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DocBrown'sChemistryQualitativeMethodsofAnalysisRevisionNotes
DocBrown'sChemistryRevisingAdvancedOrganicChemistry
ChemicalidentificationTESTSPart2Qualitativeteststoidentifyorganicmolecule
functionalgroups
FunctionalgrouptestsforalkenesRCH=CHR,hydroxygroupfunctionalgroupprimary,
secondary&tertiaryalcoholsROH,phenols,carboxylicgroupRCOOH,acyl/acidamide
groupRCONH2,acyl/acidchloridegroupRCOCl,aliphaticaminegroupRNH2,
aryl/aromaticamine,aldehydefunctionalgroupRCHO,ketonefunctionalgroupRCOR,
halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes(chloroalkane,bromoalkane,iodoalkane)RCl,RBr,RI,
estersRCOORandtheiodoformtestCHI3
also=Part11QualitativeAnalysisTestforandidentifyorganicfunctionalgroupsnotes
ChemicalTestsIndex
Part1Introduction
Part2Qualitativeteststoidentifyorganicmoleculefunctionalgroupsofhomologousseries(thispage)
Part3Metalcations(positiveions),metalcarbonates,ammoniumionandhydrogenions(acids)
Part4Gases,waterandnonmetallicelements
Part5Anions(negativeions)includinghydroxide(alkalis)
APPENDIX1.IDENTIFYINGELEMENTSfromLINESPECTRA(nonchemicaltestmethod)
someassociatedrevisinglinks
GCSE/IGCSERevisionQUIZonchemicaltestsforidentifyingions,gasesandcompounds
ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:acidbase,silvernitratechloride,EDTAtitrations
ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:Redoxtitrations
FulllistofKEYWORDSforinorganic/organicidentificationmethodsinalphabeticalordere.g.test/reagentfor:*acid==>H+*
acid/acylchlorideRCOCl*alcoholsgeneralROH/primRCH2OH/secR2CHOH/tertR3COH)*aldehydeRCHO*primaliphaticamine
RNH2*aliphatic/aromaticcarboxylicacids*alkali==>OH*alkane/alkene>C=C</alkyneC C(saturatedversusunsaturated)*
aluminium/aluminumionAl3+*amideRCONH2*primaliphaticaminesRNH2*ammoniagasNH3*ammoniumionNH4+*prim
aromaticamineC6H5NH2etc.*bariumionBa2+*Benedict'ssolution*Brady'sreagent*bromideionBr*bromineBr2*caesiumion
Cs+*calciumionCa2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*carbonateCO32/hydrogencarbonateHCO3withacidoreffectofheatingmetal
carbonatee.g.MCO3*carbondioxidegasCO2*carboxylicacidRCOOH*carboxylicacid(aliphatic)saltse.g.RCOONa+*chlorideion
Cl*chlorinegasCl2*Chomate(VI)ionCrO42*copper(II)ionCu2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*24DNPH(foraldehydes/ketonestest)*
estersRCOOR*Fehling'stest/solution*flametestformetalions*fluorideionF*haloalkanes/halogenoalkanesRX*hydrogengas
H2*hydrogensulphideH2S*hydrogenion,acidsH+*hydrogenbromidegas/hydrobromicacidHBr*hydrogenchloridegas/hydrochloric
acidHCl*hydrogeniodidegas/hydriodicacidHI*hydroxideion,alkaliOH*hydroxy/alcohol/phenol(organic)*iodideionI*iodineI2*
iodoformtestformationofCHI3*iron(II)ionFe2+*iron(III)ionFe3+*ketoneR2C=O*lead(II)ionPb2+*lithiumionLi+*limewater
Ca(OH)2(aq)*magnesiumionMg2+*metalcarbonatesheatinge.g.MCO3*metalionsviahydroxideprecipitate*nitrateornitrate(V)
NO3*nitriteornitrate(III)NO2*nitrogendioxideornitrogen(IV)oxideNO2*oxygengasO2*phenolsC6H5OHetc.*potassiumionK+
*rubidiumionRb+*reducingsugars*saturated/unsaturated*silvernitrateAgNO3(seechloride,bromide,iodidetests)*sugars
(reducing)*sodiumionNa+*strontiumSr+*'sulphate/sulfate'orsulphate(VI)SO42*sulphideS2*'sulphite/sulfite'orsulphate(IV)
SO32*sulphurdioxidegasSO2*Tollen'sReagent*unsaturated/saturated*waterH2O*zincionZn2+*
Usethealphabeticaltestlistaboveforidentifyinganions,cations,gases,moleculesetc.tofindwhatyourequire!foryourKS3KS4
ScienceGCSEIGCSEChemistryandGCEASA2IBUSgrades912K12advancedsubsidiarychemistrycourseetc.andhelpyou
toidentifyunknowninorganicandorganiccompoundsmoleculesforqualitativeanalysis.
EMAILquery?comment?testmissing?*GasPreparations*Hazardwarningsigns/symbolsexamplesoflabelling
2.QualitativeORGANICfunctionalgrouptestsinvarioushomologousseries
(iii)Youshouldget
a'pleasant'
characteristicsmell
ofanester.
Note Thistellsyouitsanaldehydeorketone,butcan't
distinguishthem,readonbelow!
(1)Test(b)(i)and(ii)
canbeusedto (b)(i)warmafewdrops (b)Onlythe Aldehydesarestrongerreducingagentsthanketonesand
distinguishaldehydes ofthecompoundwith aldehydeproduces reducethemetalionandareoxidisedintheprocess
(reaction)and Tollens'reagent (i)Asilvermirror
ketones(noreaction). [ammoniacalsilver onthesideofthe i.e.RCHO+[O]==>RCOOH
nitrate] testtube.
(2)Aromatic (i)reductionofsilver(I)iontosilvermetal
aldehydesdoNOT (b)(ii)simmerwith (ii)Abrownorbrick
giveapositiveresult Fehling'sorBenedict's redppt. RCHO+2Ag++H2O==>RCOOH+2Ag+2H+
with(b)(ii)Benedict's solution[abluecomplex
orFehling'sreagent).
ofCu2+(aq)] (ii)reductionofcopper(II)tocopper(I)i.e.thebluesolution
(3)Reducingsugars oftheCu2+complexchangestothebrown/brickredcolour
mayalsogivea ofinsolublecopper(I)oxideCu2O.
positivetestwith(b)
(i)/(ii)reagente.g. RCHO+2Cu2++2H2O==>RCOOH+Cu2O+4H+
glucose(aldohexose) With(b)(i)/(ii)noreactionswithketones.
butnotfructose?
(ketohexose)?
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