JURASSIC FOSSILS IN SRI LANKA

Kelum Nalinda Manamandra-Arachchi,

Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya,
Wildlife Heritage Trust.

Abstract

Aim of this paper is to describe newly recorded fossils and summarise the previous research
on Jurassic beds in Sri Lanka. There are three major Jurassic beds in Sri Lanka - Tabbowa,
Pallama and Andigama in the North Western province. The Jurassic sediments at Tabbowa,
known as the Tabbowa Beds, were first described in 1925 by E.J. Wayland, Assistant Mineral
Surveyor at the time. Sedimentary Jurassic fossil beds of Sri Lanka remain poorly
studied.They form part of a thick series of formations known in India as the Gondwana
System, which extended from the Permian to the Cretaceous Periods. The sediments were
laid down on the margins of an ancient landmass known as Gondwanaland which included
parts of the present India, Australia, Antarctica, South America, Africa and Madagascar.
Only a few studies have been carried out in the Jurassic beds in Sri Lanka and even these few
have concentrated only on plant fossils. Cladophlebis zeylanica, Cladophlebis reversa,
Sphenopieris wadiai, Taeniopteris spatulata, Nilssonia fissa and Ptilophyllum sp. are some of
the taxa identified to date. However, only two fossils of fish have been reported by P.E.P
Deraniyagala from these sites. His work remains incomplete and even the scientific identities
of the fossils have not been determined so far. This discovery however, highlights the fact that
there are important vertebrate fossils embedded within the Jurassic beds of Sri Lanka, which
needs further investigation.

Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl f*dis,

le k,skao ukfka-wdr"
mqrdoHd mYapd;a Wmd wdh;kh"
jk Wreu Ndrh'

nyqffi,sl kaf.a f*dis, yuqjk Y%S ,xldf merKs;u hq.h (period) f,i yekah
yelafla cqrdisl (Jurrasic) hq.hhs' cqrdisl hq.h mej;sfha N+ b;sydifha wka jir ,shk
213 isg wka jir ,shk 144 la olajd jQ ld,cfoh ;=<h' cqrdisl hq.hg fmr mej;s
g%hdisl (Triassic) hq.h wka jir ,shk 248 lg fmr wdrNj cqrdisl hq.fha wdrNh;a
iu. (wka jir ,shk 213 lg fmr) ksu h' cqrdisl hq.hg miqj mej;sfha fl%fishia
(Cretaceous) hq.h jk w;r th cqrdisl hq.fha ksuu;a (wka jir ,shk 144 lg fmr)
wdrNj ,shk 65 la olajd mej;sK' N+ hq. j.SlrKh ;=< g%hdisl" cqrdisl yd
fl%fishia hk hq. ;=k tlafldg fufidfidhsl (Mesozoic) hk uyhq.h (era) (wka jir
,shk 248-65) ksudKh f'

cqrdisl hq.h jk g m%Odk mDIaGjxYS (Vertebrate) i;a;aj ldKavj, ldf,ah uiqka

(Chondrichthyes), wial uiqka (Osteichthyes), WNhka (Amphibia)" Wr.=ka (Reptilia) yd
SrmdhSka (Mammalia) mKduh ;snqKs' cqrdisl hq.fha wjidk ld,mfofha msydgq
iys; Archaeopteryx mKduh u ;=<ska uq,au mlaISkaf.a idOl f hq.fha my, h' tu
ksid cqrdisl hq.h ;j;a mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKavhla mKduh u ms<sn| b;du;a jeo.;a
f (Carroll, 1988)'

Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl ;ekam;=: by< cqrdisl (upper Jurassic) hq.hg wh;a wjid; ;ekam;=
wju ;rka ;ekam;= wdldr ;=kla (faults) f,i Y%S ,xldf jhU. fmfofia m%d.a fla%h
(Pre-Cambrian) iNjhla we;s chdkq ixlSKfha (Vijayan complex) jQ idkq ;=< ;ekam;aj
we;' fuu cqrdisl ;ekam;= idkq ;=k w;ka mq;a;,u wkqrdOmqr ud.fha lsf,dag 14
(ie;mq 8) la muK .sh ;ek msys ;fndaj jef ngysr fmfofia f wjid; fmdf<dj
u;=msg msysgd we;' wfkl=;a cqrdisl ;ekam;= jk ;fndajg ol=Kk
s a msys wd`.u (;fndaj
isg lsf,dag 32) yd m,a,u (;fndaj isg lsf,dag 43) kQ;k mdxY= ;ekam;= uska
uqukskau mdfya wdjrKh we;' bkahdkq wOoamfha kef.kysr fmfofia lsf,dag
3218 l l,dmhl Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,g iu.d" tk fndfydag tlu
ld,mfohlg wh;a cqrdisl wjid; ;ekam;aj we;' bkahdf f.djdkd moaO;shg
(Godwana system) wh;a fuu ;ekam;= b;d >klug ;ekam;aj we;' f ;ekam;=
me,sfhdfidhsl (Paleozoic) uy hq.hg wh;a wjidk hq.h tk" mhka (Permian) (wka
jir ,shk 286 isg 248 olajd mej;s hq.h) hq.fha isg fl%fishia hq.h olajd me;sreKq
ld,mfohlg wh;a f' f ;ekam;= f.djdkd,ka;h (Godwanaland) kka yekafjk
bkahdj" iaf%,shdj" ol=Kq weuldj" wm%sldj yd uev.ialrh wd l,dm tlaj iEKq
mqrdK fhdaO f.dvf udhsj, ;ekam;aj we; (Cooray, 1984)'

;fndaj ;ekam;=: ;fndaj ;ekam;= ms<sn|j jd;dls is fldg we;af;a 1925 B'f'
f,ka isks (Wayland, 1925)' mq;a;,u wkqrdOmqr ud.fha 8 jk ie;mq lKqj wi,
Yd, je,s.,a (sandstone) ud.fha fomi fmd<j u;=msgg ksrdjrKh we;' f je,s.,aj,
me;su o< jYfhka lsf,dagr 2.5 (ie;mq 11/2) la muK jk w;r th 7 1/2 yd 9 jk
ie;mq lKq w;r .= me;sula orhs' c,h wvq h<s ld,fha fuu je,s.,a jef jdka fodrgq
wi, yd je nef Yd, .,a (boulders) wdldrfhka oelsh yelsh (1 jk rEmh)' ud iska
wkdjrKh lrk ,o Ydl f*dis, ish,a,u mdfya yuqjqfha f jdka fodrgq wi, jQ
fYAIfhkau w" ly fyda Uqre meye;s wjid; ;ekam;= w;r ;sh' ;fndaj ;ekam;=f
u;=msg me;su j. ie;mq 2 la fyda 3 la muK f' fjd f;daks., ixlSKfha
(Thonigala Complex) jQ .%ekhs (granites) yd khsiia (gneisses) iu msysgd we;'

;fndaj f*dis,: ud iska is l< ;fndaj .fIKj, ;fndaj cqrdisl f*dis, yuqjQfha
je,s.,a w;r jQ uv.,a (mud stones) ;ekam;= yd ;=kS je,s.,a (siltstone) ;ekam;= w;r h'
tu f*dis, f uv.,a yd ;=kS je,s.,a w;r ukdj iqrlaIs;j we;' tu ;ekam;= ;ekam;aj
we;s ;sria igyka wkqj wdhqOhla u`.ska t,a, lrkq ,nk myka tu .,a m;=re jYfhka
fjka fjhs' fuu f*dis, Ydl m;% yd l=vd w;= ls<s jYfhka tu wjid; ;=< i,l=Kq
(impressions) f,i iqrlaIs;j we;' fuys ;ekam;aj we;s f*dis, Ydl w;r fldks*ria .ia
(Coniferous trees), ihsfla (Cycade) yd mKdx. (Pteridophyta) fYaIfhka i|yka l<
yelsh' udf.a .fIKfha mKdx. f*dis, fndfydauhla wkdjrKh lsug yels jQfha
;fndaj ;ekam;=j,sks' f w;ka ;fndafjka yuqjk Ptilophyllum by< f.djdkd
ld,jljdkqjg wh;a iqfYAIS Ydl fYAIhla f' ;fndafjka yuqjk iuyr Ydl fYAI
bkahdf ofudaod (Damodar) ys msys ruy,a (Rajmayal) ;ekam;= yd urdis fdaKsfha
;ekam;=j,ska yuqjk f*dis,j,g b;du iudk;d olajkq we;' f w;r ihsflafvd*hsgd
(Cycadophyta) Ydlhla jk Ptilophyllum i|yka l< yelsh' f wkqj ;fndafjka yuqjk
cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a Ydl f*dis, u; mokj, tu ;ekam;= by< f.djdkd moaO;sh ;=<
by< cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a jk nj i|yka l< yelsh (Cooray, 1984)'

1 rEmh: ;fndaj jef cqrdisl

;ekam;=j" 2011'

;fndaj wjid; ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j woyia olajk N+oHd{hska mjikqfha tajd c,h uska
isj we;s ;ekam;aj, wdldrhla olajk njhs' fkd.eUqre c, ;ekam;=jla f,i oelah
yels f wjid; ;ekam;= fkd.eUqre h fyda l,mq fv,agd ;ekam;=jla ug fndfyda
bvlv we;' ka g we;s jQ uqyq ugf fjkia u; .,d wd uqyq c,h ksid f
;ekam;=f b;d ;=kS yqKq.,a ;ekam;=jla o ;ekam;aj we;' f Yd, ;ekam;=f nr
fya;=fjka tajd tlsfklg iqix.; we;s w;r tajd je,s iu mEySo we;'
cqrdisl ;ekam;= ;ekam;aj we;s fdaKs ;fndaj" wd`.u yd m,a,u fukau bkahdf
kef.kysr ;Srfhao oel.; yelsh' forg w;r jQ f ;ekam;= o< jYfhka msysgd we;af;a
msysgd we;af;a W;=re-ol=Kq Ydkq.;jh' b;s ;ekam;= we;s fdaKs j;udk ;ekam;= uska
wdjrKh iej mj;S' ukakdru m%foaYfha 1963 yd 1964 ld,jljdkqj, fmd<j o
isl< mfhaIK uska ;yjqre jQfha tys jQ ufhdaiSk ;ekam;=j,g my<ska" tk fmdf<dj
u;=msg isg w 200-250 g .eUqka ;fndaj ;ekam;=j,g iudk ;ekam;= yuq we;s njh'

;fndaj ;ekam;=j, f*dis, jQ Ydlhkaf.a i<l=Kq yslu ksid;a" .,a w=re uqukskau
mdfya fkdorK ksid;a fyda wvqu ;rka ldfndfkaishia (carbonaceous) ;ekam;= fkdoeu;a
ksid meye,sjkqfha f l,dmfha tlg mej; we;af;a b;d iq Ydl m%udKhla muKla njh'
th fndfyda g wOY=Ial foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhla mej;=kd h yelsh' c,h uska m%jdyKh
fv,agdj, ;ekam;a jQ f Ydl fldgia fndfydarg ta wi, jQ l w;r iS; foaY.=Khla
hgf;a jejqKq Ydlhkaf.a h yelsh' f jHhka tu l w;r ydhkhg ,laj c,h uska
.idf.k ;a ;ekam;aj we;' f.dfrdaiq je,s yd ishq je,s jeks fjkia wdldrj, jQ je,s"
fldaKsl yeve;s ;srejdkd yd f*,aiamd (feldspar) wd f iEu ;ekam;=jlskau lshdmdkqfha
ka g fjkia mdil ;;a;ajhka hgf;a f ;ekam;au isj we;s njh' f.dfrdaiq je,s
;ekam;= .xj;=r yd f.j;aj c,h .e .x.dj, l%shdld;ajh ksid is jQ ;ekam;= ug
bvlv we;s w;r fuys jQ ue ;ekam;= fifuka iy l,n,fhka f;drj .e .x.dj,
l%shdld;ajhka ksid jQ ;ekam;= h yelsh' msgdr .x.d c,h iska /f.k wd Ydl fldgia
f iuj .idf.k wd f.dfrdaiq je,sj, l%shdld;ajfha fya;=fjka kdY jkakg we;' th
tfia fkdfk c,h f.fhka fk.e ixiqka ld,mfoj, f.dfrdaiq je,s c,h uska
m%jdykh fkdjQ ld,hkays" iS; foaY.=Khla mej;s ld,hkays l w;r jejqKq ihsfla yd
mKdx. Ydlj, m;% fldgia c,fha md ;a uD ue w;r iqrlaIs; jkakg we;'
f.dkajdkd moaO;shg wh;a wjid; Yd, .x.dj, l%shdld;ajh uska f.dkajdkd
uydoamfha jQ Yd, fv,agd" uqyq fndl= yd fjr<;Sr l,dm" rg ;=< jQ fdAKs yd je ;=<
;ekam;aj we;' ;fndaj ;ekam;=j f w;ka fndfydag fv,agd ;ekam;=jla fyda fdaKs
;ekam;=jla h yelsh' tu ;ekam;= h fya;=jla ksid isjQ fidaodmdj fya;=fjka
m%dlafla%h mdoula u;g m;s;j we; (Cooray, 1984)'

wd`.u yd m,a,u ;ekam;=: wd`.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fld<U-mq;a;,u ud.fha ie;mq

63 lKqf msys lshxld,s .%dufha isg ie;mq 8 la kef.kysr foig .shl< wd`.u k
.%dufha yuq f' jir 1966 iy 1969 is l< mfhaIK" tk fmd<j o is l<
mfhaIK yd <sx ;a;s wOHhkfhka l< mfhaIK b;d jeo.;a f' fmd<j o is l<
mfhaIKj, fmd<j ugf isg w 1000 lg je m%udKhla blaujd tu lghq;= is
fldg we;' tys m%;sM,hka wkqj wd`.u fdaKsh j. ie;mq 13 l m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr
we;s nj;a" th wd`.u isg ie;mq 7 la ol=fKka msys m,a,u .%duh olajd fjk ne
wKdjrKh h' fuu iuia: fdaKsh lsf,dag 20 la muK .ska hqla; jk w;r tys
>klu kef.kyska g 90 la o" ngyska g 1200 lao wdldrfhka jQ fjkial iys;
ne wkdjrKh we;' cdkqOdkS (spores)" mrd. (pollen)" iqrlaIs;j we;s msg; Ydl
wdjrK fldgia (cuticles) yd wfkl=;a Ydl fldgia wkqj ikd: jkafka fuu wd`.u m,a,u
;ekam;=j uOHu yd my< cqrdisl ;ekam;= fyj;a by< f.dkajdkd wjhg wh;a njh' ta
wkqj meye,s jkqfha fuu wd`.u ;ekam;=jo ;fndaj ;ekam;=j fuka ol=Kq bkahdf
by< f.dkavdkd ;ekam;=jg wh;a njh' ukakdru m%foaYfha fmd<j o is l< mfhaIKhg
wkqj meye,s jkqfha tys jQ ufhdaiSk yqKq.,a ;ekam;=jg my<ska tk" w 250 la .eUqka
;fndaj ;ekam;=j fjk njh' Y%S ,xldf jhU . m%foaYfha msysgk cqrdisl ;ekam;=
ufhdaiSk yd pd;+l (Quaternary) ;ekam;= uska wdjrKh we;s nj f wkqj ikd: f'

Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl wOHhk b;sydih: ;fndaj cqrdisl Ydl f*dis, tl;=jla m%:u j;djg
is lrk ,oafoa B'f' f,ka (E.J. Wayland) isks' th ;fndaj m%foaYfhka jir 1914-
1916 ld,mfofha is lrk ,' f ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1920 Tyq iska r;
Preliminary note on some fossiliferous beds in Ceylon ,smsfha i|yka fldg we;' fuu
cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| ia;r m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,oafoa ta'iS' iSj iy wd'B' fyda,ag
(A.C. Seward & R.E. Holttum) iska 1922 r; Jurassic plants from Ceylon hk ,smsfhks'
f l;Djre fuys Ydl fYAI 7 la ms<sn| ia;r bm;a fldg we;s w;r thg
Cycadophyta, fldks*ria (conifers) yd mKdx. (ferns) wd Ydl we;=<;aj we;' g wu;rj
jir 1921 (Reed) iska o (Geology of the British Empire), 1929 t*a'' wevia (F.D.
Adams) iska o (The Geology of Ceylon) Y%S ,xldf N+ oHd f;dr;=re m%ldYhg m;a fldg
we;' tfukau B'f' f,ka iska 1924 The Jurassic rocks of Tabbowa hkqfjka m%ldYs;
,smsh fuu cqrdisl ;ekam;= ms<sn| ,shjqKq iia;rd;aul ia;rhla f,i i|yka l< hq;=h'
jir 1938 fla' cdfld (K. Jacob) iska ;fndaj cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| is l<
mfhaIK wkqj Jurassic plants from Tabbowa, N.-W. Ceylon hkqfjka ieliqKq ,smsho fuu
Ih ms<sn|j ,shjqKq oHd idys;H w;rg tla l< yelsh (Sitholey, 1944)'

mS'B'mS' oerKsh., iska 1940 r; Gondwana deposits of Ceylon hk ,smsh;a" Tyq iska
tu jifu r; Some botanical fossils from Ceylon hk ,smsh;a Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl
f*dis, ms<sn|j ,she we;s Ydia;%Sh uQ,dY% w;rg tla fjk oHd;aul ,sms f' fuys fojeks
,smsh uska oerKsh., ;fndaj yd wd`.u f*dis, ms<sn|j;a" r;akmqr wdY%s;j h ;ekam;=
w;r iqrlaIs; we;s ma,hsiafgdiSk wjhg wh;a Ydl f*dis, ms<sn|j;a ia;r fldg we;'
;fndaj jej wdY%s;j oerKsh., iska wkdjrKh fldg.;a cqrdisl f*dis, my; ia;r
fldg we;' tk Cycadophyta, Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland, Anamozamites (?
Nilssonia) sp. Jacob, fldks*ria Ydl l|l fldgila" Araucarites cutchensis Feistmantel,
Brachyphyllum mamillare Brongniart yd Elatocladus plana (Feistmantel) wdh i|yka l<
yelsh' oerKsh.,f.a cqrdisl Ydia;%Sh ,sms w;rg 1939 r; A Carbonaceous Jurassic
shale from Ceylon ,smsho fuys fYAIfhka i|yka l< hq;=j we; (shale hkqfjka
yekafjkqfha myrul m;=re jYfhka .e,fjk mdIdK ;ekam;=j,gh)' Y%S ,xldf
cqrdisl ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j yekaula bm;a lrk oerKsh., fuys ;fndaj ;ekam;=
ms<sn|j;a" tys yuqjk Ydl f*dis, ms<sn|j;a ixlaIsma;j woyia bm;a fldg we;' tfukau
;fndaj ;ekam;=j bkahdf by< f.dkajdkd fldgd (Kota) ;ekam;=j,g iu
ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a jk njo ;jrg;a i|yka fldg we;s w;r wd`.u ;ekam;=j ruy,a
(Rajmahal) ;ekam;=jg iudk jk neo tys i|yka fldg we;' ;jrg;a lreKq olajk
oerKsh.," fmd<j ugf isg w 40-50 la .eUqka msysgk wd`.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j
jvd;a merKs cqrdisl ;ekam;=jla f,i olajd we; (Deraniyagala, 1939; Deraniyagala, 1955)'

jir 1944 wd'' isf;da,s (R.V. Sitholey) iska Jurassic plants from the Tabbowa series in
Ceylon k Ydia;%Sh ,smsh Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| m< we;s w.kd ,smshls' fuu
,smsh uska uQ,sl jYfhka ;fndaj yd wd`.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,ska wkdjrKh lr.kakd
,o Ydl f*dis, ms<sn| ia;r lr we;s w;r tys i;a;aj f*dis, ms< sn| lsis i|ykla olajd
fkdue;' jir 1940 tjlg Y%S ,xld rcfha LKsc oHd{hdj is 'tka' jdhd (D.N.
Wadia) iska uydpdh ' idkS (B. Sahni) fj; ,nd fok ,o f*dis, tl;=jla wkqj
isf;da,s iska f ,smsh imdokh lrk ,' isf;da,s olajk whqre jdhd iska Tyq fj;
,ndka is;h
s ul tu f*dis, tl;= lrk ,o ia:dk fol" tk ;fndaj yd wd`.u ms<sn|j
olajd we;' fuu f*dis, tl;=f tla f*dis,hla yereKq g b;s ish,a,u mdfya
;fndafjka yuq we;s tajdh' jdhd iska isf;da,sg ,shk ,o ,smshl (1941 fmfnrjd 10
k) olajd we;s whqre fuu f*dis, w 10 l isria ia:rhl tlsfklg fjkia ug
lsysmhlska yuqjQ tajd f' b;s f*dis, ksoYlh zixhqla; jQ ySughsZ (concretionary
heamatite) w;r iqrlaIs; jQ Cladophlebis Ydl fldgia f,i;a" b;sh fldks*ria Ydlhl
o,a,la (coniferous shoot), Elatocladus plana f,i;a ykdf.k we; (Sitholey, 1944)'

jdhd iska tl;= lrk ,o fuu cqrdisl f*dis, tl;=j wkqj isf;da,s iska 1944 r;
Ydia;%Sh ,smsh Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn|j fuf;la ,sh we;s b;du;a w.kd
oHd;aul ,smsh f,i i|yka l< yelsh' isf;da,s iska 1942 r; Palaeobotany in India
kka m%ldYs; Ydia;%Sh ,smsfha i|yka bkahdkq cqrdisl Ydl f*dis,hkag jvd ukdj
iqrlaIs; jQ Y%S ,xldf f*dis, tl;=j u`.ska wx. imQK Ydia;%Sh ,smshla imdokh lsug
wjia:djla ,o ne Tyq i|yka lr we;' f tl;=fjka ykd.kakd ,o f*dis, Ydl w;r
fYAI myla fuu jhsfkka jd;djk m%:u wjia:djo fuh u fuys jQ jeo.;alu ;jrg;a
by< ;,hlg f.k hkq we; (Sitholey, 1944)'
j;udk mfhaIK: 2010-2011 hk jirj, ud iska ;fndaj ;ekam;=j yd wd`.u
;ekam;=j mlaIdjg ,la flKs' ;fndaj ;ekam;=j j;udkfha is lrkq ,nk
c,l<ukdlrK bls fya;=fjka fndfydarg kdYhg ,la we;' thska yuqjQ f*dis,
w;r fYAI lsysmhla ykd.ekSug iu;a jqjo ;j;a ykd.ekSu i|yd ksoYl ud i;=j
we;' wd`.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fmd<j u;=msg oelsh fkdyels neka tu m%foaYfha uE;l
ydrk ,o j.d <sxj,ska bj;a flreKq mia mlaIdjg ,la flKs' tkuq;a ;fndaj fuka
ukdj iqrlaIs; jQ f*dis, wkdjrKh lr.ekSug wfmdfydi;a h' ;fndj" m,a,u yd
wd`.u ;ekam;= w;ka f*dis, jvd;a wkdjrKh fldg f.k we;af;a ;fndaj
;ekam;=fjks' j;udkfha fndfyda fia kdYhg ,laj we;s ;fndaj ;ekam;=j wkd.;
mdIdKsN+; mfhaIK fjkqfjka ksis l,ukdld;ajhlska ixrlaIKh l< hq;= nj f ;=<ska
bm;a lsug leue;af;'

Y%S ,xldf cqrdisl ;ekam;= w;ka iq,nj yuqj we;s Ydl fYAI my; olajd we; (Cooray,
1984).

Pteridophyta
Cladophlebis zeylanica Sitholey (2 jk rEmh)
Cladophlebis reversa (Feist.) Seward and Holttum
Cladophlebis denticulate (Brogen.) Seward and Holttum
Cladophlebis cf. browniiana Jacob
Cladophlebis sp.
Sphenopteris wadiai Sithley
Coniopteris hymenophyllioides (Brogn.)
Fern-like fragments

Cycadoplyta
Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland (2 jk rEmh)
Nilssonia fussa (Feist.) Seward and Sahni (2 jk rEmh)
Nilssonia schaumburgesis
Anomozamites (nilssonia) sp.
Ptilophyllum sp.
Otozamites sp. (3 jk rEmh)

Coniferales
Eleochadus plana (Feist.) Seward and Sahni
Eleochadus sp.
Araucarites cutchensis (Feist.) Seward and Sahni
Brachyphyllum mamillore (Brogen.) Seward and Holttum
Desmiophyllum (?Podozamites) sp.

Plant and incertae sedis

Stem fragments

my; oelafjk PdhdrEmj, olajd we;af;a ud iska is l< .fYkj,ska wkdjrKh lr.;a
Ydl f*dis,hkah'
2 rEmh: Cladophlebis zeylanica (ju), Nilssonia fissa (ueo) iy Taeniopteris spatulata (ol=K).
;fndaj ;ekam;=fjks'

3 rEmh: Otozamites .Khg wh;a f*dis,' ;fndaj ;ekam;=fjks'

ia;=;sh

fuu cqrdisl f*dis, .fIKh i|yd uQ,Huh wdOdr iemhQ mir wud;HxYfha
ffcjO;aj f,al ldhd,fha ysgmq wOHlaI .dKS .uf.a uy;dg;a" tu wdh;kfha
yiq,d l%uisxy uy;ahg;a m%:ufhka ia;=;sjka; fj' tfukau fuu mfhaIK lghq;=
i|yd nqoauh odhl;ajh ,ndka fmardfoKsh YajoHd,fha i;a;aoHd wxYfha wdpdh
udOj .ial=Uqrg;a" tu wxYfha rka wEmd uy;dg;a udf.a ia;=;sh mskef'
uYk .%ka: kdudj,sh

Carroll, R.T. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W.H. Freeman and Company,
New York, xiv+698 pp.

Cooray, P.G. 1984. An introduction to the geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). National Museum
of Sri Lanka, 340 pp.

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1939. A carbonaceous Jurassic shale from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica,
Bulletin of the National Museums of Sri Lanka, 21(3): 193-194 pp.

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1940a. The Gondwana deposits of Ceylon. Proc. Ind. Sci. Congress 27th
Meeting (4): 77 p.

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1940b. Some botanical fossils from Ceylon.Journal of Royal Asiatic
Society (Ceylon Branch), 35(93): 57-61 pp. (with 1 plate). (1316)

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1955. Ginkgophyte and other plant fossils from the coarse Jurassic grit
of Tabbova. Spolia Zeylanica, Bulletin of the National Museums of Sri Lanka, 27(2): 213 p.
(with 1 plate).

Sitholey, R.V. 1944. Jurassic plants from the Tabbowa series in Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica,
Bulletin of the National Museums of Sri Lanka, 24(1): 3-17 pp. (with 4 plates).

Wayland, E.J. 1925. The Jurassic rocks of Tabbowa. Ceylon Journal of Science, 13: 195-208
pp.