ATMOSPHERIC
CORRECTION
OF
MASTER


IMAGERY

METHODS
AND
VALIDATION


Rodrigo
Osuna
Orozco

University
of
New
Mexico

 OBJECTIVES

•  To
atmospherically
correct
a
sensor
radiance

image
of
the
Santa
Barbara
Bay
and
output
a

corrected
reflectance
image.

•  To
assess
the
validity
of
the
corrected

reflectance
images
by
comparing
with
in
situ

spectral
measurements.



•  Atmospheric
correcPon
(or
compensaPon)
of

spectral
imagery
refers
to
the
retrieval
of
surface

reflectance
spectra
from
measured
radiances.



•  The
sensed
radiance
is
the
result
of
three

contribuPons:
 
RadiaPon
scaTered
by
the
atmosphere
into
the


 
 
viewing
direcPon



 
 
 
radiaPon
reflected
by
the
target
and
directly


 
 
transmiTed
in
the
viewing
direcPon


 
 
 
RadiaPon
reflected
by
the
background
 


 
 
(surroundings)
and
diffusively
transmiTed
to
the


 
 
sensor
(adjacency
effect).



 MASTER

The
MODIS/ASTER
Airborne
Simulator

(MASTER).


Wavelength
range 
 
0.4‐13
micrometers

Number
of
channels
 
 
50

Number
of
pixels
 
 
716

Instantaneous
Field
of
View 
2.5
milliradians

Total
Field
of
View 
 
85.92
degrees

Plaeorms


 
 
DOE
Kingair
Beachcrag
B200


 
 
Sky
Research
Cessna
Caravan
C208



 
 
NASA
DC‐8


 
 
NASA
ER‐2


 
 
NASA
WB‐57

Products 
 
 
Radiance
at
sensor
(Level
1B)

 DATA

•  Radiance
at
sensor
of
a
region
on
the
Santa

Barbara
Coast.
50
bands
at
a
6.1
m
resoluPon.


•  Field
radiances
(in
situ
spectra)
of
several

targets
along
the
Santa
Barbara
Coast.


 MODTRAN

MODTRAN
uses
a
physics
based
approach
(radiaPve
transfer

theory)
to
solve
for
a
number
of
unknowns
which
allow

reflectance
to
be
calculated.



E0 = exo‐atmospheric solar irradiance in Wa?s/m2/μm 
θ0 = solar zenith angle


T0 = total transmi?ance along the sun‐ground path 
L0 = path radiance (Wa?s/m2/sr/μm) 
ρa = spherical reflectance of the atmosphere
(unitless)


ρg = reflectance of the ground surface at the target, and  

Ls, θ0, and E0 are known, while L0, T0, Ts and ρa are unknown.

•  
MODTRAN
models
the
light‐atmosphere
interacPons
based

on
a
set
of
user
input
parameters
and
a
“model”
atmosphere.

Among
the
inputs
that
are
required
are:


•
Mode
of
execuPon


•
Atmospheric
water
vapor


•
Sun‐ground‐sensor
geometry


•
Target
elevaPon
and
geographic
posiPon


•
DefiniPon
of
the
model
atmosphere

The
output
of
Modtran4
consists
of
a
variety
of
text
files


These
columns
of
data
contain
the
informaPon
necessary
to

derive
the
unknown
parameters.

Three
Modtran4
runs
are
required
to
obtain
the
unknown

parameters
.
(Clinton,
N.)

•  Three
atmospheric
correcPons
using

MODTRAN
were
performed.



MODTRAN
4

MODTRAN
5

MODTRAN
using
radio‐sonde
informaPon

 FLAASH

FLAASH
:
atmospheric
correcPon
algorithm/code
(Fast
Line‐of‐
sight
Atmospheric
Analysis
of
Spectral
Hypercubes)


•  The
FLAASH
algorithm
uses
MODTRAN
calculaPons
that
loop

over
a
series
of
staged
water
profiles
in
order
to
create
a

water
vapor
Look‐Up
Table.


•  The
radiance
spectra
are
extracted
from
the
MASTER
data
and

compared
against
the
MODTRAN
lookup
tables
on
a
pixel‐by‐
pixel
basis
to
determine
scaled
surface
reflectance.

•  FLAASH
offers
the
addiPonal
opPon
of
correcPng
for
light

scaTered
from
adjacent
pixels.
SpaPally
averaged
reflectance

is
used
to
account
for
the
“adjacency
effect’’
(Cooley,
T,
et.
Al

2002)

Six
correcPons
were
made
using
the
FLAASH
module.


MulPscaTer
models

ISAACS

DISORT

SCALED
DISORT

 FIELD
DATA

•  The
spectra
for
several
targets
along
the
Santa

Barbara
Coast
was
measured
using
a
HOBI
Labs

HydroRad
3.



The
HydroRad
contains
3
collectors:
one
pointed

at
the
target,
one
at
the
sky
(sky
radiance),
and

one
for
irradiance.


Then
,
reflectance
=
(radiance/irradiance)x
pi
 
The

sky
radiance
helps
correct
for
the
sky

contribuPon
of
the
radiance
(as
opposed
to
the

surface
leaving
radiance).


 COMPARISON

•  In
order
to
compare
the
field
spectra
with
the

MASTER
spectra
two
steps
were
performed:


•  The
field
spectra
were
resampled
using
the

ENVI
resampling
funcPon
and
the
MASTER

reponse
funcPon.


•  PerPnent
Regions
of
Interest
were
selected

within
the
image
to
evaluate
the
average

reflectance
vales
over
such
regions.


SelecPon
of
a
ROI
based
on
locaPon

SelecPon
of
a
ROI
based
on
locaPon,
and
SAM
target
finder.

ResulPng
spectra
from
ROIS

 ValidaPon


The
spectra
from
the
average
pixel
reflectance

within
the
ROIs
were
compared
to
the

resampled
field
spectra.


465.32,468
 y
=
0.5744x
+
0.0116

R²
=
0.91577

0.45

0.4
 mod4

0.35
 modson

0.3

mod5

master


0.25

0.2
 FLAASH
1

0.15
 isaacs

0.1

dis
2

0.05

0
 dis4

0
 0.1
 0.2
 0.3
 0.4
 0.5
 0.6
 0.7
 0.8
 dis
16


field
 y
=
0.2434x
+
0.0138
 ISAACS
nuevo


R²
=
0.91242

 0.6

504.702,
508
 y
=
0.3976x
+
0.0387
 545.278,
548

R²
=
0.87425

0.3

0.5
 mod4

0.25
 y
=
1.8549x
‐
0.0585


master
reflectance

master
reflectance


mod5
 R²
=
0.76517

0.4
 y
=
0.3883x
+
0.0479

0.2

R²
=
0.87775
 modson

mod4

0.3
 0.15

flaash
1

isaacs
nuevo

isaacs
 0.1

0.2
 y
=
0.9927x
‐
0.021
 Linear(mod4)

y
=
0.2008x
+
0.0335

dis2
 0.05
 R²
=
0.75533

R²
=
0.87315
 Linear(isaacs
nuevo)

0.1
 dis4
 0

0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2

0
 dis16

0
 0.2
 0.4
 0.6
 0.8
 1
 1.2
 issacs
nuevo
 field
reflectance

field
reflectance


664.229,658

585.189,
586
 y
=
1.9533x
‐
0.0631

y
=
1.837x
‐
0.0568
 R²
=
0.85768

0.35
 R²
=
0.78125

0.3
 0.35

mod
4

0.3

0.25

mod
4
 0.25
 modson

master


0.2

0.2


master

0.15
 modson
 flaash
1

0.15

0.1
 flaash
1
 0.1
 dis
16

0.05
 isaacs
nuevo
 0.05

0
 0
 isaacs
nuevo

Linear(isaacs
nuevo)

0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 ‐0.05
 0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2

Linear(mod

field
 Field
 4)

y
=
1.1136x
‐
0.0262

R²
=
0.86882

 753.948,
756
 y
=
0.7404x
+
0.0271
 712.675,
714

0.4
 R²
=
0.30962
 y
=
0.9421x
‐
0.0007

0.4
 R²
=
0.35302

0.35

mod
4
 0.35

0.3
 mod
4

modson
 0.3

0.25
 modson

fllash
1
 0.25

0.2
 isaacs
nuevo

dis
16
 0.2

0.15
 dis
16

isaacs
nuevo
 0.15

0.1
 flaash
1

0.1

Linear(modson)

0.05
 Linear(modson)

0.05

Linear(isaacs
nuevo)

0
 Linear(flaash
1)

0

0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 0.25
 0.3
 y
=
0.4627x
+
0.0172

R²
=
0.31964
 0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 0.25
 y
=
0.5425x
‐
0.0027

R²
=
0.367


804.136,806
 y
=
0.6225x
+
0.0221

R²
=
0.29277

0.45

0.4

0.35
 mod
4


0.3
 modson

0.25
 flaash
1

0.2
 dis
16

0.15
 isaacs
nuevo

0.1

Linear(modson)

0.05

Linear(dis
16)

0

y
=
0.4197x
+
0.0206

0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 0.25
 0.3
 0.35

R²
=
0.33147

 UCSB
kelp
 y
=
0.8482x
+
0.0024

pool
water
 0.25

R²
=
0.99687


0.6
 y
=
0.8149x
+
0.0071

y
=
1.4146x
‐
0.4991
 isaacs
new

0.2
 R²
=
0.99743

0.5
 R²
=
0.87853

Master

reflectance


mod
4

0.15


master

0.4
 mod
5

MODTRAN4

0.3
 0.1
 modson

FLAASH

0.2
 Series5

0.05

Linear(MODTRAN4)

0.1
 Linear(isaacs
new)

Linear(FLAASH)
 0

Linear(mod
4)

0
 0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 0.25
 0.3

y
=
0.6214x
‐
0.1715
 Linear(Series5)

0.4
 0.5
 0.6
 0.7
 R²
=
0.7816
 y
=
0.5002x
+
0.0098

field

Field
reflectance
 R²
=
0.9955


wetsand
nonSAM
 y
=
1.0423x
+
0.029

R²
=
0.95302

0.3


y
=
0.9263x
+
0.0362

0.25

R²
=
0.90181


0.2
 mod
4

Msater



dis
16

0.15

ISAACS
new


0.1
 Linear(mod
4)


Linear(dis
16)

0.05


Linear(ISAACS
new)

0

0
 0.05
 0.1
 0.15
 0.2
 0.25
 y
=
0.8168x
‐
0.0101

R²
=
0.97894

field

 KELP

0.35


0.3


0.25


reflectance
 0.2

FIELD
spectrum

0.15
 resampled
field

MODTRAN4


0.1
 FLAASH
(isaacs)


0.05


3E‐16

330
 380
 430
 480
 530
 580
 630
 680
 730
 780
 830

‐0.05

wavelength
(nm)


Spectra
for
Kelp

0.3


0.25


0.2

reflectance


0.15
 field
spectra


0.1
 mod
4

FLAASH
(isaacs)

0.05


0

465
 515
 565
 615
 665
 715
 765

wavelength
(nm)

 POOL
spectra

0.8

0.7

0.6

Reflectance


0.5

0.4
 FIELD
SPECTRUM

0.3
 MODTRAN4

0.2
 FLAASH

0.1

0

450
 500
 550
 600
 650
 700
 750
 800

wavelength
(nm)


POOL
spectra

1.4

1.2

1
 FIELD
SPECTRUM

Reflectance


resampled

0.8

MODTRAN4

0.6

0.4
 FLAASH

0.2

0
 field
spectrum

450
 550
 650
 750

wavelength
(nm)

 WETSAND


0.25


0.2

reflectance


0.15

resampled
field


MODTRAN4


0.1
 FLAASH

field


0.05


0

450
 500
 550
 600
 650
 700
 750
 800

wavelength(nm)

 CONCLUSIONS

•  Reflectance
values
for
the
master
imagery
were
generally
lower

than
those
of
measured
spectra,
possibly
due
to
the
influence
of

diffuse
radiance
during
field
measurements
(cloudy
day).


•  Homogeneous
targets
covering
a
large
area
are
more
appropriate

for
atmospheric
correcPon
validaPon.


•  Increasing
number
of
streams
(evaluated
scaTering
direcPons)

reduce
the
calculated
reflectance.
Higher
atmospheric
reflectance

component
calculated.


•  In
general
the
FLAASH
correcPons
were
more
accurate,
MODTRAN

correcPons
underesPmaPng
at
surface
reflectance.


•  Atmospheric
correcPons
decreased
in
accuracy
with
increasing

wavelength.


 REFERENCES

•  Cooley,
T,
et.
al.
;
FLAASH,
a
MODTRAN4‐based
Atmospheric

CorrecPon
Algorithm,
Its
ApplicaPon
and
ValidaPon,
2002

•  Clinton,
N.
;
Radiometric
CorrecPon
–
A
Processing
Method
Using

MODTRAN4

•  Dickey,
T.
et.
al.;
OpPcal
Oceanography:
Recent
Advances
and

Future
DirecPons
Using
Global
Remote
Sensing
and
in
situ

observaPons.
Reviews of Geophysics,
2006,
44,
Paper
number

2003RG000148.

•  Verhoef,
W.,
Bachb,
H.
;
SimulaPon
of
hyperspectral
and
direcPonal

radiance
images
using
coupled
biophysical
and
atmospheric

radiaPve
transfer
models.
Remote
Sensing
of
Environment
87

(2003)
23–41

•  MaThew,
M.
W.
;
Status
of
atmospheric
correcPon
using
a

MODTRAN4‐based
algorithm.
SPIE
Proceeding,
Algorithms
for

MulPspectral,
Hyperspectral,
and
Ultraspectral
Imagery
VI,
Volume

4049,
April
2000.


 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Nick
Clinton,
Clarissa
Anderson,
Raphael
Kudela,
Eric
Buzay,
Shaun
Kefauver

Ocean
team,
SARP
parPcipants

NSERC

SARP
staff

UCI

DC‐8
crew

NASA

QUESTIONS?