CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large
building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. The energy windmills
produce can be used in many ways, traditionally for grinding grain or spices, pumping
water, sawing wood or hammering seeds. Modern wind power machines are used for
generating electricity and are more commonly called wind turbines.
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor
shaft is set vertically and the main components are located at the base of the turbine.
Among the advantages of this arrangement are that generators and gearboxes can be placed
close to the ground, which makes these components easier to service and repair, and that
VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind. Major drawbacks for the early designs
(Savonius, Darrieus and giromill) included the pulsatory torque that can be produced
during each revolution and the huge bending moments on the blades. Later designs solved
the torque issue by using the helical twist of the blades almost similar to Gorlov's water
turbines.
Vertical axis wind turbine can catch the wind from all directions and at lower wind speed
than horizontal axis ones. New types of vertical axis wind machines are being introduced
such as helical types particularly for use in urban environments where they would be
considered safer and since they can catch the wind from all direction. Horizontal axis wind
turbines are typically more efficient at converting wind energy into electricity than vertical
axis wind turbines. For this reason they have become dominant in the commercial wind
power market. However small vertical wind turbines are more suited to urban areas as they
are silent and because of the reduced risk associated with there slower rates of rotation.
One can foresee some future where each human dwelling in the world is equipped with a
wind machine as global peak oil is reached making them indispensable for human well
being. They are well suited for green buildings architectural projects as well as futuristic
aquaponics; where vertical farming in a skyscraper uses automated farming technologies
converting urban sewage into agricultural products. There cost will come down

1
appreciably once they are mass produced on a production line scale equivalent to the
automobile industry.
The economic development and viable use of horizontal axis wind turbines would, in the
future be limited, partly due to the high stress loads on the large blades. It is recognized
that, although less efficient, vertical axis wind turbines do not suffer so much from the
constantly varying gravitational loads that limit the size of horizontal axis turbines.
Economies of scale dictate that if a vertical axis wind turbine with a rated power output of
10 MW could be developed, with at least the same availability as a modern horizontal axis
turbine, but at a lower cost per unit of rated power, then it would not matter if its blade
efficiency was slightly lower from 56 to about 19-40 percent[1].
There have been two distinct types of vertical axis wind turbine:
Darrieus wind turbines
Savonius wind turbines

1.2 DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE:-

The Darrieus wind turbine is a type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) used to generate
electricity from the energy carried in the wind. The turbine consists of a number of aero
foils usually-but not always-vertically mounted on a rotating shaft or framework. This
design of wind turbine was patented by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus, a French
aeronautical engineer in 1931. Its principle of operation depends on the fact that its blade
speed is a multiple of the wind speed, resulting in an apparent wind throughout the whole
revolution coming in as a head wind with only a limited variation in angle. The Darrieus
type is theoretically just as efficient as the propeller type if wind speed is constant, but in
practice this efficiency is rarely realised due to the physical stresses and limitations
imposed by a practical design and wind speed variation. There are also major difficulties in
protecting the Darrieus turbine from extreme wind conditions and in making it self-
starting.
In the original versions of the Darrieus design, the aerofoils are arranged so that they are
symmetrical and have zero rigging angle, that is, the angle that the aerofoils are set relative
to the structure on which they are mounted. This arrangement is equally effective no matter

2
which direction the wind is blowing in contrast to the conventional type, which must be
rotated to face into the wind.

When the Darrieus rotor is spinning, the aerofoils are moving forward through the air in a
circular path. Relative to the blade, this oncoming airflow is added vectorially to the wind,
so that the resultant airflow creates a varying small positive angle of attack (AoA) to the
blade. This generates a net force pointing obliquely forwards along a certain 'line-of-
action'. This force can be projected inwards past the turbine axis at a certain distance,
giving a positive torque to the shaft, thus helping it to rotate in the direction it is already
traveling in. The aerodynamic principles which rotate the rotor are equivalent to that in
autogiros, and normal helicopters in autorotation.
As the aerofoil moves around the back of the apparatus, the angle of attack changes to the
opposite sign, but the generated force is still obliquely in the direction of rotation, because
the wings are symmetrical and the rigging angle is zero. The rotor spins at a rate unrelated
to the wind speed, and usually many times faster. The energy arising from the torque and
speed may be extracted and converted into useful power by using an electrical generator.
One problem with the design is that the angle of attack changes as the turbine spins, so
each blade generates its maximum torque at two points on its cycle (front and back of the
turbine). This leads to a sinusoidal (pulsing) power cycle that complicates design. In
particular, almost all Darrieus turbines have resonant modes where, at a particular
rotational speed, the pulsing is at a natural frequency of the blades that can cause them to
(eventually) break. For this reason, most Darrieus turbines have mechanical brakes or other
speed control devices to keep the turbine from spinning at these speeds for any lengthy
period of time.

Another problem arises because the majority of the mass of the rotating mechanism is at
the periphery rather than at the hub, as it is with a propeller. This leads to very high
centrifugal stresses on the mechanism, which must be stronger and heavier than otherwise
to withstand them. . One common approach to minimize this is to curve the wings into an
"egg-beater" shape (this is called a "troposkein" shape, derived from the Greek for "the

3
shape of a spun rope") such that they are self supporting and do not require such heavy
supports and mountings. See. Fig. 1.1 below:-

Fig. 1.1: Darrieus Wind Turbine

In this configuration, the Darrieus design is theoretically less expensive than a

conventional type, as most of the stress is in the blades which torque against the generator
located at the bottom of the turbine. The only forces that need to be balanced out vertically
are the compression load due to the blades flexing outward (thus attempting to "squeeze"
the tower), and the wind force trying to blow the whole turbine over, half of which is
transmitted to the bottom and the other half of which can easily be offset with guy
wires.[2]

1.3 SAVONIUS WIND TURBINES:-

Savonius wind turbines are a type of vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), used for
converting the force of the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. The turbine consists of a
number of aerofoils, usually, but not always, vertically mounted on a rotating shaft or
framework, either ground stationed or tethered in systems Origin. The Savonius wind
turbine was invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd Johannes Savonius in 1922. However,

4
Europeans had been experimenting with curved blades on VAWT type wind turbines for
many decades before this. In 1551 in Sebenico, Italy-born Bishop of Czanad, who was as
well an engineer, wrote 1616 the book Machine novae, containing several VAWT-type
wind turbines with curved or V-shaped pallets. None of his or any other earlier examples
arrived the state of development made by Sigurd Savonius. In his Finnish biography, there
is mention of his

intention to develop a turbine-type similar to the Flettner-type, but autorotation. He - so

tells the biography - experienced his rotor on small rowing vessels on lakes in his country
before he died on lung infection in early age of 46. There are no results of his particular
investigation known, but Magnus-Effect is confirmed by Knig.

Fig.1.2:-Schematic drawing of a two-scoop Savonius turbine

Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-type
devices, consisting of two or three scoops. Looking down on the rotor from above, a two-
scoop machine would look like an "S" shape in cross section. Because of the curvature, the
scoops experience less drag when moving against the wind than when moving with the
wind. The differential drag causes the Savonius turbine to spin. Because they are drag-type
devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the wind's power than other similarly-sized
lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it
has a small mount without an extended post, making the overall energy extraction less
effective due to the lower wind speeds found at lower heights. Savonius turbines are used
whenever cost or reliability is much more important than efficiency.

5
Most anemometers are Savonius turbines for this reason, as efficiency is irrelevant to the
application of measuring wind speed. Much larger Savonius turbines have been used to
generate electric power on deep-water buoys, which need small amounts of power and get
very little maintenance. Design is simplified because, unlike with horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWTs), no pointing mechanism is required to allow for shifting wind direction
and the turbine is self-starting. Savonius and other vertical-axis machines are good at
pumping water and other high torque, low rpm applications and are not usually connected
to electric power grids. They can sometimes have long helical scoops, to give smooth
torque.

The most ubiquitous application of the Savonius wind turbine is the Flettner Ventilator,
which is commonly seen on the roofs of vans and buses and is used as a cooling device.
The ventilator was developed by the German aircraft engineer Anton Flettner in the 1920s.
It uses the Savonius wind turbine to drive an extractor fan. The vents are still manufactured
in the UK by Flettner Ventilator Limited.
Small Savonius wind turbines are sometimes seen used as advertising signs where the
rotation helps to draw attention to the item advertised. They sometimes feature a simple
two-frame animation. [3]

1.4 MOTIVATION:-
The wind turbine is used at that place where the velocity of air is above than 30 to 40
km/hr. The determination of the electricity generate from the dynamo with the help of the
turbine require the knowledge of velocity of the air. The performance of the turbine has
been measured in volt by dynamo electricity. So we were eager to know the electricity in
volt.

6
 CHAPTER-2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:-

A wind wheel operating an organ is described as early as the 1st century AD by the Greek
engineer Hero, marking probably the first instance of wind powering a machine in history.
Vertical axle windmills were used in eastern Persia (Sistan) by the 9th century AD as
described by Muslim geographers. Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used
today were invented in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s.

Fig.2.1:-Hero's wind-powered organ (reconstruction)

The first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades and appeared in
Persia in the 9th century. The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving
the second caliph Umar is questioned on the grounds of being a 10th century amendment.
Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were
used to grind corn or draw up water, these windmills were quite different from the
European versions. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill with rectangle blades, used for
irrigation, can also be found in 13th century China.

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2.1.1 EARLY HISTORY:-
The first practical windmills were in use is in Sistan, a region in Iran and
bordering Afghanistan, at least by the 9th century and possibly as early as the 7th century.
These"Panemone windmills" were vertical-axle windmills, which had long
vertical driveshaft with six to twelve rectangular sails covered in reed matting or
cloth. These windmills were used to grind corn and pump water, and in the grist
milling and sugarcane industries. The use of windmills became widespread use across the
Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India. Horizontal-axle
windmills were later used extensively in Northwestern Europe to grind flour beginning in
the 1180s, and many Dutch horizontal-axle windmills still exist. By 1000 AD, windmills
were used to pump seawater for salt-making in China and Sicily.

A wind-powered automata is known from the mid-8th century: wind-powered statues that
"turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and the palace complex of the
Round City of Baghdad". The "Green Dome of the palace was surmounted by the statue of
a horseman carrying a lance that was believed to point toward the enemy. This public
spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the 'Abbasid palaces
where automata of various types were predominantly displayed.

2.1.2 EUROPE:-
The first windmills in Europe appear in sources dating to the twelfth century. These early
European windmills were horizontal-axle sunk post mills. The earliest certain reference to
such a horizontal-axle windmill dates from 1185, in Weedley, Yorkshire, although a
number of earlier but less certainly dated twelfth century European sources referring to
windmills have also been adduced. While it is sometimes argued that crusaders may have
been inspired by windmills in the Middle East, this is unlikely since the European
horizontal-axle windmills were of significantly different design than the vertical-axle
windmills of Afghanistan. Lynn White Jr., a specialist in medieval European technology,
asserts that the European windmill was an "independent invention;" he argues that it is
unlikely that the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle windmill had spread as far west as the
Levant during the Crusader period. In medieval England rights to waterpower sites were
often confined to

8
nobility and clergy, so wind power was an important resource to a new middle class. In
addition, windmills, unlike water mills, were not rendered inoperable by the freezing of
water in the winter

Fig.2.2:-A fixed windmill typical of the Cyclades Islands

Fixed windmills, oriented to the prevailing wind were, for example, extensively used in the
Cyclades islands of Greece. The economies of power and transport allowed the use of
these 'offshore' mills for grinding grain transported from the mainland and flour returned.
A 1/10th share of the flour was paid to the miller in return for his service. This type would
mount triangular sales when in operation.

In North Western Europe, the horizontal-shaft or vertical windmill (so called due to the
dimension of the movement of its blades) dates from the last quarter of the 12th century in
the triangle of northern France, eastern England and Flanders. These earliest mills were
used to grind cereals. The evidence at present is that the earliest type was the post mill, so
named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or
"buck") is balanced. By mounting the body this way, the mill is able to rotate to face the
(variable) wind direction; an essential requirement for windmills to operate economically
in North-Western Europe, where wind directions are various. By the end of the thirteenth

9
century the masonry tower mill, on which only the timber cap rotated rather than the whole
body of the mill, had been introduced. Due to the fact that only the cap of the tower mill
needed to be turned the main structure could be made far larger, enabling the sails to catch
more wind and be made longer. Windmills were often built atop castle towers or city walls,
and were a unique part of a number of fortifications in New France, such as at Fort
Senneville.

Fig.2.3:- Fort Senneville.

Up minster (Essex, UK) Windmill in June 2006; a smock mill - before it lost one of its
sails in an early 2007 storm.The fantail, which automatically turns the heavy cap against
the wind, was invented in England in 1745. The smock mill is a later variation of the tower
mill, constructed of timber and originally developed in the sixteenth century for land
drainage. With some subsequent development mills became versatile in windy regions for
all kind of industry, most notably grain grinding mills, sawmills (late 16th century),
threshing, and, by applying scoop wheels, Archimedes' screws, and piston pumps,
pumping water either for land drainage or for water supply.-

With the industrial revolution, the importance of windmills as primary industrial energy
source was replaced by steam and internal combustion engines. Polder mills were replaced

10
by steam, or diesel engines. The industrial revolution and increased use of Steam and later
Diesel power however had a lesser effect on the Mills of the Norfolk Broads in the United
Kingdom, these being so isolated (on extensive uninhabitable marshland), therefore some
of these mills continued use as drainage pumps till as late as 1959. More recently historic
windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits
where merely machinery is too fragile to put in motion and in others as fully working
mills.
With increasing environmental concern, and approaching limits to fossil fuel consumption,
wind power has regained interest as a renewable energy source. This new generation of
wind mills produces electric power and are more generally referred to as wind turbines.
2.1.3 CANADA AND USA:-
From 1974 through the mid-1980s the United States government worked with industry to
advance the technology and enable large commercial wind turbines. The NASA wind
turbines were developed under a program to create a utility-scale wind turbine industry in
the U.S. With funding from the National Science Foundation and later the United States
Department of Energy (DOE), a total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into
operation, in four major wind turbine designs. This research and development program
pioneered many of the multi-megawatt turbine technologies in use today, including: steel
tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, partial-span pitch
control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities.
The large wind turbines developed under this effort set several world records for diameter
and power output. The MOD-2 wind turbine cluster of three turbines produced 7.5
megawatts of power in 1981. In 1987, the MOD-5B was the largest single wind turbine
operating in the world with a rotor diameter of nearly 100 meters and a rated power of 3.2
megawatts. It demonstrated an availability of 95 percent, an unparalleled level for a new
first-unit wind turbine. The MOD-5B had the first large-scale variable speed drive train
and a sectioned, two-blade rotor that enabled easy transport of the blades. The 4 megawatt
WTS-4 held the world record for power output for over 20 years. Although the later units
were sold commercially, none of these two-bladed machines were ever put into mass
production. When oil prices declined by a factor of three from 1980 through the early
1990s, many turbine

11
manufacturers, both large an small, left the business. The commercial sales of the
NASA/Boeing Mod-5B, for example, came to an end in 1987 when Boeing Engineering
and Construction announced they were "planning to leave the market because low oil
prices are keeping windmills for electricity generation uneconomical.
Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for wind power. These rebates funded
the first major use of wind power for utility electricity. These machines, gathered in large
wind parks such as at Altamont Pass would be considered small and un-economic by
modern wind power development standards.
In the United States, the development of the water-pumping windmill was the major
factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas of North America, which were
otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. They contributed to the expansion of rail
transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from wells to supply the needs
of the steam locomotives of those early times. They are still used today for the same
purpose in some areas of the world where a connection to electric power lines is not a
realistic option.
The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for many
years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. These mills, made by a variety
of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades so that they would turn slowly with
considerable torque in low winds and be self regulating in high winds. A tower-top
gearbox and crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried
downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below.
Windmills and related equipment are still manufactured and installed today on farms and
ranches, usually in remote parts of the western United States where electric power is not
readily available. The arrival of electricity in rural areas, brought by the Rural
Electrification Administration (REA) in the 1930s through 1950s, contributed to the
decline in the use of windmills in the US. Today, the increases in energy prices and the
expense of replacing electric pumps have led to an increase in the repair, restoration and
installation of new windmills. The most modern generations of windmills are more
properly called wind turbines, or wind generators, and are primarily used to generate
electric power. Modern windmills are designed to convert the energy of the wind into

12
electricity. The largest wind turbines can generate up to 6MW of power (for comparison a
modern fossil fuel power plant generates between 500 and 1,300MW).

Fig.2.4:- Modern windmills

Wind pumps similar to this one near Winburg are to be found on remote farms all over
Africa. A wind pump is a type of windmill used for pumping water from a well or draining
land. On US farms, particularly in the Midwest, wind pumps of the type pictured were
used to pump water from farm wells for cattle. Today this is done primarily by electric
pumps, and only a few wind pumps survive as unused relics of a previous technology.
Wind pumps similar in construction to the ones from the US Midwest are still being used
extensively in Southern Africa. In South Africa and Namibia thousands of wind pumps are
still operating. These are mostly used to provide water for human use as well as drinking
water for large sheep stocks. At least 21 different types of wind pumps are still operational
in South Africa. Unfortunately few manufacturers still exist, although Southern Cross,
Climax (Stewards and Lloyds) and Poldaw wind pumps are still distributed.
Kenya has also benefited from the Africa development of wind pump technologies. At the
end of the 70s, the UK NGO Intermediate Technology Development Group provided
engineering support to the Kenyan company Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd for the

13
development of the Kijito wind pumps. Nowadays Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd is still
manufacturing the Kijito wind pumps and more than 300 Kijito wind pumps are operating
in the whole of East Africa.

Fig.2.5:- Broad land Wind pumps

Redgrave Mill, UK. An example of the derelict state of many Broad land Wind pumps.
The Netherlands is well known for its windmills. Most of these iconic structures situated
along the edge of polders are actually wind pumps, designed to drain the land. These are
particularly important as much of the country lies below sea level.
Many wind pumps were built in The Broads, of East Anglia in the United Kingdom for the
draining of land. They have since been mostly replaced by electric power, many of these
wind pumps still remain, mainly in a derelict state, however some have been restored. [4]

2.2 FORMULATION OF PROBLEM:-

To manufacture a wind turbine and generate electricity with it. To test the wind
turbine by determining the rate of wind velocity and voltage produced by dynamo.

14
 CHAPTER- 3
WORK UNDERTAKEN
3.1 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE:-
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine consist of Pvc clear blade, pvc clear pipe, MS rode design on
machine, Bearing, spur gears, Metal fixture assembly for holding spur gear, Dynamo,
Screw nuts, Multi meter, Wooden base which are shown in fig. blow:-

Fig.no.3.1 Image of project

3.2 Components Used: -

i) Pvc clear blade.
ii) 4 inch pvc clear pipe.
iii) 8 inch pvc clear pipe.
iv) Spring.
v) Iron rode design on machine.
vi) Bearing.
vii) Spur gears.
viii) Metal fixture assembly for holding spiral gear.

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ix) Belt.
x) Dynamo.
xi) Screw nuts.
xii) Glue paste.
xiii) Multi meter.
xiv) Wooden base.
Now here we are explaining some of the components of vertical axis wind turbines in
details, which are really very necessary for constructing a vertical axis wind turbines. This
wind turbine incorporates a strong and modular 3D blade design for easy assembling of the
wind turbine. The spiral shape of the wind turbine allows smoother power production.

3.2.1 BLADES:
A) BLADE DESIGN:-
The ratio between the speed of the blade tips and the speed of the wind is called tip speed
ratio. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip speed/wind speed ratios of 6 to 7. Modern
wind turbines are designed to spin at varying speeds (a consequence of their generator
design, see above). Use of aluminum and composite materials in their blades has
contributed to low rotational inertia, which means that newer wind turbines can accelerate
quickly if the winds pick up, keeping the tip speed ratio more nearly constant. Operating
closer to their optimal tip speed ratio during energetic gusts of wind allows wind turbines
to improve energy capture from sudden gusts that are typical in urban settings.
In contrast, older style wind turbines were designed with heavier steel blades, which have
higher inertia, and rotated at speeds governed by the AC frequency of the power lines. The
high inertia buffered the changes in rotation speed and thus made power output more
stable.
The speed and torque at which a wind turbine rotates must be controlled for several
reasons:
To optimize the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor in light winds.
To keep the generator within its speed and torque limits.

16
 To keep the rotor and hub within their centrifugal force limits. The centrifugal force
from the spinning rotors increases as the square of the rotation speed, which makes this
structure sensitive to over speed.
To keep the rotor and tower within their strength limits. Because the power of the
wind increases as the cube of the wind speed, turbines have to be built to survive much
higher wind loads (such as gusts of wind) than those from which they can practically
generate power. Since the blades generate more torsional and vertical forces (putting far
greater stress on the tower and nacelle due to the tendency of the rotor to process and
nutate) when they are producing torque, most wind turbines have ways of reducing torque
in high winds.
To enable maintenance. Since it is dangerous to have people working on a wind
turbine while it is active, it is sometimes necessary to bring a turbine to a full stop.
To reduce noise. As a rule of thumb, the noise from a wind turbine increases with
the fifth power of the relative wind speed (as seen from the moving tip of the blades). In
noise-sensitive environments, the tip speed can be limited to approximately 60 m/s
(200 ft/s).
It is generally understood that noise increases with higher blade tip speeds. To increase tip
speed without increasing noise would allow reduction the torque into the gearbox and
generator and reduce overall structural loads, thereby reducing cost. The reduction of noise
is linked to the detailed aerodynamics of the blades, especially factors that reduce abrupt
stalling. The inability to predict stall restricts the development of aggressive aerodynamic
concepts.

B) BLADE COUNT:-
The determination of the number of blades involves design considerations of aerodynamic
efficiency, component costs, system reliability, and aesthetics. Noise emissions are
affected by the location of the blades upwind or downwind of the tower and the speed of
the rotor. Given that the noise emissions from the blades' trailing edges and tips vary by the
5th power of blade speed, a small increase in tip speed can make a large difference.
Wind turbines developed over the last 50 years have almost universally used either two or
three blades. Aerodynamic efficiency increases with number of blades but with

17
diminishing return. Increasing the number of blades from one to two yields a six percent
increase in aerodynamic efficiency, whereas increasing the blade count from two to three
yields only an additional three percent in efficiency. Further increasing the blade count
yields minimal improvements in aerodynamic efficiency and sacrifices too much in blade
stiffness as the blades become thinner.
Component costs that are affected by blade count are primarily for materials and
manufacturing of the turbine rotor and drive train. Generally, the fewer the number of
blades, the lower the material and manufacturing costs will be. In addition, the fewer the
number of blades, the higher the rotational speed can be. This is because blade stiffness
requirements to avoid interference with the tower limit how thin the blades can be
manufactured, but only for upwind machines; deflection of blades in a downwind machine
results in increased tower clearance. Fewer blades with higher rotational speeds reduce
peak torques in the drive train, resulting in lower gearbox and generator costs.
System reliability is affected by blade count primarily through the dynamic loading of the
rotor into the drive train and tower systems. While aligning the wind turbine to changes in
wind direction (yawing), each blade experiences a cyclic load at its root end depending on
blade position. This is true of one, two, three blades or more. However, these cyclic loads
when combined together at the drive train shaft are symmetrically balanced for three
blades, yielding smoother operation during turbine yaw. Turbines with one or two blades
can use a pivoting teetered hub to also nearly eliminate the cyclic loads into the drive shaft
and system during yawing.
Finally, aesthetics can be considered a factor in that some people find that the three-bladed
rotor is more pleasing to look at than a one- or two-bladed rotor.

C) BLADE MATERIAL:-
Wood and canvas sails were used on early windmills due to their low price, availability,
and ease of manufacture. Smaller blades can be made from light metals such as aluminum.
These materials, however, require frequent maintenance. Wood and canvas construction
limits the airfoil shape to a flat plate, which has a relatively high ratio of drag to force
captured (low aerodynamic efficiency) compared to solid airfoils. Construction of solid
airfoil designs requires inflexible materials such as metals or composites.

18
New wind turbine designs push power generation from the single megawatt range to
upwards of 10 megawatts using larger and larger blades. A larger area effectively increases
the tip-speed ratio of a turbine at a given wind speed, thus increasing its energy extraction.
Computer-aided engineering software such as HyperSizer (originally developed for
spacecraft design) can be used to improve blade design. Current production wind turbine
blades are as large as 100 meters in diameter with prototypes in the range of 110 to 120
meters. In 2001, an estimated 50 million kilograms of fiberglass laminate were used in
wind turbine blades. An important goal of larger blade systems is to control blade weight.
Since blade mass scales as the cube of the turbine radius, loading due to gravity constrains
systems with larger blades.
Manufacturing blades in the 40 to 50 meter range involves proven fiberglass composite
fabrication techniques. Manufactures such as Nordex and GE Wind use an infusion
process. Other manufacturers use variations on this technique, some including carbon and
wood with fiberglass in an epoxy matrix. Options also include prepreg fiberglass and
vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. Each of these options use a glass-fiber reinforced
polymer composite constructed with differing complexity. Perhaps the largest issue with
more simplistic, open-mold, wet systems are the emissions associated with the volatile
organics released. Preimpregnated materials and resin infusion techniques avoid the release
of volatiles by containing all reaction gases. However, these contained processes have their
own challenges, namely the production of thick laminates necessary for structural
components becomes more difficult. As the preform resin permeability dictates the
maximum laminate thickness, bleeding is required to eliminate voids and insure proper
resin distribution. One solution to resin distribution a partially preimpregnated fiberglass.
During evacuation, the dry fabric provides a path for airflow and, once heat and pressure
are applied, resin may flow into the dry region resulting in a thoroughly impregnated
laminate structure.
Epoxy-based composites have environmental, production, and cost advantages over other
resin systems. Epoxies also allow shorter cure cycles, increased durability, and improved
surface finish. Proper operations further reduce processing time over wet lay-up systems.
As turbine blades pass 60 meters, infusion techniques become more prevalent; the
traditional resin transfer moulding injection time is too long as compared to the resin set-

19
up time, limiting laminate thickness. Injection forces resin through a thicker ply stack, thus
depositing the resin where in the laminate structure before gelatin occurs. Specialized
epoxy resins have been developed to customize lifetimes and viscosity.
Carbon fiber-reinforced load-bearing spars can reduce weight and increase stiffness. Using
carbon fibers in 60 meter turbine blades is estimated to reduce total blade mass by 38%
and decrease cost by 14% compared to 100% fiberglass. Carbon fibers have the added
benefit of reducing the thickness of fiberglass laminate sections, further addressing the
problems associated with resin wetting of thick lay-up sections. Wind turbines may also
benefit from the general trend of increasing use and decreasing cost of carbon fiber
materials.

3.2.2 FOUNDATION:-
Wind turbines, by their nature, are very tall slender structures; this can cause a number of
issues when the structural design of the foundations are considered.
The foundations for a conventional engineering structure are designed mainly to transfer
the vertical load (dead weight) to the ground, this generally allows for a comparatively
unsophisticated arrangement to be used. However in the case of wind turbines, due to the
high wind and environmental loads experienced there is a significant horizontal dynamic
load that needs to be appropriately restrained.
This loading regime causes large moment loads to be applied to the foundations of a wind
turbine. As a result, considerable attention needs to be given when designing the footings
to ensure that the turbines are sufficiently restrained to operate efficiently. In the current
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) guidelines for the design of wind turbines the angular
deflection of the foundations are limited to 0.5, DNV guidelines regarding earthquakes
suggest that horizontal loads are larger than vertical loads for offshore wind turbines, while
guidelines for tsunamis only suggest designing for maximum sea waves.
Scale model tests using a 50g centrifuge are being performed at the Technical University
of Denmark to test monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines at 30-50m water
depth.

20
3.2.3 TOWER:-
Wind velocities increase at higher altitudes due to surface aerodynamic drag (by land or
water surfaces) and the viscosity of the air. The variation in velocity with altitude, called
wind shear, is most dramatic near the surface.
Typically, in daytime the variation follows the wind profile power law, which predicts that
wind speed rises proportionally to the seventh root of altitude. Doubling the altitude of a
turbine, then, increases the expected wind speeds by 10% and the expected power by 34%.
To avoid buckling, doubling the tower height generally requires doubling the diameter of
the tower as well, increasing the amount of material by a factor of at least four.
At night time, or when the atmosphere becomes stable, wind speed close to the ground
usually subsides whereas at turbine hub altitude it does not decrease that much or may
even increase. As a result the wind speed is higher and a turbine will produce more power
than expected from the 1/7 power law: doubling the altitude may increase wind speed by
20% to 60%. A stable atmosphere is caused by radioactive cooling of the surface and is
common in a temperate climate: it usually occurs when there is a (partly) clear sky at night.
When the (high altitude) wind is strong (a 10-meter (33 ft) wind speed higher than
approximately 6 to 7 m/s (2023 ft/s)) the stable atmosphere is disrupted because of
friction turbulence and the atmosphere will turn neutral. A daytime atmosphere is either
neutral (no net radiation; usually with strong winds and/or heavy clouding) or unstable
(rising air because of ground heatingby the sun). Here again the 1/7 power law applies or
is at least a good approximation of the wind profile. Indiana had been rated as having a
wind capacity of 30,000 MW, but by raising the expected turbine height from 50m to 70m,
the wind capacity estimate was raised to 40,000 MW, and could be double that at 100m.
For HAWTs, tower heights approximately two to three times the blade length have been
found to balance material costs of the tower against better utilization of the more expensive
active components.
3.2.4 EARINGS:-
Have you ever wondered how things like inline skate wheels and electric motors spin so
smoothly and quietly? The answer can be found in a neat little machine called a bearing.
The bearing makes many of the machines we use every day possible. Without bearings, we
would be constantly replacing parts that wore out from friction. In this article, we'll learn

21
how bearings work, look at some different kinds of bearings and explain their common
uses, and explore some other interesting uses of bearings.

A) THE BASICS:-
The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they slide. The wheels
on your car are like big bearings. If you had something like skis instead of wheels, your car
would be a lot more difficult to push down the road.
That is because when things slide, the friction between them causes a force that tends to
slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly
reduced.

Fig.3.2 A Simple Bearing

Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and
outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or rollers "bear" the load,
allowing the device to spin smoothly.

B) BEARING LOAD:-
Bearings typically have to deal with two kinds of loading, radial and thrust. Depending on
where the bearing is being used, it may see all radial loading, all thrust loading or a
combination of both.

22
 Fig.3.3:- Bearing Load
the bearings that support the shafts of motors and pulleys are subject to radial load.the
bearings in the electric motor and the pulley pictured above face only a radial load. in
this case, most of the load comes from the tension in the belt connecting the two pulleys.
there are many types of bearings, each used for different purposes. these include ball
bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings and tapered roller thrust
bearings.
C) BALL BEARING:-
Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common type of bearing. They are
found in everything from inline skates to hard drives. These bearings can handle both
radial and thrust loads, and is usually found in applications where the load is relatively
small.

23
 Fig.3.4:-Cutaway view of a ball bearing

In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball and from the ball to
the inner race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very
small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that there is not very
much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform or
squish, ruining the bearing.

3.2.5 GEARS:-
Gears are categorized into several types. They are used in a wide era of industries
including automotive, milling, paper industry etc. According to different applications in
industries and different materials used they are categorized separately. Different types of
gears are also custom design and are fabricated by gear manufacturing services as par the
specifications.
Vertical axis wind turbines mostly use bevel gears. It is the important component for the
construction of VAWTs. Some of the different types of gears are explained below.

A) MASTER GEARS:-
They offer high precision, low volume productions. They are used for composite testing of
production components. They have high speed, quiet operation, longer life and greater
efficiency.

24
The most common applications are as setting masters and rolling masters for inspection
and production applications. They are used to determine the accuracy of work gears. When
master gears and work gears are rolled together on rolling fixtures dimensional variations
are determined by various indicators, charts or other indicating devices. Master Gears are
also used in aerospace and automotive industry.

Fig.3.5:- Master Gears

B) SPUR GEARS:-

They connect parallel shafts, have involute teeth that are parallel to the shaft and can have
internal or external teeth. They cause no external thrust between gears. They are
inexpensive to manufacture. They give lower but satisfactory performance. They are used
when shaft rotates in the same plane.
The main features of spur gears are duodenum, addendum, flank, and fillet. Duodenum
cylinder is a root from where teeth extend, it extends to the tip called the addendum circle.
Flank or the face contacts the meshing gear, the most useful feature if the spur gears. The
fillet in the root region is kinetically irrelevant.

25
 Fig.3.6:- Spur Gears
i) Characteristics:
The speed and change of the force depends on the gear ratio, the ratio of
number of teeth on the gears that are to be meshed. One gear among the two is
on the input axle, the axle of the motor and the other gear of the pair is on the
output axle, the axle of the wheel. They have higher contact ratio that makes
them smooth and quiet in operation. They are available for corrosion resistant
operation. They are among the most cost-effective type of gearing. They are
also used to create large gear reductions.
ii) Materials:
They are available in plastic, non-metallic, brass, steel and cast iron and are
manufactured in a variety of styles. They are made with many different
properties. Factors like design life, power transmission requirements, noise and
heat generation, and presence of corrosive elements contribute to the
optimization of the gear material.
iii) Applications:
Generally used in simple machines like washing machines, clothes dryer or
power winches. They are not used in automobiles because they produce sound
when the teeth of both the gears collide with each other. It also increases stress
on the gear teeth. They are also used in construction equipment, machine tools,
indexing equipment, multi spindle drives, roller feeds, and conveyors.

26
C) WORM GEARS:-

A worm gear is an inclined plane wrapped around a central axle. It is a gear with one or
more teeth in the form of screwed threads. Worm gears are made of two parts: the pinion
and the worm gear. The pinion has small number of teeth and they wrap around the pitch
cylinder. The worm gear has concave faces to fit the curvature of the worm in order to
provide line of contact instead of point of contact. They are cut helically for better mating
Worm gears can provide a high angular velocity between non-intersecting shafts at right
angles. They are capable of transmitting high tooth loads, the only disadvantage is the high
sliding velocities across the teeth. They provide ultimate power ratio.

Fig.3.7:-Worm Gears

i) Features:-
The efficiency of worm gear depends on the lead angle, sliding speed, and lubricant,
surface quality and installation conditions. They offer smoothest, quietest form of gearing.
They provide high-ratio speed reduction in minimal spaces. Worm gears are used when
large gear reductions are required. Worm gear has a unique property of easily turning the
gear. The gear cannot turn the worm because the angle on the worm is shallow and when
the gear tries to spin the worm, the friction between the two holds the worm in place.
Worm gears work under difficult conditions, presenting unique lubrication demands. The
types of oils most commonly used to lubricate worm gears are compounded mineral oils,

27
EP mineral gear oils and synthetics. Operation of the Gear. Worm gear is always used as
the input gear. For the operation of worm gear, torque is applied to the input end of the
worm shaft by a driven sprocket or electric motor. The worm and the worm shaft are
supported by anti-friction roller bearings. Because of high friction worm gears are very
inefficient. There is lot of friction between a worm gear and the gear being driven by the
worm gear. When used in high torque applications, the friction causes the wear on the gear
teeth and erosion of restraining surface. ii) Types:
There are three types of worm gears:
a) Non Throated:- a helical gear with a straight worm. Tooth contact is a single moving
point on the worm drive.
b) Single throated:- has concave helical teeth wrap around the worm. This leads to line
contact.
c) Double Throated:- called a cone or hourglass. It has concave teeth both on the worm
and helical gear.
iii) Applications:-
Worm gears are widely used in packaging machinery, material handling, machine tools,
indexing and food processing. They are used widely in conveyor systems. They are also
used in torsion differential, used on some high-performance cars and trucks. They serve as
speed reducers in many different industries.

3.2.6 DYNAMO:-
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator that
produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical
generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many
other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the
alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power
generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the
commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid state
methods. The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator.
A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a
Hub dynamo.

28
A) DESCRIPTION:-
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation
into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of
a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set
of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines
the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which
are usually called field coils.
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a
magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an
alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating
current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating,
used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a
replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts mounted on the machine's
shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the
potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

Fig.3.8:- Dynamo

29
b) Historical Milestone:-

The first electric generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831, a copper disk that
rotated between the poles of a magnet. This was not a dynamo because it did not use a
commutator. However, Faraday's disk generated very low voltage because of its single
current path through the magnetic field. Faraday and others found that higher, more useful
voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of wire into a coil. Wire windings
can conveniently produce any voltage desired by changing the number of turns, so they
have been a feature of all subsequent generator designs, requiring the invention of the
commutator to produce direct current.

c) Jedliks Dynamo:-

In 1827, Hungarian Anyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating

devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-pole
electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. He
formulated the concept of the dynamo about six years before Siemens and Wheatstone but
did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to realize this. His dynamo used, instead
of permanent magnets, two electromagnets opposite to each other to induce the magnetic
field around the rotor.

Fig.3.9:- Jedliks dynamo

30
d) Pixies Dynamo:-

The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by Hippolyte Pixie, a
French instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a crank. The
spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron
wrapped with wire. Pixie found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the
wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and south poles of the magnet
induced currents in opposite directions. To convert the alternating current to DC, Pixie
invented a commutator, a split metal cylinder on the shaft, with two springy metal contacts
that pressed against it.

e) Pacinotti Dynamo:-

These early designs had a problem: the electric current they produced consisted of a series
of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low average power
output. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved this problem around 1860 by
replacing the spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole toroidal one, which he created
by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding, connected to the commutator at many
equally spaced points around the ring; the commutator being divided into many segments.
This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing
out the current.

Fig.3.10:- Pacinotti Dynamo

31
f) Siemens and Wheatstone Dynamo:-

The first practical designs for a dynamo were announced independently and
simultaneously by Dr. Werner Siemens and Charles Wheatstone. On January 17, 1867,
Siemens announced to the Berlin academy a "dynamo-electric machine" (first use of the
term) which employed a self-powering electromagnetic armature. On the same day that
this invention was announced to the Royal Society Charles Wheatstone read a paper
describing a similar design with the difference that in the Siemens design the armature was
in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's design it was in parallel. The use of
electromagnets rather than permanent magnets greatly increases the power output of a
dynamo and enabled high power generation for the first time. This invention led directly to
the first major industrial uses of electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used
electromagnetic dynamos to power electric arc furnaces for the production of metals and
other materials.

g) Gramme Ring Dynamo:-

Znobe Gramme reinvented Pacinotti's design in 1871 when designing the first commercial
power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. Another advantage of Gramme's design
was a better path for the magnetic flux, by filling the space occupied by the magnetic field
with heavy iron cores and minimizing the air gaps between the stationary and rotating
parts. The Gramme dynamo was the first machine to generate commercial quantities of
power for industry. Further improvements were made on the Gramme ring, but the basic
concept of a spinning endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.

Fig.3.11:- Gramme Ring Dynamo

32
h) Discovery of Electric Motor Principles:-

While not originally designed for the purpose, it was discovered that a dynamo can act as
an electric motor when supplied with direct current from a battery or another dynamo. At
an industrial exhibition in Vienna in 1873, Gramme noticed that the shaft of his dynamo
began to spin when its terminals were accidentally connected to another dynamo producing
electricity. Although this wasn't the first demonstration of an electric motor, it was the first
practical one. It was found that the same design features which make a dynamo efficient
also make a motor efficient. The efficient Gramme design, with small magnetic air gaps
and many coils of wire attached to a many-segmented commutator, also became the basis
for the design of all practical DC motors.

Large dynamos producing direct current were problematic in situations where two or more
dynamos are working together and one has an engine running at a lower power than the
other. The dynamo with the stronger engine will tend to drive the weaker as if it were a
motor, against the rotation of the weaker engine. Such reverse-driving could feed back into
the driving engine of a dynamo and cause a dangerous out of control reverse-spinning
condition in the lower-power dynamo. It was eventually determined that when several
dynamos all feed the same power source all the dynamos must be locked into synchrony
using a jackshaft interconnecting all engines and rotors to counter these imbalances.

After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be useful
for something, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with the commutated DC
electric generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip rings or rotor magnets
would become known as an alternator.

An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a
synchronous motor, and a commutated DC electric motor could be called either an electric
motor though with the understanding that it could in principle operate as a generator.

33
3.2.7 MULTIMETER:-

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic

measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and
resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog multimeters and digital
multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)

Fig.3.12:- Multimeter

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They
can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household
devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Multimeters are available in a wide ranges of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can
cost less than US$10, while the top of the line multimeters can cost more than US$5000.

a) Quantities Measured:-

Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are:

Voltage in volts.
Current in amperes.
Resistance in ohms.

34
Additionally, multimeters may also measure:-

Capacitance in farads.
Conductance in Siemens.
Decibels.
Duty cycle as a percentage.
Frequency in hertz
Inductance in henrys
Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:-

Continuity that beeps when a circuit conducts.

Diodes and Transistors

Various sensors can be attached to multimeters to take measurements such as:

Light level
Acidity/Alkalinity(pH)
Wind speed
Relative humidity

b) Sensitivity and Input Impedance:-

The current load or how much current is drawn from the circuit being tested may affect a
multimeter's accuracy. A smaller current draw usually will result in more precise
measurements. With improper usage or too much current load, a multimeter may be
damaged therefore rendering its measurements unreliable and substandard.

Meters with electronic amplifiers in them, such as all digital multimeters and analog
meters using a transistor for amplification, have input impedance that is usually considered
high enough not to disturb the circuit tested. This is often one million ohms, or ten million
ohms. The standard input impedance allows use of external probes to extend the direct-
current measuring range up to tens of thousands of volts.

35
Most analog multimeters of the moving pointer type are unbuffered, and draw current from
the circuit under test to deflect the meter pointer. The impedance of the meter varies
depending on the basic sensitivity of the meter movement and the range which is selected.
For example, a meter with a typical 20,000 ohms/volt sensitivity will have an input
resistance of two million ohms on the 100 volt range (100 V * 20,000 ohms/volt =
2,000,000 ohms). Lower sensitivity meters are useful for general purpose testing especially
in power circuits, where source impedances are low compared to the meter impedance.
Some measurements in signal circuits require higher sensitivity so as not to load down the
circuit under test with the meter impedance.

Sometime sensitivity is confused with resolution of a meter, which is defined as measure

of the lowest voltage, current or resistance that can change measurement reading. For
general-purpose digital multimeters, a full-scale range of several hundred millivolts AC or
DC is common, but the minimum full-scale current range may be several hundred
milliamps. Since general-purpose multimeters have only two-wire resistance
measurements, which do not compensate for the effect of the lead wire resistance,
measurements below a few tens of ohms will be of low accuracy. The upper end of
multimeter measurement ranges varies considerably by manufacturer; generally
measurements over 1000 volts, over 10 amperes, or over 100 megohms would require a
specialized test instrument, as would accurate measurement of currents on the order of 1
microamp or less.

3.3 Working of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine:-

Working of vertical axis wind starts when air of having velocity 8-10km/hr strikes on the
blades of turbine.And then blades start rotating which rotates shaft also.For transmittiting
vertical rotatery motion into horizontal rotatery motion we use spur gear.Spur gear transmit
this motion to the dynometere.After that the copper wire in the dynameters get rotates
which produce e.m.f in the dynometer.dynometer is a electric motor which produce electric
current. and working of vertical axis wind turbine is completed.

36
3.4 PROCEDURE:-
We have divided our project in various steps which made it easier for us to work. The
various steps are as follows:
3.4.1Collection of materials and components for our project:-

The project is a combination of different components namely. Pvc clear blade, pvc clear
pipe, M.S rod design on machine, Bearing, spur gears, Metal fixture assembly for holding
spur gear, Dynamo, Screw nuts, Multi meter, Wooden base.

3.4.2 Design and Construction:-

Helix Wind has come up with a small turbine that will harness wind from any direction
and thus can make use of even the lightest breeze.

Not only does the Helix turbine make it possible for wind power to go where it never could
before it looks beautiful while it saves the world.

The strong aluminum and steel construction of this wind turbine enables it to withstand
extreme weather conditions. This wind turbine incorporates a strong and modular 3D blade
design for easy assembling of the wind turbine. The spiral shape of the wind turbine allows
smoother power production. The Wind Turbine offered by Helix Wind incorporates a low
rpm.

The unique spiral design of the wind turbine allows noiseless functioning. This Omni
directional wind turbine does not use a yaw control. The Wind Turbine offers a swept area.
The vertical axis helical Savonius rotor (VAWT) used in this wind.

37
 Fig.3.13:- Design & Construction

There are the following steps for making of a vertical axis wind turbine:-
Step-1
In our project we are using iron rode (ms) with mention size below. We adjoin this rode
with one spring for flexible rotation of rode.

Fig.3.13 (i):- Iron Rode

38
Step-2
We are using PVC clear pipe in our project for showing clear working.
First we insert one bearing in the rode from top side of spring and then use pvc sheet
covering as a first support.

Fig.3.13 (ii):- Fixing of the Bearing

Step-3
Now we fix one bevel gear mechanism for transmitting vertical rotation to horizontal
rotating. The bevel gear are to be fix with the help of favi- quick because the material of
the gears is plastics.

Fig.3.13 (iii):- Fixing of the Bearing & Gear

39
Step-4
Now we fix one dynamo with horizontal shaft with the help of built

Fig.3.13 (iv):- Attachment of the Dynamo to Gear Shaft With Belt

Step-5
We are using as a flat and blades for this project. The size is mention below:-
Dia. of curved blades = 11cm
Depth of the curved blades = 0.4mm
Length of flat blades = 30cm
Depth of the flat blades = 0.5mm

Fig.3.13 (v):- Design of Blade

40
Step-6
Now, we attach our blades with vertical rode. The vertical rod and the blades are to be
attached with the helps of the nut and bolts. We are using two curve and four flat blades in
this project. There are four pieces of the wooden attached with the vertical rod and then
these blades are to be attached with nut and screw.

Fig.3.13 (vi):- Fixture of Blade With Rotation Shaft

Step-7
We attach one multi meter with dynamo for checking dynamo output. As per our project
design our generator give 3-12v out put (output may be vary according to the wind speed)

Fig.3.13 (vii):- Complete Project View

41
3.5 FABRICATION/ DEVELOPMENT:-

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key
advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly
variable, for example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages include the
low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the
drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360 degree rotation of the aerofoil
within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade,
the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty
of modeling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analyzing and designing
the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a
direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, hence improving
accessibility for maintenance.

When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the
roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted
turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for
maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. It should be borne in mind that
wind speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural
sites.

Another type of vertical axis is the Parallel turbine similar to the cross flow fan or
centrifugal fan it uses the Ground effect. Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried
for many years. The Magenn Wind Kite blimp uses this configuration as well, chosen
because of the ease of running. Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that
exists at a location. Aerodynamic modeling is used to determine the optimum tower height,
control systems, number of blades and blade shape. The design specification for a wind-
turbine will contain a power curve and guaranteed availability. With the data from the
wind resource assessment it is possible to calculate commercial viability.[1] The typical

42
operating temperature range is -20 to 40 C (-4 to 104 F). In areas with extreme climate
(like Inner Mongolia or Rajasthan) specific cold and hot weather versions are required.
Wind turbines can be designed and validated according to IEC 61400 standards.

Utility-scale wind turbine generators have minimum temperature operating limits which
apply in areas that experience temperatures below 20 C. Wind turbines must be
protected from ice accumulation, which can make anemometer readings inaccurate and
which can cause high structure loads and damage. Some turbine manufacturers offer low-
temperature packages at a few percent extra cost, which include internal heaters, different
lubricants, and different alloys for structural elements. If the low-temperature interval is
combined with a low-wind condition, the wind turbine will require an external supply of
power, equivalent to a few percent of its rated power, for internal heating. For example, the
St. Leon, Manitoba project has a total rating of 99 MW and is estimated to need up to
3 MW (around 3% of capacity) of station service power a few days a year for temperatures
down to 30 C. This factor affects the economics of wind turbine operation in cold
climates.

3.5.1 SPECIFICATION:-

Length of M.S rod = 64cm

Diameter of rod = 0.8mm
Length of base = 43cm
Width of base = 43cm
Dia. of curved blades = 11cm
Depth of the curved blades = 0.4mm
Length of flat blades = 30cm
Depth of the flat blades = 0.5mm
Width of flat blades = 14cm
Teeth on fixed spur gear = 42
Teeth on moveable spur gear = 28

43
3.6 Costing Details:-
Table:-3.1

Sr. No. Component Description No. of Cost of

Name component component
(Rs.)
For rotating the shaft
1 PVC blades 1 500/-
For transmitting motion from
2 M.S rod blades to gear 1 300/-
Converting vertical rotatery
3 Spur gear motion into horizontal rotatery
motion. 1 200/-
A dynamometer, originally
another name for an electrical
4 Dynamometer generator, now means a generator
that produces direct current with
the use of a commutator 1 3000/-
Multimeter may include features
5 Multimeter such as the ability to measure 1 700/-
voltage, current and resistance.

6 Air blower For rotating pvc-blades 1 1000/-

Total - - 5700/

44
 CHAPTER- 4
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:-
a) For Flat Blades:-
1. For 2040 rpm of air blower rotor speed
h1=23m, h2=14m
Speed of turbine shaft= 270rpm
2. speed of air blower rotor is 2350rpm
h1=24.5 m, h2= 12.5m
Speed of turbine shaft=310rpm
3. speed of air blower rotor is 2500rpm
h1 =25.5m, h2 =11.5m
Speed of turbine shaft=340rpm
b) For Curved Blade:-

Static head, dynamic head & air blower rotor speed is same as flat blades
1. Speed of turbine shaft=350rpm for 2040rpm of air blower rotor
2. Speed of turbine shaft=400rpm for 2350rpm of air blower rotor
3. Speed of turbine shaft=430rpm for 2500rpm of air blower rotor
Formulae Used:-

Velocity of air, V = CV (2gh)

Total head, h = R [w/a-1]

4.2 Calculation:-
a) For flat blades:-

i) (For 2040 rpm of air blower).

R = h1- h2

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 R = 23-14 = 9m

h = R [w/a-1]

= 9[1000/1.19-1]

= 7553.97m

Velocity, v = cv2gh m/sec.

= .9829.817553.7

= 102699.851m/sec.

Current produce = 0.52 volt.

ii) (For 2050 rpm of air blower).

R = 24.5-12.5

R = 12m

h = 10071.96m

v = .9829.8110071.96

v = 136938.02m/sec

Current produce =0.70 volt.

iii) For 2500rpm of air blower.

R = 25.5-11.5

R = 14m

h = 11750.62m

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 v = .9829.8111750.62

v = 159761.03m/sec

Current produce =0.98 volt.

b) For curved blades:-

Same as flat blade

i. (For 2040 rpm of air blower).

Current produce = 0.9volt.

ii. (For 2040 rpm of air blower).

Current produce = 1.0 volt.

iii. (For 2500rpm of air blower).

Current produce = 1.5 volt.

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 CHAPTER- 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION:-

In conclusion, a wind turbine is a machine that converts the wind kinetic energy into
electricity. The major components of a wind turbine are: the rotor, the gearbox, the
generator, the control and protection system, the tower and the foundation. Wind turbines
are classified into two types of category: horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis
wind turbine.

The major advantage for a HAWT is the high efficiency it has; the disadvantage is the
maintenance and repair at high altitude. The advantage of a VAWT is that the wind can
come from any direction; the disadvantage is the height limitations. Aerodynamically, the
wind turns the rotor blades of the HAWT because of the pressure differential between the
top and the bottom of the airfoil. For the VAWT, it is the drag that acts on the blades and
turns the rotor blades. Today, wind power is economically competitive compared to
traditional energy because the cost of wind turbines is getting cheaper because of
technology advancement and government incentives.

It also creates jobs and generates extra personal and tax income. Wind energy is also a
renewable and pollution-free energy which can help us reduce the emissions of greenhouse
gases. I believe that wind energy can become an important asset to solve climate change
and global warming issues in the future.Vertical Wind turbine, who offers a well-designed
system that, creates electricity to power any home or small business. The Vertical Wind
turbine -based design catches wind from all directions, creating smooth powerful torque to
spin the electric generator. Its mounted up to 35 feet high, in winds as low as 10 mph, thus
allowing the Vertical Wind turbine system to fulfill electricity needs, while being
congruous with the environment. The strength of the wind is captured by Vertical Wind
turbine distinctive and efficient vertical blade design. The noise that the turbine makes is
similar to the noise generated when wind passes through a tree or a house, compared to

48
conventional horizontal wind turbines that operate at up to ten times above the wind speed,
which is responsible for the piercing whistling sound near wind farms.

The unique spiral design of the wind turbine allows noiseless functioning. We can also
place this type of Vertical Wind turbine on hilly areas, airport and nearby railway track.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:-

There is no pollution create by using the vertical axis wind turbine. So it is most
useful in the future.
Can be scaled up and down making it suitable for industrial or domestic embedded
generation scenarios.
VAWT quiet, efficient, economical and perfect for residential energy production,
especially in urban environments.
Lower maintenance requirements than traditional designs as there are no electronic
systems to control blade pitch or revolution speed.

49
 REFERENCES:-

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbine [1]
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrieus_wind_turbine[2]
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonius_wind_turbine [3]
4. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WKXtx6oycnQJ:hh.di
a-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:326493/FULLTEXT01+HISTORICAL+BACKGR
OUND+of+vawts&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in[4]

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 APPENDIX-I

1. Kurukshetra automobiles near geeta dawar.

2. Malhotra Electronics, railway road ,kurukshetra.

3. Saggu submersible & pvc pipes, cheeka .

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