13

:1

m v
m () . , 3m.

vmin ?

, -:

Ei2 c 2 pi2 Mc 2
2

2

E1i E2i c p1i p2i 3mc 2
2 2 2

mc mc c mv 9m c
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

1 mc c mv 9m c
2 2 2 2 2 4

1 m2c 4 2 m 2v 2c 2 9m 2c 4
2

1 c 2 2v 2 9c 2
2

1
1 c 2 2 c 2 1 2 9c 2
2

2
2 1 c 2 2 c 2 c 2 9c 2
2 2 1 2 1 9
2 7
7

2
1 7

v 2 2
1
c2
v2 4
1 2

c 49
45
v c 0.958c
49

1 v2 1 1
1 2 v 2 c 2 1 2
v2 c 2

1
c2
:2

 3m v
m () . ,
2.5m .

vmin ?

"

v2 1
1 1
1 2 2 v 2 c 2 1 2
v 2 c
1 2
c
1
p mv mc 1 mc 2 1
2

p mc 2 1

Ei2 c 2 pi2 Mc 2
2

2

E1 E2 c 2 p1 p2 M 1 M 2 c 2
2 2

3mc mc 2 c 2 3mc 2 1 2.5mc 2 2.5mc 2 c 2 mv mv

2 2 2
2 2

mc 3 1 9m c 1 5mc
2 2 2 4 2 2 2

3 1 m2c 4 9 2 m2c 4 9m2c 4 25m2c 4

2

3 1 9 2 9 25
2

9 2 6 1 9 2 9 25
15
6 15
6
1 15 5

v 2 6 2
1 2
c
2
v 4
1 2
c 25
21
v c 0.916c 0.92c
25

:3

 m . B C
, A p v
, ( ) . A B
C.

. p
, 2m mc2/2 ?

: .
:

A C-:
E c p E c p
i
2 2 2
i
2
f
2 2
f
2

E1 E2 E3 c 2 p1 p2 p3 E4 E5 c 2 p4 p5
2 2 2

0 0
2

mc 2
mc mc
2

2 2
c 2
p
2
0.5mc 2 2mc 2 0.5mc 2 2mc 2 c 2 mv mv
E
2

K
Rest energy EK 0

mc 2 p 2 c 2 5mc 2
2 2 2

2 m 2 c 4 p 2 c 2 25m 2 c 4
2

p 2 c 2 2 25 m 2 c 4
2

p 2 25 mc
2

2 2 25 mc mc 2 1

2 4 4 25 2 1
4 20
5

p 5 2 25 mc 24mc 2 6mc
2

:4

. A?B

-:

Ei2 c 2 pi2 Mc 2
2

2

E1i E2i c p1i p2i Mc 2
2 2 2

mc2 mc2 c 2 mc 2 1 M 2c 4
2 2

1 mc 2 2
m 2 c 4 2 1 M 2c 4

1 m2c 4 2 m2c 4 m 2c 4 M 2c 4
2

2 m 2 2 m 2 m 2 2 m 2 m 2 M 2
2m 2 1 M 2

M m 2 1

5 :

M m 2 5 1 12m 2 3m

:5

M . m
. m (
) . m ? ( )

:
M = 16 MeV/c2
m = 2 MeV/c2
= 210-6 sec

( )

h
0 mv
c
h mvc

Mc2 mc 2 h

 Mc 2 mc 2 mcv
Mc m c v
M
v c 1
m
M v2 M 1 2 2 M
v c 1

1 2 c 1 c v c c v c v
m c m c m
M2
c v 2 c v c v
2

m
M2
c v 2 c v
m
M2 M2
cv 2 c 2 v
m m
M 2
M2
v 1 2 c 1 2
m m
M2
1 2
v
m
c
M2
1 2
m

,
:

162
1 2
v
2 63
c c
16 2
65
1 2
2

63
v c
65
:

1 1 65

v
2
63
2 16
1 1
c 65

 t
63 65
x vt v *3 108 * * 2 106 2362.5
65 16

:6

0.8c , M = 3
( J/c2 ) ,
. 5 J.

:
" + .

Eearth 5 J 3J 8 J mc 2
8 J *3 J
8

3
":

1

2
vearth
1
c2
1 9 55
vearth c 1 2 1 c c
64 64

vbullet vspaceship 0.927c 0.8c

vrel 0.491486c
vbullet * vspaceship 0.8*0.927c 2
1 1
c2 c2

1
1.148256656
0.491486c
2

1
c2
:

E mc2 1.148256656*3J 3.444769968J 3.45J

:7

 m 0.8c 2m
0.6c.
M.

. ? ( )
:

- -:

1 5 1 5
1 2
2
0.8 c 2 3 2
0.6 c 2 4
1 1
c2 c2
:

1mc 2 2 2mc 2 3 Mc 2
5 2 5
mc 2mc 2 3 Mc 2
3 4
25
m 3M
6

1mv1 2 2mv2 3 Mu Mc 32 1
5 5
m 0.8c 2* m 0.6c Mc 32 1
3 4
17
m M 32 1
6

 17
m
6 M 3 1
2

25
m 3M
6
17 32 1

25 3
289 32 1 289 1
2 1 2
625 3 625 3
1 336

2
3 625
25 21
3
84
:

3 Mu Mc 32 1
2
25 21 25 21
uc 1
84 84
25 21 625
uc 1
84 336
25 21 17 21
u c
84 84
17
u c 0.68c
25

:8

. M .m ?m/M
:

3 ( \ ).

25
m 3M
6
M 25 84
* 3.055
m 6 25 21