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PANORAMA | PILEA | HORTIATIS | Asvestohori | Exohi | Filyro

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 H
,

, SCIENTIFIC EDITING
nna Mourouglou
-
Historian

. SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTORS
, . Christos Kyriakopoulos,
MA Turkology
- T
Eirini-Margarita Tzemopoulou

Archaeologist
Dimosthenis . Kechagias
- Archaeologist, PhD c. in Classical Archaeology

- LANGUAGE - EDITING MANAGEMENT

Vassiliki Antonopoulou

ENGLISH RENDERING
, Beatrice Cantzola-Sampatakou

GENERAL EDITING - CREATIVE MANAGEMENT

Dimitris Loukas

PAGINATION
Dimitra Darioti, Petros Karoutsos

IMAGE EDITING
Theodore Perlakis

/ PRODUCTION DESIGN

: 14-16, .. 10678, .: 210 3634330, fax: 210 3645608

: 113, .. 54635, .: 2310 272720, fax: 2310 243609

2015 - / MUNICIPALITY OF PILEA-HORTIATI ISBN: 978-618-81998-0-4

, . 2121/1993 -
. 100/1975.
ISO: 9001:2008 (, ..) ,
. .: 13-Q-0411022-TIC

51 . 2121/1993 All rights reserved.

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PANORAMA | PILEA | HORTIATIS | Asvestohori | Exohi | Filyro

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1
-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
(4-7 . ..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1 :

(1430). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
(1922-1940) . . . . . . . . . . 113
-: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
() () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

4
1940: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
, 2 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

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 4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

5
1950-1990:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

1. 1998-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
1998-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
2002-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
(2002-2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
2002-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

2.
- 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2010-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

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 INDEX

Address by the Mayor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Address by Theodoros Karaoglou, Former Minister of Macedonia and Thrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 1
Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis. Topography Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Residential Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 2
Antiquity and Byzantine Era
A Quick Look At The History of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.1 Prehistoric Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2 Historic Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Geometric Period and Archaic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3 Roman Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.4 Byzantine Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Paleo-Christian or Early Byzantine Era (4th-7th centuries AD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Mesobyzantine Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 3
From the Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
Evolution of the Residential Map of the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.1 General Historical Context:
The Ottoman Conquest of Macedonia
and the Capture of Thessaloniki (1430) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
The Fort and Village of Hortiatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Industry in Thessaloniki during Interwar (1922-1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Neohori, the Lime Village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Kapoutzilar-Pilea: The Keepers of the East Gate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Arsakli (Panorama) and Yailatzik (Filyro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exohi, Asvestohori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 4
The 1940s: World War II and Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1 Hortiatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

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 The Holocaust of Hortiatis 2 September 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2 Asvestohori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.3 Exohi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.4 Filyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.5 Pilea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.6 Panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.7 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Chapter 5
The1950s-1990s:
The Way to Growth
Small Communities Turn into Municipalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Pilea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Hortiatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Asvestohori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Exohi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Filyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Chapter 6
Panorama Pilea Hortiatis
in the New Millennium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Part 1. KAPODISTRIAS PLAN 1998-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Municipality of Panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Mayor of Panorama 1998-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Municipal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Present-day Pilea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Municipality of Pilea 2002-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Municipal Works 2002-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Municipality of Hortiatis (2002-2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Mayor Mihalis Geranis 2002-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Part 2. KALLIKRATIS PROGRAMME

The Present-Day Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
from 2010 until Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Municipal Works in 2010-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Legal entities of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 9 6/3/15 4:23:20 PM



001-018_ARXIKES.indd 10 6/3/15 4:23:20 PM


2010 ,

-

.
-
, -
.
.
.
. -
.
.
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.
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.


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001-018_ARXIKES.indd 11 6/3/15 4:23:21 PM

 Address by the Mayor

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 12 6/3/15 4:23:21 PM

 I
N 2010, ALL OF uS in the Municipalities of
Panorama, Pilea, and Hortiatis joined our forces and
history to embark on a new common path towards the
future.
Despite the difficult economic and social circumstances
in the country, we have set ambitious goals and have high
expectations. Our actions have been guided by the needs
of society and our people. Every project has been planned
solemnly and realistically. We have made the most of
considerable resources from the European union. And we
have turned the crisis into an opportunity doing our very
best for our native land and responding creatively to the challenges of today.

Our municipality is blessed with incontestable natural beauty: azure

sea, green forests, and an impressive mountain and hill landscape. It has
monuments that reflect a glorious history and stories of heroism and
martyrdom. It also has a rich cultural tradition. And at the same time it
is one of the most modern, livable and human cities in Europe. It boasts
large-scale infrastructure works, daily urban interventions, extensive
school and sports infrastructure, cultural projects and programmes, and
policies of social care and sensitivity, while respect for the environment is
a top priority for local growth.

This edition represents an effort to capture the most important elements

of the history and present-day reality of our municipality. It shows the
journey of this part of Greece through time and also the result of our
everyday efforts. Moreover, it is a small token of our hospitality and
appreciation for each and every visitor of our municipality.

I sincerely thank Theodoros Karaoglou, Member of the Greek Parliament

and former Minister of Macedonia and Thrace, for his encouragement and
his substantial financial support in the completion of the present edition.
Lastly, I would like to thank from the bottom of my heart my colleagues
in the Municipal Council and my many outstanding coworkers who have
contributed to the scientific and artistic final result of this publication,
as well as our prominent fellow-citizens who have supported it with their
priceless information and photographic material.

Mayor of Pilea-Hortiatis
Ignatios Kaitezidis

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 13 6/3/15 4:23:21 PM


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001-018_ARXIKES.indd 14 6/3/15 4:23:21 PM

 -
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001-018_ARXIKES.indd 15 6/3/15 4:23:22 PM

 Address by Theodoros Karaoglou,
Former Minister of Macedonia
and Thrace

W
HEN MY DEAR FRIEND Ignatios Kaitezidis, the
successful mayor of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis,
asked me to support a special edition on the history of the
municipality, in my capacity as Minister of Macedonia
& Thrace at the time, I immediately accepted to finance this effort
because I was absolutely certain that it would approach local history
with scientific adequacy and in the best possible way.
The book that you are now holding in your hands enhances historical
memory and imparts to the younger generations valuable knowledge of the
history of a municipality that hides immeasurable geographical, folklore,
and archaeological treasures within its administrative boundaries.
The present edition, through the prism of local historiography,
covers, from the Neolithic Age to the present day, the whole historical
spectrum of the evolution of the urban areas of Pilea and Panorama,
the periurban areas of Filyro, Asvestohori, and Exohi, and the martyr
village of Hortiatis, which make up the Kallikratic Municipality of
Pilea-Hortiatis.
By means of historical research and their power of description,
the team of authors draws on the memories of the inhabitants of the
above six communities and offers readers a comprehensive work on the
history, the customs, the traditions, and the glorious past of a place
with uninterrupted historical continuity, the soil of which is soaked in
the blood of great sacrifices.
This is evidenced by the extant archaeological, Byzantine and modern

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 16 6/3/15 4:23:22 PM

 monuments of one of the largest urban centres of our prefecture, which
has exhibited considerable residential growth through time.
This book is a reference point for the past and the present of a
municipality that extends from Mount Hortiatis to the Thermaic Gulf,
but it is also a source of inspiration for the future. It speaks to the soul
of every citizen of the Kallikratic Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis and
narrates all those things that must not be forgotten, delving into history
and reviving feelings of bygone times.
As we leaf through this book, we are once again filled with memories
pleasant, unpleasant, overwhelming, breathtaking, and so familiar.
These memories are our roots, roots that reach deep into our past and
still remain strong and unshakable today.
I call upon all of you to approach this edition with love and read it
with all due romanticism, because homelands do not die, nor can they
be deleted from our hearts and memory. These homelands belong to
us as much as we belong to them.

Theodoros Karaoglou
Member of Greek Parliament
Thessaloniki B Constituency
Nea Dimokratia

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 17 6/3/15 2:01:19 PM



-
,
,
.

Acknowledgements

W e would like to warmly thank all those who

contributed to the research of the history of the
Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis and the completion of the
present edition by offering valuable information, archival
and photographic material or any other sort of help and
by sharing with us their knowledge and memories.

001-018_ARXIKES.indd 18 6/3/15 2:01:19 PM

 -

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 19 6/3/15 2:01:41 PM

 , -
The Town Hall of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 20 6/3/15 2:01:42 PM

 1
-

-
-
3852/2010 .
, . -
():

1. , 17.546 ,
2. , 34.678 ,
3. , 18.429 ,
. , -

(6.404 .), (5.440 .), (4.809 .)
(1.776 .).
2539/1997 -
( 244 04.12.1997),
, , -
.

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 21 6/3/15 2:01:42 PM

 1. -
22

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019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 22 6/3/15 2:01:42 PM


23

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Map showing the administrative boundaries
of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 23 6/3/15 2:01:43 PM

 1. -
24

.
, ,
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, CEDEFOP, - 1997 -
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PAOK SPORTS ARENA -
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3852, 87 07.06.2010.
45892 , &
1292 1292 11.08.2010.
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22.08.2011.
62 07.03.1932.
80 14.03.1930.
, 2007.
, 2009.
, 2007.
-, , . .
. , 1997, -
1997.

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 24 6/3/15 2:01:43 PM

 Chapter 1
Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
Topography Population
by Anna Mourouglou

T
hE MuNiCiPAliTy OF PilEA-hORTiATiS belongs to the Region
of Central Macedonia and was formed according to the provisions of
law 3852/2010 Kallikratis Plan. While Panorama is the seat of the
municipality, hortiatis has been designated as its historical seat. it consists of
the following three municipal units:

1. Panorama, with a population of 17,546

2. Pilea, with a population of 34,678
3. Hortiatis, with a total population of 18,429, consisting of the municipal
communities of Asvestohori (6,404 inhabitants), Filyro (5,440 inhabitants),
and Hortiatis (4,809 inhabitants), and the local community of Exohi (1,776
inhabitants). The former Municipality of hortiatis had been formed according
to law 2539/1997 on the Primary local Government Reform, also known as
Kapodistrias Plan (Official Gazette issue 244, A, 04.12.1997) and consisted of
the former communities of Asvestohori, Exohi, Filyro, and hortiatis.

The Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis is located 18 km northeast of the urban

Complex of Thessaloniki and borders the Municipality of langadas to the north
and northeast, the Municipality of Thermi to the south and southeast and the
Municipalities of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Neapoli-Sykies, and Pavlos Melas
to the west, while it is washed by the Thermaic Gulf to the southeast. The eastern
part of the municipality contains Mt hortiatis and the forests of Sheikh Sou and
Kouri, as well as the grove of Filyro. Mt hortiatis, at 1,201 m above sea level, is the

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 25 6/3/15 2:01:43 PM

 Chapter 1. Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
26

highest mountain in the area, with the homonymous suburb built on its foothills.
The villages of Asvestohori, Exohi and Filyro are situated on the hill range of
Asvestohori at ~600 m above sea level, while Profitis ilias, in Asvestohori, and
Panorama rise to 738 m and 380 m above sea level, respectively.
Exohi owes its exceptional charm to its proximity to large stretches of lush
greenery; the forest of Sheikh Sou extends to the south and the stream of
Dendropotamos, a most characteristic feature of the specific landscape, crosses
the area flowing from southeast to northwest and continuing towards Asvestohori.
The Municipal Community of Filyro boasts the forest of Amadryas at the edge of
the village, a grove in its northwest part, and a stream flowing between the two
demarcated sections of the village, which lend the area a unique natural beauty.

T hE lAND AREA of the Municipality of Pilea-hortiatis is approximately

155,800 km2. it extends from Mt hortiatis to the Thermaic Gulf and
possesses places of breathtaking natural beauty and a long exploitable seaside
zone in its south-southeastern part. The coastline is approximately 4.5 km long,
although the accessible zone is only 1.5 km long. A part of the seashore has been
converted to recreation and commercial areas, while it also hosts activities of the
secondary sector. To the south of it, however, there is a free zone owned by the
municipality which has not been subject to any man-made change.

019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 26 6/3/15 2:01:43 PM


Residential Development
O vER ThE lAST TWO DECADES, the
area that makes up the present-day Mu-
nicipality of Pilea-hortiatis, has witnessed
constant residential and population growth,
a phenomenon due to the deurbanization of
the city of Thessaloniki. According to the
last census, which was conducted in 2011,
the population of the municipality amounts
to 70,653 inhabitants, therefore Pilea-hor-
tiatis ranks fourth nationwide among the
municipalities that have exhibited the larg-
est population growth, namely ~41% in rela-
tion to the previous census, that of 2001.
Every municipal unit today exhibits cer-
tain noteworthy developmental features,
and more specifically:
Panorama, from the 1970s onwards,
started growing and developing into an af-
fluent suburb of Thessaloniki and today it
is a purely residential area with middle to
very high-income residents. Over the last
two decades, the number of luxury houses
and villas built in Panorama has greatly
increased, as a consequence of the overall
socioeconomic growth of the country. Thus,
important private and public service provid-
ers of the tertiary sector, as well as providers
of specialized education and social support
services, are active in the area.
Pilea is a non-purely residential area where
remarkable residential growth and significant
commercial and industrial activity have been
noted over the last two decades. large stores,
shopping centres and other service provision
enterprises, including modern malls, luxury
hotels, multi-purpose playgrounds, etc., serve
Panoramic view of Pilea
019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 27
Residential Development
27
not only the needs of the municipality and
Thessaloniki, but also those of the broader
area of the prefecture and of the Region of
Central Macedonia in general. Growth fac-
tors in Pilea include the largest private medi-
cal units in Northern Greece (such as the
interbalkan Medical Center of Thessaloniki,
the private maternity hospital Genesis, Eu-
romedica Arogi Rehabilitation and Recov-
ery Center of Thessaloniki and the modern
vet clinic Animal Medical Centre of Thes-
saloniki). European and international bod-
ies of development, education, research and
technology also operate in the area, includ-
ing CEDEFOP, the famous college Anato-
lia, the American Farm School, the German
School of Thessaloniki, the Greek-French
School Kalamari, the Aristotle College, the
Arsakeio School of Thessaloniki, the Mod-
el Schools of Thessaloniki, the Apostolos
Pavlos School, etc. One of the specialized
health services and social support structures
in Pilea is the Recovery and Rehabilitation
Centre for Children with Disabilities Agios
6/3/15 2:01:43 PM
 Chapter 1. Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
28
, . ,
The municipal unit of Panorama, which is the seat of the municipality, with Mount Hortiatis in the background
Dimitrios. PAOK SPORTS ARENA, which
hosts PAOK BC, the professional basketball
department of the Pan-Thessalonian Athletic
Club of Constantinopolitans (PAOK) is also
located in Pilea.
Hortiatis is a non-purely residential area
where remarkable residential growth has
been noted over the last twenty years, where-
as agricultural and stock-raising activities,
which had continued incessantly through-
out the 20th century, have been dramatically
reduced due to the recent broader socioeco-
nomic changes. until 1997, the Community
019-028_KEF_1_DHMOS_PYLAIAS.indd 28
of Asvestohori was the seat of the Munici-
pality of hortiatis, which was formed in the
context of Kapodistrias Plan. Similarly, from
that year onwards Exohi and Filyro were no
longer communities and formed part of the
newly established Municipality of hortiatis
as the local administrative districts of Exohi
and Filyro, respectively.
in the former Municipality of hortiatis
there are remarkable health and social support
structures, such as the famous General hos-
pital of Thessaloniki George Papanikolaou,
which is located in the Municipal Community
of Exohi. Extensive gastronomic activity has
been noted in the entire area of hortiatis since
the 1970s, with numerous quality culinary
establishments attracting visitors and excur-
sionists from the broader area of Thessaloniki
on a daily basis.
Panoramic view of Filyro
6/3/15 2:01:47 PM


029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 29 6/3/15 2:04:27 PM


Roman arch bridge in Elaiorema, Pilea

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 2

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029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 31 6/3/15 2:04:28 PM

 2.
32

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Pic. 1. Topographic plan of
the tumulus of Kapoutzida
(1917-1919)

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 32 6/3/15 2:04:31 PM

 2. 1
33

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3
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Pic. 2. Aspect of the north side of the tumulus
- of Kapoutzida in 1918
(Service
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029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 33 6/3/15 2:04:31 PM

 2.
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029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 34 6/3/15 2:04:31 PM

 2. 2
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Annual
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Pic. 3. The Macedonian Kingdom from the 6th century BC
to the 4th century BC.

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 35 6/3/15 2:04:34 PM

 2.
36

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Pic. 4. Mount Hortiatis
,
Pic. 5. The southeastern side of the enclosure discovered by
G. Bakalakis on the top of Mount Hortiatis .
Pic. 6. Plan view of the enclosure -

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 36 6/3/15 2:04:37 PM

 2. 2
37

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,
- . -
.25
, , -
1972, - .29
N.G.L. Hammond -
, ,

-
,26

.
-


-
. -
. -

-
, . .
6128.27 (. 7) 14
<> <> ()[],
-
.

. 7. . .
6128

Pic. 7. The inscription from Holomon classified as finding no.
6128, which is currently exhibited at the Archaeological
Museum of Thessaloniki

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 37 6/3/15 2:04:41 PM

 2.
38

. 8.
. 4 ..
Pic. 8. Representation through drawing of the fragments of a clay gilt relief portraying two griffins mangling a horse. It dates
back to the 4th century BC.

-
, , , .
.
- -
-,
1965 - (.
, - 9, 9),
, ,
-
.30 (. 8) .32
1987 -
.33
-
. (. 10, 10)
-

() ,
31, - ,
14 .,
, - .
-
, , -
-
. .
, 8 . (. )
, ,

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 38 6/3/15 2:04:42 PM

 2. 2
39

- -
. (. 11) -
. -
-
-
. - . -
,
-
. . . ,
.
-
- -

. 9.
Pic. 9. Drawing of the front view of the Macedonian tomb

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 39 6/3/15 2:04:45 PM

 2.
40

. 9.
Pic. 9a. Front view of the Macedonian tomb after the construction of the shelter

- .34
, -
(. 12),
, - . -
(. 13),
-
- , -
- ,
. , -
, , -
-
4
.. . -
, -
, 4
..
. 12. (.
. 17317).
4 .. , -
Pic. 12. Clay belly amphora (finding no. .
17317) dating back to the last quarter of the 4th
century BC. -

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 40 6/3/15 2:04:47 PM

 2. 2
41

. 10, 10.
Pic. 10, 10a. Details of the multi-figure representation on the tympanum of the pediment of the tomb

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 41 6/3/15 2:04:48 PM

 2.
42

H -
-
, .
, ,
,
. - -
4 ..,
4 .. (. 14)
, - , -
, -
, .35 -
.
- 2005,
18 -
Carrefour - ,
. - ,
56 : 3
, 10 Media Markt,36 21 :
, 21 , 3 -
22 , , 7 9
4 .. . -
3 .. (. 15, 16) ,

. 11. (-) (-)

Pic. 11. Drawing of the longitudinal (-) and the lateral sections of the tomb chamber (-)

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 42 6/3/15 2:04:52 PM

 2. 2
43

(413-400/399 ..)
(277-239 ..).37 -
:
4 8.
4 -


. 13. (. .
943). -
.38 (. 17) -
, ,
, -
Pic. 13. Quarter gold stater of Philip II (finding no. 943).
The obverse bears a head of Hercules with a lion-skin cape,
while the reverse bears a bow, a club, a trident, and the
inscription
. 8
, ,
.42
,
, , -
, ,
, - -
,
, -
, .43 (. 19)
.39 ,
, -
-
,
-
, .44 ,
-
, , , -
, , - .45 -
,
(381-369 ..) (),
.46 ( 20)
.40 -
T 1987, ,
-
. 8, : , -
, ,
. (. 18) - , -
3,33x 3,15 .41 , -

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 43 6/3/15 2:04:52 PM

 2.
44

. 14.
4 . .
Pic. 14. Pottery from the interior of the box-shaped tomb.
It dates back to the mid-4th century BC.

, ,
, , -
, 47
. ( 21-23) , -
, -
, - 3 .. -
-
, , ,
,

. ,
-
2001 - (terra sigillata) -
3-4
- ..48
.
2005 -
69, -
, 69
. ,
-
,
. 15.

, ,
( 53).
4 .. , -
Pic. 15. Clay Attic lekythos with a
representation of Eros and a panther from the .49
interior of the monolithic sarcophagus (burial
53). It dates back to the second quarter of the
-
4th century BC. -

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 44 6/3/15 2:04:58 PM

 2. 2
45

- , . 9-11, -

4 .., , ,
-.53
,
. ,
, -

3 ..50 - , -
- . 12.

,
2006 , , -
.54 (. 24-27)
, ,
4 - ,
.. -
2 .. .
-
, - -
,
. -


.51



. -
,
, -
.52

-

,
-
. 2009,

. 16.
( 53)
Pic. 16. Monolithic sarcophagus that contained the remains of
the burnt body of a young woman (burial 53)

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 45 6/3/15 2:04:59 PM

 2.
46

. 17. 4
Pic. 17. Detail of a fresco in tomb 4

.55 - , )
-
. -
. -
, , - -
,
, . -
- , 315 ..
-

. , - , ,56 -
,
,
, . 57 -
, - ,
, .
, -
-
,
315/316 .., ,
- , -
-
(< . = ,

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 46 6/3/15 2:05:00 PM

 2. 2
47

,


.
-

,
.

-
, -
,


, -
. -
5
..,
5 ..
-
-
3
2 ..
, -
. -
, ,
. -, -
-
-
5 ..,
, 9
.., -
. -
-
26 1916,58

. . 18.
8

Pic. 18. Plan view of the single-chamber Macedonian tomb
found at 8 Dinokratous Street and the rock-cut staircase lead-
ing to the tomb

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 47 6/3/15 2:05:02 PM

 2.
48

. . 19. ,

. . 20.
Above. Pic. 19. The arched dome of the Macedonian tomb found at Dinokratous Street where one can see the blocks and the parts
of the Doric pillar blocks that were used as tholites
Below. Pic. 20. Detail of the decoration of sarcophagus

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 48 6/3/15 2:05:05 PM

 2. 2
49

. 21-23.
. . 21.
. . 9787

. . 22. -
(.
. 9785 9784 )
. .23. -
(. . 9779, 9782,
9783, 9780 9781 )
Pic. 21-23.
Left. Pic. 21. Clay figurine of standing female figure classified
as finding no. 9787 from the interior of the Macedonian
tomb at Dinokratous Street
Above. Pic. 22. Two clay belly amphorae from the interior of
the Macedonian tomb at Dinokratous Street (finding nos.
9785 and 9784, respectively)
Below. Pic. 23. Clay compasses from the interior of the Mace-
donian tomb at Dinokratous Street (finding nos. 9779, 9782,
9783, 9780 and 9781)

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 49 6/3/15 2:05:08 PM

 2.
50

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 50 6/3/15 2:05:09 PM

 2. 2
51

. 24-27.
. . 24.
-

. . 25.

. . 26. -

. . 27. LRA I

. 4 ..

Pic. 24-27.
Left page. Pic. 24. The water-trap and one of the closed pipes
that were discovered at the building plot of the American
Farm School
Above, left. Pic. 25. Aspect of the excavation at the building
plot of the American Farm School
Above, right. Pic. 26. The brick-built cistern that was
discovered at the building plot of the American Farm School
Right. Pic. 27. Clay type LRA I belly amphora from the
excavation at the building plot of the American Farm School.
It dates back to the mid-4th century AD

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 51 6/3/15 2:05:13 PM

 2.
52

. . 28.
. . 28. ,

bove. Pic. 28. Sketch plan of the north aspect of the aqueduct of Hortiatis
Below. Pic. 28a. Sketch plan of the south aspect of the aqueduct of Hortiatis, including the west end

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 52 6/3/15 2:05:16 PM

 2. 3
53

2. 3

-
-
.
2 .., 149 .., -

- (Quintus Caecilius Metellus)
, - -
.
22 168 .., . ,
- ,
, .
1 .. -
(provincia) - ,
. 59 - , 60
- -
, (regions), .
, -
, -
, -
- .61
,

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 53 6/3/15 2:05:18 PM

 2.
54

. , -
-
,
(Pax -
Romana), , - .63 (. 28, 28)
.
-
223 ., 20,10 .
- 5 .64 -
. - ,
-
,
, 0,50 .,
62 ().
. -

. 29. .65 (. 29)


Pic. 29. The stone layer that covers the clay pipe of the
aqueduct of Hortiatis

.
, -
,
,66
, ,

4 ..67 ,
-

-

-


46 ..68 ,


,
,
,
, ,
-

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 54 6/3/15 2:05:19 PM

 2. 3
55

69 , , -

1430,70 -
,
-
.71 -
194572 1969
.73



.
1137

,74


-
.75 1316
,

-
,
.76
1980 -

-
-

, 2000 -

.77 . 30. qanat

2008
Pic. 30. Front view of the entrance to the qanat of Saint
. Paraskevi in Hortiatis
,
, -
(qanat) ,79 (. 30,
31) -
, ,
4 .78 .80
- 2 .. -
- -

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 55 6/3/15 2:05:20 PM

 2.
56

, (Via
Egnatia),

(Gnaeus Egnatius).
, ,

-
. O . .
W.M. Leake
Itinerarium Hierosolymitatum (
Itinerarium Burdigalense)


-
.81
-
.82 (. 32)
1931
-
3 ..83 -

. (. 33) 1984 -
.84
. 31. qanat . -
.
Pic. 31. Plan view of the water-drawing zone of the qanat of Saint
-
Paraskevi
. -
.85


,
.



. 2-3o .. -

. 32.
1980
Pic. 32. The Roman bridge over the stream of Malakopi in a
1980 photograph

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 56 6/3/15 2:05:24 PM

 2. 3
57

1963.
.86 .
- -
,87 -
,
,

.88

. -

-

.89 -
, -
,
.
, -

,
-
.90
. -, , -
-
1916

Ch. Edson (. 34-38),
, . . 4,
. . 164
. -.
284-305 .., -
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius
Diocletianus),
provincia Macedonia,
(Dioecesis Moesiarum),
(dioeceses)
. -
(Gaius Galerius
Valerius Maximianus)

. 33. 1931
,
Pic. 33. Female marble statue found in 1931 near the Roman
bridge over the stream of Malakopi

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 57 6/3/15 2:05:26 PM

 2.
58

. 34-38.
. 34. -

.
/ / .
2 ..
(. . 6973)
. 35. -
/-/ - <> -/ /
-/ -/ .
2 ..
(. . 6974)
. 36. -

, .
.
3 ..
. 37. . , -
<> .
2-3 ..
(. . 6977)
, -
. 38. .
/ / -/<> ,
-/ /,/... 2-3
-
..
Pic. 34-38. (Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus
Pic. 34. Marble funeral altar with a relief representation of a Licinius), 322/323 .. -
horseman before a tree with a snake coiled around his torso. -
It bears the inscription / /
and dates back to the last quarter 2nd century AD.

Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki (finding no. 6973) -
Pic. 35. Marble funeral altar bearing the inscription -
/-/ - <> -/ /
. , 3 . ..
-/ -/ and dating back to the
second half of the 2nd century AD. Archaeological Museum of
Thessaloniki (finding no. 6974) -
Pic. 36. Marble funeral altar with a relief representation of a , -
naked hoplite who wears an attic type helmet and holds a
spear in his right hand and a shield in his left one. It bears a ,
time-worn almost illegible inscription and dates back to the 253 .. -
3rd century AD.
.
Pic. 37. Marble funeral altar bearing the inscription
<> and dating back to the -
2nd-3rd century AD. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki -
(finding no. 6977)
.
Pic. 38. Marble funeral altar bearing the inscription
/ / -/<> -/

/,/... and dating back to the 2nd-3rd century AD.

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 58 6/3/15 2:05:30 PM

 2. 3
59

.91 , ,
: , - -

, - , .
1 .. 2
.. , - -

, , -
3 .. 4 .., (villa rustica).
.
-
, -
,
.

-
, , -
,
, -
.
- ,
-
. -
- .92

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 59 6/3/15 2:05:35 PM

 2.
60

2. 4

(4-7 . ..)

-
-
1986 -
,

. 36. -
- -
.
.
, -
1972
- .
, .
.
. - , .
- ,

, .
, - 5 ..
.93 (. 39) , -
-
.94 (. 40, 41)
1997,
-
,
, -

,
, ,
.
,

-

. 39. -
1972
Pic. 39. Plan view of the Paleo-Christian basilica of Panorama
that came to light in 1972

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 60 6/3/15 2:05:37 PM

 2. 4
61

. . 40. 1986 .
, . 36
. . 41. , . 36.

Above. Pic. 40. The dome-roofed tomb that was found in 1986 by the Curator of Antiquities S. Kissas during excavations
at 36 Prophiti Ilia Street
Below. Pic. 41. Detail of the fresco on the north wall of the dome-roofed tomb at 36 Prophiti Ilia Street.
It portrays a basket of fruit among peacocks

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 61 6/3/15 2:05:42 PM

 2.
62

-
-
-
. .96 -
5 6 ..,
- .
.95 -
4
313 .., 5 , 6
- .. -
, -
, ,
391 .. , ,
-
. -
-, , (527-565 ..)
- .

10 -
, 904 ..,

: , ,
-
-
,
,
,
.
.101 , .
(, , ..) , -

,97 ,
, - , -

.98 ,
, , -
. -
99 - .

-
.100 O . E. . Cousinry

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 62 6/3/15 2:05:42 PM

 2. 4
63

. 42. ,
Pic. 42. The historic icon of Panagia Hortaitisa, a work of the Palaelogan era

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 63 6/3/15 2:05:43 PM

 2.
64

1831,102
- (1084-1111 ..),
. ,
, X X.
-
. - 11
: ) -
,103
, ) X.
, . ,
(. 42), ) -
, - 13 ,
-
.

,104 -
, -
-
X.105 1204 ..
.
- , -
. - -
, Montferrat106 .
terminus ante quem ,
11 . -
107 -
(1081-1118 ..) - -


Peter, Abbot of Locedo.108
-
-
Sancta Maria de Chortato,109
.
1224 ..,


.110 ,

. 43.
Pic. 43. Fresco of Saint Panteleimon

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 64 6/3/15 2:05:46 PM

 2. 4
65

) 86,116
, 1246 ..
- , -
, ) -
.111 309117 ) .
159 (Vlad. 390)
, -
- .118
1261 .., 11 ,
,
12 -
.
, -
- , -
1185 ..
14- 15 .112 -
- -
, -
, , ,
.113 .
-
,
, , -
, .119 -

, , -
.114 ,
, 16 -
, , -
(-
) (turbe),
,
.
.115
10
-
-
, .
:

. 44.

Pic. 44. Part of a marble parapet from the Church of Saint
Panteleimon

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 65 6/3/15 2:05:47 PM

 2.
66

. 45.

. 46.

Pic. 45. Residential remains probably coming from the cells on
the premises of the Monastery of Saint Panteleimon
Pic. 46. The Byzantine Church of Metamorphosis Sotiros
(Transfiguration of the Saviour) of Hortiatis

-
.120 . -


-

.121 . -

-
,122 (. 43, 44)

-
.123 (. 45)
12 .. -
-
. (. 46) -
,

.

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 66 6/3/15 2:05:51 PM

 2. 4
67

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 67 6/3/15 2:05:56 PM

 2.
68

, ,
. , -
- ,
, .124 ,
, ..127 -
,
-
.125 - -
-
12 .
,
,

.126 - .128
, - .
, H . .
, . -
, -
- , -
,
Nerezi,

-
.129
,
-
,
(.
47), -
-.130 -

,
.
.131 . -, -
-
,

.132

. 47.
,
Pic. 47. Sketch plan of the watermill at the site Platanakia,
Panorama

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 68 6/3/15 2:05:58 PM


69

1. D.H. French, Index of Prehistoric Sites in .
Central Macedonia, Athens 1967, 31 ( 13. . , -
. , , ,
, : . . .
: . . -, -
. , . , . -
, 1986, . 14 ( 1, . 8), . , 1998.
15 . -, 2001-2010. 14. , , 1.
-
15. . ,
, 24, 2010, . 375.
, : . -
2. . , , .
: - . . (.), , ,
. , 9-11
1912-1922, . - 1986, . cole franaise dAthnes,
, 1990, . 127, . 57.
2012.
16. . , -
3. L. Rey, Observations sur les premiers habitats
, . ,
de la Macdoine, p. 105-111, :
2007, . 359.
, .
17. . 2005, . 361. .
, 1985.
O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie und
4. . . ,
Religionsgeschichte, Mnchen 1906, seite 209.
[-
18. . ,
], 1984, . 135, 143,
. , ,
187 (. 15), . 15 36 (1), . 53, S3, PM, Fig. 22
, -
. . .., , .
& , . 30 ( 1989), . 39,
, 1997, . 304, . 5.
. 6 7.
5. . . .. 1997, . 279. [
3, S (= ) 3. 281 19. , , . 24.
(. 1).] 20. . , , 3
6. . . .. 1997, . 322. (1953-1955), 1956, . 354.

7. 21. . 1956, . 356-360.

. //1/16/14096/597/20.5.1987 22. . 1956, . 360. -
353//6.7.1987. , -
8. . . .. 1997, . 32, 81, . 87.
9. . . .. 1997, . 16, 79, . 1, (. ,
. 12. . 20 21),

10. . . .. 1997, . 38-39, 82, .
,
1, . 115.
. 2005, . 362, . 19.
11. . , .
23. . 1956, . 355-356.
, o:
- . 24. . ,
10 , - ,
- 18-23 2005, 2008/01, . 24.
2007, . 359. 25. F. Papazoglou, Les cits macdoniennes
12. . lpoque romaine (1957), p. 148.
. , , 26. N. Hammond, A History of Macedonia,
, . , - vol. I (1972), p. 187 . -
2010, . 138, . 19, , . -

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70

, : . . 46. . - 1986, . 124.

47. . - 1986, . 127-128.
, , 48. . ,
, 9-11 ( ),
1986, . cole franaise dAthnes, 15, 2001, . 249-251.
1990, . 102.
49. . - 2010, . 377.
27. I. 1986, . 109. . M.B. 50. . - 2010, . 378.
Hatzopoulos L.D. Loukopoulou, Rechrches sur les
51. . - 2010, . 378-379,
marches orientales des Tmenides (Anthemonte-
. 11.
Kalindoia), re partie, Athnes 1992.
52. . - . .
28. . 1986, . 114.
. , extra
29. . . , - muros. , 20,
2006, . 292-294.
,
53. 24, 2009, . -
, . 64, 1989, . 106,
2010, . 380, . 14.
112, 118.
54. 24, 2009, . -
30. . , 21, 1966, . 340-341.
2010, . 1, . 17.
31. . -, -
55. Ch. Edson, Strepsa (Thucydides I. 61. 4),
. , 1987-2006
ClPh 50, No. 3, 1955, p. 169-190 A.W. Gomme, A
. 20 .
historica commentary on Thucydides, I (1971), p.
2009, . 435.
215-218 . 1986, . 103, .
32. . - 2009, . 435-437. 39 M.B. Hatzopoulos,
33. . - 2009, . 435. Strepsa: A reconsideration or new evidence on the
34. . -, road system of lower Macedonia, 3,
- . -
. - , , 1987,
, . .
, 2005, . 45. 56. , 19.52.2.5.
35. . - . . 57. , 19.52.3.1.
, 2005. (;) - 58. . -,
, 19, 2005, . 198, . & ,
. . . . ,
36. . - 2005, . 197 .. -
37. . - 2009, . 442. 1997, 1997,
38. . - 2009, . 444. . 140-141, .
39. . - 2005, . 203. 59. , Aburbecondita, XLV, 29.
40. . -, 2001-2010. 60. . 17,1.
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, 24, 2010, . 375. . . - 62. , . . -
, 2007, . 96-108, -
, VII, 2007, .
. 675-696. 63. . . , -
41. M. -, - (qanat) -
, , 21, 2007, . 291, . 27.
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42. . - 1986, . 118. , 22, 2008, . 361.
43. . - 1986, . 121. 65. . . , 2008, . 361.
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71

67. . , . 207, -
, 1985, . 16. .
68. 22, 2008, . 364. 88. . - 2002, . 83, . 441.
69. 22, 2008, . 366 . 7. 89. . - 1997, . 135,
70. 22, 2008, . 367 . 11. .
71. . , . 90. . F. Dunand, Isis: mre
, : des dieux, Errance, Paris 2000 . , -
, . , , . , ,
2006, . 49. , . -
72. 22, 2008, . 367. , 2003. .
73. . 27702/25.1.1969 E. Reeder-Williams, Isis Pelagia and a roman marble
84//5.2.1969. : matrix from the Athenian Agora, Hesperia vol. 54,
. : issue 2, p. 111, note 17 (
- , ,
, : - , ).
: 1) - 91. -

74. 21, 2007, . 290, . 21. .
75. , 28 -
, . 6, (6-8
. 136, . 72. 2015).

76. L. Petit, Actes de Chilandar, Premire Partie, 92. 38, 1983, . 288.
St. Petersburg 1911, p. 71-73, 78. 93. E. N. , 1972, . -
77. . . 2008, . 367. - 1997, . 150-151.
78. . . 2008, . 361. 94. . , 38, 1983, 2, ,
79. (qanat) . 288-289, . 8-9, . 119, . -
. . . -
. , 2007, . 285-293, - , . . -
. 1997, . 146-147.

80. . . 2007, . 95. . , 52, 1997, 2, -

290-291. , . 703, . 11.

81. . . , - 96. 50, 1995, . 465.

(;) 97. . ,
, V, . , 17
, 1993, . 2, . 1030-1034, (1977), . 1, . 1.
. 53 54. 98. . 1977, . 2, . 1.
82. . - 2010, . 375, . 1 99. . A. -
2. ,
83. . - 1997, . 136, , -
. () 15 (1939), -
84. . . 1/34/52408/1201/1.11.84. , . 280-287. . . -
. . - 1997, . 143. , , .
85. . - 1997, . 143, , 2000.
. 1. 100. . 1977, . 7.
86. . -, . - 101. . 1977, . 8.
102. .M. Cousinry, Voyage dans la Macdoine,
, . , 2002, . . 164 Paris 1831, v. I, p. 109-110.
(, . . 6976), . 82-83, 190, . 98. 103. . 1977, . 7, . 3.
87. . - 2002, . . 227 228, 104. . 1977, . 7, . 3.

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 71 6/3/15 2:05:58 PM

 2.
72

105. . 2007, . 109-127. , 9 ,

106. D.M. Nicol, The Fourth Crusade and the Greek .
and Latin Empires, CMH IV (1966), p. 275-330. 126. . 1992, . 174, . 17.
107. . 2007, . 109 .. 127. . .., ..., . 2.
108. E. Russell, Literature and Culture in Late 128. . .., ..., . 1.
Byzantine Thessalonica, ed. Bloomsbury, London 129. . . ,
2013, p. xvii, note 17.
109. . 2007, . 109-127. , 57 (2002), , , .
110. J. Longnon, La reprise de Salonique par les 399, . 71 72.
Grecs en 1224, Actes du VIe Congrs International 130. . ,
dtudes Byzantines I, Paris 1950, p. 141-156. , -
. . -, - , . , 1995.
, 131. . - 1997, . 156,
, - 157 (
1988, . 39-62. ) 158.
111. . , , A. 132. . - 1997, . 157.
Heisenberg (ed.), Georgii Acropolitae Opera I
(Leipzig 1903), p. 42.
112. . 1977, . 7.
113. . 1977, . 9-10, . 1
(. 10).
114. . 1977, . 12-13. .
R. Janin, Les glises et les monastres des grands
centres byzantins: (Bithynie, Hellespont, Latros,
Galsios, Trbizonde, Athnes, Thessalonique), ed.
Institut franais des tudes byzantines, Paris 1969,
p. 414-415.
115. . 1939, . 286.
116. . 142.
117. . 91.
118. . . , T
, K M 4,
, 1996-1997, . 277-282
, -
(BHG 1545).
;, 28 (2008),
. 529-547.
119. . 1977, . 21, . 1.
120. . 1977, . 21.
121. . 1977, . 23.
122. . - 1997, . 152-154,
.
123. . - 1997, . 155.
124. . , (600-1204),
. , 1992, . 160.
125. . . . .
,
: -
-

029-072_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio.indd 72 6/3/15 2:05:58 PM


Antiquity and Byzantine Era
A Quick Look At The History of the Municipality
of Pilea-Hortiatis
2.1 Prehistoric Times
T he first evidence of early organ-
ized human presence, activity and habi-
tation in the area of the present-day Munici-
pality of Pilea-hortiatis was found in the
municipal district of Pilea, in a tumulus at
the site elaiones, where a settlement had
been founded. the tumulus is located ap-
proximately 3 km south of the municipality
and rises 160 m above sea level (pictures 1
and 2).
the first excavation was conducted by
sAAO (service Archologique de l Arme
d Orient), which acted in the years 1917-
1919 in the broader area of thessaloniki. L.
rey, one of the directors of sAAO, in a re-
port on one of the first settlements in Mac-
edonia, described the successive strata of
clay soil found there, containing probably
the remains of clay and stone-built walls.
similar settlement remains were also lo-
cated in the tumuli of Gona and sedes. in
1935, the archaeological research carried
out by the Greek archaeologist n. Kotzias
brought to light pottery revealing the pres-
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 73
Chapter 2
by Dimosthenis Kehayas
ence of a diminian settlement dating back
to the early neolithic ii Period (4800-4500
Bc), along with further findings dating
back to the Late Bronze Age. According to
geoarchaeological research, the neolithic
settlement in Pilea possessed little cultiva-
ble land and, as it was surrounded by lime-
stone hills and there was plenty of water,
its inhabitants are believed to have been
engaged in stock-breeding. the place was
declared an archaeological site in 1987.
traces of prehistoric settlements of the
Bronze Age and the iron Age were also lo-
cated at three more sites of the Municipal-
ity of Pilea-hortiatis. A tumulus was dis-
covered south of Panorama, in an area rich
in streams that flow towards the west end
of the valley of vassilika. the remains of
a prehistoric settlement were excavated in
Asvestohori, and the pottery findings ob-
tained in another tumulus located in Am-
pelia, on the south slope of the mountain,
date back to the iron Age and the historic
era.
6/3/15 2:06:26 PM
 Chapter 2. Antiquity and Byzantine Era
74
2. 2 Historic Era
Geometric Period and Archaic Period
T he LAcK Of AdequAte information
concerning the first centuries of the first
millennium Bc, namely the beginning of the
historic era, the Geometric Period (~1050-
700 Bc) and the Archaic era (700-490/480
Bc), may be attributed to the fact that the
area has not been fully explored yet through
systematic excavations and archaeological
research.
Present-day Panorama and Pilea formed
part of ancient Mygdonia, which belonged to
ancient thrace, at least until the second half
of the 6th century Bc. Ancient Mygdonia
was dominated by the imposing Mt hortia-
tis (picture 3), known as Kissos in antiquity,
although certain scholars claim that Kissos
actually belonged to Anthemous.
the earliest reference to the mountain Kit-
ton was made by the historian Xenophon in
the 5th century Bc, while it was also men-
tioned by hesychius of Alexandria. At the
foot of the mountain lay the homonymous
town, named after its mythical founder, the
thracian king Kissos. Kissos is the Greek
name for ivy, which, according to mythol-
ogy, was the holy plant of god dionysus.
the first historical information about this
polisma (small town) comes from the ancient
Greek geographer and historian strabo, who
listed Kissos among the six towns whose
inhabitants were forced by cassander to
leave their homes and move to the new town
named after his wife, the half-sister of Alex-
ander the Great, thessaloniki.
the first archaeological research on Mt
hortiatis was conducted by sAAO in 1917,
but its results never became known. One
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 74
year later, the english archaeologists W.
cooskey and A. M. Woodward made their
own research in the area and published their
observations in the Annual of the British
school at Athens. Professor G. Bakalakis
continued then the research and located a
large enclosure dating back to the second
half of the 4th century Bc. the most impor-
tant objects excavated in its interior include
shells from black-glazed attic vases, an am-
phora handle bearing an inscription and a
silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great.
further findings show that the site was in-
habited through the Byzantine era. On the
southwest side of the enclosure there was
a cistern, probably for collecting rainwater.
new archaeological findings came to light
in 1955 when local workers found numer-
ous fragments of clay oil lamps and plates
of lead.
Apart from this significant polisma, there
were more settlements, towns and cottages
scattered all over the area. the first evidence
of a second important settlement emerged in
1965 at the site of Allatini tile factory, where
two tombs were discovered by chance; one of
them had unfortunately been plundered, but
the second one still contained rich kterisis.
in 1987, an extensive excavation brought
to light a tumulus and close to it a large
one-chamber Macedonian tomb with an im-
pressive multicoloured faade reminding of
a temple. the pediment bears a very inter-
esting representation consisting of multiple
figures. Although the tomb had been plun-
dered, the excavation still yielded signifi-
cant findings, such as an amphora with an
6/3/15 2:06:26 PM

inscription on the handle (picture 12), parts
of a golden necklace, a quarter gold stater of
Philip ii (picture 13), and a silver drachm of
Alexander iii, showing that the tomb dates
back to the late 4th century Bc and prob-
ably belonged to a distinguished person of
the Macedonian court and his wife.
Another four important tombs were dis-
covered in the same year, all dating back to
the 4th century Bc. twelve years later, dur-
ing a rescue excavation at the site Lygar-
ia, part of the same cemetery with 56 more
tombs was found. differences in tombs re-
flected social differentiation.
in the summer of 2005, during another
rescue excavation, 21 tombs were discov-
ered, two of which tombs 4 and 8 are par-
ticularly interesting. tomb 4 is box-shaped
and its interior is richly decorated (picture
17). Although it had been plundered in an-
tiquity, it still contained significant objects,
such as parts of a gold myrtle wreath and a
quarter gold stater of Philip ii.
As regards tomb 8, apart from the two clay
vessels that accompanied the burial, the de-
ceased was holding tightly in his right hand
a small silver caduceus and a small silver
key, symbols of a chthonic deity probably
Pluto or Percephone who was supposed to
protect the deceased when he descended to
the underworld. Archaeological findings
confirm that this large and very significant
cemetery belonged to a small town that was
founded in the time of Amyntas iii and
thrived until the time of cassander and An-
tigonus Gonatas.
Another single-chamber Macedonian
tomb (picture 18) discovered in 1987 at 8
dinokratous street, contained three built
sarcophagi that had been brutally plundered.
the few findings left included earthen ves-
sels, a copper coin, a female figurine, a sliver
pin, and various small objects and fragments
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 75
2.2 Historic Era
75
vital in determining the age of the tomb (pic-
tures 21-23).
traces of a third significant site, probably
a polisma situated on the western bank of a
stream in the area of present-day Pilea, were
found in 2001, when the remains of a hel-
lenistic pottery workshop were located. the
ceramic findings at the site indicate that the
workshop was used through the roman and
Paleo-christian times.
Another pottery workshop discovered at
the side tsatali of Pilea dates back to the
late 4th century Bc, as evidenced mainly
by two copper coins found there during the
excavation, and it appears that it was used
until the late 3rd century Bc.
the picture of this pre-roman residential
network that included workshops was com-
plemented with a part of a residential com-
plex discovered in a building plot in 2006. it
is believed to have been established in the
mid-4th century Bc and was probably de-
stroyed and abandoned in the 2nd century
Ad.
Both the city of thessaloniki and the
adjacent areas were supplied with water ei-
ther from wells or from Mt hortiatis. the
abundant waters of hortiatis reached the
city through a complicated water supply
network, some pipes of which have already
been excavated.
scientists have correlated the area dis-
cussed here with another significant po-
lisma, strepsa, the exact location of which,
however, is not known with certainty. these
polismata, according to strabo, played an
important role in the foundation of thessa-
loniki in 316/315 Bc, as cassander had the
residents of a number of such small towns of
the broader area translocated by force to the
newly founded city.
it should be noted that, apart from the
above excavation activity, particularly valu-
6/3/15 2:06:27 PM
 Chapter 2. Antiquity and Byzantine Era
76
able information has been drawn from burial
findings confiscated by the Archaeological
service in Mantemohori, thessaloniki, that
included clay pots and two female figurines
of the 5th century Bc and a female tanagra
type figurine dating back to the period be-
2. 3 Roman Era
O n 22 June 168 Bc, after the romans
defeated the king of Macedonia Perse-
us in Pydna, Macedonia became a provin-
cia of the roman empire and was divided
into four self-governing regions. the second
one included the area extending from Axios
river to strymon river and east Paeonia,
and its administrative capital was thessalo-
niki. in 149 Bc, the roman general quintus
caecilius Metellus repressed an uprising led
by Andriscus and Macedonia was definitely
incorporated into the roman state.
in the mid-1st century Ad, Apostle Paul
visited thessaloniki and founded the chris-
tian community of the city. Although the
majority of the city population was pagan,
his preaching caused a stir.
in the centuries that followed, Macedonia
enjoyed the benefits of pax romana: political
stability, economic growth and cultural flour-
ishing. the architecture and the construction
of large-scale public works reflect the pros-
perity of the time. A characteristic example
is the aqueduct (water bridge) of hortiatis, a
large-scale water supply structure approxi-
mately 223 m long, 20.20 m high and 5 m
thick, a part of which has survived. recent
archaeometric research using the technique
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 76
tween the 3rd and the mid-2nd centuries Bc.
the coin collection of n. Karabourniotis is
also an interesting source of information; all
the coins were found in the broader area of
Pilea and they date from the 5th century Bc
to the 9th century Ad.
of thermoluminescence has showed that the
aqueduct was constructed in 46 Ad.
As mentioned earlier, the water of Mt hor-
tiatis was valuable both for thessaloniki and
for the adjacent areas. the first recorded ref-
erence to the water of hortiatis was made
by Archbishop eustathius of thessaloniki
in 1137 in a description of the condition of
the city shortly before it was besieged by the
normans, and another reference was made in
1316, when water from hortiatis was supplied
to the dependency of the holy Monastery of
chilandari, within the city of thessaloniki.
in the 1980s, the ephorate of Byzantine
Antiquities proceeded to works of conser-
vation of antiquities aiming to enhance the
structural stability of the central arch of the
water bridge, and grouting works were un-
dertaken in 2000. in 2008, on the initiative
of the mayor of the municipality of hortiatis
M. Geranis, the competent ephorate drew up
an archaeological and architectural concept
design on the consolidation and conserva-
tion of the water bridge with a view to hav-
ing it subsumed under the 4th community
support framework.
in the late 2nd century Bc, the area became
strategically and commercially important
6/3/15 2:06:27 PM
 2.3 Roman Era
77

thanks to the construction of via egnatia. and plagued by successive raids resulting in
the bridge at Malakopi (picture 32) known extensive damage and plundering.
as Kamara was built about the same time. in recent research has yielded a discovery of
1931, a female marble statue of the 3rd cen- great interest for this important period of the
tury Ad was found near the bridge; today visi- first centuries of christianity. An establish-
tors can admire it in the Archaeological Mu- ment dating back to the roman times was
seum of thessaloniki (picture 33). found in elaiorema, Pilea. the excavation
A number of marble altars found in Pilea brought to light thirty coins and numerous
appear to be particularly interesting. One of objects, including iron nails and clay vessels,
them, which was discovered in 1936 and which reveal that the establishment was built
dates back to the 2nd or 3rd century Bc, in two phases: from the end of the 1st century
portrays goddess isis. references made to Ad until the early 2nd century Ad and from
another two similar altars, in combination the 3rd century Ad until the 4th century Ad,
with the fact that a marble statue represent- when it was abandoned. the findings suggest
ing a priestess of isis, exhibited today in the that it was probably a villa rustica.
Archaeological Museum of thessaloniki, Part of the wall of an unknown settlement
was also found in Pilea, lead to the assump- dating back to the Late Byzantine Period
tion that there was a temple of isis in Pilea. was discovered in a rescue excavation on
it should be noted that the worship of isis, the property of the American farm school.
a goddess from the egyptian pantheon, was it is believed that the fortification of the set-
widely spread all over Macedonia during tlement was built hastily and was probably
the hellenistic period. however, the hellen- related to the Gothic raids.
ized form of isis was considered to be the
patron goddess of sailors and mistress of the
winds.
during the reign of Gaius Aurelius
valerius diocletianus (284-405 Ad), the
area belonged to the broader Provincia Mac-
edonia, part of dioecesis Moesiarum, one of
the twelve dioeceses of the roman empire.
When caesar Gaius Galerius valerius Max-
imianus became Augustus, he transferred
his administrative seat from sirmio to thes-
saloniki, and later constantine the Great
stayed in thessaloniki for a long time pre-
paring for the war against flavius Galerius
valerius Licinianus Licinius. At the time
thessaloniki belonged to one of the six prov-
inces of dioecesis Macedoniae. it is also
known that theodosius set up his headquar-
ters there. however, from the second half of
the 3rd century Ad onwards, the area was . 48.
threatened by the action of barbarian tribes Pic. 48. Part of the water bridge of the Roman aqueduct

073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 77 6/3/15 2:06:30 PM

 Chapter 2. Antiquity and Byzantine Era
78
2. 4 Byzantine Period
Paleo-Christian or Early Byzantine Era (4th-7th centuries AD)
T hree BAsiLicAe LOcAted in the
area of the present-day Municipality of
Pilea-hortiatis date back to the first centu-
ries of the Byzantine empire and are related
to the presence of significant Paleo-chris-
tian settlements.
the first basilica, which came to light in
1972 in a building plot west of Panorama,
along with two vaulted tombs, was decorat-
ed with marble inlays, mosaics, and sculp-
tures, few fragments of which have survived
(picture 39).
Parts of the central and south aisle of
a 5th-century basilica were discovered in
Pilea during a rescue excavation in 1986.
the walls of the vaulted tomb found within
its enclosure were decorated with frescoes
representing peacocks, a basket with fruit,
partridges, and two books probably the Old
and the new testaments. the tomb, which
had been plundered, was used as a shelter
during World War ii (pictures 40, 41).
in 1997, the remains of a building dating
back to the late 5th century or early 6th cen-
Mesobyzantine Period
I nfOrMAtiOn ABOut the spread of mo-
nastic life and the increased presence of
monasteries on the slopes of Mt hortiatis is
derived from texts of the priest John Kamin-
iates dating back to the early 10th century.
One of the best known monasteries was that
of hortaitis.
the Monastery of hortaitis was located in
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 78
tury Ad were found in a building plot belong-
ing to the higher ecclesiastical Academy of
thessaloniki. the orientation of the building,
in combination with the fact that there were
three tombs inside it, lead to the conclusion
that it might have been a basilica. the pres-
ence of the above three basilicae is justified
(a) by the issuance of the edict of Milan in
313 Ad, after which places of worship start-
ed being built, and (b) by the declaration of
christianity as the official religion of the
state in 391 Ad.
twelve vaulted tombs found in a building
plot of the American farm school date back
to the same period. the dead were buried in
supine position according to the dominant
burial practice.
Barbarian raids against these settlements
continued in the 4th and 5th centuries, but
in the 6th century Ad they were intensified
by the presence of new slavic and hunnic
tribes in the area. near the end of the reign
of Justinian i (525-565) a new threat ap-
peared: the Avaro-slavs.
the area of the primary school of the former
community of hortiatis. the first record-
ed reference to the monastery was made in
1831 by the french consul and traveller e.
cousinry, who wrote that it was built by a
Byzantine emperor. the monastery is indeed
referred to as royal in many documents. the
only heirlooms that have survived are (a) a
6/3/15 2:06:30 PM

seal, which is in istanbul (constantinople)
today, (b) the historical icon of virgin Mary
hortaitisa (picture 42), and (c) handwritten
codes that are kept today in the holy Metrop-
olis of neapolis and stavroupolis.
the monastery was dedicated to the virgin
Mary, the All-Pure Mother of God. it is not
known exactly when it was founded, but there
is historical data (the correspondence between
emperor Alexius i comnenus and the Arch-
bishop of constantinople nicholas iii Gram-
maticos, and an 11th-century code) suggesting
that it was founded in the 11th century Ad.
the monastery continued functioning in
the early 13th century, when the invitation
of the dethroned emperor isaacius to the
venetians to help him reclaim the throne re-
sulted in the conquest of thessaloniki and
the adjacent areas by the Latins in 1204 Ad
during the 4th crusade and the foundation
of the Kingdom of thessaloniki under the
reign of Bonifatius of Montferrat.
during the first year of Latinocracy, cister-
cian monks occupied the Monastery of hor-
taitis and founded a cistercian monastery,
probably named sancta Maria e chortato.
Latin occupation ended in 1224 Ad, when
theodore comnenus-doukas, the despot of
epirus, besieged and seized thessaloniki.
the independent empire of thessaloniki
was short-lived, however, as the city was
seized by the emperor of nikaia ioannis iii
vatatzis, who later seized constantinople
as well and reformed the Byzantine empire.
the Monastery of hortaitis was gradually
abandoned during the Ottoman raids in the
late 14th and early 15th centuries.
According to reliable sources, a major fig-
ure of monasticism, Osios Photios of thes-
saly, lived and acted at the foothills of Mt
hortiatis in the late 10th century. from the
mid-11th century onwards, the area was
plagued by the constant raids of turkish
073-079_KEF_2_Arxaiotita_Byzantio_english.indd 79
2.4 Byzantine Period
79
tribes, whereas after the middle of the 12th
century, the norman threat was added to
that of the seljuk turks.
Little is known about the Monastery of
saint Panteleimon, another important and
rich monastery in the area of the Munici-
pality of Pilea-hortiatis, which was prob-
ably located between Pilea and Asvestohori.
the monks of saint Panteleimon are said to
have been killed by the turks in reprisal for
the murder of two turkish officers who had
spent the night in the monastery.
in the mid-12th century, the church of the
transfiguration of the saviour (picture 46)
was built. it is the only plain octagonal single-
aisled church in mainland Greece and its walls
are decorated with splendid frescoes.
After the mid-12th century, the seljuk turks
and the normans besieged the city, which was
eventually captured and sacked in 1186 Ad.
Lastly, during the Byzantine era, a number
of watermills were constructed in the broader
area, at the sites Platanakia and elaiorema
in Pilea, and at the gully of Asvestohori-
Polichni. the best preserved watermill is
the rectangular tower at Platanakia, in Pla-
tanorema, Panorama. (picture 47)
. 49. .
Pic. 49. Byzantine walls. East part of the enclosure
6/3/15 2:06:33 PM
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 80 6/3/15 2:07:08 PM
 A

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 81 6/3/15 2:07:08 PM

 Ol. Dapper, 1688,

Lithograph of Ol. Dapper, printed in Amsterdam in 1688,
that portrays the city and the port of Thessaloniki

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 82 6/3/15 2:07:09 PM

 3
A

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. -
, , -
,

.
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.

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(1371),

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,
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(1383).


British kilometric map of Macedonia
. with ancient Greek toponyms

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 83 6/3/15 2:07:10 PM

 3. A
84

3.1 :

(1430)

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(1403), . -
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1430
The Ottoman possessions in Macedonia before 1430

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 84 6/3/15 2:07:10 PM

 3. 1
85

().
. ,
- -
, 29 1430 - ,
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Sultan Murad II (1421-1451)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 85 6/3/15 2:07:10 PM

 3. A
86

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19-century engraving portraying a Turkish pasha with officers ,
of the Ottoman army
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080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 86 6/3/15 2:07:12 PM

 3. 2
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(Hortac).2
Handwritten register with a reference to the village

Hortaitis
,
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080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 87 6/3/15 2:07:12 PM

 3. A
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Handwritten register with a reference to the village
Asvestohori

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 88 6/3/15 2:07:12 PM

 3. 2
89

Ruins of the settlement of Mersinouda on Mt Hortiatis

(). - . , -
.6 ,
, (Yeni ky),
.

.
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, . -
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Ottoman fountain in Thessaloniki that provided water from the
aqueduct of Hortiatis

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 89 6/3/15 2:07:14 PM

 3. A
90

. . -
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Part of the aqueduct of Hortiatis repaired by the Ottomans

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 90 6/3/15 2:07:15 PM

 3. 2
91

,
.

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.
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19
-
Alatza Imaret, the mosque built by Ishak Pasha,
- in a photograph taken in the late 19th century

. - . ()
, - 1487
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080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 91 6/3/15 2:07:15 PM

 3. A
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.
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.
(1568)
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(1854)
Hocet of the Sharia Court of Thessaloniki
concerning a transfer of property (1854)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 92 6/3/15 2:07:18 PM

 3. 2
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. . -
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(1886)
Deed of sale of farmland in Vigla (1886)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 93 6/3/15 2:07:21 PM

 3. A
94

. -
. ,
-
-
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Handwritten ecclesiastical code of Hortiatis .13

(17-20 )

/
1 . 1665
2 . 1665
3 - 1747
4 - 1759
5 1835
6 - 1882
7 - . 1890
8 - 1896
9 - . 1897
10 - 1897
11 - 1906
12 - 1907
13 - . 1909
14 - 1909
15 -

: . , , -
3 (1992), . 77-93.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 94 6/3/15 2:07:26 PM

 3. 2
95

1821 -


. 1900

,
.14

The Artillery Second Lieutenant Pavlos Melas dressed as a
Macedonia fighter in a painting by Georgios Iakovidis

, ,
(19-20 )

/

1
. (1906-1912).
2 .
3 .
4
5
6 .
7 .
,

,
8


.

,

,


9 .


,

.

10

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 95 6/3/15 2:07:28 PM

 3. A
96

Armed unit
of Macedonian fighters active in
central and west Macedonia

/
.
11
.

. .


12


. -
.

13 .
.
14 .
15

16


17
.
.
.
18 .

.
19
20

: ) ,
) . (.), (1903-1913), 2008, .
44, 63, ) . -, :
& , 1997.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 96 6/3/15 2:07:30 PM

 3. 2
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, , .
- , -
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28 1918, .15

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. -

:
, ,
1/4 -

-
300 -

( ,
, )
The liberation of Thessaloniki in a lithograph
of that time (Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece,
Army General Staff, Athens)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 97 6/3/15 2:07:31 PM

 3. A
98

, , , , -
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080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 98 6/3/15 2:07:31 PM

 3. 2
99

1875-1876 - 1901.

. , -
, -
.17 - (7.10.1901) -
(1878-1879) .
. ,
. -
(1881-1882) ,
- -
, . -
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2 ). 25 1902 -
1882 13 1885,
-

.18 .
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-
, ,
,
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(1896). - ,
36 , ,
56 . ,
200 .
1901-1902 , -
-

.
91: 78
13 .
117 ,

1.909 .19
-
-
-

A badly timeworn handwritten ecclesiastical
code of Hortiatis

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 99 6/3/15 2:07:36 PM

 3. A
100

,
,
. . -

. ,
. -
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, 50-60 , , ,
, .
.
. ,
10 15 . ,
.
, .
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. -
. -
, .
, .
.
. -
(1957) -
. ,
.
2.000-3.000 60 (76,8 ).

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 100 6/3/15 2:07:37 PM

 3. 2
101

. . . . .
Examples of traditional Macedonian architecture
Left. House of D. Zekas S. Koutousis. Right. House of I. Manoloudis in Akamat

.20
,
() -
2 1906, . -
- , 37
: 1926.
1927 -
-
, - , -
500 . , -
, -
- ,
, .

. .21

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 101 6/3/15 2:07:42 PM

 3. A
102

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-

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. .22

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, - -
, - .
. -
,
. 12 ,

. - -
.
E , -

,
.
- Lime quarry and process factory in the village Asvestohori.
. Lime kiln chimneys

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 102 6/3/15 2:07:42 PM

 3. 2
103

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 103 6/3/15 2:07:48 PM

 3. A
104

-
16 . -
- ,
. ,
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, 1519 -
57 , 3 , .24
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43 , 31
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. , 8-10
, ,
.

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. ,
.
. , , 1957, . 51.
. , , 18 (1978), . 40-42.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 104 6/3/15 2:07:48 PM

 3. 2
105

The Church of Agios Georgios (St. George) in Asvestohori

. -
700 . .
E.M. Cousinry 500 -
4.200 .
(Yeni kye) ,
. .27
, - -
-
, ,
.
.
-
, ,
, - ,
. - .
(8-10 )

.25 ,
1771,
, 1862 408
.26 .

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 105 6/3/15 2:07:52 PM

 3. A
106

- .
,
,
- 1905, -
. , 21
1696 -. -
, . -
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1780, - 1900, -
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, 1821 -
, -
, (- . 1900
), ()
,
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, -
, (. ).
,
, , -

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 106 6/3/15 2:07:52 PM

 3. 2
107

.
Armed unit of Macedonian fighters of central Macedonia

,
. 19
, 23 - -
1923, 27 .
-
, -
, - -
:
,
, (1879),
- . -
. - , ,
-

. - . -
: .
: ,
, -
. -
.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 107 6/3/15 2:07:55 PM

 3. A
108

,
: (1879)
The first book printed to cover the needs of the pupils of Asvestohori with the title Asvestohorion or Patridography:
A Textbook for Students of the 3rd or 4th Grade of the Elementary School (1879)

-
- -
. , - . 1877-1878
, -
-
,
,
. , . 1881-1882
- -
. . -
-
, -
.29 ,
-
1872- .31
1873. -
. -
-
,
- , -
.30 -

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 108 6/3/15 2:07:59 PM

 3. 2
109

. -
.
. ,
5 1878 - -
,
(1878-1879). - -
. 60 . -
, -
-
- ,
, . ,
- (90
- ),
. 30.000 .
1878-1879, -

, ,
- . -
- -
. 1883 1914.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 ,
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

: .

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 109 6/3/15 2:07:59 PM

 3. A
110

(
). -

-
, ,
. -
, -
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.

1888,
-
1937 . 25
Young girls of Asvestohori in 1937 -
-
.
,
, - , -
. , - -
, - .32
, , -
.
(17 - -
1884) .
: ) , 1872-1873 1873-
1874 15
, ) -
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, ) - .
-
, )

, ) - 1869-1877.
-
. -
, : -
. - .

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 110 6/3/15 2:07:59 PM

 3. 2
111

5 1913. -
,
, -
.
,
. .
. ,
.
. , , 1982, . 201-203.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 111 6/3/15 2:08:01 PM

 3. A
112

-
.
1
(1907-1908) -
2
-
3

4
5 15, .33
6
7 -
8 :
9 ,
10 -
11
12
13 -
14
. -
15
700 -
16
,
17
(, ,
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. (1906), -
.34

. :

( ), 2
-
1906.
. -
, -
-
736, 852,

2.216 ( 1.081 ), -
,
2.206, 4.422,
.
,
,
-
.
764,
10.
,
, -



17.4.1926 , -
The football team Nea Genia at 17.4.1926 .35

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 112 6/3/15 2:08:02 PM

 3. 2
113

(1922-1940)

-

.

,

, .
- ,

, - -
,
. , -
.
- -
,
, 1930
, ,
-
, . 1930 -
, 5.823
. , 8,58%
- , 54%
-
-- .
, ,
, -
, 11.355 , -
, 37.000 .
-
: - -
, -
, ,
.
-
, -
-
.
(1913)

1930
The electric lighting plant in the early 1930s

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 113 6/3/15 2:08:03 PM

 3. A
114

Interwar postcard portraying Allatini flour mill

21.000 . . -
1929 , -
-
. ,
- ,
- .
, -
1930 -
. 1930 .
- -
, ,
40.000 - -
, - ,
. -
(1926).
, -
(1936) -
1929 -

. .

80% -
, , , ,
. ,
, -
, .
,
,

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 114 6/3/15 2:08:03 PM

 3. 2
115

- -
.
, -
- , -
, - , .
-
- -
. , -
, 62
.
1920, .
, -
- 29

, 1936. -

The headline of the newspaper 'Macedonia' featuring an extensive photo report on the conflicts
between tobacco strikers and the suppression forces

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 115 6/3/15 2:08:04 PM

 3. A
116

(1909-1936):
-

1909 .
, , -
. -
.
.
-
--. -
,
.
--.
1936, .
.
9 .
.
,
.
.
, , .

. -
,

. 1958
,
,
.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 116 6/3/15 2:08:05 PM

 3. 2
117

Troopers with unsheathed swords chasing strikers

75
135 , .
. 7 -
, ,
, -
.
-
. -
. -
, 9 250 .

.
,
-
, -
.

,

Picture from the funeral that took place the following day

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 117 6/3/15 2:08:06 PM

 3. A
118

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 118 6/3/15 2:08:07 PM

 3. 2
119

-:

29
3 .
, 1568,
, , .
4
, - . ,
, .
. 19
, . , ,
,
, - ,
, ,
. .
, - 17
, - ,
. 18 ,


.
.
1912 2.000 1928
3.000 .
, -
, , -
.36
16
, ,
, -
,

. , -
1519 -

. ()
(1909)
.


Left page. Inhabitants of Pilea (Kapoutzida) in the early 20th
century (1909)
Right. Title deed from the cadastre of Thessaloniki concerning
a 1-stremma piece of farmland in Klapa, Pilea

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 119 6/3/15 2:08:12 PM

 3. A
120

18 .
,
-
.

.
1821
.
19 -
150 , -
, ,

.
,
-
. 20
-

, , -

,
, , -
, , , .

() 1821 -
Women of Pilea with the traditional costume (sayas) -
. 1900
1771, -
. 1862
111
.37 (. ).
.
1928 - 150 -

- ,
. , .38 ,
- . : (
, ), 2 1906.
-
. , 320. 1.510 (
, 768 742 ). -
. 198 ( 135 -
). 2.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 120 6/3/15 2:08:14 PM

 3. 2
121

The Church of Prophitis Ilias (Prophet Elias) and the belfry in Pilea

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 121 6/3/15 2:08:18 PM

 3. A
122

2
.
, -
, -
,
.
,
, ,

, -
, -
.

,
.

1908-1909 , -
. . -
Above. The class register of the students of Pilea for the school .39
year 1908-1909
Below. C. Rekas, a Macedonian fighter from Pilea

-
,

-
.
-
-

,
1886. -
1.000
,
.
- -
, 18 -
, -
.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 122 6/3/15 2:08:23 PM

 3. 2
123

() ()

,
, - -
, , ,
.40
, - , -

. - . ,
1912,
200 , -
. , -
, .

. - 18 ,
1712,
96 .
. 1928 1862 42
550 . .41

( )
The first residential nucleus of Panorama after the refugees had settled in the village (Telidis Collection)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 123 6/3/15 2:08:26 PM

 3. A
124

, 1771 .43

, - 1918 ( 152/2.7.1918) -
- ,
. .44
1920,
. . 133 , 67
1912 650 - 66 .45
.
1927 , -
. (
81/14.5.1927).46
,
.

1430, ,
- . 1870
.42 , -
, -
18 . , , -

( )
Silver jewels of women of Pontus (Telidis Collection)

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 124 6/3/15 2:08:29 PM

 3. 2
125

.


.

:,


Above. The Church
of Agios Georgios in
Panorama during its
construction
Left. The first chapel on
the Hill of Analipsis. The
donation to build it was
made by Alexandros
Ioannidis

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 125 6/3/15 2:08:29 PM

 3. A
126

(1906-2003),
,
. , , -
.
: 1921 -
, . -
, .

,
, ,
.
, -
: 16 , , , ,
,
.
: -

-
50
,
.
.

, -

.

-
-

. ,
-


.

, 2005, . 73-75.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 126 6/3/15 2:08:33 PM

 3. 2
127

,
, -
.
-
1914, 1920

. -

.

-
-
, -
-
:
-
. A
-

, -
(30 1923), -



(27 1919) -
700.000
.
-
: ) -

,


,

-

, ) -

The Monument of the Pontians of Panorama

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 127 6/3/15 2:08:34 PM

 3. A
128

, )



.47

-
(31 1926),
, , -
102 .

() -
,
()
,

.48
-

-
- 1914
--
--, -
-
1920- 1921. -
,
,
. -
-
(1877-1878) -

. -

-
.
.
-
. -

, , -

The Monument of the Pontians of Filyro

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 128 6/3/15 2:08:35 PM

 3. 2
129

. (,
- , , , -
(), , - , ..) -
. .
, ,
.
.
. . -
, .49
- -
,
,
. - . -
, - -
.
, 1914, -
.
-
- 1917,
1926 . 1918
148 (107 ,
41 ). - .
138 , -
10 , -
. - () -
: 75 , , -
40 , 15 , (1876-1939),
10 , 4 ,
4 . 1930
- .
1922 -
- .
, . , , -

17 . 120 .
.
, , ,
-
. .
,
, - ,
. .
1880 -

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 129 6/3/15 2:08:35 PM

 3. A
130

-
, ,

. 1928
.
,
-
-
. -


.
1912

, , -
,
.
1918, 1920 1926,
, -
. ,
() 1926-1930
,
Lazaros Panayotidis, the first elected representative of Arsakli
settlement (1926-1930)
,
19- 20 ,
, -
(1863- ,
1942), . -
- ,
. , -
, ().
-
: , ,
,
, , ,
.. -
,
, .
1919-1920 -
-,

, - . -
.
, - ,

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 130 6/3/15 2:08:36 PM

 3. 2
131

1919
Panorama 1919

, - .
. -

, 60 170
, . -
. - -
. , -
,
, .
. .
1921 -

. - .
, - 1930
, , ,
- .
. -
1923 -
,
. -
, , 1930.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 131 6/3/15 2:08:36 PM

 3. A
132

-
, -
,

1930 ,
-
, ,


. .
- -
. -
- .
, - 1949 -
- , -
. 1920, .
,
-
-
. .
,
- -
, - (Kiretchkioi Hortakioi WWI Military
. Cemetery) .

The stone school of Exohi, Asvestohori

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 132 6/3/15 2:08:39 PM

 3. 2
133

1. - ,
15 (1939),
. , . 281-288. . 280 . 2000, . 209.
(1354-1833), 1988. 10. . , -
, , , 1430-
, 1912, 2 2008, . 420, 444.
- . . ,
. . (1430-
. Anastasopoulos, Imperial Institutions and Local 1530) [ ], -
Communities: Ottoman Karaferye, 1758-1774 [- 2014. -
], Cambridge 1999 . . (.), -
E. Balta, Les vakifs de Serrs et de sa rgion (XVe , 2008.
et XVIe sicle): un premier inventaire, 1995 11. . . , -
. , - : , . ,
(15-16 ): 1949, . 40-41, 114.

12. I. K. 1949, . 207.
, . -, [-
13. . ,
] 2000 . .
, -
,
3 (1992), . 78.
, : . (.), -
. 15-18 - 14. -
, 2013, . 19-37.

2.
. D. Dakin, , 1770-
. . , -
1923, . . , 1983. -
, . -, 1899.

3. . ,
. . -
, 17
(.), -
(1977), . 5-6.
(1903-1913), 2008 . -
4. . , -
, :
, 2007, . 142-158 . -
1906-1908, 1997.
1977, . 1-39.
15. . , -
5. K. , -
-, -, 1887, . , .
, 1947, . 45 .
414-415.
2007, . 92-95.
16. . 1992, . 77-93.
6. . . , ,
17. . ,
, : ,
, 1997, . 230-243.
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. . 18. . , -
, -
, 1985. - 1850 1912 (, -
. . . , - , ): -
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,
7. . ,
2009, . 257-258.
, 16 (1940), . 362.
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Makedoniens nach amtlichen Verzeichnissen und 20. . 2009, . 260-261.
Kartenwerken, Berlin 1984, . 317. 21. . 2009, . 361-362.
9. . , - 22. . 2008, . 217-218 . -

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 3. A
134

, , - 43. . 1980, . 426.

44. . , ,
. - , 1821-
, 16, 2004, . 347-360. 1971, . , 1973, . 134.
23. . 2000, . 90-91 Siedlungsnamen, 45. 1920 . . -
. 56 E.M. Cousinry, Voyage dans la Macdoine, 1973, . 115.
. II, Paris 1831, . 129. 46. . 1973, . 317.
24. . , , - 47. . , -
1957, . 21-24. -
. - ,
-, 13 (1996), . 225-268 . , -
19 - -
, 4 (1992), . 65-75. : 1923-1930,
25. . 1988, . 494. 9 (1992), . 47-59. -
26. . , . . -
- ,
, 20 (1980), . 426, 444. 1934.
27. . , : - : .
- . . . (.), -
, 1912, . 32. . ,
28. - , 2009.
. . , 48. . 1992, . 38-40. -
. ,
, , . 45-62 . . - ,
, - , : . ,
. (.), 20 .
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29. . , , , - 9-57.
49. . . . ,
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30. . 2009, . 37-39. , 1955, . 305-339.
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31. . 1997, . 238, 240-243.
. . , : -
32. . 2009, . 40-43. -
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. . 45.
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34. . 1887, . , . 413-414. . . ,
35. M. 1879, . 117-118. -
36. . 2000, . 144-146, . . (1922-1930), 2010.
-,
: & , . . -
. , - -
.
1997, 1997.
37. B. 1980, . 426, 451.
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42. . 2000, . 86.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 134 6/3/15 2:08:39 PM


From the Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
Evolution of the Residential Map of the Area
3.1 General Historical Context:
The Ottoman Conquest of Macedonia and the Capture of
Thessaloniki (1430)
T HE 14th CEnturY was a time of tur-
moil, conflict and political realignments.
the already declining Byzantine Empire had
to struggle against the despots of Serbia, the
hegemons of Bulgaria and the naval force of
Venice, while it was further weakened by the
successive raids of an emerging power, the
Ottomans. the victory of the latter against
a Bulgarian-Serbian coalition in Chirmen in
1371 signalled the beginning of the gradual
Ottoman conquest of Macedonia and by the
end of the century all the strategic Macedo-
nian cities had been seized.
A landmark in the Ottoman conquest of
Macedonia was the surrender of thessalon-
iki in 1387 after a four-year siege. Although
the city initially enjoyed autonomous sta-
tus, in 1394 it was fully incorporated into
the Ottoman state, but returned to Byzan-
tine hands after the signing of the treaty of
Gallipoli in 1403. However, Ottoman raids
continued with devastating results for the
population, which led the despot Androni-
cus Palaelogus to cede the administration of
the city to the Venetians.
Venetocracy in thessaloniki and the ad-
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 135
Chapter 3
by Christos Kyriakopoulos
jacent areas lasted only seven years. Mean-
while, a large part of the Greek population
had fled due to the frequent Venetian viola-
tions of the concession terms. After the fruit-
less efforts of the Venetians to capitulate,
the Ottoman army captured thessaloniki on
29 March 1430. the few remaining inhabit-
ants either fled or were slaughtered, so the
city was almost deserted.
After the annexation of thessaloniki,
Macedonia formed one of the so-called cen-
tral provinces of the Ottoman administra-
tion and was divided into large administra-
tive regions (santzakia). recent studies sug-
gest that during the reign of Sultan Mehmed
II the Conqueror, the area of thessaloniki
was subdivided into six smaller administra-
tive units (nahiye).
It is noteworthy that, unlike other parts of
Greece, this area was never given preferential
treatment. As a result of the conquest, the ti-
mar system was applied, with serious admin-
istrative and tax consequences for the popu-
lation. All income sources were distributed to
spahis (horsemen of the Ottoman army) as a
reward for their military services.
6/3/15 2:08:39 PM
 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
136
3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from
the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
During the Ottoman occupation the histori-
cal evolution of the settlements discussed
here was indissolubly linked with the his-
tory of thessaloniki, the most significant
fortress-city and port in Macedonia. In the
beginning of the Ottoman period they suf-
The Fort and Village of Hortiatis
Name Origin and Foundation
One of the most important peri-urban set-
tlements of the early Ottoman Period, at a
short distance from the city of thessaloniki
and integrally linked with it, is the village of
Hortiatis Hortac in Ottoman turkish.
During the Ottoman occupation it was
located more or less within the boundaries
of the present-day community of Hortia-
tis, at the foot of the homonymous moun-
tain. there is dispute about the origin of the
name and it is not known when its old name,
Kissos, was replaced with the current one
or whether the name of the mountain pre-
ceded that of the village. In all probability,
the name Hortiatis came from the turkish
name Hortac. the monastery of Hortaitis
was founded later, in the 11th century. the
village continued to exist in the modern era
with the same name or slight variations of
the turkish name.
The Fort
the fort of Hortiatis was an apple of discord
between the Venetians and the Ottomans
because of its vital position. Shortly before
the siege, in a final attempt to appease Sul-
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 136
fered serious destruction, but after the tur-
moil of the 14th century was over and the
area was incorporated into the new Ottoman
administration, the new ruler saw to the res-
toration of the old settlements and in some
cases even founded new ones.
tan Murad II, the Venetians yielded and
agreed to accept the presence of a Muslim
judge (kadi) in thessaloniki and surrender
the fort of Hortiatis to the Ottomans.
The Aqueduct of Hortiatis
thanks to its geographical position Hortia-
tis had been playing a significant role in the
water supply of thessaloniki. the water and
the aqueduct of the mountain have been con-
nected with the capture of the city by Sultan
Murat II (1430). It is said that monks of the
Monastery of Vlatades, which was inside
the city walls, secretly advised the sultan to
cut off the water supply from Hortiatis so as
to force the inhabitants to surrender. Satis-
fied with this valuable piece of information,
the sultan sent a tsaous (sergeant) to serve
as a guard at the monastery, which, for this
reason, has also been known as tsaous
Monastery since then.
After the conquest of the city, Sultan Mu-
rad II saw to the repair of the necessary infra-
structure of the city, including the aqueduct
of Hortiatis. He also installed tenant peas-
ants in the area of present-day Asvestohori
who would clean and maintain the repaired
6/3/15 2:08:39 PM
 3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
, Orlando Norie (1832-1901)
Massacre in a Christian village. A work of Orlando Norie (1832-1901)
aqueduct in return for certain privileges. this
is how the new Village (Yeni ky) was found-
ed, the precursor of present-day Asvestohori.
Hortiatis through the Eyes of Travellers
In his diary, Gabriele Cavazza, secretary of
the Venetian ambassador, confirmed that
the aqueduct of Hortiatis was still in use in
the 16th century, while the Italian travel-
ler Lorenzo Bernardo recorded the name of
the village as Cortaci. However, the popu-
lation growth in thessaloniki necessitated
new sources of water supply, therefore the
grand vizier Ibrahim Pasha ordered the con-
struction of a second aqueduct at the site of
present-day Stavroupolis. Evliya Celebi, the
famous 17th-century traveller, noted the im-
portance of the aqueduct in his Book of trav-
els, pointing out that the best water is that of
the springs of Hortiatis, sweet, clear and very
digestive. It is worth noting that in the same
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 137
137
book, he gives another explanation for the
name Hortiatis, claiming that it was derived
from the name of a sultan worshipped as a
saint by the Muslims of thessaloniki.
The Vakouf of Ishak Pasha
the administrative status and the tax orga-
nization of the community of Hortiatis dur-
ing the Ottoman Period are particularly in-
teresting. In 1487, the grand vizier and gov-
ernor of thessaloniki Ishak Pasha founded
a mosque in the centre of the city. the func-
tion and maintenance of the mosque, known
today as Alatza Imaret, depended on the an-
nual taxes collected from Hortiatis and an-
other five adjacent villages. today visitors
can see the mosque in Cassandrou Street.
Population Status
According to the meager information avail-
able the population of Hortiatis clearly
6/3/15 2:08:40 PM
 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
138
1847
The White Tower and the east walls of the city of Thessaloniki in a coloured lithograph of 1847
showed a steady upward trend. For instance,
based on Ottoman taxation registers, in
1478 there were fifty tax-paying Christian
households and seven Christian households
headed by widows. According to census data,
at the end of the 18th century, Hortiatis re-
mained one of the vakouf villages of Ishak
Pashas mosque.
Taxation and Travel Safety
A variety of information on the history of the
Greek communities can be found at the local
archive of the kadi of thessaloniki. For ex-
ample, there is a 1715 report concerning an
incident in which a Muslim visitor of thessa-
loniki was robbed and shot near Hortiatis. It
is not known whether the culprits were some
of the inhabitants of the village, therefore
the villagers appealed to the kadi in order to
avoid paying compensation to the victim.
Another document, issued in 1734, shows
how unsafe it was to travel through the coun-
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 138
tryside in the Ottoman Period. In the incident
described, Hortiatis muleteers wrested sixty
purses from a number of Jewish pawnbrokers
of thessaloniki. When they were arrested they
confessed their action and said they needed
the money to cover urgent needs of the vil-
lage, including the payment of taxes. to make
an example of them, the Ottoman authorities
imprisoned not only the culprits but also the
elders and the priest of the village.
Another incident recorded in liturgical
books kept in the village of Hortiatis shows
how unbearably heavy taxation was. In
1767 the villagers abandoned their village
for forty days in protest for the heavy taxes.
the Ottoman officials reduced the taxes and
the villagers returned to Hortiatis.
Greek War of Independence and
Macedonian Struggle
the people of Hortiatis participated actively
in the 1821 War of Independence and many
6/3/15 2:08:43 PM
 3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
of them fought in south Greece. From 1900
and throughout the Macedonian Struggle,
Hortiatis was an important centre of action
of the Macedonian fighters.
World War I
During World War I British and French
troops camped outside the village. the sol-
diers constructed a mountain spring connec-
tion network and cut new roads to Panora-
ma, Adrameri and Agios Vasilios. Hortiatis
was officially liberated on 13 January 1913,
shortly after the liberation of thessaloniki.
In written sources it is referred to as a town
with a police station, a post office, and a pri-
mary school. In a 1918 royal decree Hortia-
tis was recognized as the seat of the Com-
munity of Hortiatis.
Production
Apart from agriculture and stock-raising, the
inhabitants of Hortiatis also engaged in log-
ging. In addition, they made ice, which they
sold to customers in thessaloniki. During
the interwar period (1922-1940), Hortiatis
with the crystal clear waters, the rich vegeta-
tion and the beautiful forests was the near-
est resort for the people of thessaloniki. In
the 1940s, Vlachs from Megala Livadia of
Paiko moved to Hortiatis, Asvestohori, Fi-
lyro and Pilea when the Germans destroyed
their villages.
Education
Dimogerontia (eldership) was an important
institution during the Ottoman Period. It
emerged from the beginning of the Ottoman
occupation but started playing a major role
after the tanzimat, a period of reforms and
reorganization.
the elders of Hortiatis took particular
care of the education of the children of the
area. the erection and completion of a school
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 139
139
building in a few months is mentioned in one
of the liturgical books kept in the Church of
Agios Georgios, Hortiatis.
the Educational Society of thessaloniki
was greatly interested in the appointment
of teachers to the schools of Hortiatis; the
first teacher appointed by it started working
in the newly built school in the school-year
1875-1876.
In the school year 1894-1895 there was a
grammatodidaskaleio (elementary school)
with one teacher and 36 students and an
annual maintenance cost of approximately
200 francs. We know that in the school year
1901-1902 there was a primary school with
two instructors, one male and one female,
and 91 students, 78 boys and 13 girls. there
was also a kindergarten with one teacher
and 117 pupils and the annual cost for the
operation of the schools amounted to 1,909
francs.
According to another document, in 1901
the inhabitants of Hortiatis decided that the
building of the all-boys school of Hortiatis,
which was already thirty years old, was no
longer suitable for use and a new one had to
be erected. As there was no money for that
purpose, they organized a fund-raiser. Many
people made donations, but the fundraising
activity was abruptly terminated when an
accusation of embezzlement was made.
Temporary Settlement of Refugees in
Mersinouda
After annexation to the Greek state, Mers-
inouda (Isenli) formed part of Hortiatis. In
1926, thirty eight families from western
Asia Minor settled there. Mersinouda was
abandoned in 1927 due to lack of regular
communication with thessaloniki and also
because of the rocky, infertile soil. Its resi-
dents were dispersed in other villages, main-
ly in nea Menemeni.
6/3/15 2:08:43 PM
 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
140
Industry in Thessaloniki during Interwar (1922-1940)
I nDuStrY In tHESSALOnIKI grew
rapidly during the interwar period partly,
but not exclusively, thanks to the influx
and settlement of large numbers of refugees
from Asia Minor, European capital, and the
investments of Jewish families (Allatini,
Fernandez, Misrahi and torres) in various
profitable sectors of the economy.
the annexation of Macedonia to the
Greek state (1913) signalled the beginning of
an intense investing activity. Furthermore,
the Greek economy was reinforced by the
refugee workforce and the bank, industrial
and refugee loans that followed.
In 1930, in the Prefecture of thessaloniki
there were 5,823 industrial establishments,
which corresponded to 8.58% of all industrial
establishments in the country, and 54% of the
prefectures workforce worked in this sector
of production. In thessaloniki 37,000 people
were employed in 11,355 enterprises, half
of which involved industrial and handicraft
activities and employed approximately
21,000 workers. the international financial
crisis of 1929 significantly reduced the
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 140
number of enterprises in thessaloniki. the
crisis affected particularly the petit bourgeois
layers of the city, which led a large part
of the population to poverty in the 1930s.
the municipal authorities established soup
kitchens that fed 40,000 inhabitants of the
city, while this number had doubled shortly
before the Greek-Italian War.
The Strike of the Tobacco Workers in
Thessaloniki (1936)
the global financial crisis of 1929 affected
mainly tobacco production and trade.
International demand fell resulting in a
sharp reduction in Greek tobacco exports
and production and a dramatic rise in
unemployment. the devaluation of the
drachma and the restrictions imposed
on imports inevitably caused prices to
rise, which worsened the working class
problems. It was against this background
that the tobacco workers movement in
Macedonia grew in the early 1930s. the
newly founded tobacco Protection Bureau,
which was responsible for controlling the
quality processing of the product, and the
split in the tobacco trade union movement
in thessaloniki played a catalytic role in the
developments that followed (1926).
tobacco production in Macedonia at the
time represented more than 50% of the total
Greek production and was meant for the
foreign markets. Bulky tobacco storehouses
were built in thessaloniki and, despite the
workers reactions, the foreign companies
imposed a simplified tobacco process, while
the tobacco industry of thessaloniki almost
King George I lies in repose after his assassination
6/3/15 2:08:43 PM
 3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
141

disappeared in the new environment of

international competition. By the end of the
interbellum period, only one tobacco factory
had been left in the city.
the frequent mobilizations of the tobacco
workers throughout the financial crisis,
which had become emblematic because
tobacco strikers raised political demands
as well, culminated in the great strike that
started on 29 April and ended in bloodshed
in May 1936. It should be noted that in
1936 tobacco workers were either severely
underpaid or not paid at all. Prime Minister
Ioannis Metaxas had ordered the police and
the army to intervene immediately, so when
a new strike was organized conflicts broke
out and two demonstrators (tassos toussis,
a bus driver, and Anastasia Karanikola, a
tobacco worker) were killed in cold blood. the
demonstration escalated into a protest march
and further conflicts resulted in violent
repression with another nine demonstrators
dead and two hundred and fifty wounded.

Tassos Toussis (1909-1936):

The Worker from Asvestohori who Became
the Symbol of the International Workers Day
tassos toussis was born in Asvestohori,
thessaloniki, in 1909. He had to start
working at a very young age and did many
jobs to support his family. After completing
his military service he became a professional .
bus driver.
A few days after 1 May 1936, thessaloniki .
looked like a battlefield. thousands of Above. The headline of the newspaper 'Macedonia' the day
after the bloodshed
workers clashed with the policemen every
Below. Scenes from the funeral of Tassos Toussis
day and on 9 May tassos toussis, who
participated in the demonstrations, was one of the most celebrated works of the
shot dead by the police. the photograph poet Yannis ritsos, who had been inspired
of his mother lamenting over his lifeless by this very photograph, were published in
body became famous all over the world as a the newspaper 'rizospastis'. In 1958, the
symbol of the workers fight for their rights. composer Mikis theodorakis set the poem
three days later, excerpts from Epitaphios, to music.

080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 141 6/3/15 2:08:43 PM

 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
142
Neohori, the Lime Village
Foundation and Naming
A village of the Ottoman Period equally
important for thessaloniki was the present-
day Asvestohori. As already mentioned, it
was founded in woodland by Sultan Murad
II after the capture of thessaloniki (1430)
by compulsory settlement and was named
nova Sel, namely new village in Slavic.
Initially, the main occupation of the vil-
lagers was the maintenance of the aqueduct
of Hortiatis and the water supply network of
thessaloniki. thirty Christians were the first
to undertake this task. For this reason, the vil-
lage got a second name: Sukioi, namely the
Water Village. In return for their services, the
villagers were exempt from a number of taxes.
Lime and Mines
An additional profitable occupation of the
inhabitants of the village was lime quarry-
ing and exploitation. According to written
records, in 1680-1700, a part of the village
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 142
population turned to lime production. After
1780, lime production became the main oc-
cupation, as there were plenty of raw materi-
als, namely limestone and hollies to use as
fuel. this is why the village was renamed
Kirechkioi, which means Lime Village. the
turkish name was then Hellenized and the
name Asvestohori has been used until to-
day. Asvestohori was also one of the twelve
villages (Mantemohoria) that exploited the
mines of northern Chalkidiki.
In the 16th century, the population of As-
vestohori was generally steady and homo-
geneous. In 1519, it consisted of fifty seven
Christian households, three single Chris-
tians and two Christian households headed
by widows, while fifty years later it was only
slightly reduced.
It is believed that the first inhabitants of
Asvestohori came from Mani and certain
villagers surnames certainly attest to this.
In the early 17th century, a second surge of
settlers came from Agrapha and in the late
18th century more than 700 families lived
in Asvestohori.
the French traveller Cousinry wrote that
the locals spoke Greek, Bulgarian, and turk-
ish, but according to the census of 1771 the
village was purely Christian.
After the last surge of settlers from the
vlachic village of Megala Livadia, the popu-
lation amounted to 4,200 people.
Cases tried by the Sharia Court
As in the case of Hortiatis, a wealth of in-
formation about everyday life in Asvestohori
(1875)
Woman from Asvestohori (1875)
with traditional costume
6/3/15 2:08:44 PM
 3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
can be found in the archives of the Sharia
Court of thessaloniki. the name of the village
is mentioned in a 1696 incident, in which a
Christian was attacked, robbed and killed by
a Muslim on his way to thessaloniki.
In 1780, another Christian resident of the
village protested to the kadi about the heavy
taxation and asked for tax exemption. the
outcome of his request is not known.
Dimogerontia
the main responsibilities of the twelve
members of the dimogerontia (council of
the elders) of Asvestohori included, among
other things, electing the church-wardens,
the school board trustees and the secretary,
supervising the handling of community,
church and school issues, ensuring the well-
being of the inhabitants, looking after re-
pairs, increasing taxes, etc.
On several occasions the elders of As-
vestohori had to deal with the predatory
stance of the state. According to the archives
of the Cathedral of thessaloniki, in 1900,
the elders of Asvestohori asked the Metropo-
lite of thessaloniki to have the tax collector
removed at once. the latter had been press-
ing the notable of the village to help him lo-
cate the houses of the debtors and have them
sold in order to collect the money due.
Greek War of Independence and
Macedonian Struggle
the people of Asvestohori took an active
part in the Greek revolution of 1821 and
many of them fought in south Greece. From
1900 and throughout the Macedonian Strug-
gle, Asvestohori participated in the conflicts
with its own guerilla band.
After its annexation to the Greek state,
Asvestohori was faced with state pressures
and intra-community rivalry over the elec-
tion of the dimogerontia and the manage-
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 143
143
ment of the community funds.
Education
By the late 19th century, the dimogerontia of
Asvestohori had already made a remarkable
contribution to education. the work of the lo-
cal doctor Michail Papadopoulos known as
Patridography was one of the earliest text-
books published in the area of thessaloniki.
It was in the kindergarten of Asvestohori,
which had been operating since the school
year 1872-1873, that the educational meth-
od Carpenter was first used, to be adopted
by three of the first kindergartens of thes-
saloniki one year later.
the interest of the Educational Society
of thessaloniki in the schools of Asvesto-
hori continued unabated over the following
years and teachers were appointed when-
ever necessary.
the preacher, archimandrite and direc-
tor of the Great School of the nation Grigo-
rios Palamas, who was born in Asvestohori,
helped build a new school in the village.
Many major works were completed at the
time, the most important of which was a
new imposing Arenagogio (all-boys school).
Palamas was very influential in the Patri-
archate and never forgot his native village.
In 1878, when the people of the community
of Asvestohori asked the Partiarchate for fi-
nancial help, Palamas, in concert with the
Educational Brotherhood of Constantinople,
made sure that their request was granted.
the extensive correspondence between
the president of the Brotherhood Zarifis and
the dimogerontia of Asvestohori reveals
that there sometimes arose disagreements.
One of the terms of the Brotherhood, for
instance, was that it would have the right
to appoint the teachers and determine the
lesson plans. When the dimogerontia re-
acted, the Brotherhood threatened to termi-
6/3/15 2:08:44 PM
 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
144
nate the grant. the crisis came to a head in
1888, when the metropolite urged the two
teachers to go on strike and, as no agree-
ment was reached, the community of As-
vestohori sought other sources of financing.
their efforts were crowned with success as
they ensured financial aid for educational
purposes from four educational and cultur-
al associations.
In notes and reports of the time Asvesto-
hori is described as a town of approximately
700 Greek-speaking families, with a church,
remarkable schools (a kindergarten, a pri-
mary school and an all-girls school), coffee-
houses and an inn.
the lime kilns that can still be seen in As-
Kapoutzilar-Pilea: The Keepers of the East Gate
Naming and Foundation
Pilea was an equally significant settlement
throughout the period of the Ottoman occu-
pation. At the time it did not form part of the
city of thessaloniki and was known by the
Ottoman name Kapoutzilar, which means
gatekeepers and was later Hellenized to Ka-
poutzida. After its annexation to the Greek
state, it was renamed first Strefa and then
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 144
vestohori today are the remains of an early
industrial architecture that coexist with tra-
ditional Macedonian houses.
The Assassination of King George I Lastly,
Asvestohori was negatively connected
with the assassination of King George I
of Greece. On 5 March 1913, while George
was taking a walk without an adequate pro-
tection force, he was fatally shot by Alex-
andros Schinas, a man from Asvestohori,
who was suspected to be a German spy.
Schinas was arrested and interrogated, but
his apology never became known, as he fell
to his death from a police station window
before his trial.
Pilea. Pilea was inhabited by Greek Chris-
tians. In 1912 and in 1928, its population
amounted to 2,200 and 3,000 people, re-
spectively.
In the 16th century, the village had a
purely Muslim population, which must have
moved to the centre of thessaloniki by the
end of the same century, to be replaced by
Christian settlers. In the Ottoman census of
1519 there were twenty nine Muslim house-
holds and three single Muslim men, whereas
in 1771 all the inhabitants were Christians
and in 1862 there were 111 Christian house-
holds and only one Muslim.
the current name was established in 1928
to denote the east gate of entry to thessalo-
niki. Pilea was about 10 kilometres from the
White tower, which was the boundary of
the city. the village was moved to its present
location in the late 18th century.
Benouzilio silk mill in Pilea
6/3/15 2:08:46 PM
 3. 2 Evolution of Settlements from the Ottoman Period to the Modern Era
In the late 19th century, the population
consisted of 150 families. there were three
towers and a large silk mill, but the village
was faced with a water supply problem. the
villagers engaged in viniculture and produced
the famous black wine of Kapoutzida.
the people of Pilea took an active part
in the Greek revolution of 1821 and many
of them fought in south Greece. From 1900
and throughout the Macedonian Struggle,
Arsakli (Panorama) and Yailatzik (Filyro)
Naming, Foundation and Population
Arsakli and Yailatzik, which have been re-
named Panorama and Filyro, respectively,
were small settlements of the Ottoman Pe-
riod with purely Muslim populations. until
1912 Panorama was a Muslim settlement,
the first settlers being nomads known as Yu-
ruks. Its 200 inhabitants deserted it follow-
ing the treaty of Lausanne as they had to
move to turkey. the Greek administration
brought there Christian refugees from vari-
ous villages of Pontus and Caucasus. Arsak-
li was renamed Panorama by royal decree in
1927. In 1928, Panorama was a refugee vil-
lage of about 550 inhabitants.
Yailatzik, which in Ottoman turkish
means pastureland, was a large purely Mus-
lim settlement in the broader area of thes-
saloniki. In 1912, it had about 650 inhabit-
ants, all Muslim. After the Balkan Wars the
Muslim inhabitants left for turkey. the new
settlers who moved into their houses were
Christian refugees from two villages of Cau-
casus who spoke the Pontic dialect.
Production
the Muslim inhabitants engaged mainly in
stock-breeding. In the 1870s, Vlachs from
Megala Livadia spent the winter months in
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 145
145
Pilea participated either with its own gue-
rilla band or by helping other fighters.
A significant industrial monument of the
area is the old silk mill Benouzilio on the
northeast side of Pilea, which dates back to
the 1880s and consists of three old build-
ings occupying an area of 1,000m2. As to
the towers, only one is still standing today,
the Prasakakis tower, which was built in the
mid-18th century.
the area every year to pursue their stock-
breeding activities.
Refugee Restoration
the interwar period was marked by an event
of crucial importance for the national, po-
litical and economic incorporation of Mace-
donia into the Greek state: the change in
the ethnological composition of the area in
favour of the Greek element. this happened
as a result of the implementation of the
compulsory population exchange between
Greece and turkey stipulated by the treaty
of Lausanne (30 January 1923), the volun-
tary exchange of Greek and Bulgarian mi-
norities according to the treaty of neuilly
(27 november 1919), and the settlement of
approximately 700,000 refugees in the area.
the rural settlement of refugees in Mace-
donia was practically easy following the de-
parture of the Muslims; it was also very use-
ful, as it made the refugees self-sufficient in
a short time, covered the demographic gap
created by the long war, contributed to the
production rise and the economic upturn
and ensured national homogeneity and pre-
vention of social unrest.
However, there was not enough land for
farming, and the villagers turned mainly to
6/3/15 2:08:46 PM
 Chapter 3. The Period of Ottoman Rule to the Modern Era
146
cattle and sheep breeding. Both villages had
a primary school with five teachers in total.
In 1926, 148 families from Caucasus and
Pontus settled in Panorama, where the allies
had set up a medical unit for the wounded
and the ill. the first refugees who moved to
the area were families from Asia Minor. the
second wave of refugees came from russia
in 1917 due to the communist revolution.
After 1918, more refugees came from Geor-
gia. the last group of refugees, which was
probably the largest, arrived after 1922.
refugees generally thought they were
there temporarily. the first residential nucle-
us was formed in the ruins of the abandoned
turkish settlement of Harapades, which had
been destroyed in the 1912 war.
From 1918 to 1926, Panorama received
three large waves of refugees, mainly Pon-
tians from Georgia. A particularly interest-
ing story is that of the community of the
Pontians of Borjomi, who considered repa-
triation to Greece because they had started
feeling insecure as a minority after the rus-
sian revolution. In 1919-1920, thirty Pon-
tian families decided to leave Borjomi and
Exohi, Asvestohori
N EAr tHE EnD of World War I, at the
site of the present-day general hospital
G. Papanikolaou, in Exohi, Asvestohori, the
British Army constructed a number of sheds
for the emergency care of the wounded.
In 1920, after the British Army had left,
these sheds formed the basis for the founda-
tion of the Sanatorium of Asvestohori. the
dry climate of the area owing to the limestone
rocks and Kouri Forest next to the hospital
made the place ideal for this purpose. the
settlement of Exohi was created in 1930, op-
080-146_KEF_3_Othomakiki_Neoteri.indd 146
move to Greece. they came to thessaloniki
by ship and stayed for a while at the central
refugee station in Karabournaki. A commit-
tee of these refugees sought a place suitable
for permanent residence and, in cooperation
with Isaac Michailidis, a Pontian from rus-
sia, they eventually chose Arsakli. On arriv-
al at the village, they found a small group of
refugees from Cannakale, Asia Minor.
A second group of Greeks from Borjomi
was repatriated to Greece in 1921. this group
was headed by a charismatic leader, Alexan-
dros Ioannidis, who explored all possible so-
lutions and finally chose Arsakli too.
In 1923, when the compulsory repatria-
tion of the Greeks of Asia Minor and Pon-
tus started, refugees from Imera came to the
village. new refugees were given plots of
land, small loans, and tools in order to build
houses. Living conditions were undoubtedly
extremely difficult.
After the end of World War I, the area
became a holiday destination for the inhab-
itants of thessaloniki. the name Panorama
reflected the panoramic view of the city of
thessaloniki and the thermaic Gulf.
posite the hospital, mainly by the relatives
of the hospitalized tuberculosis patients and
cured patients who remained in the area for
reasons of health and social isolation. It
belonged to the community of Asvestohori
until 1949, when it became the independent
Community of the Sanatorium.
Monuments connected with the contem-
porary history of Exohi include are the older
stone buildings of the present-day general hos-
pital G. Papanikolaou, the Old Gate and the
British cemetery.
6/3/15 2:08:46 PM
 1940:

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 147 6/3/15 2:09:37 PM


9 1941,

The headline of the newspaper Phos
on Wednesday 9 April 1941 announcing the conquest
of Thessaloniki by the forces of the Axis

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 148 6/3/15 2:09:40 PM

 4
1940:

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Military camp on the snowy mountains of Northern Epirus
.1 (Photographic Archive of War Museum)

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 149 6/3/15 2:09:43 PM

 4. 1940:
150

4.1

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Front view of a hotel designed by J. Pleyber (1938)

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 150 6/3/15 2:09:44 PM

 4. 1
151

() J. Pleyber 1934
Street plan of Hortiatis (Kipoupolis) made by J. Pleyber in 1934

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 151 6/3/15 2:09:46 PM

 4. 1940:
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2nd Company of the 31st Regiment of ELAS
Right. Captain Hortiatis (Georgios Kirkimtzis) in Pindus

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 152 6/3/15 2:09:49 PM

 4. 1
153

The water bridge Kamara

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 153 6/3/15 2:09:51 PM

 4. 1940:
154

kia Daboudi, place of torment

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 154 6/3/15 2:09:54 PM

 4. 1
155

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Below. The Primary School before the destruction

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 155 6/3/15 2:10:01 PM

 4. 1940:
156

. o
Left. The first monument at the Fournos Gouramani

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 156 6/3/15 2:10:07 PM

 4. 1
157

.
Above. The Primary School after the destruction

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 157 6/3/15 2:10:07 PM

 4. 1940:
158

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 158 6/3/15 2:10:10 PM

 4. 1
159

The first memorial
service for the
slaughtered people
of Hortiatis

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 159 6/3/15 2:10:12 PM

 4. 1940:
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 160 6/3/15 2:10:14 PM

 4. 1
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 161 6/3/15 2:10:18 PM

 4. 1940:
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The four daughters of the priest Dimitris Tomaras
and Mygdalia Syntoudi

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 162 6/3/15 2:10:20 PM

 4. 1
163

(. David Seymour)
Students in front of the destroyed school (photo taken by David Seymour)

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 163 6/3/15 2:10:21 PM

 4. 1940:
164

.

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Above. Headline of the newspaper Macedonia featuring
a report on Schuberts execution
Right. Fritz Schubert

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 164 6/3/15 2:10:24 PM

 4. 1
165

.



70 years after the Holocaust of
Hortiatis.The anniversary album
and postage stamp that came
out thanks to the cooperation
with the Hellenic Post (ELTA)

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 165 6/3/15 2:10:26 PM

 4. 1940:
166

. (2005)
. ..
Left. Carolos Papoulias, the President of the Hellenic Republic, attended the commemorative events in 2005
Right. Memorial service held by the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew for the victims of the Holocaust of Hortiatis

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 166 6/3/15 2:10:28 PM

 4. 2 A
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 167 6/3/15 2:10:29 PM

 4. 1940:
168

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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 168 6/3/15 2:10:29 PM

 4. 3
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 169 6/3/15 2:10:33 PM

 4. 1940:
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 170 6/3/15 2:10:33 PM

 4. 4
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 171 6/3/15 2:10:35 PM

 4. 1940:
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 172 6/3/15 2:10:38 PM

 4. 5
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 173 6/3/15 2:10:39 PM

 4. 1940:
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 174 6/3/15 2:10:41 PM

 4. 6
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147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 175 6/3/15 2:10:41 PM

 4. 1940:
176

. 27.
Pic. 27. Monument at the Fournos Gouramani

1. . , - 11. . . 2008, . 209-233.

- 12. . ,
1985, . , , . , 2000.
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23. . 2012, . 100-145.

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 176 6/3/15 2:10:43 PM

 Chapter 4
The 1940s:
World War and Civil War
by Irene Tzemopoulou

T
he 1940s, a ParticUlarly tUrbUlent PeriOD in european
history, left the Greek people heavily traumatized. historians are still
trying to understand it better and assess its impact on human society.
World War ii played an important role in shaping ideological and political views
both in Greece and in europe generally. the war took a heavy toll on Greece, as
the famine, the hardship and the annihilation of a large part of the population as
a result of the German occupation were followed by the civil War, a shameful
blot on Modern Greek history. in those dark times, the area of hortiatis played
a key part in the fight for liberation, following a course totally different from the
one it was supposed to take.

( )
The German troops invade central Macedonia (Photographic Archive of War Museum)

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 177 6/3/15 2:10:44 PM

 Chapter 4. The 1940s: World War II and Civil War
178
4. 1 Hortiatis
T he French architect and city
planner J. Pleyber, envisioned trans-
forming the village of hortiatis into a luxu-
rious resort, taking into account the natural
environment and the short distance from the
city of thessaloniki. in 1934, Pleyber drew
up the street plan of hortiatis and by 1938
he had completed the town-planning designs
that provided for residences, a hotel, villas,
gyms, even a casino. the newspaper Mace-
donia published an article of Pleyber with
the title how hortiatis can become a para-
dise on earth for the people. no sooner had
the promising town-planning design started
being applied than World War ii broke out,
so the ambitious architectural plan for hor-
tiatis had to be postponed indefinitely.
Various resistance groups developed in
Greece during the German occupation, in-
147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 178
cluding eaM (national liberation Front),
elaS (Greek Peoples liberation army) and
eDeS (national republican Greek league).
hortiatis, thanks to its geographical posi-
tion, played a major role in the outcome of
the fight for freedom. the mountain served
as a hideaway for soldiers of the british and
other allies, who managed to escape from
the camps of the German authorities. in ad-
dition, many Jews sought shelter and protec-
tion in the mountain. the final destination
of all these people was halkidiki and then
the Middle east. hortiatis was also the base
of operations of the groups of resistance and
more specifically of the 31st regiment of
the 2nd Division of elaS. Soup kitchens
for the poor were organized in the area, as
nazi looting and requisitions had led to the
famine of 1941-1942.
the German forces, with the help of the
quisling governments and the security bat-
talions, had not shown their cruelest face
in the village of hortiatis yet. in September
1944, only two months before the liberation
of the country, developments led to the ho-
locaust of hortiatis, which turned the village
into a place of martyrdom for 149 people.
The Holocaust of Hortiatis
2 September 1944
D UrinG the laSt MOnthS of the
German occupation, the resistance
groups had dealt many crucial blows to
the enemy, one of which was the attack of
elaS against the gendarmerie station and
Monument at the Fournos Gouramani
6/3/15 2:10:44 PM
 4. 1 Hortiatis
179

the guard of the sanatorium in asvesto-

hori, near a large German military base, on
12 July 1944. the Germans answered with
mopping-up operations and increased their
military forces in the area.
On 2 September 1944, elaS men set up
an ambush on the road to the water bridge,
500 m from the village of hortiatis, and
opened fire against two passing vehicles,
one of which was German. two men were
killed, one of whom was a German sergeant.
the driver of the second vehicle managed to
get away and informed the German authori-
ties about the incident.

Retaliation
in the meantime, villagers had heard the
gunshots and found out what had happened.
Filled with apprehension, they wondered
whether they should leave or stay in the vil-
lage. Most of them, mainly elderly people,
women and children, thought that the Ger-
mans would not harm them and decided to
stay, while others fled to hide outside the
village or on the mountain, along with the General aspect of Hortiatis after it had been destroyed
by the Germans
partisans of elaS.
later on the same day, 32 German ve-
hicles with German soldiers and members place on fire. amid the mayhem, some chil-
of the security battalions headed by Fritz dren managed to get away either through the
Schubert, a sergeant notorious for his atro- door or through the window and pretended
cious crimes in many parts of the country, to be dead for many hours, as the members
arrived at the village. the German soldiers of the security battalions shot anyone who
and their collaborators, divided into two attempted to escape. the group of prisoners
teams, started looting and burning down that had been locked in the house suffered
the houses. after raping and abusing wom- the same fate: they were either shot down or
en and children and executing in cold blood burned alive.
the weak, they led one group of the inhabit-
ants to a house and the rest of them to the Holocaust Memories
village bakery (fournos, in Greek language), account of helen nanakoudi-Gouramani,
which they turned into crematories. 10 years old at the time of the holocaust of
Schuberts men set up a machine gun at hortiatis:
the entrance of the bakery and started shoot- We had heard that a German had been
ing down their victims. then they set the killed outside the village, but were not afraid.

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 179 6/3/15 2:10:44 PM

 Chapter 4. The 1940s: World War II and Civil War
180

The Holocaust monument with the names of the victims

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 180 6/3/15 2:10:46 PM


this kind of thing happened all the time in
the villages and there had never been any
reprisals. apart from that, many Germans
were staying in our houses and they were
kind to us; how were we supposed to know
that they would do such terrible things? to
tell you the truth, it was the security battal-
ion men who did everything
When the first machine gun squirt was
fired, i was sitting between my mother and
my sister, my head resting on my sisters
chest and my left hand on her head. a bullet
grazed past my throat, pierced her head and
ended up in my palm, while two more bullets
hit both my knees
When i realized that my mother and my
sister had been killed, i didnt cry. i stood
up like a robot and followed a woman with
a baby in her arms who was opening the
door to get out defying death. no sooner had
she stepped out into the yard than she was
stabbed and fell down dead. i fell beside her,
covered in blood, and pretended to be dead
it had grown dark and there was not a soul
in sight when i stood up and started limping
away. i had made only a few steps when i
came across a German. he came over, took
my hand and hid me behind a big rock. he
signed to me not to speak or move otherwise
the others might kill me
hortiatis took a long time to recover from
this terrible blow. its inhabitants refused
to return to their homes and many of them
moved to thessaloniki. Meanwhile, the Ger-
mans and the security battalions came back
to plunder the village and set it on fire again.
the historic building of the primary school
and 220 houses were burnt to ashes.
before the village got over this tragedy, the
country was hard hit by another catastrophe.
the civil War left a deep scar on hortiatis,
with casualties for both sides. the pictures
taken in hortiatis by the Polish-born ameri-
147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 181
4. 1 Hortiatis
181
can photographer David Seymour capture
the new Greek tragedy (1948-1949).
The Battalion of Fritz Schubert
the memory of Fritz Schubert and his battal-
ion, who played a major role in the holocaust
of hortiatis and other atrocities, haunted the
Greek society even after the end of the German
occupation. the victims who had survived his
hideous activities never forgot his face and the
crimes he had committed, because of which he
was eventually brought to justice and led be-
fore the firing squad.
according to emil Wengers report, Schu-
bert was born in Smyrna to Greek parents
in 1900. this information was not correct,
though; Fritz Schubert was born in Dort-
mund in 1897 and in World War i he fought
with the German army. he joined the nazis
in 1941 when they entered thessaloniki and
acted as an interpreter for them. he was then
sent to crete, where he established Jagdkom-
mando (eaKK in Greek), an anticommunist
militia unit that reported directly to berlin
and was notorious for its unbelievably cruel
practices. in 1944 he ended up in Macedo-
nia, where he continued his barbarities par-
ticipating in executions and reprisal attacks
that culminated in the holocaust of hortia-
tis and the massacre of Giannitsa.
amidst the Greek civil War (1945) Schu-
bert attempted to return to Greece under a false
Greek name, but his accent betrayed him and
he was arrested. he was found guilty of hun-
dreds of crimes for which he was convicted 27
times to death and was executed in eptapyr-
gio, thessaloniki, on 22 October 1947.
6/3/15 2:10:46 PM
 Chapter 4. The 1940s: World War II and Civil War
182
4. 2 Asvestohori
D UrinG the GerMan OccUPatiOn
the area of asvestohori was strategi-
cally important for the German army, as it
is very close both to the city of thessaloniki
and to Mount hortiatis and the German com-
munications centre was only a few kilometers
from the village. in the mid-1940s, Vlachs
from Megala livadia, one of the largest
Vlach communities in northern Greece until
the German occupation and the civil War,
moved to asvestohori after the Germans had
destroyed their villages. they were integrated
into the village society, but managed to keep
their customs, traditions and idiom.
as most of the inhabitants of the village
and the broader area were organized in the
resistance groups, in July 1944 asvestohori
became the target of mopping-up operations
carried out by Germans, including the men of
Schubert, bulgarians and some of their Greek
collaborators. at midnight Wehrmacht soldiers
gathered the population in the village square
demanding information about the partisans. a
man recovering from malaria was treated so
brutally that he died the next morning, while
another 19 men were taken to a concentration
4. 3 Exohi
T he cOMMUnity OF exOhi initially
consisted of scattered private or state-
owned farmhouses. after the construction
of the sanatorium, a hospital for tubercu-
losis patients, the area was expropriated
so that cured patients who refused to leave
147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 182
camp in thessaloniki and in the afternoon of
the same day they were executed.
Similar operations were carried out all
around thessaloniki, focusing especially on
the villages livadi and Peristera, where the
31st regiment of the 2nd Division of elaS
was based. the men of Wehrmacht located
groups of partisans, who had to retreat to
Mount holomon, and executed many locals
on a charge of assisting the partisans.
a few days later, 300 German soldiers
and 60 men of Schubert surrounded nea
efkarpia and gathered its inhabitants in the
central square. after a brief interrogation,
14 villagers were executed.
in 1943, following land subsidence, the
remains of a hermitage of St. Panteleimon
came to light. it is a small complex of build-
ings consisting of a single-aisled church
with a vestibule and a cell with hagiogra-
phies dating back to 1601. Preservation
works were not possible during the German
occupation and the civil War, and only in
1984 were the hagiographies removed. they
are currently kept in the storerooms of the
byzantine Museum of thessaloniki.
the sanatorium for fear of relapse or social
prejudice could settle there. the people of
asvestohori and the nearby areas begrudged
the presence of the sanatorium, which they
saw as the cause of the degradation of their
area and a threat to their health.
6/3/15 2:10:46 PM
 4. 3 Exohi
183

On 12 July 1944, elaS dealt a serious

blow to the enemy in the sanatorium, which
was only a few kilometres from the largest
German military base of thessaloniki. Parti-
sans slid into the sanatorium premises and
hid in some deserted buildings. they were
seen, however, and the battle had to start
earlier than planned. the first conflict took
place in the gendarmerie station and eigh-
teen of the twenty gendarmes were caught
without much of a fight.
the commander of the partisan battal-
ion, captain Kitsos, gathered the sanato-
rium patients in an open space and talked
to them. after he had explained to them the
goals of their fight and urged them to join
the resistance, many patients were con-
vinced to follow the partisans. H
1913
the eighteen gendarmes, some of the pa-
The villa of the industrialist Charles Allatini in the district of
tients and several members of the sanatorium Exohes in 1913
staff were executed. a little later the men of
elaS cut the telegraph wires. When soldiers infuriated the German authorities of thes-
of the German guard came to inspect the saloniki and they soon retaliated. On 20 July
damage, they found themselves under parti- 1944 they arrested and executed three inhab-
san fire. two soldiers were shot and another itants of asvestohori who had been helping
two were injured, but one of the German ve- the partisans and two days later they carried
hicles got away and reached asvestohori. out a mopping-up operation in the area of
the attack of elaS in the sanatorium hortiatis and asvestohori.

4. 4 Filyro

F ilyrO was officially recognized as a com-

munity in 1932, after refugees from
Pontus had settled in the village increasing
its population and area. the inhabitants en-
gaged mainly in farming and stock-breeding
and were fondly attached to their traditions
and customs. the men of Filyro fought in the
Greco-italian War of 1940-1941 and many
of them died on the albanian mountains.
During the occupation, the Germans com-
mandeered large amounts of the locally pro-
duced goods, but the people of Filyro held on
and tried even harder to increase production.
they took an active part in national re-
sistance and often risked their lives hiding
british soldiers in their houses.

147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 183 6/3/15 2:10:49 PM

 Chapter 4. The 1940s: World War II and Civil War
184
4. 5 Pilea
T he cOntribUtiOn OF Pilea to the
fight for freedom was particularly im-
portant. During World War ii the people
of Pilea participated in the armed struggle
to defend their country. Many of them lost
their lives on the albanian front.
During the German occupation Vlachs
from Megala livadia of Paiko found refuge in
the area after the destruction of their villages.
4. 6 Panorama
P anOraMa was a popular resort for the
inhabitants of thessaloniki. its natural
beauty, the forest of hortiatis and its short
distance from the city made it ideal for a
pleasant getaway from everyday life.
the streets of Panorama bear the names
of local heroes who died fighting against the
italians or the Germans. their names are
4. 7 Epilogue
T he 1940s haD DeVaStatinG conse-
quences for the society, the infrastruc-
ture and the economy of the country. the
harsh German occupation of 1941-1944
and the constant conflicts with the Greek
resistance resulted in the destruction of
a large part of the countrys infrastructure.
the large-scale civil War that followed the
147-184_KEF_4_1940_1950.indd 184
their presence aggravated the situation, as the
Germans requisitioned the animals and crops,
which inevitably led to poverty and starvation.
the people of Pilea reacted by participating in
the national resistance and helping in am-
bushes and sabotage against the enemy. the
end of the German occupation was followed
by the even harder years of the civil War. Pil-
ea was recognized as a municipality in 1982.
also listed on the war memorial that was
erected to commemorate their bravery.
During the German occupation many
houses in Panorama were requisitioned,
while the school was used as a storehouse.
at the time there was no electricity in the
village, so the Germans installed an electric
generator.
end of World War ii and convulsed the
Greek society until 1949 further worsened
the situation. Specifically in thessaloniki,
the Jewish community suffered great losses.
the above circumstances were far from ide-
al for the nation. however, the decade that
followed proved crucial for the future of the
country.
6/3/15 2:10:49 PM
 1950-1990:

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 185 6/3/15 2:11:32 PM

 1947-1952

Poster of the period 1947-1952 propagandizing the American
Aid sent to Greece under the Marshall Plan

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 186 6/3/15 2:11:33 PM

 5
1950-1990:

, , -

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1946
1949 ,
-
.1
1950
, . -
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9
1953
-
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,
:
. , - Grain distribution under the Marshall Plan

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 187 6/3/15 2:11:35 PM

 5. 1950-1990
188

, -
.2
1960 -
. -
1950,
,
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1970-1980 .
,
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1956 (. . )
The government of C. Karamanlis in his second term as prime
minister in 1956 (photo K. Megalokonomou)

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 188 6/3/15 2:11:36 PM


189

1948 751


-
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(1975-1986) .7

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1980
-

751,

Servicemen entitled to land lots according to Law 751
who established the building cooperative New Panorama

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 189 6/3/15 2:11:36 PM

 5. 1950-1990
190

1994 -
( 52 07.04.1994)


,
1998.
, -
(1995-1998)
2
Georgios Kedikoglou,
2 President
, of the Community
of Panorama
- (1995-1998)
,
( - 400 . 1990,
), , - . 1157/3.4.1990,
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1926-1998

1926-1930 1954
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1934-1940 1957-1959
1941 1960-1967
1942-1943 1968-1974
1944 1974
1945-1947 1975-1982
1948-1949 1983-1986
1950 1987-1994
1951 1995-1998
1952-1953

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 190 6/3/15 2:11:37 PM


191

, 1997

, 1997,
16.640 ,

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6 7 1997, -
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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 191 6/3/15 2:11:39 PM

 5. 1950-1990
192

...

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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 192 6/3/15 2:11:41 PM


193

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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 193 6/3/15 2:11:41 PM

 5. 1950-1990
194

, -
1950,
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50.000 . 1990 -

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().

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Photorealistic picture of the architectural design for the
remodelling of the building complex of Allatini plant

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 194 6/3/15 2:11:42 PM


195

, - 1961,
, - -
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, 1982
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Pinewood Schools.10 ,
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/ 1918-1982

1918-1920 1944
1920-1921 1944-1945
1922-1923 1946-1947
1924-1928 1948-1949
1929-1931 1950-1952
1931-1933 1953-1956
1933-1934 1957-1964
1934-1936 1964-1967
1936-1937 1967-1972
1937-1938 1972-1973
1938-1940 1973-1974
1940-1943 1974-1975
1975-1982

1983-2010

1983-1986
1987-1990
1991-1994
1995-1998
1998-2002
2002-2006
2006-2010

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 195 6/3/15 2:11:42 PM

 5. 1950-1990
196

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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 196 6/3/15 2:11:44 PM


197

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1960,
-
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1988 - The Holocaust monument of Hortiatis with the names
of the victims
-
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, 1944,
. . 399 - -
( 27716.12.98)

1940- .

1933-1935 1957-1961
1935-1936 1961-1962
1936-1937 1962-1963
1937-1940 1963-1967
1941-1944 1967
1945-1949 1967-1970
1949-1951 1972-1974
1951-1952 1974-1975
1952-1953 1976-1990
1953-1954 1991-1994
1954-1955 1994-1998
1955-1957

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 197 6/3/15 2:11:46 PM

 5. 1950-1990
198

,
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.


, . . -
1945-1950 - -
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Panoramic view of Asvestohori from Prophitis Ilias

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 198 6/3/15 2:11:46 PM


199

,
1956 1960.15 .
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1970-1978 ,
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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 199 6/3/15 2:11:46 PM

 5. 1950-1990
200

1940, -

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The General Hospital of Thessaloniki G. Papanikolaou

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 200 6/3/15 2:11:47 PM


201

, , 1/3
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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 201 6/3/15 2:11:47 PM

 5. 1950-1990
202

House in Exohe in the first decade of the 20th century

, .
, 1950 -
- ,
, .
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-
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19

1949-1950 , 1963-1967
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185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 202 6/3/15 2:11:49 PM


203

20

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1935-1936
25 . -
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Nikolaos Vlahas, head of the delegation of the inhabitants
of Sanatorium, who successfully claimed money for the
appointment of a teacher and the first school in Exohi

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 203 6/3/15 2:11:49 PM

 5. 1950-1990
204

.
. .
1948-1949
. . 1950,

Above. Georgios Georgantoulidis
Above. Right. Souvenir photo of school year 1948-1949
elow. Right. School souvenir photo of the new Primary School
in 1950

.
, .
-
,
-
. 1947 .
- 22 1949 -
, , 26
1950, -
. - . -
, -
, .

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 204 6/3/15 2:11:52 PM


205

-
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1967-1968 -
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1956-1998

1956-1960 1972-1974
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1967-1969 1990-1994
1969-1971 1994-1998

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 205 6/3/15 2:11:52 PM

 5. 1950-1990
206

Panoramic view of Filyro

1. . . . - -
, , -
11, 1994, . 368-421. ,
2. . , ( 16),
2004, . 352.
1985, . , - 15. . . , -
2012, . 145-168. . ,
3. . 2012, . 145-168. 2000, . 25-26.
4. . 2012, . 169-180. 16. . . 2000,
5. . 751/1948. . 95-97.
6. -154//6.8.59. 17. . 2004, . 352.
7. , 18.
, -
.
8. . - , . .
. & , 19. 1950-1990
. . . , .
- ,
1997, 1997. .
9. . - 1997, . 170-171. 20. .
10. . - 1997, . 249-257. 21.
11. . - 1997, . 295-298. . -
12. . , ,
1941-1951, - .
1946-
1964, 2012, 570, 153, . 8.
13. . ,
2 1944 60 ,
, ,
2004, 36.
14. . , , -

185-206_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990.indd 206 6/3/15 2:11:52 PM

 Chapter 5
The1950s-1990s:
The Way to Growth
Small Communities Turn into Municipalities
by Irene Tzemopoulou

T
he end of World War II did not bring peace to Greece, as the coun-
try plunged into a disastrous civil war that started on the eve of the 1946
election, when a group of armed partisans attacked the gendarmerie sta-
tion at litohoro and seized the town for several hours. The Greek countryside be-
came the theatre of bloody conflicts with heavy casualties on both sides. When
the Civil War ended on 29 august 1949 with the defeat of the democratic army
of Greece (dSe), 80,000 to 100,000 dSe fighters, along with many members
of the Communist Party, crossed the
borders and sought shelter in albania,
Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The Civil War
death toll amounted to 158,000, sur-
passing that of World War II, and the
country lay in shambles, with hundreds
of thousands of people left homeless.
The early 1950s were marked by key
changes in politics, economy and society.
Three main forces dominated the politi-
cal arena: the right, the Centre and the
left. on the initiative of the USa, Greece
joined naTo to counterbalance the pres-
ence of the Soviet Union in europe. at
the same time the persecutions of the de- Grain distribution under the Marshall Plan

207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 207 6/3/15 2:12:27 PM

 Chapter 5. The1950s-1990s
208

feated of the Civil War intensified, culminating in the execution of the leading
cadre of the Greek Communist Party (KKe) nikos Beloyannis and his comrades.
In 1953, the Minister of Coordination Spyros Markezinis proceeded to a devalua-
tion of the drachma, which, along with other measures, was to promote economic
growth. In September 1955, the relations between Greece and Turkey worsened
because of the issue of Cyprus. This led to the persecutions of the Greeks in Con-
stantinople known as the September riots. When Papagos died in 1955, King
Paul gave Constantinos Karamanlis the mandate to form a government. The latter
formed a new party, the national radical Union (ere), which won the 1956 elec-
tion. It should be noted that this was the first time that Greek women too had the
right to vote. In his 8-year term Karamanlis sought to achieve a compromise in the
issue of Cyprus and give the country a european orientation.
The decade of the 1960s was a milestone in Modern Greek history. The economic
reconstruction that had started in the 1950s continued and the Greek society started
claiming its rights through the mobilizations of the young and the cultural progress.
on the contrary, from political aspect the 1960s were a tumultuous time. on 9 July
1961, the eeC and Greece signed an association agreement. The assassination of
Grigoris lambrakis in 1963 was a shameful blot on the history of the country. In
1965, King Constantine II, violating the Constitution, forced G. Papandreou to re-
sign. There ensued a number of attempts to form a government with MPs of the Cen-
tre Union and a series of unstable governments succeeded one another. The demo-
cratic regime was overthrown on 21 april 1967 when conspiring officers launched
a military coup d tat.
The decade 1970-1980 was a period of radical changes and dynamic claims in
the political, social and economic sectors. It started with Greece outside the eeC
and ended in 1979, with its accession to the europe of the nine. at the beginning
of this decade, the dictatorial regime seemed to be stable, as it now had the inter-
national recognition that it needed. a little later, however, it began to totter and its
fall started appearing more feasible. The students movement in 1973 sparked off
the first reactions, which culminated in the athens Polytechnic School Uprising.
The collapse of the junta, the return of Constantinos Karamanlis and the smooth
transition of the country to democracy ushered in a prolonged period of political
normalcy and stability.

207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 208 6/3/15 2:12:27 PM

 The Way to Growth Small Communities Turn into Municipalities
209

Panorama

I n 1948, The GovernMenT gave free

land lots to servicemen, who established
the building cooperative new Panorama,
making a new addition to the small commu-
nity of the time, while in the early 1960s the
settlements Koimisis Theotokou, analipsi,
ampelon, and Platanakia were also an-
nexed to Panorama. after 1974, the commu-
nity witnessed rapid residential growth and
in the 1975-1986 period it was connected
with eYaTh (Water Supply and Sewerage
Systems Company of Thessaloniki). fur-
thermore, new roads were constructed and
paved with asphalt and education and recre-
ation facilities were built. The old Town Hall of Panorama
In the 1980s the population of the area,
headed by the community authorities, orga- In 1994, the Community of Panorama be-
nized massive protests against the governments came a Municipality and Georgios Kediko-
decision to transfer the eptapyrgio prison to a glou served as the first elected mayor until
camp in Panorama and eventually managed to 1998. during his tenure the foundations
thwart it. Similarly, during the tenure of lias for the Municipal Cinema were laid and the
Triantafyllidis (1987-1994), they managed to architectural designs for the 2nd Primary
abort the governments plan to have a highway School and the 2nd Kindergarten of Pan-
pass through the community. orama were completed.

PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF PANORAMA 1926-1998

1926-1930 Panayiotidis lazaros 1954 Mavromatis Polyhronis

1930-1933 Mavromatis Polyhronis 1954-1956 Saouridis Georgios
1934-1940 Galanos haralampos 1957-1959 Polidis odysseas
1941 Kampouridis nikolaos 1960-1967 Galanos haralampos
1942-1943 Saouridis athanasios 1968-1974 Chrisoulidis evgenios
1944 Saouridis Christophoros 1974 Tsahouridis nikolaos
1945-1947 Kantazidis Georgios 1975-1982 Samanidis Ioannis
1948-1949 Sakas Theodoros 1983-1986 Samanidis Isaac
1950 Galanos haralampos 1987-1994 Triantafyllidis Ilias
1951 lipiridis achilleas 1995-1998 Kedikoglou Georgios
1952-1953 Tsamados vasilios

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 Chapter 5. The1950s-1990s
210
Pilea
I n The 1950s, the inhabitants of Pilea en-
gaged in silkworm gut production, as the
silk industry flourished in Greece. In 1952,
when silkworm gut production was reduced,
many silk mills closed down, which led
silkworm gut production workshops in the
broader area of Thessaloniki to disappear as
well. The silk mill in Pilea, however, man-
aged to survive and in 1994 the folklife and
ethnological Museum of Thessaloniki sug-
gested that the Benuzilio silk mill, which
was already a listed building, and the sur-
rounding area be appropriately developed.
The old tile factory allatini, which had
been burned down during the war, started
operating again in 1972, producing 50,000
tiles daily. Production started falling in 1990
and shortly afterwards the new management
announced the closure of the factory. The
4th ephorate of Contemporary and Modern
Monuments has now started the process of
To 1o , , ( 1961)
The building that housed the Primary School and then the Secondary School. Today it houses the Cultural Centre (a 1961 photo)
207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 210
declaring the tile factory a listed building.
Significant projects that took place in
Pilea in the 1950s-1960s included the con-
struction of school buildings. Today in Pilea
there are two primary schools and three sec-
ondary schools, as well as numerous pri-
vate schools of Thessaloniki, such as the
american farm School, the German School
of Thessaloniki, the Greek-french School
Kalamari etc.
on 29 october 1962, when King Paul and
Queen frederica, as was the custom of roy-
alty, visited Pilea in order to provide dow-
ries to five destitute girls, they were received
with great enthusiasm in the village.
In 1982 Pilea was recognized as an inde-
pendent municipality.
over the last years Pilea has experienced
remarkable economic growth through the
enhancement of the local market and the
contribution of major investments.
6/3/15 2:12:29 PM
 The Way to Growth Small Communities Turn into Municipalities
211

1950
Kordes, the tenant farmers houses that could be seen in the mahalas (neighbourhoods) until the late 1950s

PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF PIlEA 1918-1982

1918-1920 Maligos Stavros 1944 Kourfalis nikolaos

1920-1921, 1924-1928 1944-1945 latos harilaos
Soumpasis Panayiotis 1946-1947 Kirlagitsis Ilias
1922-1923 Gotzamanis diogenis 1948-1949, 1953-1956
1929-1931 azas Paschalis hatjigeorgiou vasilios
1931-1933 Tsamouras Georgios 1950-1952 Bountzoukas Thomas
1933-1934 Kakamoukas antonios 1957-1964 Tsoukas Ilias
1934-1936 Kirlagitsis Christos 1964-1967, 1974-1975
1936-1937 Koukourikos evangelos Kampourlazos Christos
1937-1938 Koukofinos asterios 1967-1972 leras vasilios
1938-1940 Kefalas nikolaos 1972-1973 Mantziris Ilias
Bozinis Stefanos 1973-1974 Koukourikos apostolos
Christakis Paschalis 1975-1982 Kehayas nikolaos
Gotzamanis diogenis

MAYORS OF PIlEA 1983-2010

1983-1986, 1991-1994 1998-2002 Koukourikos apostolos

Kampourlazos dimitrios 2002-2006, 2006-2010
1987-1990 Sotiroudis dimitrios Kartalis vasilios
1995-1998 Bozinis Stefanos

207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 211 6/3/15 2:12:30 PM

 Chapter 5. The1950s-1990s
212
Hortiatis
S horTlY Before the end of the Ger-
man occupation the village of hortiatis
was totally destroyed in reprisal for the death
of a German soldier killed in a partisan am-
bush near the village. When the war was
over the people tried to resume normal life
but they were profoundly influenced both by
the war and by the Civil War and this was
reflected in their electoral behaviour.
In the 1946-1964 period nine general
elections were held in Greece. With the ex-
ception of the first election after the end of
the German occupation, the left had a strong
political presence in the village; in the 1950
election it came second and in 1958 it was
the winner. evidently the inhabitants of hor-
tiatis did not use their vote to disapprove of
those involved in the events of 2 September
Memorial service held for the victims of the Holocaust of Hortiatis during the Civil War
207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 212
1944 and they did not connect the memory
of the holocaust with the partisans.
The reconstruction of the village started
in 1947 and was completed in 1951. In the
1950s hortiatis went through great changes.
There was rapid residential growth and the
peoples standard of living rose consider-
ably. Cultural progress manifested itself in
the founding of cultural associations and in
the local newspaper and the various albums
published.
In the 1960s, despite growth and the gen-
eral optimism, the memories of a darker de-
cade were awakened. on 2 September 1960,
and while the German reparations had not
been paid yet, the holocaust monument was
unveiled in hortiatis, 16 years after that
tragic day.
6/3/15 2:12:31 PM
 The Way to Growth Small Communities Turn into Municipalities
213

1960
Moments of everyday life in Hortiatis in the early 1960s

PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF HORTIATIS 1933-1998

1933-1935 Kispoudis angelos 1957-1961 daoutis vaios

1935-1936 Batatsios Christos 1961-1962 Galitsianos Ioannis
1936-1937 Menexes Georgios 1962-1963 daoutis vaios
1937-1940 Traikos Christos 1963-1967 Gouramanis Georgios
1941-1944 Batatsios Christos 1967 Samelis vasilios
1945-1949 Panayiotidis Constantinos 1967-1970 daoutis vaios
1949-1951 Manoloudis evangelos 1972-1974 Tsitsioudis Georgios
1951-1952 agelinoudis eleftherios 1974-1975 Samelis vasilios
1952-1953 Zahariadis vasilios 1976-1990 Zahariadis vaios
1953-1954 Traikos Christos 1991-1994 agelinoudis athanasios
1954-1955 agelinoudis eleftherios 1994-1998 Skaragas Georgios
1955-1957 Zahariadis vasilios

207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 213 6/3/15 2:12:32 PM

 Chapter 5. The1950s-1990s
214
Asvestohori
A fTer The end of the German occu-
pation asvestohori thrived thanks to
the production and exploitation of industrial
lime. In 1953, there were already four lime
production factories in the village.
The villagers engaged in farming or
worked in the lime production sector and
small industries. Manual lime workers were
hard hit by lime production factories and
soon formed associations and trade unions
to defend their interests. at the same time
cultural associations were established in
order to protect traditions such as the cus-
toms of the vlachic wedding and the Carni-
val. a large proportion of the local popula-
tion, especially those who had come from
Megala livadia, engaged in stock-breeding
and sold their products in the Central Mar-
ket of Thessaloniki.
In 1928-30, a generator installed in an
old building provided electric lighting to the
whole village, although it was not powerful
enough to ensure electric lighting for all vil-
lage houses. Several years later the electric
Company of fysikopoulos brought electric-
ity to asvestohori but power problems per-
sisted. during the German occupation the
basement of the electric Company building
PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF ASVESTOHORI
argyras Constantinos
Papastergios vasilios
1955- 1959 hatjiasteriou dimitrios
1959- 1967 Tanis vasilios
The information about the presidents of the Community of Asvestohori was obtained from interviews
at the KAPI of Asvestohori and a telephone interview with Theodoros Christodoulou.
207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 214
was used by the local people as a shelter.
Things changed in 1956-1960, when deI
(Public Power Corporation) started supply-
ing electric power to the area.
Thanks to its excellent climate asvesto-
hori continued to attract holiday makers
through the late 1960s and many residents
of Thessaloniki rented houses in the village
for the summer months. Contacts with city
dwellers familiarized the people of asvesto-
hori with city customs and lifestyle, which
they largely adopted.
The work and productive co-op Kipseli
(Beehive) that was founded in asvestohori
contributed to the economic growth of the
region of Thessaloniki. In 1989 a group of
volunteers and the community council asked
the management of Thessaloniki YMCa to
open a branch in asvestohori for the youths
and children of the community. Their re-
quest was granted and the new branch was
inaugurated on 10 december 1989.
Since 1997, a celebration is held on May
day every year to honour neomartyr aca-
cios, who was born in asvestohori and died
in Constantinople in 1816.
Today the village has two Kindergartens,
a Primary School and a Secondary School.
1967-1970 Moschofitsis nikolaos
1970-1974 hatjiantoniou Cleovoulos
1974-1990 Christodoulou Theodoros
1990-1998 Geranis Mihalis
6/3/15 2:12:32 PM
 The Way to Growth Small Communities Turn into Municipalities
Exohi
T he end of the tumultuous decade of
the 1940s found exohi in shambles. The
community presidents office was housed in
a makeshift wooden hut and there were seri-
ous problems with water supply.
after the end of the German occupation, on
14 January 1949, the settlement of the Sana-
torium was upgraded to an independent com-
munity and it was decided that a school would
be built. In 1953, the community was renamed
exohi. as time went by, the community changed
and attracted new residents from Thessaloniki.
The efforts of the community to acquire
land so as to erect community buildings
and construct squares and roads started in
the 1970s during the tenure of haralampos
Katsikas, but it was only in the early 1980s,
during the tenure of Panayiotis Zahos, that
the expansion of the city plan became pos-
sible and eventually, during the tenure of
Panayiotis harisis, a 1,370-stremma area
was integrated in the city plan.
Thenceforth community works started.
The foundation of a Primary School and a
Kindergarten was approved, a new building
for the community headquarters was con-
207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 215
215
structed and the area was connected with
the network of the Water Supply and Sewer-
age Systems Company of Thessaloniki.
The Sanatorium continued operating af-
ter the German occupation. The patients
themselves built the hospital church. The
hospital kept expanding and in 1983 it was
renamed General hospital and a little later
George Papanikolaou General hospital of
Thessaloniki.
The community of the Sanatorium initially
consisted of patients and their relatives. They
gradually made families and their children
went to school in asvestohori, but they were
not welcome because of the fear of tubercu-
losis. The community, therefore, needed its
own teacher. The people of the community,
headed by nikolaos vlahas, pressed the au-
thorities to appoint a teacher. Their efforts
were eventually crowned with success and
the first Primary School of exohi started op-
erating in the school year 1935-1936.
after the end of the Civil War it was clear
that a new school had to be erected. Georgios
Georgantoulidis, who was elected chair-
man of the school board in 1947, tried hard
The stone building of the Primary School of Exohi
6/3/15 2:12:33 PM
 Chapter 5. The1950s-1990s
216

to achieve this goal. In addition to a state The new school was inaugurated in 1950.
grant, a recital was held in the royal The- Today there are a Kindergarten and a Pri-
atre to raise the money for its construction. mary School in exohi.

PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF EXOHI 1949-1998

1949-1950 limanis Georgios (appointed by 1963-1967 amygdalidis Constantinos

the Prefecture) 1967-1974 Batsis Ioannis
1950-1951 Georgantoulidis Georgios 1975-1982 Katsikas haralampos
(appointed) 1982-1986 Tsagaris Georgios
1951-1961 Kentotis Ioannis 1986-1994 Zahos Panayiotis
1961-1963 Keramitsoglou Christos 1994-1998 harisis Panayiotis

Filyro

O ver The deCadeS that followed, the

village of filyro developed both architec-
turally and socially and the peoples standard
of living improved. dirt roads were paved with
gravel and in 1967-68 they were paved with
asphalt. electric power supply covered the
basic needs of the inhabitants and the first
telephone lines were set up by oTe (hellenic
Telecommunications organization S.a.).
The water supply system was restored in
the 1980s, while stock-breeding flourished
and the quality of life gradually improved.
a problem that remained unsolved for many
years, however, was the lack of healthcare.
despite difficulties, in the summertime on
Sundays and holidays feasts and dances
were held in the village square and the near-
by forest and lasted until daybreak.
In the 1990s, major works took place in-
cluding the construction of the village sew-
erage system, new roads and squares.
Today few of the village inhabitants engage
in agriculture and stock-breeding; most of
them work in the secondary and tertiary sec-
tors. filyro has three Kindergartens, one Pri-
mary School and one Secondary School, as
well as three beautiful churches, the Church-
es of agios Georgios (Saint George) Profitis
Ilias (Prophet elias) and osios nikanor.

PRESIDENTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF FIlYRO 1956-1998

1956-1960 nikolaidis nikolaos 1974-1986 Marnasidis haralampos

1960-1967 Tahouridis nikolaos & 1986-1990 Kaltsaklis Panayiotis
Tarasidis dimitrios 1990-1994 Koutounidis Stylianos
1967-1974 Metallidis Stylianos, 1994-1998 Marnasidis haralampos
antoniou Constantinos &
anthimidis Ioannis
of

207-216_KEF_5_Poreia_pros_Anaptixi_1950_1990_english.indd 216 6/3/15 2:12:33 PM



217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 217 6/3/15 2:34:18 PM


Panoramic view of Panorama

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 218 6/3/15 2:34:25 PM

 6

1. 1998-2010

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 219 6/3/15 2:34:25 PM

 6.
220

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Inauguration of the Town Hall (Summer 2010)

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 220 6/3/15 2:34:25 PM

 1. 1998-2010
221

. -

-
.
Above. Panoramic view of the building complex that houses
the Town Hall and the Cultural Centre of the Municipality of
Pilea-Hortiatis
Below. The building complex at various stages of construction

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 221 6/3/15 2:34:30 PM

 6.
222

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 222 6/3/15 2:34:31 PM

 1. 1998-2010
223

. O
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Left. Ignatios Kaitezidis shows former Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis around
Right. The mayor visits the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 223 6/3/15 2:34:32 PM

 6.
224

.
( 2005)
.
Above. Inauguration of the
Swimming Centre (Summer 2005)
Right. Epiphany

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 224 6/3/15 2:34:35 PM

 1. 1998-2010
225

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 225 6/3/15 2:34:37 PM

 6.
226

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 226 6/3/15 2:34:38 PM

 1. 1998-2010
227

3
Inauguration of the 3rd Kindergarten of Panorama

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 227 6/3/15 2:34:41 PM

 6.
228

5
A 5 km pedestrianization network has been created from the Old Settlement to Macedonia Settlement

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 1. 1998-2010
229

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 229 6/3/15 2:34:46 PM

 6.
230

. .
.

Above. P. Bakoyannis Park
Right and next page. Traffic
Education Park

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 230 6/4/15 4:00:38 PM

 1. 1998-2010
231

Traffic Education Park,

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 231 6/3/15 2:34:48 PM

 6.
232

Immediate and effective snow plowing

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 232 6/3/15 2:34:49 PM

 1. 1998-2010
233

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Above, from the left:
With Nikos Galis at a charity game
With the Olympic Champion Voula Patoulidou
Voula Patoulidou is awarded a prize at a ceremony held to
celebrate the Olympic Truce
The rhythmic gymnastics team Arion
With Yannis Tamouridis, the Cycling World Champion
With the Olympic Champion Pyrros Dimas

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 233 6/3/15 2:34:51 PM

 6.
234

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CINE PANOrAMA
The open-air cinema CINE PANOrAMA

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 234 6/3/15 2:34:51 PM

 1. 1998-2010
235

Event organized in the context of the cultural tradition of Arsakliotika

,
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 235 6/3/15 2:34:54 PM

 6.
236

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. 87 07.06.2010, -
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 236 6/3/15 2:34:55 PM

 1. 1998-2010
237

-
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, 26.362 .
:
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)
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50.000. -
,
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,
,
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The Town Hall of the former Municipality of Pilea

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 237 6/3/15 2:34:56 PM

 6.
238

2002-2010

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Left. The building that houses the Technical Service Division
Above. The Citizen Service Centre (KEP) of Pilea

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 238 6/3/15 2:35:00 PM

 1. 1998-2010
239

Sport facilities

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 239 6/3/15 2:35:01 PM

 6.
240

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, 300 .
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, 47%.

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. -
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 240 6/3/15 2:35:02 PM

 1. 1998-2010
241

Creation of green spaces and playgrounds

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: 1.200 .. 2008 - , 630 ..
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 241 6/3/15 2:35:03 PM

 6.
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 242 6/3/15 2:35:05 PM

 1. 1998-2010
243

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Sport facilities at a school

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 243 6/3/15 2:35:06 PM

 6.
244

2008:
15.500 .. 2006-2010
-
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, - 14/2008)
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1.175 . -

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The Stone made Cultural Center of Pilea

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 244 6/3/15 2:35:07 PM

 1. 1998-2010
245

(2002-2010)

-
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, 18
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,
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460
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1.280 ,
2011.
, -

The renovated Town Hall of the former Municipality of Hortiatis
in Asvestohori

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 245 6/3/15 2:35:08 PM

 6.
246

-
-
10 ,
5.495
2011.

400 -
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Macedonomachon Street has been redesigned .

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 246 6/3/15 2:35:08 PM

 1. 1998-2010
247

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The new Lyceum of Hortiatis

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 247 6/3/15 2:35:09 PM

 6.
248

1965
o ,
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, 2003 2010.

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Inauguration of the Citizen Service Centre (KEP) in Asvestohori

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 248 6/3/15 2:35:10 PM

 1. 1998-2010
249

-
.

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 249 6/3/15 2:35:10 PM

 6.
250

. -
.

Above. Laying the foundation stone of the High School and
Lyceum of Asvestohori
Right. Ceremony held to award prizes to top students

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 250 6/3/15 2:35:12 PM

 1. 1998-2010
251

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Municipal day care nurseries offer a great variety of activities

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 251 6/3/15 2:35:15 PM

 6.
252

217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 252 6/3/15 2:35:16 PM

 1. 1998-2010
253

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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 253 6/3/15 2:35:17 PM

 6.
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217-254_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_1o_meros.indd 254 6/3/15 2:35:18 PM

 2.
- 2010

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 255 6/3/15 2:42:45 PM

 6.
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 256 6/3/15 2:42:45 PM

 2. 2010
257

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, The tennis courts at the Olympic Sports Centre of Panorama

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 257 6/3/15 2:42:45 PM

 6.
258

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 258 6/3/15 2:42:46 PM

 2. 2010
259

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bove and Below. The Culture Amphitheatre in Panorama

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 259 6/3/15 2:42:47 PM

 6.
260

. Cine
PAnOrAmA
.

Above. The open-air cinema Cine
PAnOrAmA
Right. The open-air cinema of Pilea

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 260 6/3/15 2:42:49 PM

 2. 2010
261

(2015): -

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(2015). - Middle. The Cultural Centre of Asvestohori
Below. ioannis manoledakis Hall

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 261 6/3/15 2:42:52 PM

 6.
262

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The municipal library in Panorama

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 262 6/3/15 2:42:54 PM

 2. 2010
263

The ecumenical Patriarch in the Byzantine Church of metamorphosis Sotiros in Hortiatis

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 263 6/3/15 2:42:57 PM

 6.
264

The ecumenical Patriarch in the martyr town of Hortiatis

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 264 6/3/15 2:42:58 PM

 2. 2010
265

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The Byzantine bridge in Pilea

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 265 6/3/15 2:43:00 PM

 6.
266

A bioclimatic square in Pilea

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 266 6/3/15 2:43:03 PM

 2. 2010
267

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 267 6/3/15 2:43:05 PM

 6.
268

The Lyceum of Filyro

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 268 6/3/15 2:43:10 PM

 2. 2010
269

The High School and Lyceum of Asvestohori

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 269 6/3/15 2:43:12 PM

 6.
270

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The 2nd KAPi of Pilea

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 270 6/3/15 2:43:14 PM

 2. 2010
271

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 271 6/3/15 2:43:14 PM

 6.
272

(2015)
The new modern depot of
the municipality

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 272 6/3/15 2:43:18 PM

 2. 2010
273

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Clean technology garbage trucks financed by the eU

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 273 6/3/15 2:43:20 PM

 6.
274

(2014)
The great urban regeneration in elaiorema

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 274 6/3/15 2:43:25 PM

 2. 2010
275

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municipal parks and childrens playgrounds

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 275 6/3/15 2:43:27 PM

 6.
276

(2013)
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 276 6/3/15 2:43:29 PM

 2. 2010
277

The square of Filyro

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 277 6/3/15 2:43:33 PM

 6.
278

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 278 6/3/15 2:43:36 PM

 2. 2010
279

.
Left Page and Above. Perspective view from the project for the yacht marina in Pilea

255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 279 6/3/15 2:43:38 PM

 6.
280

CEDEFOP

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 280 6/3/15 2:43:38 PM

 2. 2010
281

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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 281 6/3/15 2:43:39 PM

 6.
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 282 6/3/15 2:43:46 PM

 2. 2010
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 6.
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 284 6/3/15 2:44:01 PM

 2. 2010
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 285 6/3/15 2:44:11 PM

 6.
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255-288_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_2o_meros.indd 286 6/3/15 2:44:21 PM

 2. 2010
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 Chapter 6
Panorama Pilea Hortiatis
in the New Millennium
by Anna Mourouglou

Part 1. KAPODISTRIAS PLAN 1998-2010

Municipality of Panorama

U
ntil the end of 2010 Panorama was an independent municipality
of the Prefecture of thessaloniki in the region of Central macedonia.
according to law 3852/2010 (Kallikratis Programme) it merged with
the municipalities of Pilea and hortiatis forming the new municipality of Pilea-
hortiatis on 1 January 2011 and has been designated as its seat. Panorama is
located east of thessaloniki, at the foot of mount hortiatis, at 250 m above sea
level, and consists of:
Ano Panorama (old settlement)
Law 751 (Agios Panteleimon or Kato Panorama)
Neo Panorama
Macedonia
Topographi
thanks to its amphitheatrical position and its natural beauty it is considered
one of the most privileged suburbs of the broader area of thessaloniki. it covers
a 33,000-stremma area of woodland and boasts a panoramic view of the city
and the thermaic Gulf. it is only 14 km from thessaloniki, which makes it a top
quality residential area.

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
290
Mayor of Panorama 1998-2010
T he muniCiPal history of Panora-
ma has been marked by the 3 succes-
sive 4-year tenures of ignatios Kaitezidis
(1998-2002, 2002-2006, 2006-2010), who
soon gained the trust of his fellow citizens
with his hard efforts to create for them a
Municipal Works
D urinG the 12-year term of mayor
ignatios Kaitezidis the beautiful vil-
lage of Panorama was transformed into an
impressive town with sports facilities, more
schools and considerable municipal and
cultural infrastructures. its population in-
creased rapidly necessitating the residential
expansion of the municipality, road con-
struction and paving, pedestrianization, and
the expansion of the water supply and sew-
erage systems. it is during this period that
the foundations were laid to create a model
municipality, as the municipal authority
managed to change spectacularly this afflu-
ent suburb of thessaloniki.
289-304_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_1_meros.indd 290
new, modern, economically sound and more
human municipality with high specification
works and infrastructure in all sectors cul-
ture, sports, road construction, environment,
health and social care.
thanks to the persistent and coordinated
efforts of the municipal authority, the land
belonging to Panorama increased consider-
ably, as 271 new stremmas were granted to
the municipality by order of the prefect. after
the mayors personal intervention, the min-
istry of health and Welfare granted another
seven stremmas to the municipality for the
erection of the 3rd Primary school, while by
another order of the prefect 12 more strem-
mas were granted for the construction of the
new town hall and the municipal Cultural
Centre.
the municipal swimming centre was in-
augurated in the summer of 2005. during
the same period, financing was approved for
the construction of a Cultural and Confer-
ence Centre and the municipality of Pan-
orama town hall.
furthermore, a large-scale project initi-
ated by the mayor in 2001 was gradually
realized: the construction of a comprehen-
sive sewerage system. the work, which had
been completed by 2007, greatly improved
the quality of life of more than 12,000 local
residents.
To
The worksite of the Town Hall in Panorama
6/3/15 2:39:13 PM
 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
291

Roofed municipal swimming pool

Electricity Pylon Undergrounding ma; consequently, the 11 electricity pylons

one of the most serious problems that ig- were removed and the solution suggested
natios Kaitezidis faced from the very begin- by the municipal authority, namely the un-
ning of his term was the issue of high voltage dergrounding of the high-voltage network,
pylon lines over the houses of the settlement was eventually implemented. this is one of
macedonia in Panorama. this work had the most significant projects that have been
been approved by all central administration realized in Panorama, a work of immeasur-
services, as it was deemed necessary for the
transport of power to halkidiki. however, the
municipal authority, in cooperation with the
local Building Cooperative of reserve of-
ficers, assigned engineers and jurists pro-
fessors of the Polytechnic and law schools
of the aristotle university, respectively the
task of documenting their arguments and
presenting their case in court. in 2000, the
Council of state ruled in favour of the mu-
nicipality and the entire society of Panora-

The electricity pylons are removed

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
292

Ignatios Kaitezidis

I Gnatios Kaitezidis was born in Panorama in 1960. after having completed his
secondary education, he studied law at the law school of the aristotle university
of thessaloniki, where he also completed his postgraduate studies in the field of
Criminal law. in 1985 he started practising the legal profession. he has been an active
member of the Bar association of thessaloniki and has participated in several of
its committees, such as the Committee for the training of young lawyers and the
Committee for Professional ethics of lawyers. he is also a partner in the law firm of
our city (LEX) with a successful legal career to his credit.
he speaks english and french.
over the last two decades he has actively participated in the local administration, first
as a member of the municipal council of Panorama in 1994-1998, and then as the mayor
of Panorama in 1998-2002. He was reelected Mayor in 2002 with 79.6% of the vote and
in 2006 with 74.35% of the vote, always in the first round of the local elections
following the adoption of law 3852/2010 (Kallikratis Programme) on local
Government reform, ignatios Kaitezidis was elected as the first mayor of the united
Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis in 2010 with 56.93% of the vote in the first round. The new
large municipality comprises Panorama, Pilea, asvestohori, hortiatis, filyro, and exohi.
ignatios Kaitezidis actively participates in various european initiatives and conferences
and in all major associations of local administration development in Greece and has
gained general recognition for his work as:
-Vice President of the amphictyony network of twinned Cities and areas in
the mediterranean, which comprises 80 municipalities of europe and the broader
mediterranean
-member of the intermunicipal development society anatoliki of the municipalities
of east thessaloniki and representative of the intermunicipal network of
Health and Social Solidarity of ... (Local Government Organizations)
for north Greece, which has its seat in the municipality of Pilea-hortiatis
-rapporteur at the Pan-european network of all european municipalities
and regions euromoney
-member of the Committee on Culture and education of the Central
union of municipalities and Communities of Greece (Kede)
-member of the disciplinary Board of local Government elected officials
of the region of Central macedonia.
he has been awarded numerous distinctions by domestic and international
institutions for his cultural and social work and his contribution to sports,
and also for his ethical and effective administration and the promotion of
the european vision through the municipalitys actions and policies.
he is married to the lawyer agapi mousafiri and has a son, orestis.

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
293

able environmental and aesthetic value that Panorama due to the explosive increase in
greatly benefited the whole area. its population. in the period 2002-2006,
200 new parking spaces were created at the
Education central streets, along with open air parking
during the same period, serious efforts were lots, while taxi areas were demarcated and
made to upgrade young students school life: loading/unloading time regulations were
Morning shift was established in all implemented for the first time.
schools in the municipality. a large municipal road construction,
The construction of the 2nd Primary maintenance and pedestrianization proj-
school and the 2nd Kindergarten in agios ect started and was completed in the same
Panteleimon was completed. period and a bridge was built to connect at
A new kindergarten (the 3rd Kindergarten) last the two parts of stadiou street that had
was built and started operating in the old been inaccessible for decades. lastly, major
settlement. flood-prevention works were carried out in
In 2006, the designs for the erection of the the lower south areas, giving a definitive so-
3rd Primary school and the 4th Kindergar- lution to a long-standing problem.
ten of Panorama were completed.
Efforts to ensure the licensing of establish- Parks Squares
ment and operation of the 2nd high school Parks such as Crateros ioannou Park, P. Ba-
and lyceum are still going on. koyannis Park, Pasteur Park, etc. and new
Municipal mini football 5x5 fields and squares in various neighbourhoods set off the
tennis courts were constructed. natural beauty of the area. the traffic educa-
A Traffic Education Park financed by the tion Park, complete with a small amphitheatre
ministry of transport was created in 2002. and a refreshment bar, also started operating.
The locker rooms of the municipal foot-
ball stadium were rebuilt and a new, modern Cleansing Snow plowing
lighting system was installed in 2004. mayor ignatios Kaitezidis dealt successful-
A 225 m2 gymnastics hall was built in the ly with everyday problems organizing quali-
1st Primary school and the high school
gymnastics hall was also completed.
efforts started to have conventional fuel
replaced with natural gas in the schools of
the municipality. today all school and mu-
nicipal buildings, including the municipal
swimming Centre, are connected with the
natural gas distribution system.

Road construction Pedestrianization

the municipal authority found realistic so-
lutions to the traffic problem that arose in

The Traffic Education Park

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
294

tatively the municipal services of Panorama, mayor Georgios Kedikoglou, operated with
purchasing new vehicles (garbage trucks, great success.
JCBs, a container lorry, a simon hoist, etc.) in addition, children and adult choirs,
and more than 700 new garbage bins, con- as well as a philharmonic, were founded in
structing a new depot, setting up a model Panorama and dozens of courses (of music,
snow plowing system supported by modern drama, traditional dances, etc.) started at the
equipment and training and 12 snowplows, Cultural Centre. music concerts, poetry eve-
and establishing a street cleaning service nings, exhibitions, contests, and theatrical
and a special telephone line for citizens re- performances were also held and new tradi-
quests concerning issues of cleanliness. tions, such as the arsakliotika, were intro-
duced and established.
Sports
The jewel of the Sports Centre, the indoor Citizen Service
municipal swimming Pool, was designed transport
and constructed in two phases. right from the start of his term as a mayor,
Panorama was proclaimed a Town of ignatios Kaitezidis saw to it that the mu-
olympic Peace and truce in a ceremony nicipality of Panorama had its own bus line
attended by the olympic champions and that connected it with thessaloniki.
residents of Panorama Voula Patoulidou,
tasoula Kelesidou and yannis tamouridis. Citizen service Centre (KeP)
Designs for new football fields and tracks the Citizen service Centre was established
for olympic events were made. at Panorama square in 2002. Within the
Hundreds of people participated in the KeP there is a special bureau that serves
annual massive athletics programs that in- and helps unemployed citizens.
volved physical activities such as aerobics,
basketball, ballet, dancing, etc. direct Communication with the Citizens
Additional lighting was installed in the ignatios Kaitezidis pioneered the establish-
sports facilities at Galanos Park and all ment of the personal meeting with the may-
municipal sport facilities were upgraded. or for any citizen wishing to discuss with
New tennis courts were built in P. Bakoy- him issues within his jurisdiction. the mu-
annis Park. nicipalitys website (www.Panorama-city.gr)
Football fields and basketball courts were was also set up.
built in macedonia settlement with the con- other significant activities of this period
tribution of the local residents. include the publication of the municipal
journal Panorama-modern town, the proj-
Culture ect Politia-Panorama through which the
during the first decade of the new millen- citizens demands were recorded in question-
nium the foundations were laid for the cre- naires, and a large campaign of transfers of
ation of a major culture infrastructure in citizens records from other municipalities.
Panorama. numerous cultural events were
held under the aegis of the municipal author- Social Policy
ity and the first municipal open-air cinema, during the three successive tenures of igna-
Cine Panorama, designed and founded by tios Kateizidis, the municipality of Panora-

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
295

. CiNE PaNoRaMa
.
Above. The open-air cinema CiNE PaNoRaMa
Right. The area Platanakia

ma exhibited social sensitivity and respect a high quality of life, a town blessed with
for the needs of all citizens through: natural beauty and sound administrative
the programme Help at Home and pro- policies. in his 12-year term, ignatios Kait-
grammes of socio-medical protection and ezidis realized the dreams of the large ma-
entertainment of the aged jority of his fellow-citizens, cooperating with
the Workshop of Creative Employment for all municipal bodies to serve the citizens
primary school pupils interests in the best possible way. the uni-
the Municipal Council for the Youth versal acceptance of his work is evidenced
a school building guarding programme by the exceptionally high percentage of the
awards to students who continued their vote that he won every time he was elected.
studies in tertiary education his harmonious cooperation with his prede-
voluntary blood donations. cessor Georgios Kedikoglou, which has also
When Kallikratis Programme was imple- been supported by the worthy cadres of their
mented in 2010, Panorama was a modern, late predecessor ilias triantafyllidis, has
spotlessly clean and privileged municipality guaranteed unity and solidarity for a smooth
with sports facilities, cultural and arts ven- transition of the unified hyper-municipality
ues, new roads, squares and parks reflecting of Pilea-hortiatis to the new millennium.

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
296

Present-day Pilea

P ilea is a toWn of the urban area of

thessaloniki with a 26,362-stremma
area and an estimated population of 50,000
Constantinoupolitika, elaiones, Pournari,
Kato Pilea, Patriarchiko, lygaria, Villa
ridge, topographi, Kipoupoli, Pylaiotika,
people. it consists of the traditional settle- and Kipseli.
ment of Pilea (old Kapoutzida), malakopi,

Municipality of Pilea 2002-2010

V asilios Kartalis was elected may-

or of Pilea for the first time in 2002
and was reelected in 2006. his primary
concern was to improve the road network of
this large municipality and to pedestrian-
ize a part of it. he also showed an active
interest in the municipal sports facilities
and schools and the facilitation of citizens
services (a second Citizen service Centre
opened in Pilea). in addition, during his
8-year term he ensured the electric lighting
of a large part of the municipality of Pilea
and green spaces, childrens playgrounds
and parks were created.

Vasilios Kartalis

V asilios Kartalis was born in 1947 and comes from the Prefecture of Pella. He
graduated from the school of higher industrial studies of thessaloniki (university
of Macedonia) and has been involved in local administration since 1975.
in 1998 he was elected first member of the municipal council of Pilea
and in 2002 he was elected mayor with 59% of the vote. In October 2006 he
was reelected mayor with 47% of the vote.
he was President of the association of Graduates of the school of higher
Industrial Studies from 1978 to 1983 and has been a member of the Board
of the economic Chamber of Greece and a member of the thessaloniki
Chamber of handicrafts. he has also been elected member of the council of
tedK (local union of municipalities and Communities of thessaloniki),
which he represented for years in the Childrens Care Centre of thessaloniki
agios dimitrios. he is married to noula Garifalou-Kartalis and they have
two children, yannis and Penny.

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
297

The Town Hall of the former Municipality of Pilea

Municipal Works 2002-2010

Sports the soccer field antonis Karabourniotis

during the two tenures (2002-2006, 2006- Construction of a metal tier of seats at the
2010) of mayor Vasilios Kartalis efforts municipal stadium.
were made to improve sports facilities and
create new ones, including, among other Culture
things, the following: during the term of Vasilios Kartalis new
Renovation of the indoor basketball court cultural institutions have been initiated,
Construction of locker rooms and toilets in such as Cultural June, Pylaiotika, Christo-
the soccer field phoria, the flower show, etc. and new ven-
Landscaping of the surrounding area of ues for cultural events were created, includ-
the indoor basketball court and the weight- ing the malakopi Cultural Centre, a Cultural
lifting centre heritage hall, the Creative occupation Cen-
Replacement of the indoor gym lighting tre of Pilea, etc.
projectors
Construction of two mini football 5x5 fields, Squares Playgrounds Parks
one basketball court and one tennis court A central square was redesigned and
Landscaping of the surrounding area of renovated.

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
298

The area of the New Town Hall and the premises of the 2nd high school and ly-
square was redeveloped. ceum of Pilea.
A green space covering a total area of Various works of pavement reconstruction
1,200 m2 was created at merkouri street; and flower-bed creation were done at school
it included a park, a playground, seats and entrances.
paths. Various repair, improvement, painting,
A 3,800 m2 park was constructed at 17 and insulation works were carried out in the
noemvri street in an area desperately need- school buildings of the municipality.
ing green spaces. Designs have already been made for the
A green space covering a total area of 630 erection of 3 more schools.
m2 was created between Voulgaroktonou
street and Grigoriou e street. Road Construction
Two more green spaces were created, at the throughout his term Vasilios Kartalis
corner of Glinou street and Vizvizi street made sure that new roads were constructed
and at irinis street in Pournari, respectively. and numerous existing roads were recon-
A new green space including a small wa- structed, paved and maintained, pavements
terfall has been designed and is to be created were made, pedestrian areas were cemented,
at Prophiti ilia street. parking spaces were created and lighting
Preliminary work has been done to include was installed.
the large project of elaiorema in the nation-
al strategic reference framework (comple- Other Major Works in the Period 2006-2010
tion of 1st phase). New office space was added to the building
of the technical services and maintenance
Schools works were carried out.
the 1st Primary school of Pilea was A building was erected to house the 2nd
built. open Care Centre for the elderly (KaPi).
The 4th Primary School of Pilea was The plan to create a marina in Pilea was
housed in the building of a former private approved in 2006.
school. Intra-municipal transport was established
The super-modern, high specification with the purchase of 3 minibuses.
building of the 7th Kindergarten was com- The building of the old Town Hall was re-
pleted. modelled to house the Police station.
A modern day nursery was founded at The water supply network of the Munici-
Kyprou street thanks to a donation of the pality of Pilea was connected to the Water
Kalaitzis and terlemetzis families. supply and sewerage systems Company of
The kindergarten in Pylaiotika was com- thessaloniki.
pleted.
The school yards of the 1st and 2nd Kinder- the efforts of Vasilios Kartalis, whose
gartens, the 1st and 2nd Primary schools and term ended in 2010, mainly focused on
the 1st high school of Pilea were remodelled. transforming the large village of Pilea into a
The ground floor of the 1st Kindergarten modern town with new schools and squares,
of Pilea was renovated. a solid infrastructure and an environment of
A modern gym was created within the social care.

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
299

Sport facilities

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
300

Municipality of Hortiatis (2002-2010)

H ortiatis Was an indePendent

municipality until 2010 and comprised
the local administrative districts of exohi,
filyro and asvestohori. today it is the his-
torical seat of the municipality of Pilea-hor-
tiatis and has a population of 4,873 people. 460 m above sea level and the most charac-
it is situated at the foot of the homonymous
mountain, at a distance of 18 km from the
centre of thessaloniki.
until 2010, Exohi was a local adminis-
trative district of the former municipality of
hortiatis. today it belongs to the municipal-
ity of Pilea-hortiatis as it was formed ac-
cording to 'Kallikratis Programme'. it rises to
teristic feature of its landscape is the stream
of dendropotamos.
Asvestohori is a town of the Prefecture

Mihalis Geranis

M ihalis Geranis was born in 1965 in asvestohori, thessaloniki, and he grew

up and still lives there. he was the last mayor of the municipality of hortiatis and
his term lasted from 2003 to 2010. he has been actively involved in local administration
since 1998, when he was first elected member of the municipal council of hortiatis and
then president of the municipal council. In 2002 he was elected mayor with 52% of the
vote. in 2006 he was reelected mayor and in 2010 he was elected first member of the mu-
nicipal council of the new unified municipality of Pilea-hortiatis. he was then elected by
his colleagues president of the municipal council a position he still holds today.
in february 2013 he was elected president of the local Government organization
() of the prefecture of Thessaloniki and in 2013 he was the first president of the New
regional solid Waste management association in Central macedonia.
during his term in local government he has been a member of the
board of the local union of municipalities and Communities of the
Prefecture of thessaloniki, a member of the General assembly of
the Central union of municipalities and Communities, a member of
the board of the hellenic agency for local development and local
Government () and president of the board of the Network of
martyr Cities and Villages of Greece.
throughout his career in local government his activities have been
marked by hard work, methodicity and good planning. he is married to
theodora Gerani-yakoumi and they have 3 children, zoe, anastasis
and helen.

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
301

of thessaloniki and belongs to the munici-

pality of hortiatis. its population amounts to
8,125 people. in asvestohori, which is situ-
ated at the foot of hortiatis, 12 km south
of thessaloniki, one can still see houses
that are perfect examples of the traditional
macedonian architecture.
Filyro is a town north of thessaloniki
and its distance from the city centre is 10
km. its highest hilltop rises to 550 m above
sea level. it is a place of unique natural
beauty, with varied vegetation, an oak tree
forest and fascinating walking trails. Macedonomachon Street has been redesigned

Mayor Mihalis Geranis 2002-2010

M ihalis Geranis was elected mayor

of hortiatis in 2002. during his term,
hortiatis evolved into a modern Kapodistrian
municipality focused on facilitating everyday
life for its citizens. during his term a Citizen
service Centre was established and the mu-
nicipal Cleaning service was restructured and
supplied with new equipment. furthermore,
a Post office and a bank branch opened and
atms were installed in hortiatis.
Education School Buildings
the population increase noted already in the
1990s in the municipality of hortiatis ne-
cessitated the erection of new schools, which
was possible thanks to the constant personal
efforts of mihalis Geranis. in addition:
A new twelve-teacher Primary School and was expressed through support of the elderly
a two-teacher Kindergarten were built in
Keramidario, hortiatis.
A Lyceum was built in Loustra, Hortiatis.
The construction of a High School-Lyce-
um started in Boulouvania, asvestohori.
The first wing of the Lyceum in Filyro was unemployed citizens was established.
completed.
Two new Kindergartens were built in As-
vestohori and hortiatis.
A contract was signed with School Build-
ings organization (osK) for the construc-
tion of a library and an event hall in the Pri-
mary school of asvestohori.
The old school building of Filyro was ren-
ovated to house the 3rd Kindergarten.
Awards for students and a Parent Educa-
tion Group were also established.
Lastly, 3 new daycare nurseries were
founded in filyro, asvestohori and hortia-
tis, respectively.
Social Policy
Care and solidarity for all citizens was a top
priority for the municipal authority. this
and the unemployed of the municipality.
An Open Care Centre for the Elderly was
founded in hortiatis with branches in as-
vestohori and filyro.
A Bureau of Support and Employment for
Unemployed women were supported by the

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
302

Hlne Glykatzi ahrweiler is presented with an engraving inspired by the Holocaust of Hortiatis

programme ariadne. nicipality, as well as the promotion of infra-

The elderly were supported by the pro- structure works that gradually changed its
gramme help at home. image and contributed to the improvement
A Programme of Creative Occupation for of the citizens standard of living. during the
People with special needs (amea) was im- same period, electric lighting was installed
plemented. in the road axes to filyro, asvestohori and
The Municipal Blood Bank and regular exohi, the road network of the municipal
voluntary blood donation were established. units was paved with asphalt and the town
A new building and new equipment were hall of hortiatis was reconstructed.
ensured for the social security institute as regards water supply and sewerage, the
(iKa) Branch in hortiatis, while the iKa municipal authority found solutions through
offices in filyro were renovated. an agreement with the Water supply and sew-
A programme of summer camps offered erage systems Company of thessaloniki and
low cost holidays to the children of the mu- the municipal Company of Water supply and
nicipality. sewerage (deya) was founded in hortiatis.

Infrastructure Works Culture

With the advent of the new millennium spa- the historical municipality of hortiatis, at-
tial planning started in all the municipal dis- taching particular importance to culture,
tricts of the municipality of hortiatis, along founded a Culture Council, which published a
with the General town Planning of the mu- special edition on the holocaust of hortiatis,

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 Part 1. 'Kapodistrias Plan' 1998-2010
303

The Roman aqueduct of Hortiatis

along with two more books on the history of and asvestohori, respectively.
hortiatis, and took care of the protection of The indoor gym of Asvestohori was reno-
the cultural and religious monuments of the vated.
broader area of the municipality. Contracts Various sports clubs of Asvestohori, Hor-
were signed with the 9th ephorate of Buzan- tiatis, and filyro were supported financially.
tine antiquities in order to make the archaeo- Locker rooms and tiers of spectators seats
logical monuments of hortiatis better known. were constructed in the soccer field of filyro.
Sports programmes started for children,
Sports women and the elderly.
a primary concern of the municipal authori-
ties of the period 2002-2010 was to improve Environment
existing sports facilities and construct new the environmental service of the municipal-
ones. ity of hortiatis undertook multiple actions.
The football fields of Asvestohori and more specifically, works of forest recreation
filyro were reconstructed, with the use of area development were completed in the for-
natural turf. est estate Kouri, forest areas were cleaned
A football field with plastic turf was also and fire protection measures were taken. Co-
built in the local administrative district of ordinated efforts were made by all municipal
hortiatis. authorities and the local residents to have the
Mini football 5x5 fields were constructed dangerous antennas removed from mount
in the local administrative districts of exohi hortiatis. moreover, a team of volunteers

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
304

Cultural events

was formed to help in fire prevention and
suppression and in case of extreme weather
events. as extreme weather events are com-
mon in the winter due to the geographical po-
sition of hortiatis, 5 snow plows, 2 JCBs and
2 machines for salt loading were purchased.
lastly, the municipal Cleansing service has
steadily tried hard to keep the environment
and the monuments of the area clean.
during the 8-year term of mihalis
Geranis, hortiatis, exohi, filyro and as-
vestohori merged in one municipality under
a management that smoothed out any dif-
ferences and focused on responding to the
citizens needs, no matter what municipal
unit they came from. the large projects of
this period in the municipality of hortiatis
transformed these small towns into mod-
ern urban centres, which retained, however,
their traditional character and their natural
environments. in the elections of 2010 and
2014, the citizens of all municipal districts
honoured with their vote the mayor, who
was elected first member of the municipal
council of the new Kallikratic municipality
of Pilea-hortiatis.

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 Part 2. KALLIKRATIS PROGRAMME
The Present-Day Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
from 2010 until Today

T
he present-day Municipality of pilea-hortiatis, with
panorama as its seat, is one of the largest and most important municipalities
of the region of central Macedonia. it covers a 155,800-stremma area
and contains places of exquisite natural beauty, historicity and culture, as well
as the largest commercial centres, state and private hospitals etc. in the broader
area of thessaloniki. furthermore, the combination of wooded hill and mountain
landscapes with a large coastal zone has turned this municipality into an affluent
suburb of thessaloniki. this Kallikratic municipality consists of the former
Municipalities of panorama, pilea and hortiatis. the latter is its historical seat
and a member of the network of Martyr cities and Villages of Greece.

The logo of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis,

which was approved by decision no. 160/2013
of the Municipal Council and is the symbol of
the new unified municipality that consists of One Municipality, One Emblem, One Society
the former Municipalities of Panorama, Pilea
and Hortiatis.

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
306

in the municipal units of pilea-hortiatis of big multinational corporations, public

there are 26 Kindergartens, 13 state primary
schools, 10 high schools and 13 lyceums.
in addition, there are 7 prestigious private
primary and secondary schools.
Most of the population is engaged in
the tertiary sector of economy (trade,
tourism, transport, health care, banking,
communications, etc.) and the education
level has improved considerably over the
last decades. Within the boundaries of the
municipality one can find the headquarters
organizations, state hospitals, private clinics
and medical centres, the largest commercial
centres in north Greece, international
hotels and various companies, as well as
the technology park and the centre for
research and technology hellas.
the socio-economic development of
the Municipality of pilea-hortiatis is
closely linked to its proximity to the city of
thessaloniki, as its significant residential
growth over the last two decades has been
directly related to the deurbanization of
thessaloniki. according to the last census
(2011), the population of the municipality
amounts to 70,653 people, therefore pilea-
hortiatis ranks fourth nationwide among
the municipalities that have exhibited the
largest population growth, namely ~41% in
relation to the 2011 census.

Mayor Ignatios Kaitezidis

2010-2014 and 2014-2019

T he current Mayor of pilea-hortiatis is ignatios Kaitezidis, who was

elected first mayor of the new Kallikratic municipality with 56.93% of the vote in
2010 and was reelected with 64.27% of the vote in 2014. he comes
from panorama, where he served as mayor for three successive four-
year terms (1998-2002, 2002-2006, and 2006-2010.) at the end of
his present tenure he will have been at the helm of the municipality
for 21 years (1998-2019), having achieved something unique in the
history of modern local government: he has united the entire local so-
ciety and cooperated with all the members of the local administration
staff and the former mayors of pilea and hortiatis in order to serve
the common good avoiding political partisanship. it is this attitude,
along with his multidimensional work, that has been approved and
appreciated by his fellow-citizens, who have been steadily honouring
him with their vote.

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Municipal Works in 2010-2014
Sports
Olympic Sports Centre of Panorama:
the largest urban regeneration in the history
of the municipality has taken place in pan-
orama, in the area between the sports cen-
tre, the town hall and cine panoraMa.
it is a 3,2 million euro project financed by
the european union through the national
strategic reference framework (espa) that
has spectacularly changed the whole area.
in the olympic sports centre the following
were created/installed:
- five high specification tennis courts
(usa open level)
- a large soccer field with last generation
artificial turf
- tartan floor and a 4-lane track
- a 9x9 soccer field with artificial turf and
two 5x5 fields
- a BMX track
- a skateboard and acrobatic cycling rink
- an open-air gym
- a climbing wall
The Olympic Sports Centre in Panorama
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 307
Part 2. 'Kallikratis Programme' from 2010 until Today
307
- a seated spectator stand
- lighting for evening games
- outside water taps and garbage bins
the regeneration works at Galanos park
included in the above project have changed
the face of the area.
The municipal authority has ensured fi-
nancing for two large gyms in filyro and
hortiatis, while mass sporting events in
elaiorema, pilea, are being planned. More-
over, football fields are being upgraded, the
equipment in existing sports facilities is be-
ing replaced, and cycling and BMX tracks
are being created.
Culture
Cultural Centre Culture Amphithe-
atre (2014): the new amphitheatre of the
cultural centre in panorama was completed
in 2014. the building includes an event hall
with a 250-people capacity, a theatre stage,
and a cinema hall, as well as translation and
interpretation facilities. this major project
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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
308
has been financed by the european union
through the national strategic reference
framework.
Cultural Centre of Asvestohori Com-
munity hall (2015): the historic commu-
nity hall in asvestohori has been fully reno-
vated. the project has been financed by the
european union through the national stra-
tegic reference framework. the renovated
hall is suitable for music and cultural events,
meetings, theatrical performances, etc.
Municipal open-air cinemas Film
Societies: in the Municipality of pilea-hor-
tiatis there are two municipal cinemas and
three film societies. cine panoraMa
has been operating since 1999, while cine
pilea opened in 2013.
the Municipal film society of hortiatis
was founded in 2012. there is another mu-
nicipal film society in asvestohori and a
cinema hall in the brand-new amphitheatre
of the cultural centre in panorama.
Ioannis Manoledakis Hall in Hortia-
tis (2012): the hall of the former commu-
nity of hortiatis has been fully renovated to
host concerts and theatrical performances,
film projections, seminars, and lectures.
Cultural Centre of Filyro (2015). the
cultural centre of filyro, which is housed
in the renovated space of the former lyceum
of filyro, includes event halls and a larger
multi-purpose hall. the centre can host all
kinds of cultural and social events.
Municipal Library in Panorama
(2013): the first municipal library opened
in early december 2013. it is housed in the
picturesque building of the old town hall.
in the context of the mayors effort to
support love for books and the preservation
and dissemination of the cultural heritage,
a secretariat for Volunteerism, library and
folklore Museum was founded. large num-
bers of books were donated by the Womens
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 308
cultural association of panorama, ioan-
nis and despina nouskas, and many local
residents. the technical works for the energy
upgrade and improvement of the old town
hall, as well as the classification of thou-
sands of books by dozens of volunteers will
be completed shortly.
the Municipal library of panorama con-
sists of the following departments: Book lend-
ing, reading room, periodical publications,
literature, childrens library, electronic li-
brary, documentation and computerization,
collection acquisition and development.
Open-air theatre of Filyro in Ama-
dryas forest (2015): a beautiful open-air
space for summer cultural events in the
forest was developed in amadryas, filyro.
the stage and spectator stand construction
works have been carried out with great care
and respect for the environment.
Folklore Museum of Panorama in
the building of the Old Cultural Cen-
tre (2015): the folklore Museum of pan-
orama, which is housed in the building of
the old cultural centre, will host collections
of private individuals who have donated
cookware, handworks and other objects that
will be used to represent a household of the
previous century. the building, which is a
1953 construction, is being restored while
preserving all is exterior and interior tradi-
tional elements.
in hortiatis, in cooperation with the holy
Metropolis of neapolis & stavroupolis and
the Ministry of culture, works are being car-
ried out to improve the Byzantine church
of Metamorphosis sotiros and remodel the
surrounding area, and the restoration of the
Byzantine bridge in pilea is about to be com-
pleted.
Remodelling of the surrounding area
of the Pilea Byzantine Bridge Monu-
ment: Kamara in elaiorema, pilea, has
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 Part 2. 'Kallikratis Programme' from 2010 until Today
309

been declared an ancient monument by the Social Policy

Ministry of culture. despite its great impor- 2nd KAPI of Pilea (2012)
tance to the whole municipality, this stone the 2nd open care centre for the elderly
construction was in a depressingly bad state (Kapi) of pilea officially opened in the spring
until recently and its base was being eroded of 2012. the 1,101 m2 centre includes gyms,
by water flow. physical therapy rooms, an occupational ther-
the restoration of the listed monument of apy room, locker rooms, a clinic and a den-
Kamara aimed to stress its importance and tal clinic, sanitary facilities, a refreshment
attract visitors. to that end, apart from sup- bar and a canteen, and several multi-purpose
port and improvement works, steps were tak- halls, as well as nurse and social worker of-
en to make the monument more accessible. fices. its construction started during the tenure
the municipal authority cooperated with of the former Mayor of pilea Vasilios Kartalis
the archaeological service to realize this and was completed during the tenure of Mayor
project, which started in 2013 and was ignatios Kaitezidis. it is the largest and most
completed in May 2015. the project budget, modern Kapi in Greece.
which amounted to 150,000 , was totally it is worth noting that all the new Kapi
covered by the municipality. services are now housed within the same
e-Kallikratis 15195 Citizen Com- building and no rent has to be paid, so the
munication Line. in panorama a citizen municipality saves 36,000 annually.
communication line has already been avail-
able for a decade. any citizen can use it to
submit a request, but the most innovative
thing about it is that a representative of the
municipality always calls back the citizens
to inform them about the solution given to
the problem reported and find out their de-
gree of satisfaction.
now the citizen communication line
15195 is also available in electronic form,
e-15195. namely, through a free mobile
phone application, citizens may send texts,
or even photos, concerning problems of ev-
eryday life. after the problem has been man-
aged, the citizen is informed about the solu-
tion by a message to his/her mobile phone.
during the first phase of Kallikratis pro-
gramme the call centre received more than
29,000 citizen calls and most of their re-
quests were satisfied.

2
The 2nd KAPI of Pilea

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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
310
Energy Upgrading of the unicipality of
Pilea-Hortiatis
the Municipality of pilea-hortiatis is one of
the first sustainable energy towns in Greece.
Mayor ignatios Kaitezidis has signed the
covenant of Mayors, an initiative of the
mayors of 2,000 european cities aiming to
meet the european union 20% co2 reduc-
tion objective by 2020 and increase energy
efficiency and use of renewable energy
sources. to this end, the municipal author-
ity has proceeded to a series of actions and
interventions, such as the energy upgrad-
ing of municipal buildings, the installation
of photovoltaic systems on the roof of the
town hall, etc.
the first bioclimatic square of the mu-
nicipality was created near the 4th primary
school of pilea in May 2014. it is a very
special square with a very special architec-
ture that has become a popular recreation
and meeting place for the people of the area,
while it can also host small-scale events
during the summer months. the project has
been financed by the Green fund.
after its recent energy upgrade, the Munic-
ipal swimming centre in panorama has be-
come the first ecological swimming centre in
Greece. this ecological initiative is expected
to save more than 20% of the energy used.
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 310
the energy efficiency of a number of mu-
nicipal buildings will also be checked so as
to reduce municipal heating and cooling
costs and co2 emission. in addition, the use
of energy saving street lighting systems has
been planned.
Photovoltaic panels on the Town
Hall Roof (2013): a complete photovoltaic
system has been installed on the roof of the
town hall of panorama. it covers a part of
the energy demands of the town hall, while
at the same time saving money and consid-
erably reducing the emission of pollutants.
Municipal Cleansing Service: the mu-
nicipality has purchased and installed at cen-
tral sites 27 underground waste containers
through financing by the Green fund. hav-
ing ensured european financing amounting
to 650,000 , it has also purchased 4 new,
clean technology garbage trucks. another
two new generation garbage trucks have
been purchased by the former Municipality
of hortiatis and two more by the former Mu-
nicipality of panorama.
Energy upgrades at schools: energy
upgrades were also carried out for school
buildings. the programme lets save energy
financed the energy upgrades for the 1st ly-
ceum and the 1st and 2nd Kindergartens in
pilea. impressive energy saving interventions
took place in the 1st high school of pilea, such
as photovoltaic panel installation, the use of a
geothermal system in the library building and
the implementation of an electronic system of
energy consumption central control.
the primary schools of filyro and as-
vestohori are to be subsumed under the pro-
gramme lets save energy as well. lastly,
the municipality has financed the use of
Clean technology garbage trucks financed by the EU
6/3/15 2:46:44 PM

The Lyceum of Filyro
natural gas in the high school and lyceum
of asvestohori, as well as in the primary
schools and municipal buildings of the area.
New Schools in the Municipality of Pilea-
Hortiatis
eight new schools have been built or are to
be constructed in the Municipality of pilea-
hortiatis during the current four-year term:
3rd Primary School of Panorama
3rd High School and Luceum of Pilea
Primary School of Exohi
High School and Lyceum of Asvestohori,
completed in 2013
3rd Primary School of Pilea, completed in
2015
Lyceum of Filyro, completed in 2014
Second Chance School (one of the four in
the prefecture of thessaloniki)
Lastly, the designs for the construction
of the 2nd primary school of filyro are in
progress.
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 311
Part 2. 'Kallikratis Programme' from 2010 until Today
311
New Library and multi-purpose hall at
the School of Asvestohori (2015): a new
library and a new multi-purpose hall for the
primary schools of asvestohori have been
created. it is a construction that responds to
modern energy demands, with solar collec-
tors, thermal facades and heat pumps.
this significant work is credited both to
the present mayor and to the former mayor,
Mihalis Geranis, as well as to ioannis Gari-
falou, president of the parents and Guard-
ians association, and to all parents in as-
vestohori, and has been financed by the
school Building organization.
Major Infrastructure Works Improving the
Citizens Standard of Living
coordinated and determined efforts were
made to improve the sewerage network of
all the municipal units of pilea-hortiatis
over the last four years. an agreement was
signed to connect the whole former Munici-
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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
312
The Park of the Student
pality of hortiatis with the Water supply
and sewerage systems company of thessa-
loniki with works of millions of euros. the
sewerage and water supply networks in the
same municipal unit and the sewerage net-
work in panorama and pilea-elaiorema were
also completed. lastly, anti-flood works at
Khalil dere and the stream of stagiritis
have been financed.
Squares Parks Childrens playgrounds
Elaiorema, Pilea (2014)
the largest urban regeneration in the history
of pilea has taken place in elaiorema. the
result is one of the largest and most beau-
tiful urban parks in Macedonia, which cost
more than 6.5 million and was financed
by the european union through the nation-
al strategic reference framework.
the interventions made in the context
of the overall regeneration in constanti-
noupolitika included extensive pedestrian-
izations, two new parks, tree planting, pave-
ment construction etc. rest areas, a pedes-
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 312
trian zone and a childrens playground were
created around elaiorema.
The Park of the Student (2013)
another large modern park was created in
constantinoupolitika, pilea, on a 5-stremma
municipal piece of land. the park includes a
playground with equipment certified accord-
ing to european standards, walking paths,
green and shaded areas, seats for visitors,
parking spaces, a drinking fountain, ramps
for persons with disabilities, etc.
the municipal authority has also put
european funds to good use remodelling
and maintaining more than 30 squares and
parks of pilea-hortiatis and creating new
recreation centres in all municipal units.
More specifically, a park, a playground and
a municipal refreshment bar were construct-
ed in asvestohori in 2010-2014, a square
was created in filyro in 2012, the munici-
pal refreshment bar of pilea was fully re-
constructed in 2011, the park and the play-
ground eleni Koutsioli were constructed,
the central square of pilea was renamed
6/3/15 2:46:48 PM

square of ancient strepsa and the park
triantafilopoulou in Malakopi was definite-
ly rescued with one million euros from the
Green fund.
lastly, a brand-new 570 m2 playground
certified according to european standards
was constructed in exohi in 2013.
Central square of Filyro (2012)
filyro acquired a new square in 2012. it is a
1,330 m2 central square the construction of
which started during the tenure of the previ-
ous Mayor of hortiatis Mihalis Geranis and
was completed during the tenure of the pres-
ent municipal authority. it is essentially a
totally remodelled area with new tiles, path-
ways for the blind, pergolas, flower-beds, etc.
in May 2014, in a moving ceremony, a
monument dedicated to the pontians was
erected in the square of filyro.
Road Construction
Most municipal works related to road con-
struction in pilea-hortiatis started and were
Perspective view from the project for the yacht marina in Pilea
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 313
Part 2. 'Kallikratis Programme' from 2010 until Today
313
completed within a few years in the munici-
pal unit of exohi. infrastructure works were
carried out in the southwest part of the mu-
nicipal community of exohi, including the
construction of water supply and sewerage
networks, road paving, pavement construc-
tion, traffic sign placement, etc. in addition,
after a decade of stagnation, the General
urban plan of pilea has finally been com-
pleted.
The marina of Pilea
the remodelling of the waterfront of pilea
may be the largest project in the history of
all three municipalities and it is expected to
change the face of the area. it will include a
marina, bicycle lanes, walking paths, sports
and recreation areas, restaurants, and shops
and it will be connected to the Metro line.
the project had to be approved by 8 minis-
tries before its siting was finally published
in the official Government Gazette (issue
160/8.5.12).
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 Chapter 6. Panorama Pilea Hortiatis in the New Millennium
314
Legal entities of the Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis
the operation of the municipality is support-
ed by the following legal entities:
Non-Profit Organization of Culture,
Sports, and Environment (KEPAP) of the
Municipality of Pilea-Hortiatis. as a pri-
vate legal entity it is engaged in actions for the
promotion and protection of local culture, the
protection of local historical sites that are not
included in the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
culture, the promotion of cultural exchanges
on a national, european and international
level, cultural training and creative occupation
for all age groups. it is also responsible for the
operation, maintenance and exploitation of all
municipal culture halls.
in the sports sector it promotes and imple-
ments programmes of Mass sports enhance-
ment, organizes sport events, offers sports
training and coaching classes and is respon-
sible for the operation and exploitation of all
municipal sports facilities.
Social Protection, Solidarity and Educa-
tion Centre (KEKPAP) of the Munici-
pality of Pilea-Hortiatis. as a public legal
entity it is responsible for the implementa-
tion of policies and the participation in ac-
tions aiming to offer support and social care
to infants, children and the elderly. it is also
responsible for the operation of the munici-
pal library, daycare nurseries, preschools and
open care centres for the elderly (Kapi) in
all municipal units of pilea-hortiatis. it im-
plements policies and participates in actions
and programmes supporting vulnerable social
groups and organizes educational actions and
programmes.
Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage
Company (DEYA) of Pilea-Hortiatis. it is a
non-profit organization governed by the provi-
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 314
sions of law 1069/1980. it is engaged in the
design, construction, maintenance and exploi-
tation of transport works, the management and
operation of the water supply and sewerage
networks and the sewage and waste treatment
plants of the municipal unit of hortiatis.
School Committees of the Municipal-
ity of Pilea-Hortiatis. a school committee
manages credits available to cover the oper-
ating costs of the school (heating, lighting,
water supply, sewerage, telephone bills, the
purchase of consumables, etc.), the wages of
the school cleaners, the costs of repairs and
maintenance works at the school and school
equipment. it proposes the purchase of neces-
sary furniture and equipment and makes sure
the school library is supplied with books. it
also manages the income from the exploita-
tion of school canteens and takes any neces-
sary measures to support the management of
the schools of the municipality.
Administration of the Municipality of Pil-
ea-Hortiattis Kallikratis Programme
Deputy Mayors
the mayor of pilea-hortiatis is assisted by
the deputy mayors. the deputy mayors are the
municipal council members of the winning
party that are appointed by the mayor. the
deputy mayors of pilea-hortiatis are respon-
sible for the following sectors:
Occupation, Social Protection, Health and
education
Administrative and Financial Services
Sports, Culture, Youth Issues and Volun-
teerism
Cleansing, Environment and Recycling of
the Municipal units of panorama and pilea
Cleansing, Environment and Recycling of
the Municipal unit of hortiatis
Technical Services and Town Planning
6/3/15 2:46:51 PM

General Secretary
the general secretary assists the mayor in
his administrative duties; his responsibilities
have to do primarily with the supervision and
coordination of the municipal services.
Councils Committees
the supreme administrative body of the munic-
ipality is the municipal council, which is assist-
ed by the local councils of each municipal unit
and committees with specific responsibilities.
1. Municipal council: it consists of 33
elected members and as of 1 september 2014
305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 315
Part 2. 'Kallikratis Programme' from 2010 until Today
315
of 41 members from the governing party and
the opposition. the president of the munici-
pal council is Mihalis Geranis, who was the
mayor of the former Municipality of hortiatis
for two four-year terms (2002-2010).
2. local councils of panorama, pilea,
asvestohori, exohi, filyro, and hortiatis.
3. committees: the municipal council
is assisted by the following committees: ex-
ecutive committee, financial committee,
Quality of life committee, and consultation
committee, as well as special committees es-
tablished by municipal council resolution.
6/3/15 2:46:51 PM
 / Epilogue

305_320_KEF_6_Nea_Xilietia_english_2_meros_LAST.indd 316 6/3/15 2:46:51 PM




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T
he present edition represents a collective effort to gather
information from various sources in order to narrate the journey of these
small but historical settlements through the centuries and highlight the
main events that determined their evolution. the inhabitants of exohi,
asvestohori, hortiatis, pilea, filyro, and panorama have worked hard and
thrived, each in their own way, contributing to the overall progress of the area.
the community and municipal authorities elected by the local people added
their own contribution to the history of the area with infrastructure works
that changed the face of the small villages. thanks to its short distance from
the city of thessaloniki the area attracted many new residents, but the reason
they stayed here permanently was the natural beauty of the Municipality of
pilea-hortiatis, which contains Mount hortiatis, the forest of sheikh sou,
the coast of pilea, and many more exquisite landscapes. We hope that the
course of the area through time has been described with adequate historical
and archaeological accuracy and the reader can understand and appreciate
the significant contribution of the municipal units of pilea-hortiatis to the
history of north Greece in general.

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..

2.500
2015

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