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TAFE-ASTM + AS Viewing and Interpretation of Radiographs. Дефектоскопия. Радиография PDF
TAFE-ASTM + AS Viewing and Interpretation of Radiographs. Дефектоскопия. Радиография PDF
Topics Index
surface imperfections
internal imperfections.
Micro-porosity
This is a very fine, but often extensive,
discontinuity caused by evolution of gas whereby
very fine gas pores form around grain boundaries
or between dendrite arms. They present a
somewhat mottled effect in a radiograph.
Mainly effects non-ferrous metals such as
magnesium and aluminium.
Micro-porosity
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Pin-hole Porosity
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Gas holes
Rounded cavities generally greater than 1 mm
diameter - they can be quite large - and often more
randomly dispersed through the casting due to gas
evolved from the metal during solidification or from
the mould or core. Appears as dark areas with a
smooth outline which may be circular or elongated
in shape.
Gas Holes
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Airlock
A large cavity formed by air entrapped in the mould
during pouring of the metal. Appears as a generally
smooth and often irregularly shaped image.
Airlock
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Filamentary shrinkage
A fine to course form of shrinkage in which the
cavities are branching, interconnected and
extensive. Appears as a network of branched
irregular shapes.
Filamentary Shrinkage
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Stress crack
A sharper, more well defined fracture of the metal
that forms generally during the later stages of
cooling from solidification. May appear as a slightly
jagged or a smooth dark line. They can also form
when the casting is cold or during subsequent heat
treatment. Again, hot tears tend to be planar so
detection will depend upon the viewpoint of the
radiograph.
Stress Crack
(click radiograph to enlarge)
Segregation
This discontinuity comprises particular components
of the metal composition that have different
solidification temperatures and so tend to be driven
by solidifying metal and segregate at particular
areas, particularly the central zones, of a casting.
May appear as light or dark areas in a radiograph,
or even as banded light and dark areas.
Answer: c - 54-IL-100
Answer: a - complies
Answer:
Choose any five of the following:
name of the test laboratory
identification of the component; product
standard
details of the material tested (including
welding processes if relevant)
the number of the test method standard (eg.
AS2177.1/ AS3507) and designation of test
method
details of the area(s) tested
details of surface imperfections and other
artefacts noted in the radiograph
type of IQI and calculated sensitivity
film density range achieved
a statement of compliance or non-compliance
with the acceptance criteria
date and place of testing
identification of the radiographer and
interpreter
report number and date.
a. b.
c. d.
c.
d.
Absorption
Activity
Anode
Attenuation
See absorption.
Autoradiography
Back scatter
Beam angle
The angle between the central axis of the radiation beam and the
plane of the radiographic film.
Beam divergence
The angle of the beam of radiation as it emerges from the X-ray tube
or gamma ray source.
Becquerel
Betatron
Cassette
Cathode
Characteristic curve
Characteristic radiation
Collimation
Dark adaptation
The process by which the eye adapts itself to a lower level of ambient
illumination when entering a darkened room.
Decay curve
Defect sensitivity
Densitometer
Diffraction
Diffraction mottle
Dose
Dose equivalent
Dose rate
Dosimeter
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electron
Very small negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus
of an atom.
Exposure chart
Exposure latitude
Filament
Film badge
Film base
Film contrast
Film processing
Film unsharpness
Filter
Fixing
Flash radiography
Fluorescent screen
Fluorometallic screen
Focal spot
The area on the surface of the anode of an X-ray tube on which the
electron stream impinges and from which the primary beam of X-rays
is emitted.
Fog
Full-wave rectification
Gamma radiation
Gamma radiography
Gamma ray
Geometric unsharpness
Gradient
Graininess
Gray
Half-life
The time taken for a radioisotope to decay to one half of its original
activity.
Half-wave rectification
Hard radiation
Hardener
Heel effect
HVL
The abbreviation for "half value layer". See also half value thickness.
Image definition
Image intensifier
Inherent filtration
The filtration of an X-ray beam by any parts of the tube or tube shield.
Inherent unsharpness
Intensifying factor
Intensifying screen
Ionisation
Ionising radiation
IQI
IQI sensitivity
Isotope camera
Latent image
Linear accelerator
Mask
Masking
Neutron
Neutron radiography
Object-to-film distance
The distance from the source side of the test object to the film surface,
i.e. inclusive of object thickness.
Penetrameter
Photographic density
Photographic development
Quality Factor
Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity
Radiograph
Radiographic contrast
Radiographic definition
Radiographic exposure
Radiographic film
Radiographic paper
Radiographic viewer
Radiography
Radioisotope
Reciprocity law
A law which states that, all other conditions remaining constant, the
time of exposure required to produce a given photographic density is
inversely proportional to the intensity of radiation. Also known as the
Bunsen-Roscoe Law.
Rectification
Reticulation
Safelight
Scattered radiation
Screen unsharpness
Sensitivity
Sensitometric curve
SFD
Sievert
Soft radiation
Source
Source-to-film distance
Specific activity
The activity per unit mass of radio nuclide (see also activity).
Step wedge
Subject contrast
Survey meter
Target
Thermo-luminescent detector
Tomography
Tube current
The current passing between the cathode and anode during the
operation of an X-ray tube.
Tube voltage
TVL
Unsharpness
X-radiation
See X-rays.
X-ray film
X-ray paper
X-ray tube
X-rays
Xero-radiography