Architectural firm

Introd
An architectural firm or architecture firm is a company which employs one or more licensed architects and
practices the profession of architecture.

uction History
World Architecture :

Architects (master builders) have existed since early in recorded history. The earliest recorded architects
include Imhotep (c. 2600 BCE) and Senemut (c. 1470 BCE). No writings exist to describe how these architects
performed their work. However, as nobles it is reasonable to assume they had staffs of assistants and retainers
to help refine and implement their work. The oldest surviving book on architecture, De architectura by
the Roman architect Vitruvius describes the design and construction of towns, buildings, clocks, and machines,
but provides no information about the organization of the architect's assistants. It is generally accepted that
throughout most of human history, most architects were wealthy individuals who derived their primary income
from activities other than design and who practiced design as a part-time pursuit, employing assistants on a
project-by-project basis.

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 Indian Architecture :

The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian architecture progressed with time
and assimilated the many influences that came as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the
world throughout its millennia-old past. The architectural methods practiced in India are a result of examination
and implementation of its established building traditions and outside cultural interactions.

Introd
Though old, this Eastern tradition has also incorporated modern values as India became a modern nation state.

uction
The economic reforms of 1991 further bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more
integrated with the world's economy. Traditional Vastu Shastra remains influential in India's architecture during
the contemporary era.

In recent times there has been a movement of population from rural areas to urban centres of industry, leading
to price rise in property in various cities of India. Urban housing in India balances space constrictions and is
aimed to serve the working class. Growing awareness of ecology has influenced architecture in India during
modern times.

Climate responsive architecture has long been a feature of India's architecture but has been losing its
significance as of late. Indian architecture reflects its various socio-cultural sensibilities which vary from region to
region. Certain areas are traditionally held to be belonging to women. Villages in India have features such as
courtyards, loggias, terraces and balconies. Calico, chintz, andpalamporeof Indian originhighlight the
assimilation of Indian textiles in global interior design. Roshandans, which are skylights-cum-ventilators, are a
common feature in Indian homes, especially in North India.

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 Introd Licensure and legal form

uction
In the india architects are licensed by council of architect provinces. Although architects are licensed
individually, state laws allow them to join together in firms. All states allow architects to form partnerships, most
allow architects to form corporations or professional corporations, and some allow limited liability
partnerships (LLPs) or limited liability companies (LLCs). Some states require the firm to obtain a registration to
provide architectural services. Others merely require that the architectural work of the firm be performed under
the direct supervision of an architect licensed in the state. A few US states allow corporations to provide
architectural services provided that a licensed employee of the firm serves as architect of record for any project.

Principals
An architecture firm usually has at least one "principal," a licensed architect who is the sole proprietor of the
firm, or one who shares an ownership interest with the other architects in the firm (either as a partner in a
partnership, or as a shareholder in a corporation). Sometimes the title of principal is limited to owners who hold a
certain percentage of ownership interest in a firm, or it may be expanded to include anyone with a leadership role in a firm. Some BRAKAVI.P
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 firms may also use the title "principal-in-charge," which denotes an architect who oversees the firm's services in
connection with a specific project.

Organization

Small firms with fewer than 5 people usually have no formal organizational structure, depending on the personal
relationships of the principals and employees to organize the work. Medium-sized firms with 5 to 50 employees
are often organized departmentally in departments such as design, production, business development, and

Introd
construction administration. Large firms of over 50 people may be organized departmentally, regionally, or in
studios specializing in project types. Other permutations also exist.

uction
Advances in information technology have made it possible for some firms to open offices or establish alliances
with other firms in different parts of the world. This makes it possible for some portions of the work to be
performed in the US or UK, and other portions in locations such as India or Mexico, for example. In addition to
utilizing lower-cost, high-skill professionals in Asian countries, it also enables some firms to work, in effect, two or
three shifts due to time differences.

It is important to note that increasingly developers in India and China are hiring US and European firms to work
on local developments. This is often coordinated or sub-contracted by architecture firms in these countriesin
effect outsourcing work to the US and European firms. The recent market situation has led to an acceleration in
this trend and a growing number of architecture firms in India and China are now outsourcing work to architects
in the west.

The long-term and widespread effects of these practices on architectural firms (in all parts of the world) remain
to be seen.

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 Design of an Office
Office design mainly depends on the function of the office and working schedule and regular timings of the
office. The purpose of its design should be studied carefully for a successful office design. The number of people
and the kind of people that are going to be working in the office have to be taken into consideration so as to

Litera provide a comfortable working space.

The process of Office Design can be split up into four parts:

ture 1. Understanding design Considerations

2. Important Design Factors

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3. Importance of Interior Design
4. Office Systems

Purpose of an Office

The purpose of an office is to derive maximum work from employees and maximum business from clients. To
achieve this, minimum disturbance to employees and minimum inconvenience to clients should be the motto of
the designer.

Pattern of Population of an Office Building

The population of an office jumps from zero to maximum within a morning hour. And it declines likewise in the
evening, only maintenance staff remaining there. So the entrance should be large enough to cope with this and
at the same time should not intimidate the visitors.
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 These are the two basic consideration before we start with designing an office, be it an Architects Office or a
Management Office.

Litera
General requirements of an Office

ture Office is a space where people are active the entire day. Keeping this in mind, we have to consider all the
necessary factors that are essential for the design of a comfortable office space. Like for any other planning,

study adequate light, proper air circulation, controlled sound level, right work surface and storage for stationary,
equipment and other sundry articles should be considered.

Reception Area
It is a must because every visitor needs a pause before meeting the desired person.

List of Staf
Categorised list of staff is required to decide the division of space. Further expansion should be kept in mind. The
list should be category wise. The people working in an establishment, known collectively as the staff or
personnel, are normally divided into four categories:

1. Executive

Litera 2. Office Assistants

3. Helpers
4. Menials

ture
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Executives

Higher and lower differs who have to be allotted a separate cabin.

Office Assistants

Clerks, stenographers, typists, receptionists, telephone operators, etc the middle level staff. All these require
proper work space.

Helpers

Peons, office boys, delivery boys, watchmen, etc. They require only sitting space.

Menials

Staff employed for the upkeep of the office. Usually, they enter office after office hours and remain out of office,
though they need a corner or cubicle to store their wares such as broom, vacuum, cleaner, brushes, mops,
ladder, etc.

Work space

Find out are and type of space, the type of work surface storage for stationary, equipment and other personal
articles like bag, tiffin, etc, sitting arrangement for visitors and the treatment of the workspace or cabin.

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 Storage and space for materials

What is not personnel, is materiele, ie, material. Office machines for collective use, like copiers, cyclostling

Litera machine, computer require proper space. So also stationery and other sundry items like heater, kettle, crockery
etc. All these should be written down properly.

ture Work Relationship

study Note down the members of personnel and relationship among them. This will facilitate in grouping of personnel
and planning of functional interior.

Nature of Business

Certain business require simplicity, like chattered accountants office; certain require glamour, like an advertising
agencys office. Some offices require privacy like a modelling agencys office and some require security like a
financial institutions.

The right type of ambience should be created in the interior and the right type of business image should be
enhanced.

Staff room

To avoid messing in the office, attached kitchen with the staff room is recommended. Kitchenette makes the staff
really happy creating a semblance of home in the office while providing warm food.
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 Toilet

Necessary for good image and hygiene. Automatic tap water with automatic drier should be installed with neat

Litera
and clean well-designed toilet.

Conference Room

ture
If space allows, provide a small conference room near the reception area where visitors and personnel can meet.

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This avoids disturbance in the office, the reception area does not get crowded, office security is intact and
visitors save their time.

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Litera
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Litera
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Litera
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Litera
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Litera
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Litera
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Litera
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The standards given are in Equivalent Car Space (ECS) and it includes parking for all types of vehicles i.e. cars, scooters,
cycles, and also light and heavy commercial vehicles in case of wholesale markets and industrial areas etc.

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Litera
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Litera For car, the minimum parking space to be 3 m x 6 m when individual parking space is required and 2.75 m x 5 m when
common parking space is required.

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 Area for each equivalent car space inclusive of circulation area is 23 mz for open parking, 28 mz for ground floor
covered parking and 32 mz for basement.

Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4 m in height from the floor to the underside of the roof slab or
ceiling;

Adequate ventilation shall be provided for the basement. The ventilation requirements shall be the same as required
by the particular occupancy according to byelaws. Any deficiency may be met by providing adequate mechanical
ventilation in the form of blowers, exhaust fans, air-conditioning systems, etc;

The minimum height of the ceiling of any basement shall be 0.9 m and the maximum, 1.2 m above the average
surrounding ground level;

Adequate arrangements shall be made such that surface drainage does not enter the basement;

The walls and floors of the basement shall be watertight and be so designed that the effects of the surrounding soil
and moisture, if any, are taken into account in design and adequate damp proofing treatment is given;

The access to the basement shall be separate from the main and alternative staircase

SHILPA KRUTHI

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Case
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Case
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Case
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Case
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