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The transform to any distribution (and back) is easily accomplished by the quantile transform
Cumulative Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Variogram, (h)
No correlation
u + h)
La
g
Ve
Vector (
cto
r(
Increasing
h)
Variability
Location
0.81 0.77
0.19 0.23
Tail
Tail
Head Head
ce
an
ler
g To
La Bandwidth
4
Azimuth Lag
3
Lag
ce
stan
i 2
g D Lag Azimuth
La
tolerance
1
Lag
X axis (East)
1
2 ( h) = [ z ( u) z ( u + h)]2
N ( h) N ( h )
...
No correlation
Increasing
Variability
...
Nugget Effect
Range
Distance
sill = the variance (1.0 if the data are normal scores)
range = the distance at which the variogram reaches the sill
nugget effect = sum of geological microstructure and measurement error
Any error in the measurement value or the location assigned to the
measurement translates to a higher nugget effect
Sparse data may also lead to a higher than expected nugget effect
Distance
3.0
Sill
Vertical
0.0
-3.0
Distance
Horizontal
Vertical
0.0
-3.0
Horizontal Distance
Vertical
-3.0
Distance (h)
Horizontal
Apparent Sill
Vertical
Horizontal Variogram
0.0
-3.0
Distance (h)
Horizontal
Distance Distance
This ensures:
that the covariance can be assessed over all lag vectors, h.
that the variogram will be a legitimate measure of distance
The sum of known positive definite models is positive definite. There is great
flexibility in modeling variograms with linear combinations of established
models.
Some common positive definite models:
Distance Distance