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BEARING CAPACITY
OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
(i) General Shear Failure Well defined continuous slip Low compressible soils,
B Load/ unit area, q surface up to ground level, Very dense sands,
Heaving occurs on both Saturated clays (NC
qult. sides with final collapse and and OC),
tilting on one side, Undrained shear (fast
Failure is sudden and loading).
Failure Surface
catastrophic,
Settlement
Ultimate value is peak value.
(ii) Local Shear Failure Well defined slip surfaces Moderate compressible
only below the foundation, soils,
B Load/ unit area, q discontinuous either side, Medium dense sands,
qult.(1) Large vertical displacements
required before slip surfaces
qult.
appear at ground level,
Some heaving occurs on
Failure Surface both sides with no tilting and
Settlement no catastrophic failure,
No peak value, ultimate
value not defined.
(iii) Punching Shear Failure
B Load/ unit area, q Well defined slip surfaces High compressible soils
only below the foundation, Very loose sands,
qult.(1) non of either side, Partially saturated
qult. qult. Large vertical displacements clays,
produced by soil NC clay in drained
Surface
Failure Surface footing
compressibility, shear
No heaving, no tilting or (very slow loading),
Settlement catastrophic failure, no Peats.
ultimate value.
G.S.
q D f .
Df Do
t
B
q gross = total pressure under the base of footing = Pfooting / area.of .footing .
where Pfooting p.(column .load ) + own wt. of footing + own wt. of earth fill over the
footing.
q gross (P s .D o .B.L c .t.B.L) / B.L
P
q gross s .D o c .t .....(3.1)
B.L
Ultimate Bearing Capacity ( q ult. ): It is the maximum unit pressure or the maximum
gross pressure that a soil can stand without shear failure.
Net Allowable Bearing Capacity ( q all. net ): It is the net safe bearing capacity or the
net ultimate bearing capacity divided by a reasonable factor of safety.
q ult. net q ult. D f .
Approximate: q all. net ..................(3.4)
F.S F.S
q ult.
Exact: q all. net D f . ..................................(3.5)
F.S
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Bearing pressure
Soil type Description Notes
(kN/m2)
Rocks 1. bed rocks. 70
2. sedimentary layer rock 30
(hard shale, sand stone, Unless they are
siltstone). affected by water.
3. shest or erdwas. 20
4. soft rocks. 13
Cohesionless Dry submerged
soil
1. well compacted sand or
sand mixed with gravel. 3.5-5.0 1.75-2.5
2. sand, loose and well
graded or loose mixed 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 Footing width
sand and gravel. 1.0 m.
3. compacted sand, well 1.5-2.0 0.5-1.5
graded.
4. well graded loose sand. 0.5-1.5 0.25-0.5
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
B
qult.
a b e
45 /2 = 45 + /2 45 /2
III I III
II II
c d
Under the assumption that = (45 / 2) , the following bearing equations were
obtained:-
(i) Prandtl and Reissner, 19211924 Analyses:
(for weightless soil; 0 ):
q ult. cN c qN q ........(3.6)
(ii) Caquot and Kerisel, 1953 Analyses:
(for cohesionless soil; c = 0 without overburden; q = 0 ):
1
q ult. B..N ..........(3.7)
2
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Eq.(3.8) is known as (Buisman, 1940 - Terzaghi, 1943 bearing capacity equation for
strip footing). But, it leads to an errors on the safe side, not exceeding 20% for
20 40 , while equal to zero for 0 .
Referring to Fig.(3.3), the failure area in the soil under the foundation can be divided
into three major zones. These are:
(1) Zone cba: this is a triangular elastic zone located immediately below the bottom of the
foundation. The inclination of sides ac and ab of the wedge with the horizontal is (
); the soil friction angle, while most other theories use ( 45 / 2 ),
(2) Zone cad: this zone is the Prandtl radial shear zone, and
(3) Zone cde: this zone is the Rankine passive zone.
Qult.
B
c b
e Cd Cd
a
Pp Pp
Forces on the elastic wedge.
Fig.(3.3): Failure surface in soil at ultimate load for a continuous rigid foundation
as assumed by Terzaghi, Meyerhof, and Hansen, (after Das, 2009).
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation is developed by summing all vertical forces on the
wedge cba shown in Fig.(3.3) and equating the sum to zero. The wedge cba will be in
equilibrium at failure under the following forces:-
(3) The resultant passive earth pressure Pp acting on the faces ab and ac and inclined at an
angle to the normal to these faces.
(4) The cohesive force C d acting along the faces ab and ac.
Taking into account the above forces, the equation of equilibrium can be written as:
1
Q ult. .B 2 tan 2{Pp C d . sin ) ............(3.11)
4
B/2
But, C d c.( ) ; where c is soil cohesion acting along the faces ab and ac, and the
cos
resultant Pp can be divided into three components as: Pp Pp Ppc Ppg
where, Pp is the passive earth pressure produced by the weight of (caed) zone, Ppc is the
passive earth pressure produced by cohesion (c), and Ppg is the passive earth pressure produced
by surcharge (q).
1 B
Q ult. .B2 tan 2{Pp Ppc Ppg c. . tan ) ......(3.12)
4 2
2Pp 1 2Ppc 2Ppg
Q ult. B.( B.. tan ) ( c. tan ) .(3.13)
B 4 B B
1
Q ult. B. B..N D f ..N q c.N c ....(3.14)
2
1
or q ult. cN c .Sc qNq .B..N.S .........(3.15)
2
Eq.(3.15) is known as Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation. for any type of footings under
general shear failure.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Note: Due to scale effects, N and then the ultimate bearing capacity decreases with the
increase in the size of foundation. Therefore, Bowles (1996) suggested that for (B > 2m), in any
bearing capacity equation of Table (3.2), the term ( 0.5B.N S d ) must be multiplied by a
B
reduction factor: r 1 0.25 log ; i.e., 0.5B.N S d r
2
B (m) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 10 20 100
r 1 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.82 0.75 0.57
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Meyerhof (see Table 3.4 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
Vertical load: qult. c.Nc .Sc .dc q.Nq .Sq .dq 0.5.B..N .S .d
Inclined load: q ult. c.Nc .dc .ic q.Nq .dq .iq 0.5.B..N .d .i
Hansen (see Table 3.5 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
Vesic (see Table 3.5 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
,.. deg Nc Nq N K P
0 5.7 1.0 0.0 10.8
5 7.3 1.6 0.5 12.2
10 9.6 2.7 1.2 14.7
15 12.9 4.4 2.5 18.6
20 17.7 7.4 5.0 25.0
25 25.1 12.7 9.7 35.0
30 37.2 22.5 19.7 52.0
34 52.6 36.5 36.0
35 57.8 41.4 42.4 82.0
40 95.7 81.3 100.4 141.0
45 172.3 173.3 297.5 298.0
48 258.3 287.9 780.1
50 347.5 415.1 1153.2 800.0
= 1.5 + 1
0 Sq S 1.0 dq d 1.0 i 0
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
The shape, depth, inclination and other factors used in different bearing capacity equations
are also dependent on the choice of c and values, so that different factors will be obtained
depending on the soil strength case assumed.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P M x .y M y .x
q .........(3.21)
A Ix Iy
where,
q= contact preesure,
=
P total axial vertical load = D.L. + L.L.,
A= area of footing,
M x ,..M y total moment about respective x and y axes,
I x ,..I y moment of inertia about respective x and y axes,
x, y = distance from centriod to the point at which the contact pressure is computed along
respective x and y axes.
L L L
Or
P
q act . q min. q min.
Af
center line
q max . q max .
As shown in Fig.(3.6a), if the moments about both x and y axes are zero, then, the contact
pressure is simply equal to the total vertical load divided by the footing's area. While in case of
moment or (moments), the contact pressure below the footing will be non-uniform (see
Fig.3.6b).
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Assuming that moment is only in (L - direction), due to this moment, there will be a non-
uniform contact pressure below the footing under the following three cases:
(1) when e x L / 6 , the resultant of loading passes within the middle third of the footing.
Here, there is compression under the footing with maximum pressure on one side and
minimum pressure on the other side.
(2) when e x L / 6 , the resultant of loading passes on edge of the middle third of the footing.
(3) when e x L / 6 , the resultant of loading is outside the middle third of the footing. Here,
there will be a tension under the footing.
Case (1):
P = D.L.+L.L.
When moment in (L- direction only) and e x L / 6
M L B.L3 M
e x = eccentricity = ; c ; I ;
P 2 12
L/3 L/6 L/6 L/3
M.c 6M P
; M = P..e x q act .
I B.L2 Af L
P 6 P.e x M.c
q max .
B.L 2
B.L I
M.c
P 6 P.e x +
q min. I
B.L B.L2
q min.
P 6.e x q max .
min .
q max 1
.
or
B.L L
When moments (in both directions) and e x L / 6 ; e y B / 6
My Mx y
ex ; ey
P P My
P 6 P.e x 6 P.e y ex
Mx
min .
or q max
.
B.L B.L2 B 2 .L ey
B x x
P 6.e x 6.e y
min .
q max
.
or 1
B.L L B
L
y
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Note: For dense sands ( Dr 0.67 ), the strength parameters need not to be reduced, since the
general shear mode of failure is likely to apply.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
W.T.
Case (1)
Case (1):
If the water table (W.T.) lies at B or more below the foundation base; no W.T. effect.
Case (2):
a- (after Meyerhof, 1951): If the water table (W.T.) lies within the depth ( d w <B) ; (i.e.,
1
between the base and the depth B), use av. in the term .B.N as:
2
av. (d w / B)( m ) ..(3.24a)
b- (after Bowles, 1996): If the water table (W.T.) lies within the wedge zone
1
{ H 0.5B tan(45 / 2) }; use av. in the term .B.N as:
2
dw
av. (2H d w ) . wet ( H d w ) 2 .....(3.24b)
H 2 H 2
where,
H 0.5B tan(45 / 2) ,
= submerged unit weight =( sat. w ),
d w = depth to W.T. below the base of footing, and
m wet = moist or wet unit weight of soil in depth ( d w ).
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Case (3): If d w = 0 ; the water table (W.T.) lies at the base of the foundation; use
Case (4): If the water table (W.T.) lies above the base of the foundation; use:
1
q t .D1(above..W.T.) .D 2 (below..W.T.) and in .B.N term.
2
Case (5): If the water table (W.T.) lies at ground surface (G.S.); use: q .D f and
1
in .B.N term.
2
Notes:
1
1. Since in many cases of practical purposes, the term .B.N can be ignored for
2
1
conservative results, it is recommended for this case to use in the term .B.N
2
instead of av.
since ( av. ( from..Meyerhof ) av. ( from..Bowles ) )
2. All the preceding considerations are based on the assumption that the seepage forces
acting on soil skeleton are negligible. The seepage force adds a component to the body
forces caused by gravity. This component acting in the direction of stream lines is equal
to (i. w ) , where i is the hydraulic gradient causing seepage.
Solution:
My 800
ex 0.5 m ; put q max . q all. of soil
p 1600
P 6.e x 1600 3
or q max . 1 ; 200 = 1
B.L L B.L L
Check : L / 6 = 5 / 6 = 0.83m > e x = 0.5m The load is within the middle 3rd. (O.K.)
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
= 18 kN/m3
D f =1.0m c 22 kN/m2
B =1.2m
Solution: u 0
(a) W.T. at base of footing:
q t .D1(above..W.T.) .D 2 (below..W.T.)
D1 0.5 and D 2 0.5 ; q 18.(0.5) (20 10)(0.5) 14 kN/m2
1 .2 1 .2
q ult. (22)(5.7)(1 + 0.30 ) + (14)(1) + 0.5(1.2)(20-10)(0)(1-0.20 )= 150.148 kN/m2
4 .2 4 .2
q all. = 150.148 /3 = 50.049 kN/m2
Pall. = 50.049(1.2)(4.2) = 252.249 kN
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
(c) If the applied load is 400 kN and the W.T. at the surface what will be the factor of
safety of the footing against B.C. failure?.
G.S.
m = 18.1 kN/m3
D f =1.1m c 0 kN/m2
1.95m
2.5m x 2.5m tr. 35
w 10%
W.T. Gs 2.68
sat = ?
Solution:
m 18.1
d = 16.45 kN/m3
1 1 0.10
d 16.45
Vs = 0.626 m3
G s . w (2.68)(9.81)
Vv 1.0 Vs 1 0.626 0.374 m3
The saturated unit weight is the dry weight + weight of water in voids.
sat. d Vv . w = 16.45 + 0.374(9.81) = 20.12 kN/m3
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Note: 808.5 kN/m2 is very large bearing pressure; since in most cases, the allowable
bearing capacity does not exceed 500 kN/m2.
Solution:
(a) Using Terzaghi's equation:
1
q ult. cN c .Sc qN q .B..N.S
2
Shape factors From Table (3.2): For strip footing: Sc S 1.0
Bearing capacity factors From Table (3.3): For 30 : Nq 22.5, and N 19.7
q ult. 0 + 1.0 (19-9.81)(22.5)(1.0) + (0.5)(1)(19-9.81)(19.7)(1.0) = 297 kN/m 2
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
for........... 34 ..use.. ps tr
From Table (3.5): ...use...ps 1.5tr 17
for L/B 2 ..use.. ps 1.5tr 17
.....ps (1.5)(30) 17 = 28
Bearing capacity factors from Table (3.2):
For 28 : Nq e. tan .. tan2 (45 / 2) 14.7 , N 1.5( Nq 1) tan 10.9
Shape factors from Table (3.5): Sq S 1.0,
Df
Depth factors from Table (3.5): dq 1 2 tan (1 sin )2
B
1
dq 1 2. tan 28(1 sin 28)2 1.29 and d 1.0
1
q ult. 1.0 (19-9.81)(14.7)(1.29) + 0.5(1)(19 9.81)(10.9)(1.0) = 224.355 kN/m2
q all. = 224.355/3 = 74.785 kN/m2
qall.(net ) 74.785 (1)(19 9.81) 66 kN/m2
Solution:
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
Obtain N,.Si ,..and..d i factors, since 0 for soft clay (in unconfined compression test),
N c 5.14 and N q 1.0 .
Using Fig.(2.27a) for PI = 45% obtain a reduction factor . 0.8.
S u , desgin ...S u , Vane = 0.8(2.4) = 1.92 ton/m2.
B 1 D 1.5
Sc 0.2 0.2 0.2 , and d c 0.4 tan 1 0.4 tan 1 0.38 (D >B)
L 1 B 1.05
From Table (3.2): for.. 0 (undrained condition; N c 5.14,.N q 1,.N 0 )
q ult. 5.14Su (1 Sc d c ic bc g c ) q
Neglecting ( i c , bc ,..and..g c ) and q.N q since there was probably operating space in the
footing excavation, Hansen's equation will be:
qult. 5.14.Su (1 Sc dc )
From Vane shear test: q ult. = 5.14(1.92)(1+ 0.2 + 0.38) = 15.6 ton/m2
14.1
From load test: q actual 12.8 ton/m2
(1.05)(1.05)
If we use; S u q u / 2 , we obtain:
1.5
From unconfined compressive test: q ult. (15.6) 12.2 ton/m2
1.92
Solution:
This Problem illustrates the most common method for obtaining q all of cohesive soils in
case of limited data.
(a) Using Meyerhof's equation: q ult. cN cSc d c qN q Sq d q 0.5 .B.N S d
From Table (3.2): For.. 0 : Nc 5.14,...Nq 1,...and...N 0
B
From Table (3.4): K p tan 2 (45 / 2) =1 ; Sc 1 0.2K p =1.2 (for square footing),
L
Sq S 1.0 ; d q d 1.0 ; q ult. cN c Sc qN q
q q 1 q
qall. ult. 1.2 u (5.14) 1.03q u 0.3q
3 2 3 3
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
It is common to neglect 0.3q and note that 1.03 or 1.24 is sufficiently close to 1.0 (and is
conservative) to take the allowable bearing pressure as:
Note: The use of q all. q u for the allowable bearing pressure is nearly universal when
SPT samples are used for q u , since these samples are in very disturbed state. However,
this method of obtaining q all. is not recommended when ( q u 75.kPa ), and in these cases
S u should be determined from samples of better quality than those of SPT samples.
Df = 0.3m
H
P = 600 kN B = 17.5 kN/m3
H = 200 kN 10
c = 25 kN/m2, 25
B = 2m
Solution:
We can use either Hansen's, or Meyerhof's or Vesic's equations. An arbitrary choice is
Hansen's method.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
or In this case, Meyerhof's bearing capacity equation for inclined load shown in Table (3.2) can
be used directly:
q ult. (inclined..load) cN c d c i c qN q d q i q 0.5 .B.N d i .(3.26)
Also, in this case, the footings stability with regard to the inclined load's horizontal
component must be checked by calculating the factor of safety against sliding as:
H
Fs (slididing) max . ........(3.27)
H
where,
H = the inclined load's horizontal component,
Hmax . Af .Ca tan . for ( c ) soils; or
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Footings with eccentric loads can be analyzed for bearing capacity by two methods:
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
180 kN
G.S. 30
D f = 1.5m = 20 kN/m3
q u 160 kPa
B = 1.5m
4m
W.T.
Solution:
Bearing capacity By Terzaghi's equation:
1
q ult. cN c .Sc qN q .B..N.S
2
Shape factors from Table (3.2): For square footing Sc 1.3;...S 0.8 , c q u / 2 = 80 kPa
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P = 330 kN
G.S.
1.2m
= 20 kN/m3
q u = 190 kN/m2
Centerline of footing
e x =0.18m
1.5m
B 1.5-2(0.18)=1.14m
1.5m
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
Solution:
267 160.2
ey 0.15m ; ex 0.09m
1780 1780
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
e 0.09 0.5
R ex 1 ( x )1/ 2 1 ( ) 0.78
L 1.8
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
e y 1/ 2 0.15 0.5
R ey 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 0.72
B 1.8
Since bearing capacity and depth factors are unchanged, only the shape factors need to be
calculated as:
Nq B 37.8 1.8
Sc 1 1 1.75
Nc L 50.6 1.8
B 1.8
Sq 1 tan 1 tan 36 1.73
L 1.8
B 1.8
S 1 0.4 1 0.4 0.60
L 1.8
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Several solutions have been proposed to estimate the bearing capacity of footings on
layered soils; however, they are limited to the following three general cases:-
3.13.1 CASE (1): FOOTING ON LAYERED CLAYS (ALL = 0): (see Fig. (3.11))
(a) Top layer stronger than lower layer ( C2 / C1 1).
(b) Top layer weaker than lower layer ( C2 / C1 > 1).
The first situation occurs when the footing is placed on a stiff clay or dense sand stratum
followed by a relatively soft normally consolidated clay. The failure in this case is basically a
punching failure. The second situation is often found when the footing is placed on a relatively
thin layer of soft clay overlying stiff clay or rock. The failure in this condition occurs, at least in
part, because of lateral plastic flow. However, for clays in undrained condition ( u = 0), the
undrained shear strength ( S u or c u ) can be determined from unconfined compressive ( q u )
tests. So that assuming a circular slip surface of the soil shear failure pattern may give reasonably
reliable results (Bowles, 1996).
For both cases (a, and b), the ultimate bearing capacity for strip footing is calculated as:
q ult. = C1 Nm + q ........(3.30)
where,
C1 = undrained shear strength of the upper layer,
Nm = modified bearing capacity factor, which depends on:
(i) the ratio of the shear strength of the two layers; k = C2/C1 ,
(ii) the relative thickness of the upper layer (H/B) and the shape of foundation.
o For C2 / C1 1 :
o For C2 / C1 1 :
N m is calculated either using the following equation or Table (3.8) or Fig.(3.12) for square
or circular footings (L/B = 1) and long rectangular footings (L/B 5).
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
B B
(a) (b)
Fig.(3.11): Typical two-layer soil profiles.
B/H
C2/C1
4 8 12 16 20 40
1 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17
1.5 6.17 6.34 6.49 6.63 6.76 7.25 9.25
2 6.17 6.46 6.73 6.98 7.20 8.10 12.34
3 6.17 6.63 7.05 7.45 7.82 9.36 18.51
4 6.17 6.73 7.26 7.75 8.23 10.24 24.68
5 6.17 6.80 7.40 7.97 8.51 10.88 30.85
10 6.17 6.96 7.74 8.49 9.22 12.58 61.70
6.17 7.17 8.17 9.17 10.17 15.17
(b) long rectangular footings (L/B 5)
B/H
C2/C1
2 4 6 8 10 20
1 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.14
1.5 5.14 5.31 5.45 5.59 5.70 6.14 7.71
2 5.14 5.43 5.69 5.92 6.13 6.95 10.28
3 5.14 5.59 6.00 6.33 6.74 8.16 15.42
4 5.14 5.69 6.21 6.69 7.14 9.02 20.56
5 5.14 5.76 6.35 6.90 7.42 9.66 25.70
10 5.14 5.93 6.69 7.43 8.14 11.40 51.40
5.14 6.14 7.14 8.14 9.14 14.14
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
Df B
H or d1 1 , c1 , 1 Layer (1)
d2 2 , c 2 , 2 Layer (2)
(i) If (H / B)crit . (H / B) :
B H
1 2(1 ) K s tan 1( )
q ult. {q b c1 cot 1}..e L B ( 1 c cot ) .......(3.33a)
1 1
Ks Ks
where,
3 ln(q t / q b )
(H / B)crit . ,
2(1 B / L)
q t Ultimate bearing capacity of the footing with respect to top soil layer (1).
c1Nc1Sc1dc1 1Df Nq1Sq1dq1 0.5B1N 1S1d 1
q b Ultimate bearing capacity of a fictitious footing of same size and shape as the actual
footing but resting on the top of layer (2).
c2 Nc2Sc2dc2 1(Df H) Nq 2Sq 2dq 2 0.5B 2 N 2S 2d 2
1 sin 2 1
Ks .
1 sin 2 1
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
(ii) If (H / B)crit . (H / B) :
111
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
112
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
(2) If (H / B) crit . (H / B) , for both cases; sand overlying clay or clay overlying sand, estimate
q ult. as follows:
B H
1 2(1 ) Ks tan 1( )
q ult. {q b c1 cot 1}..e L B ( 1 c cot ) ............(3.37)
1 1
Ks Ks
q b ultimate bearing capacity of a fictitious footing of the same size and shape as the
actual footing but resting on the top of layer (2),
c2 Nc2Sc2dc2 1(Df H) Nq 2Sq 2dq2 0.5B 2 N 2S 2d 2
1 sin 2 1
Ks punching shear coefficien t .
1 sin 2 1
(3) Otherwise, if (H / B) crit . (H / B) ,then q ult. is estimated as the bearing capacity of the first
soil layer q ult. q t whether it is sand or clay.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
1.83m c1 Su 77 kPa
Clay (1) 3m 0
17.26 kN/m3
H =1.5m
1.22m
c2 Su 115 kPa
Clay (2)
Solution:
Hcrit . 0.5B tan .(45 1 / 2) = 0.5(3) tan (45) = 1.5m > 1.22m
the critical depth penetrated into the 2nd. layer of soil.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
For case (1); clay on clay layers and using Hansen's equation:
q ult. 5.14.C avg. (1 Sc d c ) q
where,
C1H C 2 [Hcrit - H] 77(1.22) 115 (1.5 - 1.22)
S u C avg. = 84.093
Hcrit 1.5
Sc 0.2B / L 0.2(3 / 6) 0.1 ;
G.S.
1.50m c1 0 kPa
Sand 2m x 2m 34
17.25 kN/m3
H =1.88m
W.T. 0.60m
Clay Su q u / 2 75 kPa
Solution:
Hcrit . 0.5B tan .(45 1 / 2) = 0.5(2) tan (45 + 34 / 2) = 1.88m > 0.60m
the critical depth penetrated into the 2nd. layer of soil.
For case (3); sand overlying clay and using Hansen's equation:
p.Pv.K s . tan 1 p.d1c1
q ult. q b qt
Af Af
115
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
116
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
Soil Soil Soil 0.8m W.T.
parameter
(1) (2) (3) Soil (1)
Gs 2.70 2.65 2.75 1.5m x 2m 0.4m
e 0.8 0.9 0.85
Soil (2) 0.5m
c (kPa) 10 60 80
35 0 0
Soil (3)
Solution:
G s . w 2.70(10)
d1 15 kN/m3
1 e 1 0.8
(Gs e) w (2.70 0.8)10
sat1 19.40 kN/m3
1 e 1 0.8
G s . w 2.65(10)
d2 18.7 kN/m3
1 e 1 0.9
(2.75 0.85)10
sat 2 19.45 kN/m3
1 0.85
Hcrit . 0.5B tan .(45 1 / 2) = 0.5(1.5) tan(45) = 0.75m 0.50m
the critical depth penetrated into the soil layer (3).
Since soils (2) and (3) are clay layers, therefore; use Hansen's equation (for 0 ):
q ult. 5.14C avg. (1 Sc d c ) q
where,
C1H C 2 [Hcrit - H] 60(0.5) 80 (0.75 - 0.50)
C avg. = 66.67
Hcrit 0.75
Sc 0.2B / L 0.2(1.5 / 2) 0.15 ; For Df / B 1 dc 0.4Df / B 0.4(1.2 / 1.5) 0.32
q ult. =5.14 (66.67)(1+ 0.15 + 0.32) + [0.8(15) + 0.4 (19.40 - 10)] = 519.505 kPa
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
519.5
q all ( net) [0.8(15) + 0.4 (19.40 - 10)] = 157.408 kPa
3
300
qapplied 100 kPa < q all ( net ) 157.408 kPa (O.K.)
(1.5)(2)
4c1 q = 4(60) + [0.8(15) + 0.4 (19.40 - 10)] = 255.76kPa 519.505 kPa (O.K.)
(b) cu1 45 kN/m2, and cu 2 30 kN/m2 (stiff clay over soft clay).
Pult . ?
G.S.
c u 30 kN/m2, u 0 , 17 kN/m3
1.0m
2.0m x 2.0m
Solution:
From Table (3.8) for C2/C1 = 1.5 and B/H = 2.0: N m 6.17
q ult. 30(6.17) + (1)(17) = 202.1 kN/m2
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Pult.
G.S.
W.T. 2.4m 3.0m
8.5m x 26m Dense sand: 35
sat . 18.9 kN/m3
6.0m moist 16 kN/m3
Solution:
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
The q ult. of footing is affected by the pressure of the stiff clay layer and its magnitude is:
B H
1 2(1 ) Ks tan 1( )
q ult. {q b c1 cot 1}..e L B ( 1 c cot ) ........................(3.37)
1 1
Ks Ks
where,
1 sin 2 1 1 sin 2 35
Ks 0.5 05; Since c1 0 (sand), Eq.(3.37) simplifies to:
1 sin 2 1 1 sin 2 35
B H 8.5 6
2(1 ) K s tan 1 ( ) 2(1 ).(0.505).(tan 35).( )
q ult. q b ..e L B (428.392)..e 26 8.5 831 kN/m2
120
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
q C Soil
If the term ( q ) is neglected due to its small value, and
3 ()
S Cu . tan
From soil mechanics principals:-
See Fig.(3.15) for net allowable soil pressure for footings on clay and plastic silt.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
9.0 10 2.0
Df / B = 4
8.5 1.8
(kg/ cm2)
6 1.2
7.0 1.0
Nc Continuous B/ L= 0 Df / B = 0.5
6.5 4 .8
.6
6.0 Df / B = 0
2 .4
5.5
.2
.2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
5.0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10
Df / B Unconfined compressive strength
(kg/ cm2)
Fig.(3.14): Skemptons bearing capacity factor Fig.(3.15): Net allowable soil pressure for
for clay soils under 0 conditions footings on clay and plastic silt [determined for
(after Murthy, 2007). factor of safety of 3 against bearing capacity failure 0.
Chart values are for strip footings (B/L=0); and for other
types of footings multiply values by (1+ 0.2B/L)].
B B
Nc(net ) Nc(strip) (1 0.2 ) or Nc(net ) Nc(square ) (0.84 0.16 )
L L
If q b
Q Total..load (D.L. L.L.)
> q all. use pile or floating foundations.
Af footing..area
From Skempton's equation, the ultimate bearing capacity (for strip footing) is given by:
q ult. cN c q ........................................(3.40a)
and q ult.(net ) cN c
cN c cN c
q all.(net ) or F.S.
F.S. q all.( net )
Net soil pressure = q b D f .
cN c
F.S. ............(3.42)
q b Df .
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Notes:
(1) If qb D f . (i.e., F .S . ) the raft is said to be fully compensated foundation (in this
case, the weight of foundation (D.L.+ L.L.) = the weight of excavated soil).
(2) If qb D f . (i.e., F.S. = certain value) the raft is said to be partially compensated
foundation such as the case of storage tanks.
(1) The wider the footing, the greater q ult. /unit area. However, for a given settlement S i such as
(1 inch or 25mm), the soil pressure is greater for a footing of intermediate width B b than for
a large footing with B c width or for a narrow footing with B a width; see Fig.(3.16a).
Df
(2) For = constant and a given settlement on sand, there is an actual relationship between
B
q all. and B represented by (solid line); see Fig.(3.16b). However, as a basis for design, a
substitute relation (dashed lines) can be used as shown in Fig.(3.16c). The error for footings
of usual dimensions is less than 10%. The position of the broken line efg differs for
different sands.
(3) The ultimate bearing capacity q ult. of a footing on sand depends on:
width of the footing, B,
depth of the surcharge surrounding the footing, D f
angle of internal friction,
relative density of the sand, D r
standard penetration resistance, N-value and
water table position.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
(4) The net allowable bearing capacity shown by Eq.(3.43b) is derived from the frictional
resistance due to:
(i) the weight of the sand below the footing level; and
(ii) the weight of the surrounding surcharge or backfill.
(5) The design charts for proportioning shallow footings on sand and non-plastic silts are shown
in Figs. (3.17, 3.18 and 3.19).
Q1 Q2 Q3
Ba Bb Bc
Soil Pressure, q
d Given c a b
Settlement , Si
Settlement
Narrow Wide
footing footing
Intermediate
footing
b
a
c g
f
d
e Width of footing, B
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
5 5 5
N = 40 N = 40 N = 40
4 4 4
N = 30 N = 30 N = 30
3 3 3
N = 20 N = 20 N = 20
2 N = 15 2 2 N = 15
N = 15
N = 10 N = 10 N = 10
1 1 1 N=5
N=5 N=5
0 0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Correction factor C N
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0
Effective vertical overburden ressure
50
100
150
200
(kN/ m2)
250
300
350
400
450
500
Fig.(3.18): Chart for correction of N-values in
sand for overburden pressure.
Dw
(ii) Water Table Effect: C w 0.5 0.5
B Df B
G.S.
Df
W.T. Dw
NB
3.14.4 RAFTS ON SAND
For allowable settlement = 2 (inch) and differential settlement 3/4 (inch) provided that
Df (min .) (8ft )..or..(2.4m) , the allowable net soil pressure is given by:
G.S. Q
Dw W.T.
Df
Df D w
Raft Foundation
NB Sand
S ( N)
q all.(net ) C w all. ... for ( 5 N 50 )......(3.44)
9
2.0( N)
If C w =1 and Sall. 2 ; then q all.(net ) 1.0 0.22 N(Tsf ) 23.23N(kPa)
9
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
D f . D w (D f D w )( w ) (D f D w ) w
Dw
C w 0.5 0.5 = (correction for water table)
B Df
N = SPT number (corrected for both W.T. and overburden pressure).
Hint: A raft-supported building with a basement extending below water table is acted on by
hydrostatic uplift pressure or buoyancy equal to (D f D w ) w per unit area.
F.S.= 3.0.
Q = 1000 kN
G.S.
2m soil 20 kN/m3
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Method (2):
Assume qall.(net ) q u 100 kPa
Area =1000/100 = 10 m2; For square footing B 10 3.16 m; Take B = 3.25m
From Fig.(3.14) for B = 3.25m, and Df / B = 2/3.25 = 0.61: N c 7.5
q ult. cN c q = 50(7.5) + 2(20) = 415 kPa
415
qall.(net ) 20(1.6) 24(0.4) 94.73 kPa (calculated) 100 kPa (assumed)
3
use B x B = (3.25m x 3.25m)
Hint: For safe and economic design: qall.net (assumed) qall.net (calculated ) 1.10.qall.net (assumed)
Solution: G.S.
From Skempton's equation:
Df ?
For square footing:
0.9m x 0.9m
cN c(strip) cN c (square )
q all.( net) (1.2) or q all.( net)
3 3 q u 380 kN/m2
From Fig.(3.14) at D f / B = 4 and B/L=1 N c(square ) = 9.0
380
( 9)
q all.( net) 2 570 KPa and D f = 4(0.9) = 3.6m
3
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
q D B
cN c u N c ; where N c f ( f , )
2 B L
From Fig.(3.14) for D / B =10/100 = 0.1 and B / L 100/100 = 1.0: N c 6.4
95.76 2500(10 3 )
cN c 6.4 306.4 kN/m2; and q b 250 kN/m2
2 100x100
cN c 306.4
F.S. 3.3
q b Df . 250 10(15.71)
Q = 20 000 kN
G.S.
Solution:
Df soil 18 kN/m3
cN c q u 100 kN/m2
F.S.
q b Df . 10m x 20m
For D f 1m:
From Fig.(3.14) for D f / B =1/10 = 0.1 and B / L 0:
10
N c strip 5.4 and N c rec tan gular = Ncstrip (1 0.2B / L) = 5.4 (1+ 0.2 ) = 5.94
20
cN c (100 / 2)5.94 50(5.94)
F.S. 3.62
q b Df . 20000
1(18) 100 18
(10)(20)
For D f 2m:
From Fig.(3.14) for D f / B =2/10 = 0.2 and B / L 0:
10
Ncstrip 5.5 and N c rec tan gular = Ncstrip (1 0.2B / L) = 5.5 (1+ 0.2 ) = 6.05
20
cN c (100 / 2)6.05 50(6.05)
F.S. 4.72
q b Df . 20000
2(18) 100 36
(10)(20)
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
For D f 3m:
From Fig.(3.14) for D f / B =3/10 = 0.3 and B / L 0:
10
Ncstrip 5.7 and N c rec tan gular = Ncstrip (1 0.2B / L) = 5.7 (1+ 0.2 ) = 6.27
20
cN c (100 / 2)6.27 50(6.27)
F.S. 6.81
q b Df . 20000
3(18) 100 54
(10)(20)
For D f 5m:
From Fig.(3.14) for D f / B =5/10 = 0.5 and B / L 0:
10
Ncstrip 5.9 and N c rec tan gular = Ncstrip (1 0.2B / L) = 5.9 (1+ 0.2 ) = 6.49
20
cN c (100 / 2)6.49 50(6.49)
F.S. 32.4
q b Df . 20000
5(18) 100 90
(10)(20)
= 6m. Q
G.S.
Solution:
0.75m
Po = 0.75(16) + 5.25(16 - 9.81) = 44.5 kPa >25 kPa W.T.
2000 2000 0.75m x 1.5m
C N 0.77 log 0.77 log =1.266
Po (kPa) 44.5 16 kN/m3
Dw 0.75
C w 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75
B Df 0.75 0.75
N corr . =22(1.266)(0.75)= 20.8 (Use N = 20)
From Fig.(3.17) for footings on sand; for Df / B = 1, B = 0.75m and N = 20:-
For strip footing: q all.( net ) 2.2 (kg/cm2) or 220 (kPa)
For rectangular footing: q all.( net ) 220 (1 + 0.2B/L) = 242 kPa
qgross qall.(net ) Df . = 242 + 0.75(16) = 254 kPa
And the maximum settlement is not more than (1 inch or 25mm).
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
Q
3m
W.T.
9m x 15m
Solution: Rock
G.S. Q
B.H.1 B.H.2
1.5m W.T.
36 32 4.8m
B.H.3 30m x 30m
30m
1.2m W.T.
30 Sand
B.H.4 B.H.5
18.2 kN/m3
36 36
30m Rock
131
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
(i) On the basis of total stress:
N avg. = (36+32+30+36+35)/5 = 33.2 , but for worst condition, use N min. = 30
For raft on sand: qall.(net ) 23.23( N)kPa = 23.23(30) = 697 kPa
Dw 1.5
Correction for water table: C w 0.5 0.5 = 0.5 0.5 0.52
B Df 4.8 30
q all.(net ) 697(0.52) 362.44 kPa
The surcharge = D f . = 4.8(18.2) = 87.36 kPa
and q gross q all.(net ) D f . 362.44 + 87.36 = 450 kPa
The total weight that can be supported by the raft = 450(30)(30)=405000 kN = 405 Ton
The total weight that produces 2 (inches) settlement is independent on whether the
calculation is based on total or effective stresses.
132
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
where,
N cq and N q are bearing capacity factors for footings on or adjacent to slope; determined
from Fig.(3.20),
c or s footing denotes either circular or square footing, and
(q ult. ) of footing on level ground is calculated from Terzaghi's equation.
But with:
Nc and Nq reduced bearing capacity factors obtained from Table (3.9) for any ( , Df / B ,
b / B and ). Notice that the effect of depth is included in both N c and N q when Df / B
> 0, so that d i factors should not be used again.
Notes:
(1) For practical purposes, use the minimum net allowable bearing capacity value
calculated from Meyerhof's or general method,
(2) A triaxial should not be adjusted to ps , since the slope edge distorts the failure pattern
such that plane-strain conditions may not develop except for large b / B ratios,
(3) For footings on or adjacent to a slope, the overall slope stability should be checked for
the footing load using one of the slope-stability programs such as Geo-studio software.
(4) If (L) direction of foundation is in the same direction of slope, the F.S. should also be
checked in (B) direction, in addition to that in (L) direction; but not vice versa.
(5) The Nc and Nq reduced bearing capacity factors can also be obtained by drawing the
failure patterns of footings on or adjacent to a slope and on level ground as follows:
(a) Develop the exit point E for a footing as shown in Fig.(3.21). The angle of the exit is
taken as ( 45 / 2 ) since the slope line is a principal plane.
(b) Compute Nc and Nq on the basis of failure surface lengths and area ratios.
L A1
Nc Nc 1 and Nq Nq
Lo Ao
where,
Lo = length of failure surface ade of footing on level ground, (see Fig.(3.21a)).
L1 = length of failure surface adE of footing on or adjacent to a slope, (see Fig.(3.21b)).
A o = area of ec( D f ) of footing on level ground, (see Fig.(3.21a)).
A1 = area of Efg of footing on face of slope or area of Efgh of footing on top of slope,
(see Fig.(3.21b)).
133
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
134
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
b P
h g
G.S. D
f B
E c
ro
Df q Df . r
c b P a
e g r = ro d
III r I 45 / 2 D
45 / 2 ro f B c
II E 45 + /
45 / r ro
d a
a
d
(a) Footing on level ground. (b) Footings on or adjacent to slope.
Table (3.9): Nc , and Nq bearing capacity factors for footings on or adjacent to slope.
Df / B 0 b / B 0 Df / B 0.75 b/B 0 Df / B 1.5 b/B 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Nc 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
0 Nq 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20
10 4.89 7.80 13.37 26.80 64.42 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.92 1.95 4.43 11.16 33.94 1.03 2.47 5.85 14.13 40.81
20 4.63 7.28 12.39 23.78 55.01 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 66.81 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.94 1.90 4.11 9.84 28.21 1.03 2.47 5.65 12.93 35.14
25 4.51 7.02 11.82 22.38 50.80 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.76 62.18 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 73.57
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.92 1.82 3.85 9.00 25.09 1.03 2.47 5.39 12.04 31.80
30 4.38 6.77 11.28 21.05 46.88 5.14 8.35 14.83 27.14 57.76 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 68.64
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.88 1.71 3.54 8.08 21.91 1.03 2.47 5.04 10.99 28.33
60 3.62 5.33 8.33 14.34 28.56 4.70 6.83 10.55 17.85 34.84 5.14 8.34 12.76 21.37 41.12
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.37 0.63 1.17 2.36 5.52 0.62 1.04 1.83 3.52 7.80
Df / B 0 b / B 0.75 Df / B 0.75 b / B 0.75 Df / B 1.5 b / B 0.75
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10 5.14 8.33 14.34 28.02 66.60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.34 5.34 13.47 40.83 1.03 2.47 6.40 15.79 45.45
20 5.14 8.31 13.90 26.19 59.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 71.11 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.04 14.39 40.88 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.31 43.96
25 5.14 8.29 13.69 25.36 56.11 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 67.49 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.27 14.56 40.06 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.20 42.35
30 5.14 8.27 13.49 24.57 53.16 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 64.04 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 74.92
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 14.52 38.72 1.03 2.47 6.40 15.85 40.23
60 5.14 7.94 12.17 20.43 39.44 5.14 8.35 14.83 23.94 45.72 5.14 8.35 14.83 27.46 52.00
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 5.14 10.05 22.56 1.03 2.47 4.97 9.41 20.33
Df / B 0 b / B 1.5 Df / B 0.75 b / B 1.5 Df / B 1.5 b / B 1.5
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10 5.14 8.35 14.34 29.24 68.78 5.14 8.35 14.34 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.01 15.39 47.09 1.03 2.47 6.40 17.26 49.77
20 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.59 63.60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 53.21 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.58
25 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.33 61.41 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 72.80 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 55.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.97
30 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.09 59.44 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 70.32 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 56.41 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.63
60 5.14 8.35 14.83 26.52 50.32 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.03 56.60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.03 62.88
1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 46.18 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.72 36.17
135
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
1.5m G.S.
Df 1.0m
6.1m 1.0m
Cohesionless Soil
30
19.5 kN/m3, c =0, 30
Solution:
136
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
1.5m G.S.
Df 1.0m
6.1m 1.0m x 1.0m
Cohesionless Soil
30
19.5 kN/m3, c =0, 30
Solution:
137
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Cohesionless Soil
19.5 kN/m3
Df 1.0m
c = 0, 30
30 1.0m x 1.0m
Solution:
10.99 8.08
By interpolation: Nq 8.08 (0.25) = 9.05 for Df / B 1.0
0.75
Bearing capacity factors from Table (3.2):
For 30 : Nq e. tan 30 tan2 (45 30 / 2) 18.4 , and N 1.5(18.4 1) tan 30 15.1
Shape and depth factors from Table (3.5):
B B
S q 1 tan 1.577, S 1 0.4 0.6, and d 1
L L
138
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
0.8m G.S.
Df 1.2m
6.2m 1.2m
Clay Soil
30
17.5 kN/m3, c = 50 kN/m2, 0
Solution:
Since B < H, assume the stability number Ns 0 and for purely cohesive soil ( 0 ):
(q ult. )continuous.footing .on.slope cNcq
From Fig.(3.19b) for cohesive soil:
b 0.8 D
With 30 , 0.75 , and f 1.0 (use the dashed line): N cq = 6.3
B 1.2 B
(qult. )continuous.footing .on.slope (50)(6.3) 315 kN/m2
qall.(gross ) 315 / 4 78.8 kN/m2
139
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
This equation was based on back computing N q and N using an angle of internal friction
1/ 2
N
based on N as: 25 28.
q
where,
N is an approximate N55 (SPT-N value measured for a base energy E rb = 55) at a depth
about (0.75B) below the base of footing corrected for water table ( C w ) and overburden
pressure ( C N ), and q effective overburden pressure at the location of Navg. .
where, So = 25mm or 1(inch) settlement, and Si = the actual settlement (mm or inch).
Fig.(3.22) shows the allowable bearing capacity for footings on sand with settlement
limited to approximately 25mm.
140
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Schmertmann et al. (1978) computed allowable bearing capacity of sand using CPT as:
(a) For sand: Strip footing:. q ult. 28 0.0052(300 qc )1.5 .................... ....( kg / cm 2 )
Square footing: q ult. 48 0.009(300 qc )1.5 . ....( kg / cm 2 )
(b) For clay: Strip footing: qult. 2 0.28qc ... ....( kg / cm 2 )
Square footing: q ult. 5 0.34qc ........... ....( kg / cm 2 )
G.S. b b W Df
H
Df
Shallow B Deep
a
Fig.(3.23): Footings for tension loads.
In general, the ultimate tension resistance is given by: Tult. s.Df .(perimeter) W
with adjustments for depth and shape (whether perimeter is circular or rectangular), this gives the
following:
FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:
D2
Circular footings: Tult. BcDf sf B ( f )K u tan W .....(3.48)
2
Rectangular footings: Tult. 2cDf (B L) Df2 (2sf B L B)K u tan W .....(3.49)
where, sf 1 mDf / B
FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
H
Circular footings: Tult. BcH sf B(2Df H)( )K u tan W ...(3.50)
2
Rectangular footings: Tu lt. 2cH(B L) (2Df H)H(2sf B L B)K u tan W (3.51)
where, s f 1 mH / B
For square footings use L = B.
Obtain ( s f ) and (m) from Table (3.10) based on ( ).
142
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
The lateral earth pressure coefficient K u can be taken as one of the following:
K u tan2 (45 / 2) K p ;
K u tan(45 / 2) K p
K u tan2 (45 / 2) Ka ;
K u 0.65 0.5 ( in radian);
K u Ko 1 sin
Using K o or an average of K p and K a may be reasonable. Then, the allowable tension
resistance is calculated as:
T
Tall. ult. .........(3.52)
F.S.
Usually, the shear strength parameters c and of rocks are obtained from high Pressure
Triaxial Tests. However, for most rocks 45 with the exception of limestone or shale,
(38 45) can be used. Similarly in most cases, it could be estimated as c 5 MPa with a
conservative value.
RQD..%
lengths..of ..int act ..pieces..of ..core 100mm x 100..(3.53)
length ..of ..core..advance
143
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
q all.
RQD % 2 2
Quality
(T/ft ) or (kg/cm ) (kN/m2)
100 300 31678 Excelent
90 200 21119 Very good
75 120 12671 Good
50 65 6864 Medium
25 30 3168 Poor
0 10 1056 Very poor
1.0 (T/ft2) = 105.594 (kN/m2)
Notes:
1. If qall. (tabulated) qu (unconfined..compressive..strength) of intact rock sample, then
take qall. q u ,
2. The settlement of the foundation should not exceed (0.5 inch) or (12.7mm) even for
large loaded area,
3. If the upper part of rock within a depth of a bout (B / 4) is of poor quality, then its RQD
value should be used or that part of rock should be removed.
Any of the bearing capacity equations from Table (3.2) with specified shape factors can be
used to obtain q ult. of rocks, but with bearing capacity factors for sound rock proposed by
(Stagg and Zienkiewicz, 1968) as:
q (RQD)2
and qall. ult. ........(3.54c)
F.S.
where,
F.S. = Safety factor dependent on RQD. It is common to use F.S. of (610) with the higher
values for RQD % 50.
144
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P = 1800 kN
G.S.
D f =1.2m
B=?
= 17 kN/m3
7.5m
W.T.
10 kN/m3
Solution:
P 1800
Say B = 2.5 m, q all. = , L 3.27m , use (2.5m x 3.30m) footing.
( B)( L) (220)(2.5)
145
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
Tult. 2(19.2)(1.8)1.2 1.2 17.3(1.8)2 (2)(1.075)(1.2) 1.2 1.2.1.24 tan 20 50.63 281.8.kN
T 281.8
and Tall. ult. 112.72 kN
F.S. 2.5
Solution:
1310 890
The recovery ratio (Lr ) 0.87 and (RQD).% .x.100 59 %
1500 1500
146
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
1
Terzaghi's equation is: q ult. cN c .Sc qN q .B..N.S
2
Shape factors from Table (3.2): For circular footing: Sc 1.3 ; and S 0.6
147
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
where, Nc , Nq , and N are bearing capacity factors obtained either from Fig.(3.23) or Table (3.2)
for specified Meyerhof's or Hansen's or Vesic's bearing capacity equation.
60 60
40 40
Nc Nq
20 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
(deg.) (deg.)
120
100
80
N 60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40
(deg.)
148
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
149
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Solution:
Here Table (3.2) or Fig.(3.24) can be used. Let an arbitrary choice to be Table (3.2).
From Fig.(3.25):
NcE
= 0.44 ; NcE =(0.44)(20.7) = 9.108
Nc
NqE
= 0.38 ; NqE = (0.38)(10.7) = 4.066
Nq
NE
=0.13 ; NE =(0.13)(6.8) = 0.884
N
1
q ult. (30)(9.108) (1)(17)(4.066) (17)(1.5)(0.884) 354 kN/m2
2
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
PROBLEMS
Bearing capacity problems
P3.1 Determine ultimate and allowable bearing capacities of (0.5m x 2.0m) rectangular
footing placed on cohesionless soil with properties: 40 , and = 9.31kN/m3 (use
F.S. =3).
2.0m
0.5m
Qall. ?
G.S.
0.5m
0.5m
P3.2 What is the net ultimate bearing capacity of 2m square footing placed at 1m depth in:-
a. Granular soil with c = 0, =30, and = 18 kN/m3? and
b. Saturated cohesive soil with c = 60 kN/m2, and = 0?
P3.3 Determine the allowable bearing capacity of 1.5m width continuous footing resting at
1.0m depth below the ground surface given that the effective angle of internal friction of
soil is = 25, cohesive intercept = 12 kN/m2, and = 18 kN/m3 using:-
a. Terzaghis equation, and
b. Hansens equation.
P3.4 Determine the allowable bearing capacity of the following footings using Hansens
equation:
a. Rectangular footing
Df = 0.7m, B = 0.8m, L= 2.0m
= 9.81 kN/m3, 42 , C= 0
Water table level at ground surface.
b. Square footing
Df = 1.2m, B = 2.0m
= 17.5 kN/m3, q u = 300 kN/m2
Water table is at great distance below the base of footing.
P3.5 Determine the ultimate and allowable B.C. of 1.0m width of continuous footing located at
depth of 1.2m below the ground surface under the following cases considering the soil
properties to be = 0.25 kg/cm2, = 20, and m = 1700 kg/cm3 :
a. The soil is stiff clay, and
b. The soil is very soft clay.
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.6 Determine the size of square footing resting on sand at a depth of 1m below ground
surface where the SPT shows that N =15 blows/ft. Assume that W.T. is at 2m below the
ground surface, where:
QDead = 40 tons, and
DL = 40 tons
QLive = 30 tons. LL = 30 tons
G.S.
1m N =15
BxB
W.T. 1m
P3.7 Determine the factor of safety for the footing shown in the figure below for a settlement of
3 cm given that the soil properties of sand are sat . t 20kN/m3 and Nfield =19/30cm
at a depth of 4m below the ground surface.
800 kN
HINT: Po =1.5(20) + 2.5(20-10) = 55 25
N CN .Nfield = 22 G.S.
N =15 + (1/2)(22 -15)
1.5m
W.T.
2m x 2m
4m
P3.8 Determine the allowable bearing capacity of the footing shown in the figure below, given
that the soil properties are c = 50 kN/m2, 25 , and =18 kN/m3.
1.5m
1.0m x 1.3m
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.9 Resolve problem 3.8 with extra applied moment of 100 kN-m.
400 kN
HINT: 100 kN-m
e = (150 + 100) / 400 100 kN
1.5m
1.0m x 1.3m
P3.10 A square footing is located at a depth 1.2m below the ground surface. If c = 20 kPa,
20 , and soil 17.28 kN/m3, what is the allowable soil pressure using Terzaghi's
equation and SF=3.0 under the following cases:
(a) General shear failure?
(b) Local shear failure? and then
(c) Draw the relationships between q all. and B in each case.
qall. ?
G.S.
= 17.28 kN/m3
D f =1.2m c = 60 kN/m2
B=? 20
P3.11 A circular footing is subjected to a vertical load of 700 kN and located at 1.2m depth
below the ground surface. If soil 17.6 kN/m3, and q u 60 kPa, what is its size using
Terzaghi's equation and SF = 3.0 under the following cases:
700 kN
(a) Cu = 30 kPa, and 0 ?
(b) Cu = 0 kPa, and 20 ? and
G.S.
(c) Cu = 30 kPa, and 20 ?
= 17.6 kN/m3
D f =1.2m c = 60 kN/m2
D=? 20
P3.12 A rectangular footing 8.4m wide and 25.2m long is to be placed at a depth of 3m in a
deep stratum of soft saturated clay soil 16.5 kN/m3. The water table is at 2.4m below
ground surface. Find the ultimate bearing capacity q ult. under the following cases:
(a) If the footing reaction acts at 0.90m off center in B-direction ( eB 0.90m), and
(b) If the footing reaction acts at 1.95m off center in the L-direction (eL =1.95m),
assume that the horizontal component of the reaction is equal to half of the
ultimate value given by: Pmax . Af .Ca Q. tan
153
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.13 For the wall footing shown in the figure below, if c = 16 kPa, 25 , and soil 18.2
kN/m3, what is its ultimate soil pressure using Terzaghi's equation and S.F.= 3.0?
q ult. ?
G.S.
= 18.2 kN/m3
D f =1.0m
c = 16 kN/m2
1.0m x 20m 25
P3.14 Determine the gross and net allowable loads that a 1.2m square footing shown in the
figure below can carry using Terzaghi's equation and S.F.= 3.0.
Qall.(gross),.(net ) ?
G.S.
= 17.3 kN/m3
D f =0.9m
c = 9.6 kN/m2
1.2m x 1.2m 20
P3.15 Determine the safe gross load that a circular footing of 1.22m in diameter can carry
using Meyerhof's bearing capacity eqauation and S.F.= 3.0..
Qall. ?
G.S.
P3.16 A (1.5m x 0.75m) rectangular footing subjected to eccentric load is shown in the figure
below. Determine q gross for bearing capacity failure in soil using Hansen's bearing
capacity equation.
1.5m
0.75m
0.06m
0.12m G.S.
0.6m c = 0 kN/m2, 30
t 18.1 kN/m3
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Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.17 Given:
1. A uniform soil deposit has the following properties:
20.4 kN/m3, c = 37.6 kN/m2, and 30 ,
2. A proposed footing to be located 1.5 m below the ground surface must carry a
total load of 2670 kN,
3. The ground water table is at a great depth, and its effect can be ignored.
Required:
Determine the width of a square footing to carry the load using a general shear
condition and a factor of safety of (3.0). Also, if the footing is circular what would
be its diameter?
Q 2670 kN
G.S.
= 20.4 kN/m3
D f =1.5m
c = 37.6 kN/m2
B =? 30
445 kN
70 kN-m
G.S.
D f =1.2m c = 10 kN/m2, 30
1.8m x 1.8m
P3.19 Proportion the dimensions (B x L) for the footing shown in the figure below. Given that
the undrained shear strength q u = 75 kPa, clay =18 kN/m3, and conc. = 24 kN/m3 (Use
Hansens equation, S.F. = 3.0).
600 kN
300 kN-m
G.S.
0.6m
0.3m Rectangular footing
B
L
155
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.20 For the wall footing shown in the figure below, calculate the factor of safety against the
bearing capacity failure for the following cases (using Meyerhof's equation):
a- The load is vertical, and if
b- The load is inclined at 15 to the vertical. Center line
e = 0.25m
P3.21 A strip footing of 1.0m width is as shown below. Show with sketching the variation of net
allowable bearing capacity of soil at the base of footing versus the water table (W.T.)
locations (using Hansen's equation).
Qall.(net ) ?
G.S. W.T.
(a)
1.0m W.T.
Sand (b)
1.0m
sat . 20 kN/m3 W.T.
(c)
w 10 kN/m3 1.0m
triaxial 32.7 2.0m
W.T.
(d)
P3.22 For the circular oil tank shown in the figure beside, find 0.5m
the minimum diameter of footing if F.S. = 2.5 and
oil 8 kN/m3, soil 14.4 kN/m3, concrete 24 0.5m
10m
G.S. B =?
156
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.23 An offshore concrete oil tank of B = 6m, L = 10m and H = 9m is as shown in the figure
below. Find:-
1. F.S. against bearing capacity,
2. F.S. against sliding ( 2 / 3 ),
3. F.S. against floating, and
4. F.S. against overturning.
Notes:
Neglect the active and passive sides forces,
Use Meyerhof's equation. 300 kN/m
Take oil 8 kN/m3, and concrete 24 kN/m3.
6m
500 kN
P3.24 For the tank shown in the figure below, if F.S. = 2.0, weight of tank (empty) = 5000 kN,
and weight of tank (full) = 10000 kN, check the adequacy of footing (against bearing
capacity and sliding failures).
500 kN
2.5m
0.5m
3m
G.S. G.S.
0.75m 0.75m
2m
1m
2m 2m 3m
6m Sand
30 , = 18 kN/m3
157
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.25 For the cabling tower shown in the figure below, if the weight of tower = 2000 kN,
moment due to wind load = 8000 kN-m, minimum factor of safety = 2.0, check the
adequacy of the proposed four spread footings each of (4m x 4m x 1m) dimensions
(against bearing capacity failure and uplift).
Wind load
6m x
45
4mx4mx1m
6m G.S.
W.T.
Sand
3m
30 , = 18 kN/m3 1m
Gs 2.7
4mx4mx1m
P3.26 A raft foundation of 15m diameter is placed at 2.5m below the ground surface in clay soil
with sat . 20 kN/m3, Gs 2.65 as shown in the figure below. The raft supports a tower
of 40 MN weight and wind load moment of 20 MN-m. Find the thickness of footing if
S.F.=2.5.
G.S.
2.5m W.T.
C = 120 kN/m2
Raft: 15m diameter
30m Clay
sat . 20 kN/m3, Gs 2.65
158
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.27 A continuous wall footing will rest at 0.9m depth on saturated clay that has an
unconfined compressive strength of 120kPa. At a load of 140 kN/m of wall, a factor of
safety of 3 is required. But when the footing is subjected to a load of 190 kN/m, the F.S.
should not be less than 2. Ignore the difference in the unit weights of concrete and clay,
and determine the width of the footing.
P3.28 Proportion a square footing to carry a column load of 1600 kN at 2.5 safety factor, given
that the base of footing is at 1.2m below the ground surface level and the clay beneath
the footing has an unconfined compressive strength of 155 kN/m2.
P3.29 A footing (3m) square rests at 0.9m depth on clay that has an unconfined compressive
strength of 130 kN/m2. If the factor of safety is not to be less than 2.5, what is the
maximum column load that can be supported by the footing?
P3.31 A raft (18 x 22m) in plan has its base 3m below the surface of clay deposit with a unit
weight of 18.85 kN/m3. The unconfined compressive strength of clay is 82 kN/m2. The
factor of safety against bearing capacity failure must be 3. What total weight of building
plus foundation can safely be supported by the raft?
P3.32 A (3m x 6m) rectangular footing is to be placed on a two-layered clay deposits as shown
in the figure below. Compute the F.S. against the bearing capacity failure and check
whether the soil may squeeze beneath the footing or not.
G.S. 3m x 6m 0.6m
159
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
G.S.
P3.34 A (1.5m x 2.0m) rectangular footing is to be placed on c soils shown in the figure
below. Check its adequacy against shear failure (assume F.S.= 3.0, and =10
kN/m3 ) using:
(a) Vesics equation, and
(b) Hansens equation. P
P3.35 A (8.5m x 26m) rectangular footing is to be placed at depth (3m) in a medium dense
sand ( 35 ) underlaid by stiff clay ( Cu 56 kPa) starting at elevation (9m). If the
water table is at (2.4m) below the ground surface, find the ultimate bearing capacity
of the soil using Hansens equation.
P
G.S.
W.T.
2.4m
3.0m
8.5m x 26m Dense sand: 35
160
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.36 A bearing wall for a building is to be located close to a slope as shown in the figure
below. The ground water table is located at a great depth. Determine the ultimate
bearing capacity using:
(a) Meyerhof's method, and
(b) Hansen's method. q ult. ?
1.5m G.S.
Df 1.5m
6m 1.5m
30 Granular Soil
40 , 16.8 kN/m3
3.6m Df 0.9m
1.2m x 1.2m
15
c = 50 kN/m2, 33 , 17.3 kN/m3
P3.38 A (3m x 6m) rectangular combined footing that supports two columns each of (0.4m x
0.4m) is to be constructed near a slope as shown in the figure below. Find F.S. against
bearing capacity failure.
4.5m G.S.
3m W.T.
6m
20 Sand 30 , sat. 18 kN/m3, Gs 2.65
161
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.39 For the cabling tower near a slope shown in the figure below, if the weight of tower =
6000 kN, moment due to wind load = 10000 kN-m, and minimum factor of safety = 2.0,
check the S.F. of (4m x 4m x 1m) spread footings against bearing capacity failure.
Wind load
5m x
45
4mx4mx1m
5m 3m W.T.
G.S.
3m 1m
4mx4mx1m 4mx4mx1m
20
Sand 30 , = 18 kN/m3, Gs 2.7
P3.40 The unweathered quartzite below excavation level for a multistory building has an RQD
of 30% for the upper 1.5m and 70% for the next 6m. A load of 1500 tons is delivered to
the rock through a square reinforced concrete pedestal. What would be the size of the
pedestal to restrict the settlement to about 12.7mm?
1500 Tons
B=?
162
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
P3.41 If the upper 1.5m of rock was removed for the described excavation in problem (3.40).
What would be the size of the pedestal?
1500 Tons
B=?
P3.42 A shale with RQD of 90% and unconfined compressive strength of 50T/ft2 is to support a
column load of 1000 Tons transmitted to the rock through a circular pier drilled a few
meters into the shale. What diameter of pier shaft is required if the settlement is not to
exceed 12.7mm?
163
Foundation Engineering for Civil Engineers Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
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