Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3.1 INTRODUCTION :
In ethics, the view that we apprehend moral truths direct by a special faculty
analogous to sense perception. More generally this is supposed to be an aspect of the
faculty by which we apprehend all apriori truths.1 Mind does not function in
fraction. It has validity in aesthetic sensibility. Both are complementary; for
aesthetic, knowledge is supplied by intuitive experience. Intuitive knowledge is real,
it penetrates deep into the heart of reality. According to Dr. Radhakrishnan the real
is the sole base that is not in space and time, neither it is universal.2
According to Bergson intellect and intuition are two sources of moral and
religious consciousness. In his book The Sources of Morality and Religion he
indicates that intuition is not natural but the outcome of the laborious efforts, but he
hardly specifies efforts. Intuition, therefore varies according to efforts put by the
individuals.
Intellect is useful for action, the knowledge that helps inventing a tool,
thereby controlling environment. Intellect is useful for action that ultimately begets
culture. Both intellect and intuitive knowledge are justified. But intuitive knowledge
lies beyond intellectual knowledge. They are not contrary to each other but rather
complementary. Intuition too has an itellectual side. Therefore the distinction
between the two may be analogous to that of understanding and reason.
Understanding is abstract while reason is concrete, finding universal in particulars
and forming with them an inseparable unity.
6
5
In Indian Philosophy Intuition is an im portant
source o f know ledge. Sri Aurobindo views intuition in
a restricted sense. He takes it as higher knowledge but
does not take it as the highest source of knowledge. He
distinguishes between intuition and reason and argues
that reason can know only phenomena. It cannot
comprehend Being (Absolute). Reason, therefore helps
cultivation of empirical knowledge, having the way for
the realization of Absolute, but cannot reach Absolute
by itself.
6 6
Intuitive knowledge provides major premise of the universal scale which
remains without questions. Intuition indeed is the apprehension of soul, not
irrational assumption. Intuition avoids disbelief. Spinoza aptly says : To know the
essence of things i.e. to understand them not in their general aspect as the scientists
do, but so to say as God does from within, we need the higher grade of
knowledge............ 6. So intuition is an important means of knowing the highest
reality which cannot be apprehended by any other means.
Dr. Radhakrishnan says that it would be correct to call his philosophy by the
name Integral Experience. Prof. C.E.M. Joad in his book Counter-Attack from the
synthetic philosopher and conceives that there are different grades of consciousness
superior power of consciousness called intuition which discerns the truth, the thing-
in-itself and the real in its native individuality. We get in it the vision of truth and
of the reality is fully manifested in intuition and one becomes free from speculative
intellect as well as past impressions. There are three ways of knowing viz. sense-
6
7
The sense experiences give us the knowledge of sensible qualities of object.
The data serve as the subject matter of natural science which give the conceptual
structure to describe them. Intellect gives us the logical knowledge based on the
dense material. The data are analysed, synthesized and developed into conceptual
knowledge. The knowledge so derived is indirect, conceptual and symbolic. These
depend on our perceptions, interests and capacities. Intellect is an inadequate
instrument. It fails to give us knowledge of the object in itself. It goes about and
about the object without taking us to the heart of it. Both sense and reason call for a
higher consciousness. A higher unity in which thought, feeling and volition are
blended into a whole. Intuition comprehends the entire nature of reality. Dr.
Radhakrishnan agrees with Bradley. He says that we can form the general idea of an
absolute experience in which phenomenal distinction is merged, a whole become
immediate at higher stage without losing any richness.
feel secure about scientific knowledge and skeptical about religious faith.
The life force evolves intellect as an instrument for the practical control of
the environment. Intellect is useful for action. It is the tool- making faculty by
means of which life fashions inanimate matter into instruments for the extension of
its own power.
those qualities or functions from the reality which serve individuals practical
Intellect does not impart knowledge of reality. It is valid only so long the
intuition does not manifest in us. Dr. Radhakrishnan says that logical knowledge is non-
knowledge, avidya and valid only till intuition arises. Intuition is experienced, and gets
back to the primeval spirit in us from which our intellect and senses are derived. The
more deeply we advance and penetrate, the more the intellect gives way to the universal
and infinite consciousness viz. intuition. We get back to the source of intellect, the
spirit which is above any fragment thereof, be it feeling or intellect. The whole life
g
The intellect is one and continuous with intuition. The intellect advances and
ultimately consummates itself in the latter. Intuition is supra rational and it is not
irrational. One becomes more and more rational when advances towards intuition.
Dr. Radhakrishanan observes: Intuitive knowledge is not non-rational; it is only
non-conceptual. It is rational intuition in which both immediacy and mediacy are
9
comprehended.
7
0
Hegel in his dialectical method lays much stress
on reason to make it organic to reality and
completely denies the importance of feeling and
willing - the two faculties of mind. But being the
method of analysis only intellectual method cannot
supply the materials of knowledge. An exact
explanation like mathematical laws are not possible in
philosophy; further philosophy is an explanation of
fact and values based on real experience. Thus if
intellect is taken as the only method of philosophy it
would lose all its richness, flexibility and
concreteness. It becomes rigid, abstract and static and
there would be no distinction between mathematics
and philosophy.
knowledge stands in the way of intuition for the apprehension of Ultimate Reality.
of other thinkers. His criticism of intellect is not the total denial of it; but he only
tries to show the limits of its scope. Dr. Radhakrishnan never denies the significance
gives us a separate tenn and relation but fails to give a unified knowledge. By the
of a thing; but it cannot replace intuition. He says: It deals with relations and
(3
cannot grasp the relationless absolute . Thus intellectual method however, rich it
7
2
might be, is true only in the scientific analysis but so long we remain at the level of
intellectual analysis is useful only in science and in our day-to-day life which only
goes round the reality but cannot grasp the reality which according to him is an ever
mobile Elan-Vital. He says that intellect does not give us split sunset which has its
own beauty, but a conceptual notion that it has qualities of gold, light etc.
Intellect in its very attempt to know reality separates the that from the
what. But to know the reality in its unique unity and synthesis if any could be
made by intellect to unite the that to the what. However, the original unique
discursive thinking.
Bradley also maintains the same view in his distinction between the that
and the what. According to Bradley in making a judgement upon anything the
predicate is separated from the subject. A distinction is always made between that
7
3
and what. Thus the very essence of thought - reflection lies in the mental
separation of that from what. Thought is limited in the approach of realizing the
notion of reality for the reason it is wide. The what may extend it but can never
embrace the reality. Thought lives in the distinction between the reality o f that
and the abstract character of what. Thought in its actual process and results cannot
transcend the dualism o f that and the what'5.
(appearance) and noumena (reality) shows the application of categories only to the
phenomenal world beyond which reality is infallible to it. This shows the limitation
of intellect.
Bradley also holds that logical thought is the relational way of explaining
materials supplied by sense experience. Hence, in the pursuit of reality along with
independent means.
In its progressive march intellect may help us to clear the distinction between
right and wrong by removing obstacles caused by error and thus makes us ensure
7
5
about the commitment of errors and mistakes by the discursive knowledge. But it
fails to enter into the heart of the reality. So it can be taken as a means of knowledge
The aspiration of the human life - the realization of reality is possible when
intellectual function will be combined with the functions of other two faculties of
feeling and willing. To quote Dr. Radhakrishnan : All the aspirations of the
human mind, its intellectual demons, the emotional desires, volitional ideas are
19
there realized.
But Dr. Radhakrishnan has not totally rejected intellect; rather he has taken it
as a supplementary factor in the process of his ultimate realization of intuition.
20
He says : Intellect need not be negated but only to be supplemented. Intellectual
knowledge by the pragmatic outlook helps us to serve our practical interest to act on
our environment to do things and to predict and control them; but fails to give us an
access to reality. Thus what we establish intellectually or theoretically should be
brought to practice.
removing the shadows caused by errors and illusions. Though it is not a way of
thought. It is a way to knowledge or truth but cannot achieve the wisdom where the
with it.*'
anti-intellectualist. To him, intuition which ignores intellect is useless. The two are
for the doctrine which could not be justified on intellectual grounds. It is not a shadowy
sentiment or pathological fancy fit for caprice. His intuition is not antagonistic to
intellect too. Intuition transcends thought but does not negate it.
Thus in his criticism of intellect he only shows the limitations of intellect but
never regards intellect and intuition as constituting any kind of polarity. They are
not opposed to each other. Rather he maintains a continuity between intuition and
intellect. In other words in his criticism of intellect it is the misuse of thought and
knowledge of reality that intellect gives us. Dr. Radhakrishnan personally uses
intuition to mean integral experience. He elucidates the nature and salient features
of intuition as follows.
of the object-in-itself with its attributes and qualities. Intuition reveals the nature of
reality, the truth of things. It gives us the experience of things as they are as unique
individuals.
higher consciousness requires the discipline of mind and constant culture of will. By
the purification of will, emotion and thought we arrive at a calm and tranquil mind.
establishes identity with the known. The mind is aware not only of the object but of
Intuition has always the character of revelation. We neither have the intuitive
experience at our command nor can retain its experience at our will. Its descent is
sometimes unexpected. Because such experiences are received at rare intervals in an
unprecedented manner; they have the character of revelation. Those who receive this
experience are the chosen beings of God. Only those persons who are chosen by
God realize the triumphant vision.
8
1
6. Genius and creative work depend on Intuition :
There are many types of intuition viz ethical, aesthetic, logical, scientific and
religious. Religious intuition is the highest of all types. Dr. Radhakrishnan says that
the religious intuition is an all-comprehending one, covering the whole of life. While
the spirit in man fulfils itself in many ways, it is most completely fulfilled in the
religious life. Religious intuition reveals the vision of God. We experience infinite
consciousness, power and blessedness. The spirit in man fulfils itself in the
communion with God. The divine consciousness, omnipotence, joy and blessedness
exalt an individuals entire being. According to Dr. Radhakrishnan while every
genius is in his own way a pioneer of the evolution of spirit, in the religious genius,
we have a simultaneous exaltation of the different powers of the inward life. He
combines most or all of the superiorities and intensities, imaginative vision,
intellectual strength and practical power,
The individual self gets identified with God in religious experiences and
realizes the supreme state of life. When man realizes union with God, a spiritual
conversion or rebirth takes place in him. The experience of omniscience,
omnipotence and joy totally transforms man in his fullness. He becomes a spiritual
8
2
man with all his powers exalted to the highest degree. God is revealed to him more
than others. Intuitive consciousness is identical with Brahman. To know that
Supreme Brahman is to become that Brahman. The seers reborn into spirituality at
the moment get intuitions of the Divine. Dr. Radhakrishnan maintains that these
souls are men transfigured and rendered new whose every power is raised to its
highest extent. In them the universality finds its expression and God manifests
Himself more than in others.
in sensible terms. Concepts can neither explain nor describe it. The vision of God is
too great for words to describe. The experience is non-sensuous and cannot be
environment and heredity. We have to discover the given and the interpreted
elements in the utterances of seers. Intuitions are also mediated by the psychological
knowledge and belief. St. Theresa recognizes the revelation of trinity which could
not have been possible if she had not read about trinity before. St. Paul hears the
voice of Jesus on the Damascus road evidently because he learnt about Jesus prior to
his vision. When our soul is in contact with the mighty spiritual power by
intuition and the West emphasises on the critical aptitude of intelligence. Where
8
3
as the Eastern systems are mainly idealistic, spiritualistic, axiological and intuitive,
the Western outlook is rational, intellectual, realistic, scientific and existential. Dr.
Radhakrishnan is a synthetic philosopher and conceives that there are different
grades of consciousness and ways of knowing. Knowledge is scientific,
mathematical, realistic and rational and also extends to intuitions axioms and
values.27
between reason, intuition in the special sense. Intuition implies a unity between the
knowledge by coincidence or Identity. This involves two things- (1) The reality with
which unity is attained and (2) The degree of unity. Knowledge in any form is due to
intuition. It is seemed that all intuition is unity. J.G.Arapura holds : Sense perception,
8
4
To quote Arapura: M Stands for mystical intuition, I for specialized
intuition, that is, intuition of feeling and R for rational intuition. The extended line
MIR is to be regarded as an expansion, or analytical representation of I, which is
generic intuition being potentially the same as integral experience. Integral
experience in the specialized sense is the same as mystical experience (M). This is
the outline of the methodological procedure that can be detected as implicitly
operative in Radhakrishnans thought. 30
as the integrated Whole into which all the aspects of mind properly cultivated will
develop and will also be merged. So intuition is found to be dominant and persistent
it without the help of sensations. Arapura says : It arises from intimate fusion of
mind with reality. 31 It is called Saksatkara or direct meeting with the reality. In
this sense it is different from pratyaksa which is direct knowledge.lt comes through
imagination. Reality is an ultimate spiritual principle of life. This can be done only
soul it springs. 32 Intuition pierces through the veil of ignorance and the individual
realizes his true identity. By intuition one can realize the true nature of self. This
8
5
Thus intuition is regarded by Dr. Radhakrishnan as identity of subject with
the object where the subject becomes one with the object and differs from empirical
knowledge where there is always a duality between the subject and the object.
According to Dr. Radhakrishnan intuition' into which all the aspects of mind are
cultivated is a revelation of the whole spirit. He says : In the experience itself the
self is wholly integrated and is, therefore, both the knower and the known. 33
Neither sense perception nor intellect is exempted from the pervasive power
of intuition. They are linked up with each other and ultimately merged in the
integrated self. Dr. Radhakrishnan has used intuition in different senses the
movement which progresses to mystical intuition by which one can experience the
feeling and mystical experiences are found to represent the various degrees of unity.
The unities established by the rational intuition and intuition of feeling are taken as
Thus the relation between empirical and mystical intuition is found by him as the
8
6
Unity found in the order of feeling is a psychological unity while logical
unity entails in the second form of rational intuition and the ultimate spiritual unity
two. Dr. Radhakrishnan holds : The realization of this undivided unitary life from
which the intellect and emotion, imagination and interest arise is the essence of the
spiritual life. 35
him as the basis of all these. Dr. Radhakrishnan in this respect never regarded
intellectual definition and analysis. Intellect is used to test the validity of intuition
and to communicate them to others. While intuitive experience carries within the
The relation between intuition and intellect can be clearly understood from a
significant passage of Dr. Radhakrishnan : Both intellect and intuition belong to
8
7
the self, while the former involves a specialized part, the latter employs the whole
3
7
self. The two are synthesized in the self, and their activities are interdependent.
Complete realization o f life and the realization o f the whole spirit is found in the
intuitive experience. The true goal of intuitive experience is found in mystical intuition and
integral experience centres round it. Mystical intuition is presupposed by all other forms o f
intuition.
stage beyond the limit o f finite human consciousness. The occurrence o f mystical intuition
in supra conscious level shows the uniqueness and thus distinguishes itself from other forms
o f intuition which occur in ordinary level of consciousness. The moments o f mystic vision
are transitory that cannot be grasped. It is something like Bradleys immediate experience
which vanishes the moment we try to know it. It is a state o f experience which is beyond
description but can only be felt. Thus it should not be confused with the other functions o f
the mind. By its unique autonomous nature it functions independently, unifying all values
based on miraculous ideas, opposed to scientific and rationalistic belief. The true mystical
human life, whose apprehension cannot be contrary to reason. Thus the fullness o f
mystical intuition, reason and feeling is found in Integral Experience. The elements o f
reason, feeling and intuition are not taken by Dr. Radhakrishnan as steps leading to absolute
knowledge but these are taken by him as the very constitutive elements which are integrated
synthesis of it is found with all other faculties of mind. It is the ultimate experience
which maintains an integral unity of the whole by determining the identity of the
parts. In this stage of experience the self is absorbed in the Ultimate Reality and
realizes its identity with the Ultimate Reality and here the significance of Tat-
We are thus having a unity of the Infinite and the Finite which is
reconciled in the spiritual reality and is the highest Ultimate Reality in Dr.
Radhakrishnans thought.
faculties of mind. Thus mystical intuition though centres round the Integral
Experience supersedes all other forms of intuition. But this abstract notion of
Dr.Radhakrishnans hand mystical intuition along with other forms are culminated in
the comprehensive Whole of Integral Experience and thus differs from religious
knowledge or Joy. It is a positive feeling of calm and confidence, Joy and strength
39
in the midst of outward pain and defeat, loss and frustration.
this life by the realization of spirit in its true identity with the spiritual self. It is
8
9
a state where the minds stress and strains of the embodied state are ceased for ever.
A perfect inner peace in coherence with the outward world is brought here. By the
realization of ones identity with the spiritual self, one realizes its true identification
with the universal self where the presence of same spirit is felt in all minds. Thus
the ancient concept o fJivan Mukti is interpreted by Dr. Radhakrishnan in his own
state of feeling and identification with eternal reality. For Dr. Radhakrishnan it is
transfonned into the integral self. Intuition dealing with the appearances gives us
lost and all comprehensive self-awareness arises by the attainment of wisdom where
experience.
The realization of the integrated unitary self is the essence of spiritual life which
is the main theme of Dr.Radhakrishnans philosophy. It is in integral knowing
40
that the spirit in man reaches its highest development.
Though intuition is potentially found present in man, yet without proper cultivation
the realization o f it is not possible. Dr. Radhakrishnan in this way encourages the path o f
practice in religious field; for religion shows us the spiritual path. Though the influence of
religious outlook is found present in all only a few can attain it. It is divine insight present
in all persons. But only a few specially gifted ones could realize it. Since intuitive
which is utterly silent. Through silence we confess without confession that the glory o f
speculative theorisation on its part. As soon as, we quieten our mind and try to meditate on
our own being we could discover the divine centre o f our consciousness. This divine
consciousness is not other than ones realization o f who am T and T am essentially That.
It is a direct experience without any mediator. Intellect and reason have nothing to do
and object or I and That. Here lies the importance of Dr. Radhakrishnans intuitive
experience.
9
1
3.4 RELATION BETWEEN INTELLECT AND INTUITION :
(a) The East lays emphasis on the development of the powers of intuition and
(b) Philosophy can be seen in common with sciences, but it diffuses science in
certain ways. Both science and philosophy have common interest in the
intellectual pursuits. Yet philosophy is much towards intuition. If all
knowledge were of the scientific type the contemporary challenge to religion
would have been final. The validity of intellectual knowledge cannot be
questioned. But question can be raised about reality of intuitive knowledge
and the condition of its validity. The western mind lays great stress on
science, logic and humanism. Still there are something more interior to
intellect beyond its superficial discernible aspects or beyond logical argument
and proof and that is what philosophy is after.
(d) In intellectual knowledge there always remains the distinction between the
subject and the object. The contact is always mediated by sense perception.
The consciousness of a thing and its being remained distinct. For the intellect
process, but the most direct and penetrating examination possible to the
human mind.
(e) Intellect does not impart knowledge of reality. It is valid only so long the
intuition does not manifest in us. Dr. Radhakrishnan thinks that logical
experienced when we break down the shell of our private, egoistic existence and
get back to the primeval spirit in us from which our intellect and our
sense are derived. The more deeply we advance and penetrate, the more the
intellect gives way to the universal and infinite consciousness viz. intuition.
We get back to the source of intellect, the supreme consciousness. The
9
3
intuitive consciousness is the totality of vision. It is the wisdom gained by
the whole spirit which is above mere fragment thereof, be it feeling or
intellect. The whole life of mind is more concrete than that of any specialized
mode of it.
(f) The intellect is one and continuous with intuition. The former advances and
ultimately consummates itself in the latter. Intuition is not irrational but supra
rational. When we become more and more rational we advance towards
intuition. Intuitive knowledge is not non-rational; it is only non-conceptual. It
is rational intuition in which both immediacy and mediacy are
comprehended.
Dr. Radhakrishnan further points out the relation between the two to the
following extent.
intellectual knowledge.
3. Intuition is the final and supreme knowledge, whereas the intellect grows
9
4
experience. The different grades of consciousness consummate in intuition. There is
the spiritual unity in intuitive experience. The knowledge gained by insight has the
unity of sense and reason.
the source of reason. It is its perfection too. It is reason and vision in one exalted
experience.
But reality does not confonn to the categories of intellect. It is intuition alone
which grasps the reality, the inner being behind its qualities, relations and functions.
Reality is life, movement, duration and concrete continuity. Intellect fails to
apprehend the mobile reality. The concepts of intellect are static, immobile and
dead. Therefore the categories of thought cannot be applied to reality. Truth lies
beyond the grasp of intellect. For knowing the reality a higher dynamic and mobile
principle is necessary. If intellect were the highest consciousness then truth would
remain unknown even to the omniscient God. Dr Radhakrishnan observes; If all
knowledge were of this conceptual kind, truth lies not only beyond the grasp of the
43
human mind, but beyond the grasp of omniscience itself.
9
5
3. Intuition is the final and supreme knowledge, whereas the Intellect grows
and develops till it finally culminates in the self-existent knowledge. The conceptual
awareness and immediate experience o f things. It gives us a synoptic view o f the reality as
insight.
Both intuition and intellect belong to the self. When the whole self reacts
in contact with the reality only partially. When the entire self comes in contact with
the object there is a profound, deep, inner and full knowledge o f the object.
Dr. Radhakrishnan observes : Both intellect and intuition belong to the self. While
the fonner involves a specialized part, the latter employs the whole self. The two
45
are synthesized in the self and their activities are interdependent. Again intuition is not
mere reason, it is emotion, feeling, imagination, will and contemplation. Perception,
emotion and will fuse together in one unitary consciousness. To quote
9
6
Dr. Radhakrishnan : In it we think more profoundly, feel more deeply, and see
more truly. We see, feel and become in obedience to our whole nature, and not
simply measure things by the fragmentary standards of intellect, we think with a
erect walls of their temples, churches, mosques and traditions. When the barriers of
walls are broken down they think that their religion is being demolished. The
intellectual man regards forms as final. The followers of such a religion believe in
But the seers do not follow the different systems of dogma. They experience
the godhead in their lonely pilgrimage. They want a living contact with God. The
true religion is not one based on logical argument and proof. It is a system of insight
or religious experience. All religions are based on the revelations of the supreme
mystic experience.
opposed to intuition. Let us now try to have a more detailed understanding of Dr.
According to him there are three ways of knowing. These are as follows.
(a) The first is sense experience. Sense experience gives us the knowledge of the
of knowing the processes of analysis and synthesis are employed. The data
control the object and its working. According to Dr. Radhakrishnan both
(c) The third way of knowing is intuition. In intuition the difference between the
intuitive knowledge is the knowledge of the self. Here division between the
knower and the known is completely lost. Here to the known, the reality is
character then there would be no need for logical test. In intuitive knowledge the
unity between the knower and the known would be complete. But in case of
knowledge there is the distinction between the knower and the known.
Both intuition and intellect have their distinct functions. Dr. Radhakrishnan
therefore rejects the view that intuition is opposed to the intellect. Intellect and
9
9
intuition have their distinct purposes. The intellect has a practical role. It enables us to
know the conditions o f the world in which we live and to control them for our ends. But
The Indian philosophers call it perfect knowledge (Samyak Jnana). According to Dr.
intellect cannot be regarded as opposed to intuition. The latter does not cancel the former.
On the other hand if an intuition cancels intellect then that intuition is completely useless.
intuition in philosophy therefore cannot be ruled out; for all human thoughts are not derived
Noted thinker Theophrastus holds that if all knowledge depends for its validity on
external criteria then no knowledge is valid. One thing indeed depends on another. It is
difficult to believe that knowledge is not true. Self knowledge is self valid. Intuitive
that believes in mans spiritualization or attainment of liberation. Nature works for the
conceptual. At the same time philosophy does not overlook the other side i.e. the intuitive
side. As a matter o f fact we have throughout out life the intuitive and intellectual sides at
Intuition and intellect are not exclusive. Intellectual process are more useful
in the observation and description of things and relationships between them. Intution
gives us an idea of the whole where as intellect provides analysis of the parts. Yet
there is an apparent union between them. Intuition gives the objects in itself while
intellect details its relationship. Intuition asserts uniqueness of the objects but
intellect tells of the qualities of the objects.
literature and religion. Science has objective approach and it ignores subjective
aspects.
a pattern of absolute significance. Social and intellectual life are determined by the
mode of production and its immediate consequence. Dr. Radhakrishnan asserts that
history does not take into consideration only economic factors and its paraphernalia
attains godhood. The validity of divine existence is not accidental, but divinely well-
shown that the general character of the universe is quite consistent with this intuited
10
1
recommended to the large majority of people. This is the way one can defend
natural impulses, aptitude or faculty. Intuitive knowledge deals with objects not with
symbols. Intuitions perform the functions of the sense, instinct and intellect; not only
these but also something more. It is a form of uninferred or immediate knowledge that
enables to know reality. Value judgment is possible only through intuition. Intuition
non-conceptual.
the four types of yoga of stretching knowledge as the path to liberation. Intuition is a
To sum up, intellect and intuition are two ways of apprehending reality.
a form of uninferred knowledge. Both the views can be held separately yet they
10
4
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1.David Crystal (ed.) - Intuitionism in The new Penguine Encyclopeadia 2003 P. 776
2. S.P. Dubey-The Metaphysics of Spirit (ed) P.123.
3. Wildom Carr - The Philosophy of Croce (1917) P.59.
4. S.Radhakrishnan - An Idealist View of Life. (Collected and translated into English from the
Assamese rendering named as Ji vanar Adarshabad. Original - An Idealist View ofLife) P. 115.
8. Ibid. P.147.
9. Ibid. P.153.
10. Ibid. P.106.
23. Ruth Reyna - The Concept of Maya from the Vedas to the 20"' century. P.61.
24. Radhakrishnan -Indian Philosophy. Vol. - 1P. 179. (8th Impression. 1966)
10
5
27. Ibid P. 93.
28. J.G. Arapura -Radhakrishnan and Integral Experience. P. 67.
29. Ibid. P.793.
10
6