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HW1 Solutionf PDF
HW1 Solutionf PDF
Homework 1 Solution
(Dated: February 13th, 2015)
PROBLEM 1
Figure 1
(a) The two lattice vectors as shown in the picture above are a1 = a(1, 0) and a2 = b(0, 1). Let the total number of
sites be N. The hopping matrix elements being ta and tb in the x and y directions, one can write the Hamiltonian as
X X
H = ta ci,j, ci+1,j, tb ci,j, ci,j+1, + H.C. (1)
i,j, i,j,
(2ta cos(kx a) 2tb cos(ky b)) ck, ck, (kx , ky )ck, ck,
X X
= (9)
k, k,
2
Setting a = b, for ta = tb , the dispersion relation becomes kx ,ky = 2ta (cos(kx a) + cos(ky a)). For ta tb , kx ,ky
2ta cos(kx a) The following figure depicts the first Brillouin zones for different ratios of the hopping parameters ta
and tb .
4 200
3 3
3 150
2 2
2 100
1 1
1 50
ky a
ky a
0 0 0 0
-50
-1
-1 -1
-100
-2
-2 -2
-150
-3
-3 -3
-200
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
kx a kx a
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Isoenergetic lines for different ratio of x and y hopping parameters (a) ta = tb = 1 and (b) ta = 100tb
(b) Including the next nearest neighbor interaction as shown by the grey dotted lines in the schematic figure Fig.
1 for cuprates (ta = tb = t0 ), the Hamiltonian in (5) becomes
where as before we have used the relation (6) to sum over the lattice points. The lattice vectors are defined as
a01 a1 + a2 and a02 a1 a2 , such that we obtain the dispersion relation
PROBLEM 2
(a) Consider the graphene lattice with lattice vectors a1 = a 3/2, 1/2 and a2 = a (0, 1) as shown in Fig. 3(a).
We know that the reciprocal lattice vectors b1 (b11 , b12 ) and b2 (b21 , b22 ) follow the condition
ai bj = 2ij (16)
which gives us
3/2b11 b12 /2 = 2/a; b12 = 0 (17)
3/2b21 b22 /2 = 0; b22 = 2/a (18)
3
(a) (b)
or
4
b1 = (1, 0) (19)
3a
4
b2 = (1/2, 3/2) (20)
3a
3
ai, bi+, + H.C.
XX
H = t (21)
i, =1
1 X ikRi
ai, = e ak, (22)
N k
1 X ikRi+
bi+, = e bk, (23)
N k
(24)
P3
Again, using the relation (6) and defining gk =1 eik as defined in problem 2.4, we get
This gives
the energy eigenvalues
k = t|gk |. Noting
as E that the vectors i connecting nearest neighbors are
1 = a/ 3, 0 , 2 = a/(2 3), a/2 and 3 = a/(2 3), a/2 we simplify gk as follows
|gk | eikx a/ 3 + ei(kx a/(2 3)+ky a/2) + ei(kx a/(2 3)ky a/2) (29)
eikx a/ 3 1 + ei( 3kx a/2+ky a/2) + ei( 3kx a/2ky a/2) (30)
Hence Ek = t 1 + ei( 3kx a/2+ky a/2) + ei( 3kx a/2ky a/2) , as we set out to prove.
(c) Defining 3kx a/2 and = ky a/2,
2
2
|gk | = 1 + ei(+) + ei() (31)
(40)
1/2
= t 3 2 1 + 3ky a 3ky a + 3a2 kx2 /4 + 3a2 ky2 /4 (41)
1/2
= 3ta/2 kx2 + ky2 = 3ta/2k ~kvF (42)
PROBLEM 3
e2
jD (r) = A(ri )(r ri ) (45)
mc
In the second quantized form
e2 X e2 e2
Z X
jD (r) = d3 r0 (r0 )A(r0 )(r r0 ) (r0 ) = A(r) (r) (r) = A(r)n(r) (46)
mc mc
mc
where we have used the coordinate space representation of the momentum operator (p(r) = i~r ). Now using
product rule
The first term can be identified as probability density at the boundaries, which vanishes on integration. We can then
simply write
i~e X
jP (r) = (r) (r (r)) r (r) (r)
(51)
2m
(b) Let us now consider the Fourier transform of the paramagnetic current density as
Z
jP (q) = d3 r0 jP (r0 )eiqr0 (52)
Again using the plane wave expansion for the field operators
1 X ikr
(r) = e ck (53)
V k
1 X ikr
(r) = e ck (54)
V k
0
1
d3 rei(kk q)r = kk0 ,q , we find
R
Integrating over r, noting that V
jP (q) = ~e
XXh i
(k + k0 )ck0 ck kk0 ,q (56)
2m 0 k,k
PROBLEM 4
(a) (i) Let us use the given definitions for the spin operators in terms of the bosonic operators to simplify each side
of the given identity
(ii) Similarly,
LHS = S+ S S S+ (67)
p p p p
= 2s a aa a 2s a a a 2s a a 2s a aa (68)
p p
= 2s a a(a a + 1) 2s a a a 2s a a a
(69)
= (a a + 1) 2s a a a 2s a a a
(70)
= 2s a aa a a a + a a aa = 2s 2a a = 2SZ = RHS (71)
(iii)
p
LHS = SZ S+ = (s a a) 2s a aa (72)
p
= 2s a a(s a a)a (73)
p
= 2s a aa(s a a + 1) (74)
= S+ (SZ + 1) (75)
Also,
p
LHS = SZ S = (s a a) a 2s a a (76)
p
= a (s a a 1) 2s a a (77)
p
= a 2s a a(s a a 1) (78)
= S (SZ 1) (79)
Hence proved.
(b) For nearest neighbor interactions,
Js2 X Js X
= + Js ai ai ai ai+ + ai ai+ (85)
2 2
i, i,
(86)
Now using the plane wave expansion for the bosonic operators
1 X ikri
ak = e ai (87)
N i
1 X ikri
ak = e ai (88)
N i
such that the operators {ak , ak0 } satisfy the canonical commutation relations. The Hamiltonian can then be
rewritten as
(90)
where we have assumed that each lattice site interacts with m nearest neighbors. We define E0 Js2 /2 as the
group state energy. Simplifying further, using (6)
Js X ik
ak ak + C.C. ak ak
X
H = E0 + Jsm e (91)
2
k k
X
cos (k ) ak ak
X
= E0 + Jsm ak ak Js (92)
k k,
(93)
1
P
It can be seen from the above expression that as k 0, m cos(k ) 1 and k 0.