 6 a JDOntb a80 (.)

~' (~) toexaine

(S1e P8stz ~)

~6 \the) ulcer

, 6 6 ~6 - torgot to tell you that had a med1cal

29.3
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

6 ex.arinat1on ('they examined. me') abroad a

. month ago and. vas to1d had ulcers.

, -, - vh1ch
but, w, then

(the) appeDtic1t1s

( (~) to be operated

(the) cOMp11cat1on

(, Now, 1n addit10n to a11 th1s [ haveJ

& append1c1tis vhich thq to1d me &hould

6 &6 be operated. on ('which mut be operated')

. because ot.henD.se 1t ma;y cause copl1cat1ons.

a& for the rest, other1se

Otherv1Be rq health 18 excellent.

6 (the) doctor's off1ce

(&) to und.reS8 , oMselt

6 Yes, understand... Cn 1nto the doctor's

&. office and take ofl your clothes.

(&) to get re~

, ch1ef, bossJ superior

(the) head nurse

(the) pre&sure

6 (the) n1crobiologist

(the) analys1s

6 & & ~& - 8 as you're ready the head nurse 111

( come and take your [bloocL] preSBure and

6 - a nicrobiolog1st Vi11 ca for various

. anaes.

?94
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 25

Part

~~/~~ late17, recent!7

~6 a (the) b100d

~& { (the) ur1ne

K&~ ~~ &L a~o Have yoo bad your blood and ur1ne analy8ed
of recent:q!

K~.oy X-rq
( (the) lng

~6 L& (the) card1ogr_

~OXL ~ ~~. 8& ~~, ~ recent!7. 'd l1ke 1t po8s1ble to

L ~6, & & an X-ray ! lfI1 lug and a card.1ogr...

~Lt ~

L&.

(, f prev10us

Mo~ & &~ n. & You can the X-rq~ but "e have your
! ~6 ( L& pre.LoU8 cardiogram.

& (the) col1eague

L6 (the) card101og1st

(the) eftort

f tL ~6 1 ' 8 orth h1le

&6 L6 . Our col1eague Dr.Pon1r1d1s the card1olog1st

6L ~6 f~L f ~x ha8 jwt 8ent 1 to w and 1'00 don't bave

~ . tL ~6 & anyth1ng rrongJ. It'_ not worth vhUe

& ~o. talc1ng another one.

295
 GREEK BASIC COlTRSE

() to Cough

, -, - on bo has a cold

t ~ . ~ But YOU 're cough1ng a lot. PerbapJ 1011 hve

; a cold7

. no'
(the) 1ntluenza

, -, - IU.gh (.)

~~ (the) feV81"

! &, ~&K~. , juat a Uttle b1t. rorgot to tel1 you

o~~ ~~. had fiu and a h:1gh fever tbough.

~ (the) a8p1r1n

~ & (the) 1II8d1c1ne, drug

(the) neck,. tbroat

Ko&o~ (Ko~) to get t1red

~K, -, - tiDy, ver, sall

~K ~ ~ But took s8V81"al asp1r1nJ and . . . 88d.ic1ne

& ~& ~ ~6 ~ ~ for v tbroat and feel better nOlf, but

~. & o&o~ ~ get t.1red VfI' eaei11'.
~K6.

(~) to 118 dorn

~ ~ 1n the eant1Je

~ ~6~o (the) thennomet.er

T~~ ~ ~ t~ Then Ue dow for a vh1le and Open your I1IOUth,

~ ~ , ~ ~~ 80 that, 1n the meant.:me, the mr lD8,1 take

~ ~ ~~6~o. your teperature ('put the thermet.er).

() to go up, to r1S8

~oK (the) teperature

~oK , Your temperature 18 a 11ttle IU.gh, but

 GREEK BASIC COURSE tIIIT a5

.&;.. 1 doesnlt _tter.

.&&~o, -, -

& .& YOU lre 1n aod 8bape

. & .&~o. M~ 11;1. becau.e you are a I1tUe 1Dd18poMd.

4&, & . &. Don t 1107. you re 1n gqod bape.

.6 . .~6 & NOIf 1 leav1Dg. he doctor v1ll ..-m.

~ . X~ you 1n a :Lnu. GoodV. and hope you 111
~.K. teel aga1n.

Or_t1ca1. Hotes
-----------------
~~_!~~!. H1aerala 0rd1nal Hueral8.

.~~.o ~ &. vant a tir8t clu. t1cket.

' '. ~6 ... knv ot OD th. e1ghth tloo:r.

h. ord:1nal maerals are

~o ,.t
~o 8d

~~o )rd
~~~o 4th

~o 5th

K~o 6th

7th
8th

lv~ 9th

Ka~o 10th

Ka~o/~Ka~o 11th

a~o 12th

Ka~o ~~o 13th

Ko~6 20th

Ko~6 ~o 21

297
 GREEK BASIC ~OURSE

-r 2211d

. 30th
40th
Soth
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
6 121st
..6 aooth
..6 )OOth
..6 1000th

. ..6 aoooth
...6

. ..6 10000th

...6 100000th
.6 1000000th

Ord.1nal n\n8ral are deOl1ned 1n all tbree gender8 l1ke 8djectlvea 1n - , -, -.

~~~-~~

~!..C!!
.-u.Ko6o obstetrlc1an-necologist

& o)itta1Jlog1rt.

.6 otolar1ngolog18t
. ped1atr1c18

det18t

})81'ch1atr1rt.

6 .. Matennt 1
6 u.Lv Mental Inatitut1on:
. .. Neurolog1c1. Cl1nic
 G REEK BASIC COURSE 25

Patlent8
-------
& neurot.:1c
cjoa& peychopatb

D1sea_e_
------
aeles

.. ch1cken

't":'t", hepat.:1t1a
uyo hea:rt att8ck
: cancer
U_etul words
----------
l:, (surg1cal) operat1on
, di.fterence
't"a &, shell1'1sh
't"a v, usaels

't"a 't", rster&

, d1rV
U otten
't"v betreen

&v, (&&) to be cured

va, (&) to be treated (Pat1ent )
v (o'G) to &1'0111

V't" (vcj) to cowr

~~!..!~!!!

, ;

"Haaa't"av nO't"f v ~'t";

t't";

't" u 't"v ,'t"v;

"'t" nO't"f l:,,&;

" , 't"t ' , 't";

rf ,6 : 't";

't"E 't"t ~ ,;
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

& ~x;

&& ;

L 6 6;

~ & & ~o 6 6;

& & & L;

& ~ &, & , .6 -

6 ;

CC ~ ';

~ 6 &6 6 ;

& & & t 6;

& & 6 & & oK~;

6 ;

& && ;

& & & ;

~o &L;

t &;

& && ~ '&;

& & & &&

6 (, , ...) 6 & ;

300
 G REEK BASIC COURSE Review 21 - 2$

REVIEW

Ih1ts 21-25

Rev1w Drills

F1ll 1n each bla.nk w1tb the proper !orm ! the vcrd given the r1ght.

p~ v~ f no~f ~ ~o. Moa

o~ ~ ~ 3. 'v~6 oU~E

~ o~ 3 ~ ' ~ ocx

o~ ~o ~ ~6o . o~.

3 ~ tL ~o __ ~ ~ 3 ~K 3

To~ ~ o~ ~. ii

p~ ~a 6 ~6 o~.

o~ ~ 3 ~o ~ &

o~ ~ ~o. ~ _

v~o~o ~~ ~ ~o 3~

__________ .

~6o v~ ~ a~~ ~

o~o ~
' ~ p~ ~.

Av~ ~ ; o~ ~ .

~o~ ~~, ~ ~o! ~6 .

6 ~~ ~o ~

'3 v~ ~ a t ~o. ocx

o~ ~o & . _

~ ~o.

A~ o~o 8. ~ ;

}1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

' .6 : ., . . .

.6 ! ~. .6 . .

" ~. .6 ! n . . :

, . . . . '. .
--------
.

K&~ ! ... . _ (.

.6. . ., . . .6 , ..

~ 0.1. .6 .6 .

. . . K.'f.a. 6 '

.6 L.

. 6 . (. .~

!X~o..

& .'6 .6 .- .

..

~ .6 o~ . .6 ..

V. .6 . .

Av.6 .6 . ~6o . .

ci.

. . . . . - ~o.

.".

f (.6) . & . ( . .(

0 .~ . . . 6.000 .-

'.6 .6 ~xo ~o .(./.-

.1.. t.

6 . ... &
. . 1965. .

' . , & L ~ ~

..

~o., . 6 ...

~x. .(.. .(. .

302
 GREEK BASIC COURSE Reiew 21 - 25

' l% 6.

' , 6 -

K~ ~ - .

' 6: .

' 6 ~ ~o .

~~WO . _

' ~.

Narrative

~ .

~.

~* , ! ~xo

. '

, .

( ~ 8 6.

, , ~o6 , ,

. ,

, ... 8 .

~. ( ~xo ,

~, , ... ( '

. ~ ~WO

. 6

~o , o~,

*Athens 1n kathareusa 1s l &

303
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

',, .-&.. ~

. 6 . , . C . .

6 . .6 '.

-& ' . . & ~~

~, ~ . 6 U.

. . . Kow ~ ~

. . nEPVOUV 6 . ~o.

. , , -& t ~

. , . , .

. . ~ . ' .

. , ' ., . ' .

. u ' .. ' lxovv

. , t- '~ 6

. . . l. ~ .

vo ~ ~xo .

~t , K~ .

. nOUV .

.~ . ' ' -&. . .

~, . , . , . .

.. . .U . .

- ' . .. , -&

~ ..

~

- -&. . !

~o .

u . ~*.*. ~

.~ . . ~K .

.. . . .-

* .6 psycholog1oa1 proble

** - !rn tU to t1Jne
**. -&, ~ an Athenian
 G REEK BASIC COURSE Review a, - a$

. 6 6" . W1nd your vatch,

, . . 1t's out order, 1t'8 not. runrdng "811.
6 .6 . . Mine 1s too !ast.
' . . Mine 18 81011.

( : .; What ~ 18 it7

. ! 1t'8 9:00 a.m.

.'.V 9:30

. 9:45
'0:10

10:,$

& ".V 10':30

l'.v 1~:30

. 12:00 noon
& ".V 6 . 12:30 ..

. '.V 1:30

6 '.V 2:30

t .V 3130

. .V 6 6 4:)0 ..

. $1)0

".V 6:)0

'.V 7:30

K'.V 6:)0.

lvvfa '. 9:25

bK ,2:00 JII1dn1gbt

6 5:00 ..
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

GLOSSARY

(~6) stat.ue -&6:" 22 to feel

() love ~ () caUM, reason, IIIOt1ve

17 to love . eternal
() IIIrket place & ( ) attache
9 / sti11, yct, 80re
. (~) 8 t.~ hear, to lt

~ (~) tal'lD . () expen8i"ene88 ,

.6 rral, agr1cult\l1"Ii exactea.

~.a () ...",., per:1 t, l1cene . xact

, ~y . expen8i"e
/& () s1ster " exactly'
o~- . () Acropol1s
() head nurse ~" () XorY

6/ ~" (~) 8&1t

() brother &. () truth, tn.ly, indeed
.a-& () eae, 1rd1a-
but
.&-&- 11 to change
~","6 . otheri8e

. "," anymore
() a1r, 1nd & other
. () () carrlage, cart
(~) . () tra1n
() av1ation .. Aericm (adj.)

"-& () Athena , . AJIIerican

-&. () " Amer1ca
-&. () aWetlcs, sport ~ately

-& () hall, parlor :~~o lnnumerable

(~) blood . 22 doubt

306
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~ 1f . 23 to grant
! : although a& 1nd1ttent

: 16 to put , poatpone a~ 16 to . . . . .
ci (~) .....t., need aa~o 1nd1apeD8able
/ 81ply

&K~oo() (~6) palaee d:n6

&: 1 p2'Cp0rt10n n6

&. () 8l1B18 6"a (~6)

. () recol1eC10n
oo~oa. 18
: () v81t1ng noo~ 18
:czn6 contort.ab1e, con",ment OK~ 17 to obta1n, aaqu1re
: 18 to deprt, to 1eYe no~.a& 18 t.o 8307, bet1

a 25 to , to cl1Jllb up ' ()

.& () ch1cken " ( )

!. (~) 1e1aUl"8, contort 6~oo

u 14 orr7 a(; 16 to dec1de

.a (~) nephen and niece8 25 to ...01d
.&/.ci () mece tomght
.6/- nephef cipyci 1.te
.6 (6) 10 to l1ke
!v-&no (6) huun be1ng, peop1.e &.n& (~ci) arthr1t18
c1( 23 open .&6 (6) nU8t:er
c1o.K~6 open, 11&ht (oolor) c1." to the 1eft
&.. () c1K~& sutt1c181to17, eOI1gb
~&. () lIIeet1ng K~6 autt1c1ent, Hyval
~(o 6. 1n char~e

&~:/!a (6) ale, bU8b8d, un &./( (~6)

un6 ip.t1ent !co 111

: () valU8 ~ono.o (~6) b8kery

(; 11 to be vort.b a anc1ent
.o:~o vorth 8eeir: a.6~/-~~a () Mq1y

..a~.6 (6) 8I'\IJ' ott1cer

 GREEK BASIC <=OURSE

() beginnin~, autl\ority :-&6 () porter

6 () leader . (6) pear
4 begin, start
('t6) e1.r

-&.a () 111ness 6 ('t6) sleeping car

-&~ () sick person, patient 16 to put, 18, to place
& ugly -& (6) depth
. () asplr1n () su1t.case
vh1 te 6 cotton (adj.)
d:'tvj- policeman 6 . ('t6 ) ahip
() .. 18 be bored
'tv 't traff1c pol1cean 17 to torture
't () 16 to take out
. 1.- 1nsurance, security 15 to go out
. () . sure
. insured certainly
certainly ,- () pasol1ne
\. 19 be w1 t.h 't ()

6 . () atD08phere ('t6) apr:l.cot

&'tOo ( ) ('t6) ind1. vidual 25 cour,h
't'V () miatortue .. 22 to be a hury

6 ('t6) egg . ( ) (6 ) book

1.0 ( v ) tomoITOV () visa

av'tt ('t6) ear () atupid1ty
QV'tOK . 't .'t .6 pertaining to 5 to

V't't{) (~6) car -& . ~ ) help, a1d

V't6 this, h8, it -& 8 asa18t, help
't~ unbel1~b1y () member parl1ament
~I 17 tc. leave, abandon, 1et 6 ('t6) mount81n

\ after, s1nce ( ) ('t6 ) butter

6 () h1.gt soc1ety ('t6) eveninp;

6 evening (adj.)

308
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

( 14 to be found for
10 to f1nd () grandnother

() rain hy

d1rty () doctor
15 to becoe

() a1ter

() ()
1111lk 8\f8ta

() ()
France :Janguage
() () op1n1n

France 11 to I:nov, recognize

()
rrenchan to be aca1ted

() brother-1n-la, gI'OOIII C ( ) acqua1ntance

( ) knon

25 to undress OD8sel! ! () parents

() fact, event ( ) taste
h1, ROOd-by () t1e
() ne1ghboIood () letter
21 tolaugh ( ) () stanp

! () () off1ce
tull
() - berd 12 to vr1te
.,. () / fast
genera1ly () 1ntluenza
() pneroad:ty
() 8

25 to be bom C () v1fe, olll8n

() 18 to tU1T. about, return
Geran (adj.)
() Gean around
25 to f7,8t older

() old

healthy / ( ) toe, f1nger

tasty ()

() farer but, , then

309
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

9 to shOW', diplay .. () duration

.. during
n1neteen . 13 to lsst
f. .''. () fun
seventeen .'WO'. () crossing
81gbteen .' 15 advert1 se
tlf't.een . () difference

tourteen ..6 dUferent

th1rteen . various
(6) package . 21 to disagree
not .3 intemat10nal
f/() . () outlet, a1temative
(6) .-&. () address
. to the right . (6) right, la

(6) slcin, leather ~x ,ou are ri ght

. () young lad;y .. () pretext, jU8t11'1cation,
() Monday XCUS8

6 second . (6) .1ye!'

. 17 to recei ve, accept..> . o~B ovn

addt 9 to giTe
that to s&y .. because
() ton hall side-by-side
6. publlc beslde
.' to read . next door (a4j.)
..() (6) passport. .. diplonatic

.3. svailable ..6 O'W- d1ploat1c corps

.f () vacation (..)
. () interruption () t.h1r8t.
.6.. 17 to interrupt . 4 be thirsty
. decorat-ed 6 to try, to s~ple, taste
. . (6) intermission, break () (6) do.ar

..' () a:artment . (6) t-ooth

3,0
 (, REK B.\SI: COURSE

( ,) . wcrk, job -& national

11 work () k1nd
LK dramatic "
.. twenty
( ~1 )
dr.achma to bo

() road ..() () t1cket

( ) coolness /- () bus conductor
/- () 8tren!!:th, power ' ' e1ther., or
strongly, louder / !rom
stron!!:
,

- there

to Lv that (008)
( () di f!1cul ty , troub1e -&. () exh1b1t1on
d.i!!icult ( () church
(6) accident, mds!ortune ( ) elect10na
unfortWlately () cho1ce
tvele . 17 to 8Wl'8c1ate
: () roCIII besid8S, Ucept
() ~cer

/ ( ) Greece
1! "/() G. .

6 :eselt (/( Geek woman

6: () week ()

() rranddaughter . () Greek lan!!:U8re

6 () grandchlldren .6 Greek (adj.)
() grand80n (/( () hope
( 17 approve ( 12 to hope
( () cperation 1.0 ( ) () coerce

( 25 to be operated () bussinessman
.
! ! hello~ cOllle 1 .
/
(6) soil, earth, ,round

here . () interest
~ ~ntereat 8Qmeone

custom :../. ~

3"
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

5 lIIean L6L() () incident, recurrence

lVOCKLO(V) () rent , upon, during, for
~L () lodger, tenant
! eleven L () passenger
1ntense CL () 1nf1uence
L () 1JpBBo L( dangerous
1'; () cous1n (F) L furthemore
cou8in () L ( ) ( ) p1ece ! furniture
LL excellent L () complication
L furn1shed
( for that reason, 8180, same to )'OU
bec8Use L' L 12 V1sit
3: bes1des ('L () V1s1t
anyvy L' 11 c n.e back, return
surely

L 17 1 depends L't" () lIIoneyorder

~ suddenly last, at ay rate
25 to exanine LL!- sk111
10 expla1n ()

~, six L 5 to al101f
~oo() (6) expense L () succeS8

o~ {) countl'7 s1de () epoch, seon

\t 11 8erve ' L 18 to wrk
~\t\lO 1nt,elligent. ' () ork

~ uts1de () worlaan

6() (6) abroad ~o () play, project

L6 exter10r 'L() () factory

20 to celebrate tL () ru1ns
o~ () hoHday ~o. 11 to coe

fest1val nex't., com1ng

to repeat l- (\ quest.ion

, because lLl-() () restaurant

)12
 (J Rf S : <: U RSE

() () interior, telephonb
extension () sugar
fa, () comperY () heat
25 tc ,et ready hot, wa:

ready G: 14 to look for

~o () year 10 to l1ve
so,thus () 1ife
po1ite

.t () responsibility
() opportunity, chance
or
\J easlly already
\J easy -& () actor
. European (adj.) () () electr1city
() European
o1d age
() happ1nes8 ;1 () 8un
, happy / {) day
fartunate1y L ()
hepatit1s
fert11e () quietnes8, peace
() pleasure vo quiet
& pleassnt

to thank
.t () sea
14 to iM .t (&) shel1fish
th1s year .t () vanath, carort

/- () nevspaper -& ()
VCD1er, miracle"
() Sh1p owner wonderj'ul
' 8:ince, because .t excellent
&& seven -&& onderful

~ ) enerny -& ()

4 have .t () 8pectacle, viev

\1
~:<;;~()( \ \;6 \ H,eat.er

until -& 4 to vant

 G REEK BASIC COURSE

-& () aubject, theme . Span1sh (adj.)

() God ' () Span1ard
'nank God () h1story, story
. .6 ( ) () history ! 111ness
-&. 25 1;0 be cured ' aybe

-&. () heatin~ ' () It811an

-& () teaperature L-&.'L () fish market
-&() () theraeter

-&. () place, pos1t1n, seat
() hessalonild -& 13 to clean
-& 14 to cons1der, g1ve V1sa-& clean
--& () aunt -& every, e8Ch
-&'L () uncle -& not .t 11, far fron 1t
-&. 23 to reneber, recall
-& 20 to rind :-& each one, every on.
-& 17 toNg -& () professor, instructor
-&/- () a11 indov -&. () professor ( F)
-&'U () doorman, jan1tor -& .t 811
.&. 17 IIit don

-&. () delay
() () doctor' s of f1ce -& 22 to de1ay
() doctor and

() 1dea . etc.
. espec1ally .. nev

./ () oner, proprietor . () weather, tile

. sIIIIe . () bad eath.r

' () estab11shent bad

1nstitutin el1

, 24 to sat1sty good morning

() M881es /- r.ood night

I.I1 stright jod evening

() Spanish voman . () art1st

314
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

cxo. (~6) 8uer ~&cn (~6) d.eok ( a 8b1p)

6 ood,D1ce ~' EU&ELav 8tra1b be'

<v () 8can.

X!i~ () 8ock, 8tock1ng X!i~o.O' (6) Sba.t8Dt

w~ 2S ~3v 17 _ct18W, noe,. obU1

tv ) ~ und8r. d81

xVE t/vv tv poor 0D8

xvov.c6' xfEvELo( v) (~6) .-4.

X!iv 4 (6) oottM
a:6v 24 "Ev~p.c6,

vt' 17 "fv~o (v) (~6)

60. ". (~6')

.o~ " 20 to s81n. 1

X!iO\) ". (~6) bead

X!i-X!i\) " (6)

. (~6) ".-& ()

. () ".6 (~6)

.6 (6 ) .v~6 (6)
.& (~6) " v. () ao II1t, w1;1oa

() Kt~p.VO'

xp"tvo, (6) . c6

X!i~po(v) (~6) tartre8. .t. (~6)

~ tard8, aga1Ja10. tv 23 cloa.

411n
~& ~& : u tor t.be I'88 .~6

"a:~a:~\)tv (~6)

"a:~a:a:a:tv 10 c6 21
a:~&o .. 13 to 81..p
~a:v6. () .vv"c6 8OC1al

a:~. () xo.~&: 12 to 10011:, 8. .

x~anp&a.vO, XOKxo~. (6) d1ah lI8de 1nteat1n..

~&cn. () ccnd1t1n, 81tuat1O

~&~ (~6) 8tore., 8bop " 22 to t1atter

,,5
 GREEK BASIC COVRSE

() colun. p:1.lAr (6) IIeat

24 to 1dr L (6)

6 (6) part)" (pol1t1cal) ()

& (6) p1ece (6) b.tcber'8 8hop

() (6) beaut:r 8aln 6 ()

near'. 8hort : (6) p1t,y~ 8baM

10 to be near ( co14

() ettcrt co14 (adj)

' 6 1 180 't ortb ho ha8 cold

h11. (6) ...

6 () daughter ..6 real _tate (J.)

(6) g1rl '. 24 to 118 b1l

() toP. 8UI8II1t 19 to bu11d

6 () 1I1d. people .() (6) b!Jl1.d1ng

'. 24 1 c08t8 () 1ad;y. lI8da

6() (6) cb1cken . () suma;r

() COD'Y81"8at1n~ talk . () Mr.. gentlan

oC () k:l.tcben, CO\I81e ' 12 to look

Koo~p. (6) du&bnut
.
t1recl

'. 18 be t1recI. 15 rece1"

() berber to part1c1pate
() () barber 8bp -& () d8t8k.

o~o. 21 to ba" ha1rcut :

21 to cut ne's ba1r .6 () nec1c~ tbroat

K~ () car 6 () people
. (6) 8u1t . (6) t1re

& . (6 ) 8 . () wetab188

& () nonsense () 6 to teU. eq

(6) 19 to 1Id.88 ~ 1oo8e

~~Ooot \",6\ b. t .. ) l.eon

. () vord
,; 15

316
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

( ) ( ) tar, 10Dg
. () . ye, certa~

() l7 . ( ) ba1r
!() () bu . 1IOOlen
.&. 8 111;1;1& ratber, qu1te
811tt.le . (6) wpt8ble 8tre

l1t1;18, 8bort () are1ade

.&",. (6) brbar. port 6: 1.0 uele88, Y&1n

o.a6 (&) b1U. 8ccou1; t . (6 ) kD1te

6 (&) ard, nuOD, 1IJ)8Cb Vith

l.6 V811 6. () large c1V
6( ) (6) b8tbroc y~o b1S, large
6. () reeort, 81; -& (6) 81

() 8ereant -&.() day aer tcI8oTOIf

. 12 to be SOrrr . (6) d18achan1;ap

. (6) bcbey

('r6). -.ber

w1; - puota ! h1881 ~

ct (6) _11 8t.ore

. (&) cook

l.6 ugnetic (6) II8I'lU

l. . tp 9 1oo~, 8'tq

.6 8C8, 8fl3, tw

3 1;01earn (6) p1aoe. to1let

-& (6) 1&S8on 1n81de, 1n

C 1S 1;0 gatber, oollec:t, 1. (6) noon

~8 (",) (6)

ct itb, togetber a.t'tenrarda

. ob8t8tric1., lI8de ! 8m
6 gynecololog1s1; beteen

.. (6) atern11;Y.bospit.a1 ; 1;0 translat.e

6:. even 11 ;. 17 to uae, treat

)17
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

f () eaurenents 6. (.6) balc~

. until () daddy

f cero . () bathroo

( ) (6 ) 8pple () beer

don't 6 be 8ble, can

f () .C6 () 8teak
1n h'at

() (, . (6) DlU88e18

.6 eng1neer ". () 8IIIeU, S08Jlt, tragrance

(, 81nce (,. () DO

6 d.rob101ogirt 6 (6)

.6 ...u
to peak
-~-

l.-& () salary

.6 balf'

f () t1en* 6 ()

cS () () 8a1lor

. 17 ". () (6) DB"7

cS.
24 toshare
jU8t, 88 IIOC 8
.6

{)
n_
naval, nar1D

(, .. (6) lead : '6 () _ York

6 on],y

6 seU, lc, 81.&l- () .8ter

"tv oden1 <1'& neurot.io

educated ". .-

"C1a6: () JIIWIaka . ()

o~o( ) () SU88UIII. (6) island

. () usc 12 to 1nd. to be bother

. (6) ustache ... 24 to be rent.ed
! noJ .. 24 to rent

: 21 to enter 7 to th1Dk

. () grocery . 25 to be treated (pat1ent)

318
 G REEK BAS1C COURSE

vL(V) (~6) hoep1tal lS e1gbth

Jledic, nurse 6 () gu1de, dr1"r

o~ () taste, 1'1Jvor 16 to dr1", gu1de

6 tasty, pretty () dent18t

6~o nat1...., 1 () 8treet

() doHn , () tam11y

x~/ () n1ght () ecc:c;y

x~6 noctumal ooo~ .c1c

ear~ vo. 13 8&.... (1IID8)")

/ e1gbt

28 to 11.... aga1n -6' talJa't.1n

22 to ta1k cmr aga1n 20 to adJId:t, ecar888

24 caU back beaut1tu]]y

" 18 go aga1n L6: () beaut:v
23 to.r!ng .b8ck beaut.1fu1

25 to 1AG" down hcrewr

Lv 22 to t.art, vi BVELPO(V) (6) dreu

L(V) (6) botel (~6) na

stranger, guest L () h1, 1fho

16 to br-pa88 ~ , 1Ibere'e'

6 dry as

6 know n by a 1D88n8

t 21 to ecape, sl1p lSL () appet1te

here 1 1al
15 to .rore't.

() ', or;y
18 1;0 8pend
concern1ng, about

(6) p1ece 1food "er

13 to vk up "
' tha't.

vCL 21 to 8h8V8 meeU "

O,~L hatever, 8)'th1ng

21 to shave {, (~6) rakee

6: () l1ne, tail

< (~6:) urine

"9
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

ne1ther nor even ()a () priest

3 ophta:lJologist v () grandfather

. DO ' () hoe

. () appea1"8DCe very

m1nus

. orld (adj.) 9 to order

c1 () ice 19 to produce
,
6(6) ice crean tor exanp1.e

-& (18 to suffer bappen 20 to del1ver. surren1er

-&6 d.octor (gern.prac1;.) aa&() (6)

. (6) ~ 1 to beg. pleaae l

, ( ped1atr1c1an () 8 8hore

' 15 1;0 p1.ay 6 '9f4 _aU

9 to take ()

(6) pack -&6 (6) 8

6KLo () bd weather 17 to 18uxlersta:d

6 01d -&- ()

. . (6) Pari8

. () bl"ary (6) present

wry beau1;1tul 6 . pre8en1;

..() un.1wrs1ty 6: () Paros

(6) ()

, () aC1 25
() potaw

V't () f'ather
't c (6) floor
(f ~./-. () p:lain
arr1M 1.0 { ) (6) s1dewalk
(oa . 12 get lIIaIT1ed () pedetrian

nc1vw up -& () mother-in-lav

c1-a ar or -&6 () tat.her-in-1av

. () duck -& 17 per8.18d. convince

'80
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

- 16 to va1k
() ~er (). la_t ear

6 to be hungry - () _tme
() experience, pract.1oe -- () nap1dn

~ 18 1;0 bother, tea8e /- 19 to f1:r, tbror

~~ never dDdJ t 5 to go
- () cutcer . (6) !ork
- () 'l'hur8d8,y . 20 to cat.Ch, 8e1.et '

~ . occp18d t.8

-Ko~o (-6) nw h1ndreci b1U .'- (or6) p1ate

-.. t1whdred . () pre88UN

- t1ve .~6 probab~

/ () pa1ntdDt blackboud
3 - 4 1;0 dr1Jk

l88t put 1.6

- atter . . (-6)

a-t.H4 et ..u 80a .or~ 15

our1oue, pecu11ar

12 1;o~t -a. (or6)/ plane v.e

.. (or6) . .~ - ()

~ox () 8p8ce, arN, reg10n noaorE () c1t,y aquare

or () nlk, 8troU (-6) 8d'98Dtage

about, approx1Jate:q (1'J) 1JIr0JWltion

-. () CU8 11 to pq
~v ~ 1n art7 C8R .U 22 to oce near
-. ()

~8Y () (-6)

.6() 1ll000t, noet]y - ( )

.6- II08t (adj.) -1.0 ~ -6)

.-6 12881888, unneceary ()

tamous 6 . (6 ) toot, 1e8

12 to pass O~K~t () wr1ety

]1
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

. b1M, vbo cX real~

(6) var .6 1'8&1
6. () c1t)" .6/- rea1:1t;y

.n6 pol1"cal ()

.n6 () caltU1'e, . green

c1vil1zat1on
....,. u . 6 IllU8t, ehou1d
& () 81'IIICha1r () _ba8sy
oK~o.K () aparten house () IIJI1be888dor
o~o. 22 to th1nk to uoo, be!ore, ago
to ; to lDUCb 6 be!ore
atten"cn
. () luxury 6 6 a IIICI1tb ago
o~xo() (~6)

()

6 ()

&'! 25
~ ()

6. () cb1~, 0088, 8uper1or

to prooke

dOllD ~, retainer
e16~/- () :1n ad'Val1ce

nT 18 about
o~ har

' () to 8Dtlcipate, to catch,

6 ( " ) ( ~6 ) (bue, e1ic.)

ccnu1A.

;) cCIDSul
&6 deet:1nat1on,
&.() (~6) predest:1nat1an
&'! 5 pq 1n advance

(6) tovarde
(6) to watch, take care
i

)aa
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

aCCU81ble

() 1nv1ta101on 6() () Sa1o~

() a101oent1m () Vebmd

o~ 16 to t 6 () salad

18 tooffer () l1v1J:1g ro

6() (6) f'ace ' l1ke

() offer J proposal tort;y

11 100 offer J sugges10 () eard1ne

5 to~er 1n J at, to

ox~ dA(y be.tore 18tard; 16 110 1Ieans

t () worn1ng hportan1o

G prev1ua~, f1rst (") ean1g

~01) () cap1tal today

t1rs1o cotporar

() ner SlCN~

hw () sta1l"e J ladd..
that

f. 14 to th1nk, have 1n dDd

(6) rendez-vua unaeeteecl

6 () ta1lor 6 () s1a'98

() pent-huae hardJ to

() rets1na 13 to pl8n J 1n1oend

12 to tbroIf () 1nt8n101on, purpoee

6() () peach 20 100 k1U
() role 13 100 neep

() Ru8s1an c:nan L ( ) appendic11018

Ru8s1an (adj.) () sh1shkebb

() Ru8s1an () eoup
/-6 8 100 ask f () chautfer
() W8s1oe

vas1oef'ul J ext.ravagan1o
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

() () atch .() (..) contract

. () house, h:a . 18 to consult, to be
8 to stud;v' adv::Lsed

:I.Jportan () adv::Lce
&.( ) () tad1_ ... () fellov student
~& () stat1an aZ" accD1'ding

~6 () stat10n 7 to agoee

.. ... 13 to stop <1U& () coUeague

.. . () 8top ~; 9 to get used
.. () C1'088 O'U&. accustaned, used to
. (..6) p"ape -& usua~

f 12 to send . () sect1an ( a c1ty)

~ () colun t1\Ja.. aCY 5 to 1ntroduce
cn. () 1n8tant .. f reg1stred
cn () muth trequent13'
. () stanach 10 to Erequent
cn-r. () so1d1er () buUet
cn't6 () .() () des1gn
cn/- (6) almost
. () yster () (-r) 10er scbool
C7't 13 to spread OI1t () 8cbool, t'aculty
() pardon (.. ) bod.y
/- () vr1ter 17 be qu1et, sUence
aK.. ~. () approval

() beart attack
-r. (&) congratu1.at1ons -rf () tawm
C1U6 81Dultanuos],y
() so-and-so
2 excuse .. . () E11m, r1bbon, band
... () diSCUBSion, .. () () cash1er's oEfice

conersatin .. . 11 travel
iKO() () fig . (..6) tr.1p
. 16 1 happens &. () class, order
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

~ . .. 80 II1Uch, 80 ar;y

~x~x () terrace ~6~ then

~xoo() (~6) post of!ice 6~ the 1Je that
6 () mai1man ~-6:L-r at let

~u.W 12 naH ~ox~(o c:n the cc:ntr8

~xx~Tx/-~ () 8peed ~o(x ()

~"o pertect ~o~6 toa1"1at1c

~" 13 1'in1sh ~Xo 23 to 8rg

ccplet8Jy ~x ()

~u~ laat (6)

~o (~6) ~ (-r6) at.reetcar

~ 1azy ~6:x ()

~" f'our ~x" (~6) sall tab1e

T~ () Wedneeday ~xxx () d:1ning roa

~TX~O ( ) ( ~6 ) quarter L (~6) table,dek

~To"o euch 6 :ad, r,.

~6:o () (~6). block (C1t;) ~x 16 to run

~~x6"x ~(x tbree

() art ~ ( ,,)

~xo() (~6) telegraph o1't1ce 6:~X th1rty

~6:x {~6) telegram (~ () Tuetd.a,

~6 telephne (adj.) ~o6 terr1ble

~o ( ) (~6 ) telephne ~6o () anner

15 telephone ~ox (") {) tra1't1c

~ vbat roU:Ing
~ () hCtl1Or, pr1ce ~6 ( ) 6 to eat
~o~x ~1ng, 8aneth1ng ~6: (-r6 ) tea
noth1ng ~o/x~~o() c1garette
(-r6) aection ( 6 )
~oo () all acc1dentally
~oo() landBcape ~ 24 t,o happen

~6o 80 (much) ~
 GREEK BASIC COURSE

(~) health h1&b

h.J:th~ () he1ght
(~) hud.dit

eplyee

3 to ex:18t t/() {) tood.

24 1;0 uceed, aurpa8a . 14 to appear, to look 11ke
() exceas, exageratlan obv1ou

() () drug ateJr..
vL ( ) () drug, .~c1ne

() troub1.e, ooue
6 enree, exceuive L () mocn
v 11 tobr1ng

excellent 4 to 1eave, depart

() (~) ocen liner -'. 19 to be tamous

\ () serv:Lce, aid &() {) autuan

() 8ervant at1ngy
~ () naid " hosp1table
\6 under () fr1end

' under cns1derat10n "" ph11osophi ca1l3

25 to ubdt, ugpet. ' L () cup

12 to 8ign " 17 to be atra1d

'n6 patient " () _tudent

\nt6v Y1ce-eoMu1 & () t:be, OCC8_1n

() (~) 1nistry (~) an' _u1t

! M1J11stry Foreign () tax

W (6) Aftrs \ () OV8n

() mUds~ () :Drase

15 obUge treah
"
cr then, artervard8 (
\ 6 ) truit
a (6) cl.oth, mater1al () t088t

326
 G REEK BASIC COURSE

(6) eyebrow 10

10 arrive 9 use
/ 15 useful
cheap Chr1stian
poor (") Christmas
natural chron1c
() nature () year

17 call, SlJJ1JI!1On next year

() voice many happy returns

() fire golden
() p1cture, photo () color

() coiffure

/ 24 tobe built
() greetings () country, nation
5 be g1ad () f1eld
terrible, miserable villager

15 spoil, distroy () vil1age

without
19 lose, miss

() joy

-& you1re in good shape () fishennan

/ () favor ( ) fish
() butc11er shop () 11e
() winter roasted, baked
() surgeon () soul
() hand () mental institution
-& yesterday pshychiatrist
/ () thousand -& psychopath
() () kilneter () bread
18 need

() maney () hour
i beautiful
()
Otolaringologist

'87
\: tJ. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIN(; F'f.'J::.: : 1957 252-220 (228)