.

5 107

5.1

( )
( ).
( , )
,
6 [. .. . (3.13)].

:
,
, ;

,
( ).
( ) , ,
. ,
(. 5.1).
, ,
( P1 ), ( ).
( )
, pA (. 5.1),
( P2 > P1 ). pB > p A (. 5.1),
( P3 > P2 > P1 ).
()
, , .


.
.

. .
. 5 108

P2 P3
P1

p p

p p

P1 P3
P2

() () ()

. 5.1 (P3
> P2 > P1, pB > pA).

().
,

:
. ,
. ,
,
(.. . 5.2).
.

. 5.2 ,
.

. .
. 5 109

5.2

1
() ,
.
max [. (4.9)]
cr ,
:

1 fy
max = cr = = (5.1)
2 2

fy ,
( fy ).
. 5.3,
( )
45 ,
[. . (1.9)].

. 5.3
.

:
1 2 (. 5.4-) max = 1 / 2 ,
1 = fy . max = 2 / 2
2 = fy . 1 2

1
C. A. Coulomb 1773. T 1868, H.
Tresca ()
. Tresca.

. .
. 5 110

1 > 2 , 1 2 ,
,
1 2 . , 1 2
, , :

1 < fy 2 < fy (5.2)

1 2 ( 1 2 ,
3 = 0 ), . 5.4-, max = ( 1 + 2 ) / 2 = ( 1 2 ) / 2 .
1 2 , , 1
2 :

1 2 fy
< (5.3)
2 2

()

() ()

() ()
()

. 5.4 ( )
.

. .
. 5 111

(5.2) (5.3)
, Tresca.
1 2 (
),
, Tresca.
( , fy )
. 5.5.

2
fy

1
fy

. 5.5 ( Tresca).

1
2 , ,
. 1 2 ,
. ,
.

5.3 ( )

2.9 ,
U o
. . (2.15)
:

Uo = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 (5.4)
2 2 2

. .
. 5 112

. (3.12) (
) :

Uo =
1
2E
( )
12 + 22 + 32 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )

(5.5)

.
, :

1 + 2 + 3
= (5.6)
3

( )
. , ,
.
:

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 2 0 = 0 0 + 0 2 0 (5.7)
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3

. (5.7)

( ).
. 5.6-
. 5.6- .
(. 5.6)
( . 5.6-)
( . 5.6-
, ).

,
(
U o,v )
(
U o,s ).
. (5.5) 1 = 2 = 3 = p p ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) / 3 :

3(1 2 ) 2 1 2
U o,v = p = ( 1 + 2 + 3 )2 (5.8)
2E 6E

. .
. 5 113

U o,v
U o . G = E / 2(1 + ) :

U o,s =
1
12G
[
( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1)2 ] (5.9)

() () ()

() () () ()

. 5.6 .

(
) , ( ,
)
.
, . (5.9) 1 = f y 2 = 3 = 0 ,
2fy2 / 12G . . (5.9)
, Huber-Hencky-
Mises von Mises:

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1)2 = 2fy2 (5.10)

( 3 = 0 ) . (5.10)

2 2
1
1 2 + 2 = 1 (5.11)
fy fy fy fy

. .
. 5 114

, .
5.7. , 1 2
, , .
1 2 , .
,
.

2
fy

1
fy

. 5.7 ( )
.

. (5.10) 1 2 3 ( )
, (. 5.8)
1 / 3 . . 5.7
1 2 .
( Tresca)

, (. 5.8).
von Mises Tresca
. 5.9,
. (
) ( ).
,
1 = 2 .
von Mises
Tresca
, ,
.. .

. .
. 5 115

( )

von Mises

() ()

. 5.8 ()
von Mises () Tresca ( ). ()
(
).

fy

fy / 3

fy / 2

-fy

fy

-fy

. 5.9 von Mises Tresca .

5.4

, Rankine2,
. ,

2
W. J. M. Rankine 19 .

. .
. 5 116

, . ,
,
( fu ). :

1 = fu , 2 = fu 3 = fu (5.12)

(. 5.10) (.
5.10).

2
fu

1
fu

() ()

. 5.10 () ()
.

5.5 ,

. 5.11 1 2
,
, ()
.
() ,
, ()
.

. .
. 5 117

2

fu

1
fu

. 5.11 .

( 1 2 ):
1 = 2 1 = 2 .
(.. ), . ,
, ,
.
Duquet 1885,

(. 5.12).
, . 5.12 .

Mohr, o ( Mohr)
.
(. 5.13).

.
(.. A , B )
x , y xy , , 1 2
. 1 2
. 5.13.

. .
. 5 118

2 / fc
2

1 / fc
1

() ()

. 5.12 . () Duquet, ()
.

1 = ft
( )

( )
Mohr
2
()


1
(fv, -fv) ft
ft
-fc -fv -fc ft 1
3 = -fc
( )
(-fv, fv)

( )
-fc

Mohr

()
()
()

. 5.13 () Mohr, ()
, ()
, () Mohr .

Mohr
,

.
( ) (. 5.14).

. .
. 5 119

( ) ,
,
c ( , .. ,
. 5.14
, .
5.14 - ).

. 5.14 Mohr .

( ) 1 2
. 5.12.

5.1

y = -30 Pa
2
-30 3
xy = 10 Pa
1

3
= -10 Pa

(-35, -35)
-30

() ()

. 5.15 5.1.

1 2 . 5.15.

. .
. 5 120

. 5.15 ( MPa)
.

2
10 30 10 + 30 2
1 = + + 10 = 5.86 MPa
2 2

2
10 30 10 + 30 2
2 = + 10 = 34.14 MPa
2 2

(-5.86, -34.14)
( ), ,
. 5.15.

5.2

p
r t
fy .

. 3.8, 1 = pr / t
2 = 1 / 2 = pr / 2t . . 5.16.

() ()

. 5.16 Mohr .

. .
. 5 121

max = f y / 2 1 / 2 = fy / 2 p = fy t / r .

. .
. 5 122

. .