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Improper Integrals: Solutions: Bounding Functions
Improper Integrals: Solutions: Bounding Functions
Friday, February 6
Bounding Functions
Put guaranteed upper and lower bounds on the following, with justification:
These answers put bounds on the absolute values of the functions, which automatically provide upper and
lower bounds since |x| K K x K
2. x2 + x, x [1, 1]
|x2 + x| x2 + |x| 2
p
3. ln(x) + x, x [4, 12]
p p
| ln(x) + x| ln(12) + 12 12 + 12 5
4. e1/x + x x2 , x [2, 4]
|e1/x + x x2 | e1/x + x + x2 e + 20 22
5. sin(sin(sin(x5 ))), x [10, 10]
| sin( )| 1
2
6. 2x sin(x) 4x2 cos(x) + ex , x [0, 1]
2
|2x sin(x) 4x2 cos(x) + ex | 2 + 4 + e 9
Infinite Intervals
Determine whether each of the following integrals are convergent or divergent:
Z
1
1. dx divergent (p-test)
1 x
Z
2. ex dx convergent (integrate)
1
Z
1
3. dx convergent (p-test)
1 x2
Z
4. sin(x) dx divergent (oscillates)
1
1
Z
5. xex dx convergent (integrate by parts)
1
Z
1
6. dx (p-test)
1 x
Z
2
7. ex dx convergent (compare to ex )
1
Z
1
8. dx convergent (p-test)
1 x1.003
Z
100000
9. dx convergent (p-test)
1 x1.003
Z
1
10. dx divergent (compare to 1/x, or integrate by parts)
1 ln(x)
Z
1
11. dx divergent (sub u = ln(x))
1 x ln(x)
Z
1
12. dx convergent (sub u = ln(x))
1 x ln2 (x)
Comparison Test
Find an appropriate model function to compare each of the following functions to. Decide whether each
integral is convergent or divergent.
Z
1
1. dx 1/x3
1 (2x + 1)3
Z
1
2. 2
dx 1/x2
1 2x x
Z
x2
3. dx 1/x
1 3 + x3
Z
sin2 x
4. 2
dx 1/x2
1 x
Z
1
5. dx 1/x
1 x + 3 ln(x)
Z
1
6. 2 3x + 2
dx 1/x2
1 x
Z
3 + sin(x)
7. dx ex (The original problem was (3 + sin(x))/ex , which was divergent)
1 ex
2
Z
1 + ln(x)
8. dx 1/x
1 x
x2 + 3x + 2
Z
9. dx 1/x2
1 x4 x + 1
Singularities
Decide whether each of the following integrals are convergent or divergent:
Z 1
1
1. dx divergent (p-test)
0 x
Z 1
1
2. 2
dx divergent (p-test)
0 x
Z 1
1
3. dx convergent (p-test)
0 x
Z 4
1
4. dx divergent (p-test at x = 3)
2 x 3
Z 6
1
5. dx convergent (no singularity)
4 x 3
Z 2
1
6. 2
dx divergent (p-test at x = 1)
1 x 1
Z 1
100000
7. dx convergent (p-test)
0 x
Z 6
1
8. dx convergent (p-test) [The original problem had a lower limit of 4, which would
5 (x 3) x 5
have made x 5 undefined on part of the interval.]
Z 1
9. x2 dx divergent (p-test, again)
0
3
1
x2 x + 3
Z
4. divergent (1/(x 1) at x = 1 and/or 1/x at x = 0)
0 x2 x
Z 2
3x
5. divergent (1/(x 1) )
1 x1
Z 5
x + ln(x) + 5 x
6. [The original integral had bounds of 0 and 4, which would make x 4 unde-
4 x4
fined.]
Z 1
3x + 1
7. convergent (no singularity)
0 ex
Z 2
x + 2ex ex
8. convergent (compare to 1/x2/3 at x = 0)[The original integral had a lower bound
0 x2/3
of -2, which would make x undefined.]
Harder Limits
Z 1
sin(x)
1. dx convergent since limx0 sin(x)/x = 1.
0 x
Z 1
2. x ln(x) dx convergent since limx0 x ln x = 0, so the function is bounded.
0
0
e1/x
Z
3. dx convergent since limx0 e1/x /x3 = limx x3 ex = 0 (by LHospitals Rule)
1 x3
1
e1/x
Z
4. dx very divergent (e1/x > 1, so just compare to 1/x3 )
0 x3
Z 1
ln(1 + x) ln(1+x)
5. dx Convergent since limx0 x = 1, so the function is bounded.
0 x
Z 1
arctan x
6. dx convergent since the limit as x 0 is 1 (by LHospital), so the function is bounded.
0 x