TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9152 : 2012

CNG TRNH THY LI - QUY TRNH THIT K TNG CHN CNG TRNH THY LI
Hydraulic structures - Designing Process for Retaining Walls
Li ni u
TCVN 9152 : 2012 c chuyn i t TCXD.57-73 theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut
tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v im a khon 1 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy
1/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut tiu chun v Quy chun
k thut.
TCVN 9152 : 2012 do Vin Khoa hc thy li Vit Nam bin son, B Nng nghip v Pht trin
Nng thn ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh cng b.

CNG TRNH THY LI - QUY TRNH THIT K TNG CHN CNG TRNH THY LI
Hydraulic structures - Designing Process for Retaining Walls
1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny p dng khi thit k cc loi tng chn tng cng t trn nn thin nhin l
t hoc .
Tiu chun ny khng dng thit k cc loi tng chn sau:
- C kt cu bng gch xy v xy, c v khng c ct thp.
- Cc loi tng khc nh tng mm (tng c, tng cc), tng c neo, ktson, tng
trong t, tng c ct trong t, tng ngn t ong, c kt cu bng g cng nh tng chn
ca cc cng trnh giao thng ng b, ng st v cho cc tng chn ca cc cng trnh
vng bin xy dng khng c quai.
2 Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi ti liu vin dn
ghi nm cng b th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm
cng b th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c sa i, b sung (nu c).
TCVN 2737 : 1995 Ti trng v thit k - Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 4116 : 1995 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp thy cng - Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 4253 : 2012 Cng trnh thy li - Nn cc cng trnh thy cng - Yu cu thit k.
TCVN 5574 : 1991 Kt cu b tng ct thp - Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 8421 : 2010 Cng trnh thy li - Ti trng v lc tc dng ln cng trnh do sng v tu
TCVN 8422 : 2010 Cng trnh thy li - Thit k tng lc ngc cng trnh thy cng
TCVN 9137 : 2012 Cng trnh thy li - Thit k p b tng v b tng ct thp
TCVN 9143 : 2012 Cng trnh thy li - Tnh ton ng vin thm di t ca p trn nn
khng phi l .
3 Thut ng, nh ngha, k hiu v phn loi
3.1 Thut ng v nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny s dng cc thut ng, nh ngha sau:
3.11
Tng chn t (Retaining wall)
Loi cng trnh chn t, c mi thng ng; gy khc hoc nghing i vi t p hoc mi
o h mng v.v khng b st trt. Tng chn c gi l tng cng khi di tc dng
ca cc lc tnh ton chuyn v ca tng bng hoc nh hn 1/5000 chiu cao tng.
3.12 Trong thc t, khi nim v tng chn t c m rng cho tt c nhng kt cu cng
trnh c tc dng tng h gia t vi chng. Trong phm vi tiu chun ny ch gii hn loi
tng chn cng. Tng cng, di tc dng ca cc lc tnh ton c k n tnh d un ca
bn thn tng, tnh d bin dng ca nn tng gy ra chuyn v ca lng tng bng hoc
nh hn 1/5000 chiu cao ca phn tng ang xt k t nh mng n mt ct tnh ton.
3.2 K hiu
3.2.1 Cc b phn v kch thc c bn ca tng
Ht l chiu cao tng;
bt l chiu rng nh tng;
Bt l chiu rng chn tng;
l gc gia mt sau ca tng v phng ng;
l gc gia mt sau v phng ngang.
3.2.2 Cc kch thc c bn ca mng
hm l chiu cao mng;
bm l chiu rng mng pha trn;
Bm l chiu rng mng pha di.
3.23 Cc c trng tnh ton
l trng lng ring ca t, T/m3;
N l rng ca t;
l gc ma st trong ca t;
0 l gc ma st ca t vi tng;
l gc gia mt trt vi phng thng ng;
l gc gia b mt phng ca t vi phng nm ngang.

3.2.4 Cc lc tc dng
Ec l p lc t ch ng;
Eb l p lc t b ng khng p tri;
Ebt l p lc t b ng c p tri;
E0 l p lc t trng thi tnh;
Ebc l p lc bn ct;
Tt v l p lc nc ln mt tng chn (trc v sau tng);
Ts
l p lc thm tc dng ln y mng tng;
Wt
l p lc y ni tc dng ln y mng tng.
Wn
3.3 Phn loi tng
3.3.1 Phn loi tng theo kt cu
Tng c chia thnh cc loi theo gc nghing ca lng tng, mt sau ca tng gy khc,
c bc dt cp, (xem Hnh 3); tng bn gc, tng lp ghp v.v (xem Hnh 4)

Hnh 3
3.3.2 Phn loi tng theo chiu cao
- Tng thp l tng c chiu cao H 5 m;
- Tng trung bnh l tng c chiu cao t 5 m < H 15 m;
- Tng cao l tng c chiu cao H > 15 m.
3.3.3 Phn loi theo vt liu
- Tng b tng;
- Tng b tng ct thp;
- Tng xy; tng b tng hc, tng gch xy v tng xy.
3.3.4 Phn loi theo c im lm vic
3.3.4.1 Tng trng lc (tng cng)
Nguyn tc ca loi tng ny l s n nh ca tng nh vo trng lng ca bn thn tng
v khi lng t ln bn y.
- Tng trng lc: n nh nh trng lng bn thn ca tng. Xem Hnh 4a.
- Tng bn trng lc. Xem Hnh 4c.
- Tng bn gc: n nh ca tng nh trng lng khi t ln bn y v nh mt phn
trng lng ca bn thn tng. Xem Hnh 4c.
- Tng bn gc c sn chng: s n nh ca tng nh 2 tng trn, kt cu nh tng
bn gc nhng c thm cc sn chng tng cng cho tng. Xem Hnh 4d.
- Loi tng bn gc c th c dng lin hoc lp ghp tng nhanh tin thi cng. Xem
Hnh 4e.
- Tng ngn (tng - tng kiu ci): tng c to nn bi cc li bng BTCT bn
trong cc l vt liu t, , cui si o h mng. Xem Hnh 4f.
3.3.4.2 Tng chn cng trn mng cc (xem Hnh 4g)
c dng chn t trn nn mm yu. Nhng tng loi ny khi tnh ton nn thng tnh
vi mng su, hoc dng s tnh nh Hnh 4, hoc dng phng php phn t hu hn.

Hnh 4
4 Quy nh chung
4.1 Nguyn tc chung
4.1.1 Khi thit k tng chn ngoi yu cu ca tiu chun ny cn cn phi xt n cc yu cu
ca cc tiu chun v ca cc ti liu khc c lin quan.
4.1.2 Trong tiu chun ny xt nhng tng chn cng c c im l chuyn v nh so vi kch
thc tng; nhng chuyn v ny pht sinh di tc dng ca cc lc t ln tng v thc t
khi bin dng th lng tng vn l mt phng.
4.1.3 Khi iu kin a cht cng trnh ca nn tng phc tp (c ng t v cc hang ng
karst) hoc khi thit k loi tng c kt cu mi th ngoi tiu chun ny cn cn phi da vo
cc yu cu b sung qua phn tch v nghin cu c bit.
4.1.4 Khi b tr tng chn cc cng trnh u mi thy li v thy in, cn phi xt n cc kh
nng v iu kin hp l sau y:
4.1.4.1 Kt hp hon ton (tng ni tip p trn vi b) hoc tng phn tng chn vi cc
cng trnh bn cnh
4.1.4.2 Xy tng ni tip c cc kt cu chng, neo.
4.1.4.3 Xy tng ng v bn t p.
4.1.5 Khi chn vt liu lm tng chn cn ch n cc loi vt liu dng xy dng cc
cng trnh ch yu khc. Vt liu xy dng tng cn phi la chn ph hp vi mi trng
khu vc xy dng (nc, khng kh) v phi ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh v vt liu,
thnh phn cp phi, ph gia.
CH THCH: Trong nhng tng chn bng b tng khi, nn xt ti s phn b tng vng ca
b tng theo "mc" thit k.
4.1.6 Vic la chn loi kt cu tng chn cn da trn c s so snh kinh t - k thut nhiu
phng n (xem ch dn trong 4.1.4).
4.1.7 Cc yu cu i vi nhng cu kin b tng ct thp c sn ca tng chn c xc
nh theo iu kin lm vic ca tng chn da vo cc quy nh ca nhng ti liu tiu chun
v chi tit b tng ct thp.
4.2 Ch dn chung v tnh ton tng chn
4.2.1 Tnh ton tng chn theo hai trng thi gii hn
4.2.1.1 Theo trng thi gii hn th nht (TTGH i) (khng thch hp hon ton vi cng trnh, kt
cu ca chng v nn trong thi k khai thc) tnh ton bn chung v n nh h cng trnh
nn; bn thm chung ca nn; n nh chng lt i vi cng trnh trn nn v i vi cc
loi khi nt ca cng trnh; chng y ni; bn nt ca cc cu kin v nt ca cc cng
trnh m s h hng ca chng dn n cng trnh ngng vn hnh; s chuyn dch khng u
ca cc phn khc nhau ca nn dn n khng cn kh nng khng th tip tc vn hnh ca
cng trnh.
4.2.1.2 Theo trng thi gii hn th hai (TTGH II) (khng ph hp vi vn hnh bnh thng).
Tnh ton nn theo bn cc b, tnh ton theo gii hn chuyn v v bin dng; theo hnh
thnh v m rng khe nt; theo s ph hoi bn thm cc b ca cc b phn khi nt ca
cng trnh m khng c xem xt theo trng thi gii hn th nht.
4.2.2 Ti trng v s tc ng ln tng chn cn c xc nh theo TCVN c lin quan.
4.2.3 Cn thc hin tnh ton tnh cho tng chn theo hai t hp ti trng v tc ng: t hp
c bn v t hp c bit.
4.2.4 T hp ti trng v tc ng c bn bao gm:
4.2.4.1 Trng lng bn thn tng chn, trng lng ca t, cc thit b v ti trng c nh
t trn tng.
4.2.4.2 p lc t ln tng chn v mng tng k c ti trng phn b trn mt t.
4.2.4.3 p lc nc ln tng chn v mng tng ng vi mc nc dng bnh thng.
4.2.4.4 p lc nc thm khi ch thm n nh hoc khng n nh lp li u n, vi iu
kin l cc thit b thot nc v chng thm lm vic bnh thng.
4.2.4.5 Tc ng ca sng.
4.2.4.6 Tc ng ca nhit, ng vi s bin thin nhit trung bnh hng thng ca mi trng
xung quanh ly trung bnh theo iu kin nhit trong nm.
4.2.4.7 Ti trng do cc phng tin vn chuyn my mc xp r gy ra.
4.2.4.8 Ti trng do tu thuyn v neo buc gy ra.
4.2.5 T hp ti trng v tc ng c bit gm: Ti trng v tc ng nu im (1); (2); (5); (7)
cng thm cc loi sau:
4.2.5.1 Tc ng ca ng t.
4.2.5.2 p lc nc vi t hp mc nc bt li nht c th xy ra.
4.2.5.3 p nc thm pht sinh do cc thit b thot nc lm vic khng bnh thng.
4.2.5.4 Tc ng ca nhit ng vi s bin thin nhit trung bnh hng thng ca mi trng
xung quanh theo nm c bin giao ng ln nht ca nhit trong nm.
4.2.5.5 Ti trng do tu thuyn va p gy ra.
4.2.5.6 T hp va thi cng xong, khng c nc.
CH THCH:
1) Trong t hp c bit khng c k n tc ng ng thi ca nhng ti trng t khi xy ra
nh tc ng ng thi ca lc ng t v lc va p ca tu thuyn; hoc tc ng ng thi
ca tc ng ca ng t v mc nc ln nht.
2) T hp tnh ton ca ti trng v tc ng tnh ton trong tng trng hp c xc nh theo
kh nng thc t tc dng ng thi ca chng ln cng trnh.
3) Trong giai on xy dng v sa cha cn xc nh t hp tnh ton ca ti trng v tc ng
theo trnh t thi cng chn c k n tnh lin tc ca vic xut hin trng thi ng sut ca
tng chn v nn ca n gy ra bi vic thi cng theo tng giai on cng nh m bo kh
nng tng nhanh nht chiu cao cng trnh.
5 Trng lng bn thn v lc tc dng ln tng chn
5.1 Trng lng bn thn ca tng chn:
- i vi kt cu c khi lng thi cng khng ln (trong tt c cc giai on) c th ly trng
lng n v th tch ca b tng (khng c cht ph gia tng do v cht ph gia to bt kh)
bng 2,4 T/m3v ca b tng ct thp bng 2,5 T/m3.
- i vi nhng kt cu m tnh n nh ca chng c bo m ch yu nh trng lng bn
thn th cn xc nh trng lng n v th tch ca b tng bng cch th nghim trong qu
trnh nghin cu chn thnh phn b tng. Trng lng n v th tch ca b tng ct thp
c ly bng tng trng lng th tch ca b tng v 0,7 trng lng ct thp c trong 1 m 3
kt cu.
5.2 p lc nc trn mt bin ca tng chn c xc nh theo qui lut thy tnh. Khi trng
lng n v th tch ca nc ly bng 1,0 T/m3.
5.3 Ti trng do tu thuyn c xc nh theo TCVN 8421 : 2010 v TCVN 2737 : 1995. i vi
tng chn cc cng trnh thy sng, khi tnh ton n nh v bn c php ly mc m
bo tnh ton ca chiu cao sng l 2%.
5.4 Tc ng ca ng t: xem ti liu tham kho.
5.5 Tc ng ca nhit ln tng chn c xc nh theo TCVN 4116-85, TCVN 5574 : 1991
5.6 p lc t ln tng chn c xc nh theo 5.12 ca tiu chun ny.
5.7 p lc thm ca nc tc dng ln mt y v mt bin tng chn t trn nn khng phi
l c xc nh theo kt qu tnh thm (dng phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH) bng
cch s dng cc phn mm tnh ton hoc theo TCVN 9143 : 2012, TCVN 9137 : 2012).
5.8 p lc nc y ngc ln mt y mng ca tng chn t trn nn trong trng hp
khng c thit b tiu nc nn (Hnh 5a) c xc nh theo cng thc:
Wtp = Wt + Wn = 0,52nB(Hmax - Hmin) + 2nBHmin
Trong :
Wtp l p lc ton phn;
Wt l p lc thm;
Wn l p lc y ni;
2 l h s ly bng 1 khi nn nt n nhiu; khi c th nghim hoc khi c c s c th v
quan h gia tr s 2 vi tnh nt n ca nn v vi nhng yu t khc th c th ly 2 < 1;
n l trng lng n v th tch ca nc;
B l chiu rng ca tng chn theo mt y mng;
Hmin l chiu su nc nh nht trn mt y mng ti bin sau hoc trc;
Hmin l chiu su nc ln nht trn mt y mng ti bin sau hoc trc.
5.9 p lc nc y ngc ln mt y mng ca tng chn t trn nn khi c thit b
thot nc cho nn theo s nu trn Hnh 5b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Wtp = Wt + Wn = 0,52nB(Hmax - Hmin)(l + 1"B) + 2nBHmin
trong
l l khong cch t bin tng chn c chiu su nc ln nht n ng thot nc;
1" l h s phn trm ca (Hmax - Hmin) k n tc dng ca vt thot nc nn; nn ly 1" =
0,4;
Khi c mn chn xi mng th tnh ton p lc ngc ca nc theo cng thc:
Wtp = Wt + Wn = 0,52nB(Hmax - Hmin)(l' + 1'B) + 2nBHmin
trong
l' l khong cch t bin tng chn c chiu su ln nht n trc mn chn xi mng;
1' l h s phn trm ca (H1 - H2) k n hiu qu ca mng chn xi mng; nn ly 1' = 0,5.

a) Khi khng c thit b tiu nc nn; b) Khi c thit b tiu nc nn

Hnh 5 - Biu phn p lc ca tng chn khi nn l
5.10 i vi nhng tng chn c ln cp III, IV v V, khng ph thuc vo loi nn, c
php xc nh phn p lc ton phn Wtp theo cc cng thc gn ng v p dng theo TCVN
9143 : 2012 hoc dng cc phn mm bng phng php phn t hu hn.
5.11 Khi tnh ton thm cho tng chn cn xt n t s gia chiu di tuyn L v chiu rng
y tng B: nu L/B < 2,5 th phi tnh ton thm theo bi ton khng gian.
5.12 p lc t ln tng chn
Cc cng thc, s tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn cng (cho php p dng theo cc ti
liu tham kho ca tiu chun ny v phn ph lc km theo).
5.12.1 Cn xc nh p lc hng ca t ln tng chn theo tr s v hng chuyn v ca
tng, khi c th c 3 trng hp:
a) Tng chuyn v ngc vi pha t.
b) Tng khng chuyn v i vi t, (ngha l thc t khng di ng).
c) Tng chuyn v v pha t.
Tng chuyn v v pha t c th do cc yu t sau:
1. Bin dng ca nn tng;
2. Bin dng ca kt cu do p lc t v nhng ti trng ngoi khc t ln tng cng nh do
nhit ca mi trng xung quanh tc dng ln tng chn.
5.12.2 Ty theo hng v tr s chuyn v ca tng chn m c 3 loi p lc hng ca t: p
lc ch ng; p lc b ng v p lc t trng thi tnh.
5.12.3 p lc ch ng ca t: Ec c xc nh t gi thit v s hnh thnh lng th ph hoi
khi tng chuyn v ngc pha t vi mt tr s va .
5.12.4 p lc b ng ca t: sinh ra do chuyn v ca tng v pha t v c xem nh
phn lc t chng li chuyn v ny.
Cn xt n 2 loi p lc b ng ca t nh sau:
- Loi p lc b ng th nht ca t (p lc b ng c p tri). Ebt, c xc nh t gi thit
v s hnh thnh lng th p tri ca t khi tng chuyn v v pha t vi mt tr s va .
- Loi p lc b ng th hai ca t (p lc b ng khng p tri) Eb, c xc nh t iu
kin chuyn v ca tng chn v pha t vi tr s cha hnh thnh lng th p tri.
5.12.5 p lc t trng thi tnh E0 c pht sinh trong trng hp thc t tng khng
chuyn v ngc vi pha t hoc v pha t, ngha l thc t tng chn khng di ng i
vi t.
p lc ch ng v b ng c p tri ca t tng ng vi cc trng thi cn bng gii hn
ca t sau tng. xc nh p lc ch ng v b ng mt cch chnh xc hn th nn tnh
theo cc phng php ca l thuyt cn bng gii hn (trng thi ng sut gii hn) ca t sau
tng. Cn p dng phng php ny trong nhng trng hp tnh ton khi c cc bng hoc
biu xc nh cc h s p lc hng ca t.
CH THCH:
1) p lc t trng thi tnh v p lc b ng khng p tri ca t tng ng vi khi nim
v trng thi n hi ca t nh l mt mi trng lin tc sau tng chn.
2) Trong thc t loi tng chn khng di ng c th l nhng tng chn cng t trn nn
hoc l mt thnh phn ca nhng kt cu bn tu; tng c nhng ch ta cng (nh cc
on p trn v nh ca trm thy in l nhng ch ta i vi tip gip b); tng tha mn
nhng iu kin nu trong iu 2.3.3. Trong nhng trng hp c bit, p lc tnh ton ca t
c th c xc nh l ch ng ti phn tng chn d un pha trn v l p lc t trng
thi ngh ti phn tng cng hn pha di.
Chuyn i t biu p lc t ny sang biu p lc t khc c thc hin ti tit din
tng m di tc dng ca p lc t trng thi tnh th chuyn v ca tng bng
1/5000 chiu cao ca tng.
5.12.6 Ty theo iu kin tc dng ln nhau ca tng chn vi t m p lc tnh ton ca t
E ca t ln bin ca tng chn c th bng:
1) p lc ch ng Ec ca t hoc p lc t trng thi tnh E 0.
2) Tng p lc ch ng v p lc b ng khng p tri ca t E c. + Eb.
3) p lc b ng ca t c p tri Ebt.
5.12.7 Ngoi nhng trng hp nu ti 5.12.3 n 5.12.5 cho php tnh p lc ch ng ca t
ln bin tng chn theo phng php gn ng bng cch p dng gi thit v s hnh thnh
mt phng ca lng th ph hoi trong t (phng php cn bng gii hn c th).
Khi xc nh p lc ch ng ca t cn cp n dc lng tng, hnh dng mt t, mi
h mng, ti trng bn ngoi tc dng ln t, c im kt cu ca tng chn v mng tng.
Cho php xc nh p lc ch ng ln nhng tng chn c gc dc lng tng ln, thuc loi
tng thoi theo ph lc km theo tiu chun ny.
Cn xc nh p lc ch ng ca t c k n ma st ca t ln lng tng chn m tng p
lc t hp vi php tuyn lng tng mt gc = /2, tr nhng trng hp quy nh ph
lc km theo tiu chun ny.
CH THCH: Ch cho php khng k n ma st ca t vi lng tng khi c l do c bit nh
mt lng tng trn nhn hoc tr s gc ma st trong ca t nh. Cho php tham kho cc ti
liu khc.
5.12.8 Khi tnh ton p lc ch ng ca t dnh cn k n lc dnh n v ca t.
CH THCH:
1) Trong tnh ton n nh i vi tng chn cao t 5 m tr ln th phi xt n phm vi tng
khng chu tc dng lc y ca t. Cn i vi tng cao t 5 m tr xung th khng cn xt
n nh hung ny.
2) Trng hp lc dnh n v ca t c kh nng gim t ngt do tc dng ha l trn t
trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng th cho php khng k n lc dnh khi tnh ton.
5.12.9 Cho php xc nh p lc t trng thi ngh theo ph lc ca tiu chun ny.
5.12.10 Khi tnh p lc b ng khng p tri ca t E b, cn k n chuyn v ca tng v pha
t, do tc dng ca ngoi lc tc dng ln tng gy ra nh: p lc nc ln mt trc tng,
tu thuyn v.v cng nh tc dng ca nhit do s thay i nhit mi trng xung quanh gy
ra.
5.12.11 Khi xc nh p lc b ng p tri ca t E b, cn k n tr s v c trng chuyn v
ca tng ty theo tnh d bin dng ca nn v tnh d un ca bn thn tng. Cho php xc
nh p lc b ng ca t Eb theo ph lc ca tiu chun ny.
CH THCH: i vi tng chn c ln cp III, cp IV v cp V m chiu cao nh hn 10m
th cho php khng k n p lc b ng khng p tri ca t (E b) khi tnh ton.
5.12.12 Khi tnh ton n nh ca tng chn t trn nn khng phi l , cn k n p lc b
ng c p tri ca t Ebt pha trc tng do tng chuyn v v pha trc gy ra. Nn tnh
p lc ny nh sau:
tb
a) Khi chn su ca tng trong nn t tr s bng hoc nh hn 0,2 (tb l p lc trung

bnh ti mt y tm mng) th tnh theo phng php gn ng (xem ph lc D). Trong trng
hp ny nn ly tr s p lc hng bt = 1.
tb
b) Khi chn su ca tng trong nn ln hn 0,2 th tnh theo cc phng php da

trn li gii ca bi ton l thuyt cn bng gii hn (th d theo phng php gii).
5.12.13 Khi tnh ton p lc b ng c p tri ca t dnh, cho php k n lc dnh ca t.
CH THCH: Lc dnh n v C ca t a vo trong tnh ton c ly theo ch dn 4.1.8.
5.12.14 Nhng c trng c l ca t cn thit cho tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn (trng
lng n v th tch , gc ma st trong v lc dnh n v C ti mt sau mt trc tng)
c xc nh bng th nghim.
Trng lng n v th tch ca t trng thi m t nhin tn v di mc nc n ca
phi c xc nh theo cng thc:
( 1 W ) n Gn( 1 W ) n
tn = (1 + W)(1 - n)n = k (1 + W) =
1 W
( 1) n
n = bh n
1
trong
 l t trng ca t.
N l rng ca t
W l m ca t
k l khi lng ring kh ca t, tnh bng t/m3.
bh l khi lng ring bo ha ca t, tnh bng t/m 3.
n l trng lng n v th tch ca nc, tnh bng t/m 3.
l h s rng ca t
G l bo ho ca t.
Trng lng n v th tch ca t nm di mc nc trong t phi c ly theo trng thi
y ni n.
CH THCH: Trong thi k xy dng khi xc nh c trng c l ca t p cn k n iu
kin v phng php thi cng.
5.12.15 Cc loi p lc t (tc dng ln tng cng) ngoi phi theo ph lc ca tiu chun
ny.
6 Tnh ton tng chn
6.1 Nguyn tc tnh ton
6.1.1 Nu trn sut chiu di tng: kch thc mt ct ngang, c trng c l ca t nn v
t sau tng, ti trng v tc ng l nhng tr s khng i, cho php tnh ton tng chn
trn 1 m di.
Nu t s gia chiu di tuyn v chiu rng mt y nh hn 3 hoc nu nh dc theo chiu
di m khun kh, kch thc tng, c trng c l ca t nn v t sau tng hoc ti trng
v tc ng l nhng tr s bin i (th d nh s cht ng tu thuyn, ng lc do neo buc)
th cn tnh ton theo tng on tng (theo s khng gian). Khi tnh nh vy, nhng ng lc
tc dng ln tng chn v c trng hnh hc ca kt cu (din tch nn, m men qun tnh ca
tit din v.v) ni chung c xc nh i vi tng on tng cn tnh ton kh nng chu ti
ca kt cu v nn th cn k n kh nng lm vic khng gian ca kt cu.
CH THCH:
1) Trong mi trng hp, nn chia tng thnh cc on tha mn iu kin tnh ton trn 1m
di theo s n gin nht v ch vi nhng on cn li mi nn tnh theo s khng gian
phc tp hn.
2) V nguyn tc khi tnh ton n nh cho tng chn nht l vi cc s phc tp v s
khng gian cn dng cc phng php PTHH tnh ton hoc dng cc cng thc i vi s
khng gian cn c tnh ton theo Qui phm "Nn cc cng trnh thy cng - Tiu chun
thit k" hoc tng ng.
6.1.2 Vic tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th nht v kh nng chu ti (theo n nh v
bn) cn c thc hin theo t hp ti trng v tc ng bt li nht c th xy ra trong giai
on s dng, sa cha cng nh trong qu trnh xy dng, theo nhng ch dn ca iu 4.2.2
v 4.2.3.
Vic tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th hai - theo bin dng - cn c thc hin i vi t
hp ti trng tiu chun phn nh iu kin lm vic ca tng chn hoc nhng thit b c trn
tng m theo xc nh c gii hn bin dng ca tng chn (ln, cong).
CH THCH:
1) Khi kch thc tng chn c xc nh hp l, khng cn tng kch thc ca tng
theo kt qu tnh ton cho trng hp xy dng.
2) Khi tnh ton theo c 2 trng thi gii hn, tr trng hp nu trong 6.2.8, th cn k n
hng v tr s chuyn v ca tng (theo 5.6) khi xc nh p lc t ln mt sau tng chn.
6.2 Tnh ton n nh
6.2.1 Cn tnh ton n nh cho tng chn trn nn khng phi l theo nhng s sau:
a) Trt phng.
b) Trt hn hp.
c) Trt su.
d) Va trt va xoay trong mt bng.
- n nh ca tng chn t trn nn khng phi l v c bn phi c tnh ton theo
TCVN 4253 : 2012. Ngoi ra c th tham kho cc phng php khc v nh ch dn 6.2.2
n 6.2.8.
- n nh ca tng chn t trn nn theo s trt phng c tnh ton nh ch dn
6.2.9 n 6.2.12.
- m bo n nh cho tng phi tun th iu kin sau:
m
ncNtt R (1)
kn
hoc:
R n k
k= c n (2)
Ntt m
trong :
nc l h s t hp ti trng.
k l h s an ton chung ca cng trnh; thng thng h s k khng c vt qu 15 % gi tr
(nc.kn/m).
Ntt l ti trng tnh ton tng qut (lc, m men, ng sut), bin dng hoc thng s khc m n
l cn c nh gi trng thi gii hn.
R l sc chu ti tnh ton tng qut, bin dng hoc thng s khc c xc lp theo tiu chun
thit k.
m l h s iu kin lm vic.
kn l h s m bo.
Cc h s nc, m, kn c quy nh QCVN 04-05:2012/BNNPTNT
CH THCH:
1) Vic tnh ton n nh theo s trt phng c thc hin theo mt phng y tm mng,
mt phng y chn khay v ngoi ra theo b mt lp t xen kp trong nn nu nh lp ny c
gi tr h s trt nh hn h s trt trong mt phng y cng trnh.
2) i vi nhng tng chn c ch ta chc chn pha trc th khng cn tnh ton theo n
nh trt phng. Tuy nhin vn phi m bo v kh nng chu ti chung v cc b ca nn.
6.2.2 Nhng tng chn t trn nn khng phi l cn c tnh ton theo s trt
phng khi nn ng nht v khng ng nht thuc loi t ct, t hn ln v t dnh c h s
c kt:
 k ( 1 e )t 0
C0V 4 v h s trt tg 0,45 nu tha mn iu kin:
a 0 h02

max gh
N A (3)
B. 0 B. 0
trong
A l tr s khng th nguyn ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t v trong trng hp t
dnh th cn ph thuc vo lc dnh n v ca t C. Tr s A c xc nh trn c s cc s
liu thc nghim: i vi ct cht ly bng 1; i vi cc loi t cn li ly bng 3.
max l tr s ln nht ca ng sut php ti mt y tng.
gh l tr s gii hn ca ng sut php trung bnh ca t theo mt y tng khi vt qu tr s
ny th tng khng cn kh nng trt phng.
0 l trng lng th tch ca t nn c xt n tc dng y ni ca khi t nm di mc
nc ngm (n).
CH THCH:
1) Nhng ch dn ca iu ny c p dng cho nhng tng chn c mt y phng nm
ngang, nghing hoc chn khay khng t su (chiu cao chn khay khng ln hn 0,2 chiu
rng mt y).
2) Nhng ch dn ca 6.2.2 khng c p dng cho nhng trng hp trt su c xc nh
bi c im ng vin ngm di t ca tng (th d chn khay c su ln hn 0,2
chiu rng mt y).
3) Khi nn b ngp nc th tr s trng lng n v th tch 0 ca t trong cng thc (3) c
ly bng trng lng n v th tch ca t b y ni trong nc y n ca t nn.
6.2.3 i vi nn khng phi l m khng tha mn cc iu nu trong 6.2.2 th cn tnh
ton n nh tng th ca tng chn theo s trt hn hp khi nn ng cht hoc trt
su khi nn nhiu lp, khng ph thuc vo ng vin mt y tng. Cho php tnh ton da
theo kh nng hnh thnh nhng mt trt tr trn hoc nhng mt trt khc vi mt trt tr
trn nu s khc nhau ny c xc nh bi cu trc a cht ca nn nh cc dng mt trt
nu trong 6.2.1 hoc dng cc phng php PTHH.
CH THCH:
1) Trong tt c cc tnh ton n nh theo s trt su, nhng c trng c l ca t nn
cn c xc nh tng t nh ch dn ca 5.14.
2) Trng lng n v th tch ca t tn khi nn ngp nc cn c ly l trng lng y ni
trong nc n.
6.2.4 n nh ca tng chn t trn nn khng phi l trong mt s trng hp (trng
hp bi ton khng gian hoc trt su v.v) tnh ton theo TCVN 4253 : 2012.
6.2.5 Tnh n nh ca tng chn t trn mi dc v gn k c xc nh theo s Hnh 6.
 Hnh 6 - S xc nh tnh n nh ca tng chn t trn mi dc
6.2.6 Tnh n nh ca tng c cc di y mng c tnh vi trng hp mng su. Tnh
n nh ca tng chn c ng cc c chu ti trng ngang (ti cc k b, khu t p san nn,
m bin tr cu v.v) c th coi khi t nn v cc l mt loi vt liu qui i c cc ch tiu v
sc chng ct ln hn ch tiu chng ct ca nn khi cha ng cc (c cc > cha c cc v Cc cc >
Ccha c cc). Cn c th nghim kim chng. Xem Hnh 7.
6.2.7 n gin trong tnh ton cho php dng cc phng php khc ph hp vi s lm vic
ca cng trnh theo nguyn l ca TerZaghi, phng php ny c th p dng cho c mng nng
v mng su. (Mng nng khi chiu su chn mng nh hn chiu rng y mng tng H < B).

Hnh 7
6.2.8 Khi tnh ton n nh cho tng chn t t trn nn khng phi l theo s trt
phng, h s an ton cn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
a) Khi mt phng trt nm ngang (Hnh 8):
(P Utp )tg Ebt BngC
k (4)
(Ts Es ) (Tt Ect )
b) Khi mt phng trt nghing v pha t (Hnh 9):
Bng
[ P cos (Ts Es Tt E bd ) sin U tp ] tg E bt cos c
cos (5)
k
cos [( Ts Es ) (Tt Ecd Ptg )]
trong :
P l tng cc thnh phn ti trng thng ng trong mt phng tnh ton;
Bng l hnh chiu ca chiu rng mt y mng tng trn mt phng nm ngang;
Utp l p lc ngc ton phn ca nc ln mt phng y mng tnh ton, hng t di ln
v vung gc vi mt phng ny.
Ts v Tt l thnh phn nm ngang ca nhng lc khc tc dng ti pha mt sau v mt trc
tng.
Ebt l p lc b ng c p tri ca t ln pha trc tng;
Ect l p lc ch ng ca t ln mt pha trc tng;
Es l p lc tnh ton ca t ti pha sau tng xc nh theo 5.6.
i vi nhng tng chn khng thuc thnh phn ca kt cu bn tu v khng c nhng ch
ta no vo nhng cng trnh khc th cho php ly tr s E s bng p lc ch ng ca t ti
lng tng tc l Es = Ec v bng p lc tnh E0 ca t ti lng tng, khi chuyn v ca tng
m bo 1/5000 chiu cao ca tng.
CH THCH:
1) i vi nhng cng trnh cp I v cp II khi trt theo mt phng b tng - t dnh (th d:
theo mt y chn khay) th nhng tr s gc ma st trong v lc dnh n v C a vo tnh
ton cn c ly theo kt qu th nghim trt ca khi b tng trn t dnh ti h mng cng
trnh;
2) Khi tnh Ebt pha trc tng, cn theo ch dn 5.12.
6.2.9 Cn tnh ton n nh cho tng chn t trn nn nh sau:
a) Tnh n nh v trt theo mt y mng tng.
b) Tnh n nh v lt quanh im g pha trc.
Trong nhng trng hp cn bo m cho h s an ton n nh v trt v lt khng c
nh hn cc gi tr quy nh ti QCVN 04-05:2012/BNNPTNT.

Hnh 8

Hnh 9
Bng 1
H s bo m v n nh ng vi cp ca tng chn theo ln
T hp tc ng
I II III IV, V
v ti trng
C bn 1,3 1,2 1,15 1,1
c bit 1,1 1,1 1,05 1,05
Bng 2

T hp tc ng v ti H s bo m v n nh ng vi cp ca tng chn theo ln

trng I II III, IV, V
C bn 1,4 1,3 1,2
c bit 1,1 1,1 1,1
6.2.10 Khi tnh n nh v trt theo mt y tng chn t t trn nn th h s an ton
cn c xc nh theo cng thc:
( P U tp )f CB
k [k] (6)
Ts Es Tt
trong
f v C l cc tham s chng trt, phi thng qua th nghim hoc tham kho ti liu khc.
6.2.11 Khi tnh n nh v lt ca tng chn t trn nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
M g
k [k] (7)
M t
k trong cc cng thc (4); (5); (6) v (7) l v tri ca bt ng thc (2).
CH THCH: Cc m men i vi trc quay cn c tnh ton theo tng lc ring bit thuc
loi lc lt hoc gi (ty theo hng tc dng ca chng). Do , khi tnh ton tng chn, nu
xc nh c nhng lc thnh phn nm ngang v thng ng v m men ca chng th m
men lc ca cc thnh phn ring bit s khng phi l nhng m men gi hoc lt, m tng m
men ca nhng lc thnh phn mi l nhng m men gi hoc lt.
6.2.12 Nhng cng thc (4); (5) v (6) c p dng cho tt c cc trng hp khi cc lc ch
ng ch l lc gy trt hoc khi nhng lc ch ng l loi lc gi nhng nh hn kh nhiu
so vi lc gy trt.
Nu tng lc gi ch ng ln hn na tng lc trt ch ng, tc l T g 0,5Ttr, th nn tnh
ton h s an ton n nh v trt ca tng theo nhng cng thc sau:
a) i vi nn khng phi l :
( P U tp )tg Bbt BchC Tt
k (8)
Ts E s
b) i vi nn :
( P Utp )f CB Tt
k (9)
Ts Es
6.3 Xc nh ng sut (p sut) ln t ti mt y tng chn t
6.3.1 Xc nh ng sut tip xc (ng sut php v ng sut tip) tnh ton nn theo n nh
v kh nng chu ti; n nh v bin dng v tnh ton bn ca kt cu v cng trnh.
ng sut php v ng sut tip ti mt y tng chn c xc nh trn mt n v chiu di
(theo s bin dng phng) hoc c xc nh t vic tnh cho c on ni chung (theo s
khng gian) theo ch dn 6.1.1.
Cho php tnh ng sut ti mt y ca tng chn cp III, IV theo s bin dng phng.
6.3.2 ng sut php (p sut) ti mt y tng chn c tnh theo biu ng sut ng
thng.
a) i vi s khng gian cng nh i vi tng chn m ng vin chiu xung mt bng
c dng cong th tnh theo cng thc:

P Mx My
max (10)
min F W x Wy
b) i vi s bin dng phng th tnh theo cng thc:

P Mx
max (11)
min F Wx
trong
F l din tch mt y tng chn.
Mx, My l m men ca tt c cc ngoi lc i vi cc trc tng ng i qua trng tm y mng
tng.
Wx, Wy l m men khng ca din tch y mng tng.
6.3.3 Khi tnh ton ng sut php (p sut) th theo cng thc nu 6.3.2, cn ng sut tip xc
th nn xem nh phn b u.
6.3.4 Khi tnh ton bn ca tm mng tng chn c ln cp I v cp II, xy dng trn nn
t dnh khng phi v nn th ng sut php v ng sut tip ti mt y cn c tnh
ton thm theo cc phng php ca l thuyt n hi p dng cho nn t. i vi cc tng
chn t trn nn khng phi l , th trong nhng tnh ton ny, cn k n s tng m un
bin dng ca t theo chiu su, k n s c mt ca nn di lp nn p, k n kh
nng bin dng do di cc mp mng. Cc ng sut tip xc i vi cc cng trnh cp I v II
phi c xc nh theo cc kt qu tnh ton trng thi ng sut ca h cng trnh - nn bng
phng php c hc mi trng lin tc - phng php PTHH.
Phn b ng sut php v tip ti mt y tng c ln cp I v II t trn nn ct cn phi
c tnh ton theo ph lc km theo tiu chun ny v cho php tham kho cc ti liu khc.
CH THCH:
1) ng sut php ti mt y tng chn, tnh theo phng php l thuyt n hi cn c xc
nh theo cc ti trng t trn tm mng.
2) C th b qua nh hng ca chn khay n s phn b ng sut php v ng sut tip ti
mt y tng chn.
3) Biu ng sut (p sut) tnh ton l biu c chn trong cc biu xc nh theo
6.3.2 v 6.3.3 c an ton v bn ti cc tit din mng tng chn l thp nht.
6.3.5 Khi tnh ton tm mng tng chn mt ct bn gc th c tnh nh dm trn nn n
hi cn phi k n ch s un ca tm theo cng thc:
 E 2 ( B / 2 )3
t 10 . (12)
E1 h3
trong
E2 v E1 tng ng l m un bin dng ca t nn v m un n hi ca vt liu lm tm.
h l chiu dy trung bnh ca tm mng.
B/2 l na chiu rng ca tm mng.
6.3.6 ng sut nn (p sut) ln nht ti mt y tng chn khng c gy ra s ph hoi n
nh cc b (p tri) ca nn khng phi l di cc phn pha trc ca tm mng.
ng sut gii hn cho php di cc bin tng chn, t trn nn khng phi nn xc nh
theo ph lc km theo Tiu chun ny v cho php tham kho cc ti liu khc.
Khi ng sut (p sut) bin xc nh theo 6.3.2 v 6.3.4 khng c vt qu ng sut gii
hn cho php (gh, gh).
Khi xc nh ng sut (p sut) theo cc phng php l thuyt n hi khng k n ti trng
hng th nhng tr s ng sut (p sut) tnh ton ti nhng im cch xa bin 0,05B khng
c vt qu tr s ng sut gii hn cho php.
6.3.7 Tr s lch tm cho php e ca ti trng i vi tng chn trn nn khng phi phi
c ly nh sau: i vi tng chn khng c p lc nc - ly nh hn 1/5B; i vi tng
chn c p lc nc ly nh hn 1/6B, trong B l chiu rng mt y tng.
6.4 Tnh ton bin dng trn nn khng phi
Cc phng php tnh ton ln ca tng chn t trn nn khng phi l phi c tnh
ton theo TCVN 4253 : 2012 hoc tng ng v c php s dng cc phng php trong
ph lc tra cu v cc phng php khc khi c lun chng xc ng. Cc gi tr ln cho php
([S]; [S/L] v [i]) ca nn ly theo ti liu [8]; [11]; [12] v cho php tham kho cc ti liu trong
mc ti liu tham kho. Cho php dng cc phng php PTHH tnh bin dng ca nn.
6.5 Tnh ton bn ca tng
6.5.1 Vic tnh ton bn ca tng chn cn c thc hin cn c vo loi vt liu theo yu
cu ca nhng tiu chun xy dng tng ng.
Khi cn lm chnh xc trng thi ng sut ca kt cu tng chn, c th dng phng php l
thuyt n hi hoc tin hnh nghin cu m hnh. Cho php p dng phng php phn t hu
hn tnh.
6.5.2 Trong trng hp tng qut, cn tnh ton tng chn theo bn tng th v cc b. Nn
tnh ton theo trnh t sau:
a) Da theo kt qu phn tch iu kin lm vic lp h s tnh ton tnh v bn tng th
v cc b.
b) xc nh chc chn nhng kch thc c bn ca tng cn tnh ton nhng cu kin
ring bit ca chng (Th d: tm thng ng ca tng kiu ta, chn khay ca tm mng
v.v) theo ti trng cc b, t trc tip ln nhng cu kin (theo bn cc b).
c) t ton b ti trng ln tng chn v tnh tng chn theo bn tng th, ng thi ly
tng cc m men un, cc lc ng sut php v ct c tr s tng t nh tnh ton theo bn
cc b.
6.5.3 Cc kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp ca tng chn cn c tnh ton theo TCVN
4116-85, TCVN 5574 : 1991. Kt cu gch v gch ct thp theo TCVN 5573 : 1991.
6.5.4 Nhng tng chn b tng cn c tnh ton nh sau:
a) Tng chn c ln cp I v cp II c tnh ton khng k n s lm vic ca vng chu
ko ca tit din trong iu kin m bo bn ca vng chu nn v theo h s an ton n
nh v lt (6.5.11).
b) Tng chn c ln cp III, IV v V c tnh ton c k n s lm vic ca vng chu ko
ca tit din, nhng khe thi cng trong nhng trng hp ny phi c t ct thp theo kt
qu tnh ton.
CH THCH: Khi thit k nhng tng chn b tng khng cho php cc tit din ca tng
pht sinh ng sut ko ng tm v lch tm.
6.5.5 i vi nhng tng chn kiu ta c chiu cao tit din tng ta ln hn hoc bng 1/3
chiu cao tng th vic tnh cng cn c thc hin theo giai on lm vic n hi ca
kt cu; ng thi vic t ct thp cho tng ta c thc hin trn c s xc nh trng thi
ng sut ca n trong giai on lm vic n hi c k n qu o ca cc ng sut chnh.
Khi chiu cao mt ct tng ta nh hn 1/3 chiu cao tng th cho php tnh ton bn ca
tng ta theo giai on ph hoi.
6.5.6 Cho php tnh ton cc tng chn theo trng thi gii hn th hai - theo bin dng - theo
cc qui phm v c hc kt cu c k n tnh d bin dng ca nn.
Khi tnh ton nh vy cn tnh cng thc t ca tng chn c k n s hnh thnh hoc
m rng khe nt.
6.5.7 Tnh ton s hnh thnh v m rng khe nt tng chn b tng hoc b tng ct thp cn
c tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th hai v theo quy nh ca TCVN 4116-85, TCVN 5574 :
1991.
CH THCH:
1) i vi nhng tng chn cc cng trnh thy cng bin nht thit phi kim tra v s hnh
thnh khe nt.
2) i vi nhng tng chn b tng ct thp khng nm trong tuyn ct nc c p ca cng
trnh v khng tip thu p lc ct nc th cho php khng cn kim tra v s hnh thnh hoc
gii hn tr s m rng khe nt tr i vi cc cng trnh vng bin.
6.5.8 Trong nhng b phn ca tng chn tha mn iu kin tnh ton v s hnh thnh
khe nt th trong t p hoc pha mt trc tng c nc, khng cn tnh n phn p lc
ti cc tit din tnh ton.
Khi tit din tnh ton trng vi khe thi cng th tnh n phn p lc ti khe khi tnh ton ng
sut, phn p lc ny xc nh theo TCXDVN 356 : 2005; TCVN 4116-85, TCVN 5574 : 1991.
Khi tng chn c cc b phn thot nc, cn k n nh hng ca n i vi s gim p
lc ngc.
6.5.9 Trong nhng tng chn t trn nn , tip thu p lc nc v c mn chn xi mng
chng thm th khng c php cho ph hoi bn ti ch tip xc vi pha mn chn
.
6.5.10 Trong trng hp c kh nng xut hin vt nt ti cc phn tng thng ng pha
mt sau ca tng chn b tng, th cn tnh ton kim tra v lt quanh mt trc qui c trng
vi trng tm biu ng sut nn ti cc tit din tnh ton, biu ny c ly theo tam gic
c tung bin bng gii hn bn chu nn ca b tng R n (Hnh 10). Trng tm biu p
P
lc ti tit din tnh ton cch mt trc mt on B 0 B0 2 / 3 . H s an ton n nh v
Rn
lt cho tng chn c ly theo Bng 2.
 Hnh 10 - S tnh ton kim tra n nh v lt cho tng chn b tng
6.6 Tnh ton tng chn mm v cc tng c bit
Tnh ton n nh tng mm (tng c), tng c c neo, tng , kt son, tng trong t,
tham kho cc ti liu trong iu 8.
7 Kt cu ca tng chn
7.1 Nhng kt cu c bn ca tng chn cng l tng khi, tng bn gc, tng chng,
tng ngn kiu t ong v tng mi nghing.
Kt cu tng chn c th l lin khi, lp ghp tng phn hoc lp ghp ton khi. Xem iu
3.3.
Vic la chn loi kt cu tng chn cn da trn c s so snh kinh t - k thut nhiu
phng n (xem ch dn trong mc 4.1.5) cng nh iu kin a cht cng trnh (xem mc
4.1.4).
7.2 Phn mng (bn mng v.v) ca kt cu tng lp ghp ton khi v tng kt cu lp
ghp cn phi lm bng b tng lin khi.
Phn lp ghp nm trn mng tng chn nn lm thnh nhng cu kin kiu chu, kiu hp,
kiu ngn t ong v kiu ch I, cng nh to thnh cc bn v dm c tit din ch nht.
7.3 Kt cu tng chn phi tha mn s tnh ton, tnh hp l nht (dng t cht ti, ta
vo cng trnh bn cnh, dng thit b neo v thanh ging, tng gim ti, truyn p lc ch
ng ca t ln cc phn tng nhm to ng sut trc cho chng v.v).
7.4 Nn b tr hp l tng chn so vi t p nhm gim chiu cao tng, ng thi to cho
lng tng c nghing thch hp, kt cu thch hp lm gim p lc t. (xem hnh 11).
7.5 Khi lp cc s phn on kt cu lp ghp ca tng chn nn xt nh sau:
7.5.1 Trong nhng tng chng v chng kiu khung, nn to thnh nhng cu kin lp ghp
phn b ngang cho phn trc tng mt cch hp l.
i vi phn chng cng nn to nhng phn on ngang hoc nhng phn on c nghing
nh.
Khi phn on ca cc phn chng l nhng cu kin lp ghp ngang th cho php khng ni
cu kin ny vo nhng ng ngang vi iu kin l cc ct thp ca cc cu kin c ni
chc vo phn sau v trc tng b tng lin khi.
Ti phn trc tng c to thnh bng nhng cu kin lp ghp ngang c ghp cht bng
nhng ci chng vo cc ct ton khi ca phn chng th cc khp ni khng lm vic ngang,
khng thm nc hoc khng thm t.
7.5.2 Trong nhng kiu tng ngn, nn cu to khung bng nhng bn dm lp ghp c m
rng trong nhng khi hnh hp d dng lp ghp.
7.5.3 Nhng khp ni gia nhng cu kin lp ghp, nu c th, cn xc nh theo hng khng
lm vic hoc ti nhng phn kt cu cng bo m s truyn lc ct ln b tng.
7.6 i vi mt trc ca cc tng chn chu tc dng ca sng v lc va p, chu tc ng
ca nc c tc ln cng nh chu s ch st ca bn ct th cn c cu to c cng
cao, trong trng hp cn thit dng loi vt liu c cng cao ph ngoi.
7.7 Khi chn t p sau lng tng chn, cn li dng loi t c ngay trn khu xy dng,
ng thi cn ch n nhng vn sau:
a) t ct to ht v cui cng nh th p tt hn t dnh. Khi tng ln ca cc ht t
ri th p lc t v p lc nc thm ln tng gim, iu kin thi cng p t s n gin i
rt ngn rt nhiu thi gian c kt ca t. t dnh dng p ti nhng ch tip gip vi cc
cng trnh bn cnh m bo c tnh chng thm th hp l hn.
b) Khi b tr tng chn trong phm vi cc p t hoc th t p cng ly cng mt loi
t ca p hoc .
7.8 Khi khng c yu cu g c bit th cn da theo bin php thi cng v yu cu s dng
xc nh kch thc bn trn ca tng chn.
7.9 nghing v hnh dng mt ngoi ca ngc tng chn cn c xc nh theo iu kin
s dng, cc iu kin v n nh v cng .
Lng cc tng chn cao nn to thnh dng a gic c th s dng y cng ca
vt liu. V d: Nn s dng mi h mng to cho kt cu c dng chu nn gim thp i vi
tng cao (H 10 m). T Hnh 11a cho thy khi lng t G lm cho kt cu mng
tng ch chu nn ch khng chu ko nh s Hnh 11b. Vi cng mt chiu cao H th s
(b) cho s c khi lng ct thp ln hn s (a).

Hnh 11
7.10 m bo kh nng ln t do cho cc tng chn t trn nn khng phi l v lm
gim nguy c hnh thnh nhng vt nt do nhit gy ra theo chiu di tng th cn cu to
nhng khp ln v khp nhit c nh cn trong qu trnh xy dng tng th nn cu to
nhng khp thi cng tm thi.
Khi xc nh khong cch gia cc khp ni c nh b tr trn nhng mt phng tc dng ca
ti trng chnh th cn cp n kch thc ca tng, iu kin kh hu, tr s ln c th
ca cc on tng v nhng c im lm vic khc cng nh "mc" b tng v c s
dng. Cng cn cu to nhng khp ni c nh chia tng chn thnh nhng on c th
xy ra trng thi ng sut khc nhau.
7.11 Cc khp ni c nh trong nhng tng chn t trn nn khng phi l cn phi c
chiu rng v kt cu loi tr c s chn y ln nhau ca cc on tng khi ln khng u.
Do mt ct cc khp ni ny to thnh dng bc thang c chiu rng tng dn ln pha trn
ca tng. B rng nh nht ca khp ni (khng qu 1 cm) cn phi nm trong phm vi mng.
7.12 Khi quyt nh cc khp ni thi cng v trnh t cc khi b tng cn cp n cc
bin dng co ngt trong giai on thi cng v bo m c tnh lin khi ca cng trnh.
gim khi lng khp ni thi cng nm ngang nn ly theo chiu cao ca cc khi b tng
l ln nht c th c c, ty theo iu kin thi cng.
7.13 Trong trng hp mt ct c bn ca tng chn c chn theo iu kin bn m
khng tha mn iu kin n nh th nn ra nhng bin php kt cu c bit nhm nng cao
tnh n nh ca tng (th d xem nhng mt ct tng trn Hnh 12).

Hnh 12
a) Tm mng m rng v pha sau; d) Tm mng m rng c bn neo
pha sau;
b) Nh trn, thm chn khay pha sau;
e) Ta trn i cc pha trc;
c) Tm mng c y nghing ngc;
f) Dng ct thp neo tng vo nn.
Tng dng b, d, e - t trn nn khng phi ;
Tng f - t trn nn ;
Tng a v c - t c trn nn v nn khng phi .
7.14 Trng hp cn lm gim p lc thm ln y tng, gim ct nc thm qua nn v vng
quanh cng trnh ng thi cn bo m tnh n thm ca t nn tng v s tip xc gia y
tng vi nn nhng tng chn chu tc dng ca p lc nc pha t p hoc pha ngc
tng, cn ra cc bin php kt cu chng thm v thot nc ti cc cng trnh khc ca
u mi h thng thy li.
Ty theo iu kin a cht cng trnh ca nn t nn dng cc b phn chng thm bng
nhng hng c g v thp, tng ngn b tng, mn chng xi mng (i vi nn v.v).
7.15 Cn chng xi mn di mng cc tng chn chu tc dng ca dng nc chy dc theo
tng hoc chu tc dng ca sng. Thng thng l cc tng chn t m tr cu, tng
hng dng v.v
7.16 Nn ra nhng bin php h thp mc nc v thot nc di t nn trong nn t
p v nn tng chn.
i vi nhng tng chn ni tip ca m p v ca nh cc trm thy in c t v pha
thng lu th cc b phn thot nc cn gn lin vi ng chng thm ca nhng cng trnh
khc thuc u mi h thng thy li nhng khng c ph hoi ng chng thm .
i vi nhng tng chn t v pha h lu, nn b tr nhng ng thot nc dn nc
t qua cc l c t thp hn mc nc thp nht. Nhng l c phi dng dn nc
ra khi cc ng t trong t p. Phi cu to b phn thot nc nh th no c th kim
tra c s lm vic ca n v khi cn thit cn c th theo di c. Cc b phn thot nc
nn lm bng nhng ng b tng ct thp c sn hoc nhng ng xi mng c l c bc
quanh bng nhng tng lc ngc.
Khi thit k tng lc ngc cn tun theo TCVN 8422 : 2010.
i vi nhng tng chn t trn nn khng phi l chu tc dng ca p lc nc th ty
theo iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn nn t nhng b phn thot nc theo
y tng di dng nhng tng lc ngc hoc dng cc ging khoan thot nc cho nn.
7.17 Chiu su thit k v c trng ly trong nn tng chn c xc nh theo ti liu
kho st a cht cng trnh.
i vi nn tng thuc loi chc, ng nht th phi bc n chiu su lp b i (khng
n mn).
Khi t tng trn nn yu th chiu su ly phi lm cho tng c gi chc v ta vo
bo m tnh n nh chng trt.
Khng nn lm phng b mt nn . Khi nn l loi yu, nn nng mt y mng tng
nghing v pha ngc tng - Xem Hnh 12c.
7.18 Ch c php t ct thp ti cc mt u ca tng khi c ng lc truyn t cc on
bn cnh x y do ln khng u gy ra.
7.19 Cn ra mt trnh t thi cng t bit v t p trnh c s cong nghing v s x
y ca tng do tc dng ca p lc b ng ca t gy ra trong giai on thi cng.
7.20 S b c th xc nh cc kch thc ca tng chn nh sau
7.20.1 i vi tng trng lc
- Chiu rng ca bn y: By = t 0,5Ht n 0,9Ht
- Chiu rng phn con son pha trc tng: b1 = t 0,25By n 0,3By
- Chiu rng phn bn y pha trong: b2 = t 0,7By n 0,75By
- Chiu dy ca bn tng y: b4 = t 0,1Ht n 0,2Ht
- Chiu dy nh tng: b3 = t 0,4b4 n 0,5b4
Khi tng cao hn 25 m vi hm lng ct thp ch 0,5 %.

Hnh 13 - Mt ct ngang tng bn gc

7.20.2 Tng bn gc c sn chng
- Khong cch gia cc sng l Ls = Ht/3.
- Chiu dy ca bn theo phng ng v phng ngang dy nh nhau v bng (1/151/20)Ls.
- Chiu dy ca sn chng khng c nh hn 25cm.
 Hnh 14 - S khng gian tng sn chng
7.21 Kt cu tng c th l lin khi hoc c th l kt cu lp ghp. Tng ni tip cng
trnh thy li, thy in vi b c th lin khi hoc tch ri v kt cu tng c th c bn y
hoc c th khng c bn y ty iu kin a cht nn.

Hnh 15 - Kt cu tng
8. Thit b o, kim tra v b tr nhng thit b o trong tng chn
8.1 Khi thit k tng chn cn quy nh vic t thit b o kim tra, bo m theo di c
cng trnh trong giai on thi cng v s dng.
8.2 Vic theo di phi c quy nh c xt n c im lm vic ca kt cu v cng dng ca
tng chn. Vic theo di cng trnh c phn lm 2 loi:
- Theo di kim tra - Kim tra tnh trng ca cng trnh v khc phc kp thi nhng sai lch pht
hin c v thi cng v s dng so vi qui c thit k.
- Theo di c bit - Nghin cu nhng vn thit k ring.
8.3 Trong giai on thi cng tin hnh theo di nh sau:
a) i vi tng xy dng trn nn khng phi l - quan trc ln, chuyn v ngang v lch.
b) Quan trc m cht v ln ca t p;
c) i vi tng b tng khi cp I v II - quan trc ch nhit ca khi b tng;
d) i vi tng chn c k n p lc b ng khng p tri - quan trc p lc t trong qu
trnh p.
8.4 Trong giai on s dng tin hnh quan trc nh sau:
a) Quan trc chuyn v ngang ca phn trn tng;
b) Quan trc ln ca tng xy trn nn khng phi ;
c) Quan trc ch thm v s lm vic ca vt thot nc trong t p i vi tng chn
thy cng.
d) i vi tng chn cao t 20 m tr ln - quan trc trng ti ng sut ti cc tit din tng v
ct thp ca cc kt cu bng b tng ct thp v bng hc ca tng.
) i vi tng chn c k n p lc b ng pha sau - quan trc p lc t;
e) Trong nhng tng chn c quy nh cn o ng sut - quan trc ch nhit.
8.5 Nn dng phng php trc c quan trc chuyn v v ln. ng thi i vi cng
trnh cp III, cp IV v cp V c th quan trc mt ln m khng cn trang b tuyn trc c c
nh.
Nhng quan trc cn li thc hin nh nhng thit b t sn.
8.6 Trong bn thit k cn quy nh khi lng quan trc ti thiu. Mun vy ton b cng tc
quan trc, tr vic quan trc ch thm v chuyn v, nn tp trung vo nhng trng on
c bit c phn ra mc ch .
Quan trc ch thm v chuyn v ca tng cn tin hnh theo ton tuyn.
8.7 Tin hnh chn thit b v phng php b tr chng trong cng trnh theo nhng ch dn
ring.

TH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Tiu chun thit k tng chn cc cng trnh thy cng TCXD. 57 - 73
[2] TCVN 4253-2012 Nn cc cng trnh thy cng.
[3] "p lc ch ng v b ng ca t dnh trn tng chn - S , cng thc, bng tnh chn
c trng tnh ton. - Nguyn Cng Mn
[4] "Hng dn thc hnh kho st t xy dng bng thit b mi (thit b do PNUD u t) v
s dng ti liu vo thit k cng trnh" 20 TCN - 112-84
[5] "Xy dng cng trnh trong vng c ng t" - CHu - II-7-81*
[6] "Thit k cng trnh chu ng t" TCXDVN 357 : 2006
[7] "Neo trong t" BS 8081 : 1089.
[9] Tuyn tp Tiu chun xy dng ca Vit Nam Tp III - Tiu chun thit k

[14] FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK. Edited by Hans F. Winterkorn and Hsai-Yang

Fang - VAN NOSTRAND REIHOLD COMPANY
[15] FOUNDATION ENGINEERING - FOR DIFFICULT SUBSOIL CONDITIONS. Edition
Leonardo Zeevaert - VAN NOSTRAND REIHOLD COMPANY
[16] PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING. Edited Braja M. Das. - Thomson - fifth
Edition
[17] Foundation Analysis and Design
[18] ENGINERING AND DESIGN - DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALLS
[19] BS 8002 : 1994. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES. BRITISH
STANDARD, 1994
[20] FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. Edited Jseph E. Bowles
[21] BS 8081 : 1989. Code of Practice for Ground Anchorages. British Standard 1989

PH LC A
NGUYN TC V CH DN CHUNG V TNH TON TNG CHN CC CNG TRNH THY
LI
(tham kho)
A.1. Ti trng v tc ng cc trng hp tnh ton
A.1.1. Cc t hp ti trng v tc ng. (xem mc 4.2 ca Tiu chun ny)
Khi la chn t hp cc ti trng v tc ng tnh ton tng chn, cn xc nh r xc sut
ng thi xy ra thc t ca chng loi tr c nhng t hp ti trng v tc ng khng
th xy ra hoc xy ra rt him; mt khc cn d ton trc c trnh t thi cng cng trnh
bo m khng gy ra tnh hnh bt li v trng thi ng sut ca cng trnh v nhng cu kin
ca n trong giai on thi cng. V nhng l do , m tiu chun xy dng c ch thch c th
thm v vic chn ti trng v tc ng nh sau:
Trong t hp c bit ca ti trng v tc ng, khng c k n tc dng ng thi ca
nhng ti trng t khi xy ra nh tc ng ng thi ca ng t v lc va p ca tu thuyn.
Trong tng trng hp tnh ton, t hp tnh ton ca ti trng v tc ng c xc nh theo
kh nng thc t tc dng ng thi ca chng nn cng trnh.
Trong giai on xy dng v sa cha, cn xc nh t hp tnh ton ca ti trng v tc ng
theo trnh t thi cng chn c xt ti tnh lin tc ca vic xut hin trng thi ng sut ca
tng chn v nn ca n gy ra bi vic thi cng theo tng giai on, cng nh bo m kh
nng tng nhanh nht v chiu cao cng trnh.
Ngoi ra, v tng chn thng l b phn ca cng trnh thy li nn cng cn lu thm rng
c nhng yu cu c bit c th a vo t hp c bit ca ti trng v tc ng p lc nc
sinh ra do cng trnh pha trn hoc pha di dng chy b ph hoi hoc nhng lc sinh ra
khi mt b phn ca cng trnh b h hng.
A.1.2. Xc nh cc lc tc dng ln tng chn.
A.1.2.1. p lc nc tc dng ln tng chn v mng tng gm c: p lc thy tnh (W i), p
lc y ni thy tnh v p lc thm thy ng.
p lc thy tnh thng tc dng ln lng v ngc tng chn, phn b theo quy lut ng
thng (Hnh A.1).
Cc p lc y ni thy tnh (Un) v p lc thy ng (Utb) thng tc dng ln y mng tng,
to nn phn p lc y tng ln, lm gim tnh n nh ca tng. Nu trong khi t p sau
tng hnh thnh dng nc thm v pha lng tng th cng s pht sinh p lc thy ng
tc dng ln lng tng (Hnh A.2), gy bt li cho tnh n nh ca tng.
Mun tnh c gi tr (Un) v (Utb), cn v c biu ca chng (Hnh A.1).
Hnh A.1: Biu phn b p lc thy tnh, p lc thy ng v p lc thm thy ng ln
tng chn
Nu tng chn xy dng trn nn t c tnh thm nc, c th dng cc phng php l
thuyt tnh ton v thm hoc cc phng php thc nghim v gii v biu p lc
thm thy ng.
i vi tng chn cp II v IV tiu chun thit k cho php dng cc phng php tnh ton l
thuyt gn ng, gi thit Graien thm dc theo ng vin di t ca tng chn l mt
hng s.

Hnh A.2: S tnh ton p lc t (t ri) ln tng chn khi c dng nc thm v
pha lng tng.
Trong tnh ton ni chung, ty theo s ng vin di t ca tng m c th dng cc
phng php chnh xc hn da trn vic gii trc tip bi ton thm di y cng trnh
(N.N.PAVLOVXKI) khi s ng vin n gin, hoc dng phng php phn on
(N.N.PAVLOVXKI) v phng php h s sc khng (R.R.CHUGAEV) khi s ng vin
phc tp hn [3].
Khi ng vin phc tp hn na hoc t nn khng ng nht c th dng phng php
PTHH vi cc phn mm ng dng. Trng hp tng chn xy dng trn nn , c tnh nt
n nc thm c, phn p lc tc dng ln y mng tng c xc nh theo
phng php gn ng, gi thit s gim ct nc thm theo quy lut ng thng. Thc t
nc thm trong cc k nt ca ni chung khng theo ng quy lut thm chy tng. Nu cc
k nt ca nn rng, s chuyn ng ca nc trong c th l chy ri; ch khi khi
nn c cc k nt nh v u, hoc trong cc k nt ln c t lp nht th s chuyn ng ca
nc trong mi c th tun theo nh lut thm, chy tng.
Chnh v s thm nc trong nn phc tp nh vy, nn tiu chun thit k nu cng thc
tnh ton da trn gi thit t l ng thng ca graient thm c hiu chnh theo tnh nt n
ca nn. R rng ch l phng php gn ng.
Hnh A.3 cho biu phn p lc khi khng c thit b thot nc v c thit b thot nc.
Khi khng c thit b thot nc (Hnh A.3a) phn p lc c tnh theo biu thc sau:
Utp = Uth + Udn = 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin)+ 2.n.BHmin; (A.1)
tin tnh ton c th vit li biu thc (A.1) nh sau:
Utp = 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin); (A.2)
im t ca Utp c xc nh c th trn Hnh A.3a.
Khi c thit b thot nc (Hnh A.3b), hoc mn chn xi mng, graient thm tng do p lc
thm thy ng tc dng nn mt y cng trnh gim i trong trng hp ny, tiu chun thit
k c nu cc cng thc tnh ton.

Hnh A.3. S phn p lc ca nc ln y mng tng

a) Khi khng c thit b thot nc;
b) Khi c thit b thot nc.
Khi c thit b thot nc, Uth c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Utp = Uth + Udn = 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin).(I + "1.B) + 2.n.BHmin; (A.3)
Trong I: l khong cch t mt tng chu p ti ng tim ca hng lang tiu nc.
"1: l h s gim ct nc (Hmax - Hmin) c tnh n tiu nc nn, c p dng "1 = 0,4.
Khi c mn chn xi mng, Utp c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Utp = Uth + Udn = 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin).(I' + '1.B) + 2.n.Hmin; (A.4)
Trong I': l khong cch t mt tng chu p ti ng tim ca mng chn khoan pht.
'1: l h s gim ct nc (Hmax - Hmin) c tnh n hiu qu ca mng chn, c p dng '1 =
0,5.
Trong cc cng thc (A.1), (A.2), (A.3), (A.3'), cn ch ti cc h s 2, '1, "1.
H s 2 biu th mc y ni ca phn p lc ln y mng cng trnh, theo nhiu kt qu
nghin cu 2 ph thuc vo tnh thm nc ca t, nn v tnh thm nc ca vt liu lm
mng cng trnh.
Bng th nghim EGA tin hnh i vi trng hp c bn c v khng c bn c trong nn
khi mc nc h lu bng khng T.F.PUTKO lp c biu quan h gia U th/Uth max v
k2/k1 biu th trn Hnh A.4.
 Hnh A.4: Biu quan h gia Uth/Uth max vi k2/k1
K1- H s thm ca nn; K2. H s thm ca bn y mng
a. trng hp khng c bn c trong nn;
b. trng hp c bn c trong nn.
T hai biu thy rng, khi t s k2/k1 ln th Uth gim ti 10 ln so vi trng hp bn y
cng trnh coi nh khng thm nc.
Mt khc, nu xt ring v t nn th hin nay c hai quan im khc nhau. Mt s ngi th
cho rng ch trng hp im tip xc gia cc ht t nh (Hnh A.5a) th mi c th coi
rng ton b phn p lc tc dng nn mt y mng cng trnh. Trong trng hp ny phn p
lc tc dng nn bn thn ht t th c th biu th bi biu nu pha phi Hnh A.5a cn
nu nh din tip xc gia cc ht t vi nhau cng nh cc ht t vi mt y mng
cng trnh ln (Hnh A.5b) to nn bi nhng lin kt xi mng th phn lc khng truyn ton
b ln mt y cng trnh c m mt phn b nhng in tch tip xc cn tr. Trong trng
hp ny, phi ly gi tr phn p lc tnh ton bng tch ca phn p lc ton vn vi h s trit
gim 2 (vi 2 <1, thng c xc nh bng thc nghim).
Mt s nh nghin cu khc (K.Terzaghi, M.N.Ger-xevanov v.v) th li cho rng thc t phi ly
phn p lc ton vn lm phn p lc tnh ton (2 = 1) bi v s sai khc do nhng nguyn
nhn phn tch trn l khng ng k, ngay c i vi trng hp nn t st (2 = t 0,95 n
0,98).

Hnh A.5: S biu th hai loi hnh dng ht di nn cng trnh chu tc dng ca phn
p lc nc khc nhau
Hin nay trong thc t thit k do cha nghin cu y v vn ny, mt khc m bo
tnh an ton cho cng trnh thit k, ngi ta thin v nhng kin c tnh cht quy c nh
sau:
1. Trng hp nn thuc loi t ct, t hn ln th ly phn p lc ton vn lm phn p lc
tnh ton i vi bn thn t nn cng nh i vi cng trnh xy trn t (2 = 1);
2. Trng hp nn thuc loi t dnh, c nhng lin kt kt cu xi mng hoc khng, cn c
vo nhng kt qu nghin cu thy rng phn p lc thc t bng hoc gn bng phn p lc
ton vn, do hin nay khi thit k cc cng trnh thy li, ly phn p lc tnh ton bng phn
p lc ton vn (2 = 1);
3. Trng hp nn , cng cho rng phn p lc tnh ton gn bng phn p lc ton vn tc
dng ln mt y cng trnh bng b tng, v b tng mng cng trnh coi nh khng thm nc
(t Hnh A.4, khi K2 = 0 th Uth = Uth max) do cng phi ly 2 = 1. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy
rng nhiu cng trnh thy li bng b tng xy dng trn nn , khi thit k ly 2 < 1,
nhng chng vn lm vic bnh thng, v vy khi c c s nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim
ng tin cy, c th chn 2 < 1.
Cc h s "1 vi '1 l nhng h s thc nghim a vo cng thc xt hiu qu ca thit b
thot nc hoc mn chn xi mng.
Trong cc biu thc (A.3) v (A.4), s hng 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin) biu th bi din tch trong tam
gic egd, cn s hng 0,52.n.B.(Hmax - Hmin), biu th bi din tch t gic cgdh (Hnh A.3b).
A.1.2.2 p lc sng tc dng ln tng do gi. xc nh c gi tr ca p lc sng cn bit
cc yu t ca sng: chiu cao sng hs, chiu di sng (bc sng) s. Cc yu t ph thuc
nhiu nguyn nhn nh tc gi v thi gian gi thi, chiu di mt nc truyn sng v
su ca nc v.v
tnh ton yu t ca sng, c th dng cng thc N.A. Labzovxki:
Chiu cao sng: h = h0 (A.4)
Vi: h0 = 0,073.K.V10. D.

Chiu di sng: = 0 (A.5)

D
0 = 0,073.V10.

1
Trong : = ; (A.6)
9 19e 14 / V10
K = 1+ e 0,4D / V10 ; (A.7)

Trong : D l chiu di mt nc truyn sng v chiu di gii hn mt nc truyn sng (km);

V10 - Tc gi (m/s) ti chiu cao 10m k t mt nc;
K - H s tng chiu cao sng dc theo chiu di mt nc chuyn sng.
T cng thc (A.4) v (A.5), c th lp bng tnh sn chiu cao v chiu di sng.
Gi tr gii hn ca chiu di mt nc chuyn sng [D] khng c vt qu gi tr sau:
[D] = 30V102. (A.8)
p lc sng tc dng ln ngc tng chn bao gm 2 loi: p lc sng x khi v vo ngc
tng (Rx) v p lc sng rt khi ri khi ngc tng (R r), (Hnh A.6).
Trong trng hp ngc tng thng ng, trong giai on thit k s b c th tnh R x v Rr
theo cc cng thc gn ng sau y:
 P
H
.( H hs h0 ) H 2
.K1
Tng p lc sng x: R x 2 2 ; (A.9)

P
2
H ( H h0 h )

H
Tng p lc sng rt: Rr .K1 ; (A.10)
2 2

hs .hs 2.H
Trong : P ; h0 = .hs.cth; ;
ch s s

- trng lng n v th tch ca nc (T/m 3);

K1 - h s hiu chnh, ly theo bng A.1.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, gi tr lc y ni sng x (U x) v lc nn sng rt (Ur) c tnh
theo biu thc c dng chung nh sau:
1
Ux(Ur) = .p.B; (A.11)
2
S tnh ton v chiu tc dng ca Ux, Ur
xem trong hnh A.6

Hnh A.6: a- S tnh ton p lc sng x (Rx)

b- S tnh ton p lc sng rt (Rr)
Bng A.1: Gi tr h s K1 trong cng thc (1-9, (110)
hs
H Gi tr K1 khi bng
s
s
0,08 0,067 0,05 0,04 0,033
0,1 0,89 0,94 1,01 1,07 1,13
0,15 0,79 0,83 0,83 0,95 1
0,2 0,73 0,75 0,82 0,87 0,93
0,25 0,72 0,73 0,79 0,84 0,88
Ti trng v lc tc dng ln cng trnh do sng v tu xem TCVN 8421 : 2010.
A.1.2.3- Ti trng do tu thuyn tc dng.
Tng chn thuc u thuyn hoc bn sng, bn cng v.v thng chu tc dng ca ti trng
v tc dng do tu thuyn gy ra.
Ti trng ch yu ca tu thuyn tc dng ln tng chn c k ti l: Tc ng va p (hay
cht ng) ca chng, sc cng ca cp no tu thuyn v thit b bn, ti trng do s cht ng
v gi ca tu thuyn , nhng v loi ti trng sau nh hn nhiu so vi tc ng va p ca
tu thuyn nn thng b qua khi tnh ton.
Lc va p ca tu thuyn ln kt cu tng chn (u thuyn) ph thuc vo tc v gc
tin ca tu thuyn n cng trnh cng nh ph thuc bin dng ca chng c coi nh vt
th n hi khi va chm. Lc va p Py ca thuyn lin kt cu u thuyn c xc nh theo
phng trnh va chm ca vt th n hi:
1
.M .V 2 .Py .f ; (A.12)
2
Trong : - h s xt ti 1 phn ng nng ca tu thuyn gy bin dng ca kt cu khi va
chm, ph thuc vo vt liu v kt cu, thng ly = 0,4
w
M= ; (T/m/sec2)
g
W- trng lng nc do tu thuyn chon khi cht ti hon ton (T);
g- Gia tc trng trng (9,81 m/sec2);
V- vn tc ca tu thuyn khi ti gn cng trnh (m/sec);
f- tng vng ca kt cu cng trnh v bin dng ca v tu khi va p.
Tuy nhin, khi dng cng thc (A.12) xc nh lc P y, vic xc nh tng vng ca kt cu
cng trnh v bin dng ca v tu khi va p gp nhiu kh khn, do trong thc t thit k,
khi cng trnh khng c thit b tiu nng, c th thay th lc va p ng ca tu thuyn bng
lc tnh tnh ton tng ng, c phng vung gc vi mt trc ca kt cu.
Tr s nhng lc tnh ny c xc nh theo trng lng nc do tu thuyn chon ch v theo
iu kin "cht ng" ca chng ln kt cu u thuyn (bng A.2).
Bng A.2. Gi tr lc tnh tnh ton tng ng
Ti trng va p tnh ton
Trng
lng Chiu i vi bung u i vi on dn hng tu v bn
nc ln rng Thng Cong
Loi tu
nht do bung Tnh
Tnh Tnh Tnh
tu chon u (m) theo % Tnh Tnh
theo T theo % theo %
ch Ws(T) ca W theo T theo T
ca W ca W
Ch 1 1 1
hng 45005000 18 15 25 30
kh 300 200 150

Ch 1 1 1
13000 30 30 50 60
u m 400 300 200
i chiu kt qu thc o vi bn kt qu ly theo bng A.2, gi tr ti trng va p thc t ca
tu thuyn ln gp 1,8 ln gi tr cho trong bng, v vy nu xt ti iu , c th dng cng
thc sau y tnh:
 Py = 0,09.kc. 3 W 2 (T); (A.13)

Trong : W - trng lng nc do tu chon ch (T)

kc - h s khng th nguyn;
i vi bung u kc = 1;
i vi on thng ca cng trnh dn tu kc = 1,67;
i vi on cong kc = 2.
Ti trng va p ca tu thuyn ln cng trnh bn c xc nh theo biu thc:

M
Py .v . sin (T); (A.14)
c1 c 2

Trong : - h s khng th nguyn, ly bng 0,4 i vi tng thng ng;

V, - ln lt l tc (m/s) v gc () ca tu thuyn tin ti cng trnh.
Ch : m bo an ton cho cng trnh, tc di chuyn ca tu ch hng thng phi
khng ch:
- Khi i trong bung u: v 1 m/sec;
- Khi i trong cng trnh dn tu: v 1,2 m/sec.
Gc tu c ln nht c th di chuyn trong phm vi u thuyn c xc nh t t s gia
chiu di tu vi chiu rng cng trnh, c th c th ly nh sau:
- Khi i trong bung u = 3o n 40;
- Khi i trong cng trnh dn tu: = 8o n 10o;
- Khi i trong on cong ca ch cc buc tu v bn: = 15o n 20o;
w
M- khi lng nc do tu thuyn chon ch (T); M = ;
g
c1, c2 ln lt l h s bin dng n hi ca cng trnh v ca v tu.
Theo nh ngha h s bin dng n hi bng t s bin dng ca cng trnh hoc v tu tnh
bng mt vi lc va ly bng 1T; c th xc nh chng nh sau:
dk
- i vi kt cu cng trnh lin tc ca bung u v bn khng c cu to ngt qung: c1
lk
Trong : dk - chuyn v ca tm t ti trng va p (tnh bng m/T trn 1 mt di), tc dng
vung gc vi mt ngoi cng trnh;
lk - chiu di on cng trnh (gia hai chn khay) trn lc va p tc dng:
0,015
- i vi tu i trong h cng nh tu bin c chiu di l t; c 2 ;
35 0,9.( l1 70 )
Tr s lc Py tnh theo biu thc (A.14) khng c qu tr s lc cho php v cng i vi
cp
v tu trn sng, lc ny c quy nh nh sau: Py l t 20 (T);

(A.15)
tin dng, c th cc biu thc (A.13), (A.14), (A.15) v ra cc biu tng ng (Hnh A-7).
Lc va p tip xc vi mt ngoi cng trnh c tnh theo biu thc sau: T y = f.Py;
(A.16)
Trong : f - h s ma st gia v tu vi kt cu u bng b tng, thng ly bng 0,6 (khi trn
kt cu khng c thit b m bng g).
Khi thit k cc kt cu tng chn (u thuyn, bn v.v), gi tr tnh ton ca sc cng, cp
no tu c xc nh t iu kin ng sut vi ti ngu nhin xy ra khi t cp hoc t vng
no cp nhng phn c nh vo th xy khng b nh ln, cn ng sut trong kt cu cng trnh
khng c vt qu gi tr cho php.
ng lc do sc cng cp no tu gy ra bi tc ng ca gi ln tu, s chng chnh ca tu,
bi s hm li lc n ti gn v.v c xc nh theo bng A-3 i vi mi loi tu vn ti trn
sng. Nhng ng lc c th ly theo gc tc dng bt li nht trn mt phng ngang t 0 n
90o, i vi tuyn bn v trn mt phng ng t 0 n 30 o so vi mt nc.

Hnh A.7: ng quan h Py =

f(w);
1 - Ti trng va p cho php ca
tu thuyn;
2,3 - Khi tu thuyn va p vo
tng ca bung u;
4,5 - Khi tu thuyn va p vo
cng trnh dn tu vo bn cong.
Bng A.3

Trng lng nc do tu ch ng lc tnh ton do sc cng cp no tu

hng chon ch (T) T Theo % ca W
1
Di 500 5 >
100
1 1
T 501 n 1800 10
50 180
1 1
T 1801 n 3000 15
120 200
1 1
T 3001 n 5000 20
150 250
1 1
Trn 5000 25
200 530
A.1.2.4- Lc tc dng do ng t gy ra.
Trong tnh ton tng chn t cc cng trnh thy li xy dng trn vng c ng t, cn xt
ti cc lc qun tnh do ng t gy ra v xt ti hin tng cng hng c th gy ra h hi
cng trnh.
- Lc qun tnh cn gi l lc ng t sinh ra trong cng trnh l do nh hng ca chn ng
ng t ca nn.
Trong tnh ton thc t, lc ng t tc dng ln cng trnh c coi nh mt lc tnh c
phng hng bt k trong khng gian. l mt loi lc th tch, tc dng ti trng tm cng
trnh v c xc nh theo cng thc:
P = W.K. ; (A.17)
Trong :
W - trng lng cng trnh, cc b phn ca n v cc ti trng thng ng tc dng ln cng
trnh;
K - H s ng t ly theo bng A.4, ty theo cp ng t tnh ton ca cng trnh chn theo
bng A.5
Bng A.4 Gi tr ca h s ng t K
Cp ng t tnh ton 7 8 9
H s K 0,025 0,05 0,1
Bng A.5 Cp ng t tnh ton ca cc cng trnh thy li
Cp ng t tnh ton ca cng trnh khi a im xy dng c ng
Cp cng trnh thy li t cp
6 7 8 9
I 7 8 9 -
II v III 6 7 8 9
IV 6 7 7 8
d - h s ph thuc c trng ng lc ca cng trnh v cc cu kin ca n, theo bng A.6.
- p lc ng t ca nc c hnh thnh ti phn nc k bn tng chn khi ng t xy
ra, gy tc dng qun tnh ph ln cng trnh. Gi tr ca n c tnh theo biu thc sau:
q = k.n.z (A.18)
Trong :
q - p lc ng t ca nc (KG/cm2; T/m2);
k - h s ng t ly theo bng (A-4);
n - trng lng n v th tch ca nc (T/m3);
z - chiu su (mt) k t mt nc tnh ton n im xt.
Bng A.6 Gi tr h s
c trng ca cng trnh hoc cu kin ca chng
Cng trnh hoc nhng cu kin, khng k nhng loi nu di. l
Cc cng trnh thy li; thp nc c p v thp iu p; tng chn cao; p b
tng ct thp, p b tng v (cao trn 10 m) v.v (h 1 - khong cch t nn h1
cng trnh n trng tm ca b phn tnh ton. l + 0,5.
hn
hn - khong cch t nn cng trnh n trng tm ca ton b cng trnh)
- Chn ng ng t lm thay i cng p lc t tc dng ln tng, do khi tnh ton
tng chn t xy dng ti vng c ng t, cn phi xt ti iu .
Trng hp lng tng thng ng, mt t p nm ngang v t p l loi ri, cng p
lc ch ng (qc) v b ng (qb) c xt ti nh hng ca ng t c ln lt tnh theo cc
cng thc sau:
qc = [1 + K.(tg45o + /2)].qc; (A.19)
qb = [1 - K.(tg45o - /2)].qb; (A.20)
Trong :
K - h s ng t, ly theo bng A-4;
- gc ma st trong ca t ();
qc, qb - ln lt l cng p lc ch ng v b ng ca t khng k n lc ng t.
A.1.2.5 - Tc ng do nhit v co ngt ca b tng.
Khi thit k tng chn t bng b tng hoc b tng ct thp, cn k n tc ng do nhit v
co ngt ca b tng khi nhng tc ng c th dn ti s lm vic khng bnh thng ca
cng trnh.
Tnh ton ng sut nhit, khng k ti tnh t bin ca b tng gm 2 bc:
1. Tnh ton ta nhit v chn nhit tnh ton
2. Tnh ton tnh v xc nh ng lc v ng sut trong kt cu sinh ra do nhit
Khi tnh ng sut nhit c k ti tnh t bin th cn b sung thm bc 3 k ti tnh t bin ca
b tng.
Tnh ta nhit nhm mc ch xc nh ch nhit trong nhng cu kin ca cng trnh, cn
thit chn tr s tnh ton. Tnh ton ta nhit thuc li gii ca bi ton truyn nhit i vi
cu kin cho ng vi nhng iu kin bin v iu kin ban u khc nhau ca ch nhit.
Tnh ton tnh xc nh ng sut nhit th cn phi phn bit hai trng hp khc nhau;
- Trng hp tc ng ca nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ha cng b tng, tc l qu trnh ta
nhit ca b tng;
- Trng hp tc ng ca nhit sinh ra trong mi trng xung quanh
Nh bit, trong giai on u ha cng, trong b tng thot ra mt lng nhit ln, do lm
tng nhit ca khi b tng. Qu trnh tng nhit ca khi b tng khng ko di (thng
t 3 n 5 ngy i vi nhng cng trnh ln). Lng nhit thot ra ph thuc vo thnh phn b
tng v loi xi mng dng. Ngc li, s ta nhit tch t li xy ra rt t t v ko di hng nm.
V vy s xut hin vt nt trong khi b tng do tc ng ca nhit c th trong mt khong thi
gian di.
S lm lnh hoc nung nng khi b tng thng xy ra khng ging nhau ti cc tit din khc
nhau ca cng trnh, v vy s xut hin vt nt trong trng hp ny cng c th xy ra do ng
sut ko xut hin khng ng u ti cc im khc nhau.
Tr s ng sut php do nhit gy ra ti y khi b tng (vi t s gia chiu cao v chiu rng
ca khi h/b = 0,25) c th tnh theo biu thc sau (cng thc ca G.N.MASLOV):
= 0,727.E..T0
Trong :
E - mduyn n hi ca b tng (T/m2);
- h s n di ca b tng;
T0 - gi tr nhit tng (oC).
Sau khi nhit trong cng trnh h thp c th xem phn bn trong nh vng c nhit bnh
qun nm, cn phn bn ngoi gn mt bin (trong phm vi 5m n 6m k t b mt) chu tc
dng ca dao ng nhit theo ma do s thay i ca nc v khng kh ca mi trng
xung quanh (giai on s dng). V vy nn kim tra nhng bn cu kin ca cng trnh theo
tc ng ca nhit mi trng xung quanh giai on s dng. Trong trng hp ny, ly
trng thi ng sut vi ch nhit bnh qun nm ca khng kh v nc lm trng thi ng
sut ban u.
Khi b tng ha cng trong khng kh, th tch ca n gim, hin tng gi l s co ngt. S
co ngt ca b tng xy ra t ngoi vo trong, do bn trong khi b tng th chu nn cn
bn gn b mt th chu ko. Tr s ng sut ko ny thng vt qu cng chng ko tc
thi ca b tng, do trong khi b tng thng xut hin nhng vt nt.
Phng php gii bi ton v co ngt ca b tng cng tng t nh bi ton v tc ng do
nhit.
A.1.3. Cc trng hp tnh ton.
Ni chung vic tnh ton n nh v cng ca tng chn thng c thc hin vi cc
trng hp thi cng, s dng v sa cha.
Trong trng hp thi cng, cn phi xt hai kh nng c th xy ra theo trnh t thc t lm vic
ca cng trnh.
- Mt l cng trnh va xy dng xong v t cng c p ti cao trnh thit k nhng mc
nc di t vn cn cao trnh y mng tng.
- Hai l cng trnh c xy dng n cao trnh thit k ng thi mc nc trong t p v
pha trc tng t mt cao trnh thp no y do s ngp nc t t vo cao trnh. Vic
chn cao trnh mc nc y cn phi cn c vo tnh ton nhm lm sng t mc an ton
thp nht v trng thi ng sut bt li nht ca cng trnh.
Trong trng hp s dng, cng cn xt hai kh nng c th xy ra ty theo iu kin lm vic
ca cng trnh.
- Mt l mc nc pha trc tng v trong t p l bnh thng.
- Hai l khi mc nc pha trc tng l thp nht v mc nc pha t p l cao nht;
trng hp ny tuy him nhng vn c th xy ra khi s dng cng trnh, do cng cn phi
xt ti.
Cn ch rng khi thit k tng chn thuc kt cu ca bung u thuyn, phi xt ti c im
lm vic ring ca loi cng trnh ny. Trong giai on s dng cng trnh, ct nc p lc tc
dng ln tng thay i ty theo bung u thuyn c tho cn hay cha y nc; mt khc
s thay i mc nc trong bung u thuyn t cao trnh thp nht ti cao trnh cao nht hoc
ngc li, xy ra nhanh chng ch trong vng chc pht, trong khi s thay i mc nc
trong t p xy ra rt chm so vi trng hp trn (nhiu gi, c khi ti hng ngy m).
Chnh v nhng l do m khi thit k tng chn thuc bung u thuyn, cn phi xt hai
trng hp gii hn khi s dng cng trnh:
- Trng hp th nht, khi bung u cha y nc, cao trnh mc nc pha trc tng l
cao nht, trong khi , cao trnh mc nc thuc ng cong bo ha trong t p sau tng
l thp nht;
- Trng hp th hai, khi bung u c tho cn ti cao trnh mc nc thp nht, trong khi
cao trnh mc nc thuc ng cong bo ha trong t p sau tng l cao nht.
Trong trng hp sa cha, ty li cng trnh c th v yu cu sa cha, iu kin lm vic
ca tng - mt b phn ca cng trnh - cng khc nhau. V d, khi sa cha thit b hoc kt
cu ca u thuyn, nc trong bung u c th c tho cn hon ton; trong trng hp ny
mc nc trong t p sau u l cao nht. Mt khc, cng c khi phi cho nc vo y bung
u v d mt phn p t sau bung u kim tra sa cha.
Tm li, khi chn cc trng hp tnh ton cn phi cn c v c im v iu kin lm vic c
th ca cng trnh chn ra cc trng hp tnh ton thc t c th xy ra trong cc giai on
thi cng, s dng v sa cha cng trnh ng vi tnh hnh lm vic bt li nht ca tng chn.
A.2. Tnh ton tng chn theo trng thi gii hn.
A.2.1. Ti trng v tc ng. (xem cng vi mc 4.2.2 ca tiu chun ny)
Trong tnh ton nn v kt cu cng trnh ni chung, cn phi xc nh c cc ti trng v tc
ng ln chng. Ty theo nguyn nhn v c im ca nhng ti trng v tc ng m
chng s c nh hng khc nhau ti s lm vic ca nn v kt cu cng trnh, v vy trong
vic tnh ton nn v kt cu cng trnh theo trng thi gii hn, cc ti trng v tc ng c
phn loi theo c im tc dng ca chng, da trn c s t hp chng theo xc sut
nhm chn ra iu kin lm vic bt li nht c th xy ra trong thi gian thi cng, s dng nn
v kt cu cng trnh.
Khi tnh ton kt cu v nn, nhng ti trng v tc ng c phn lm hai loi: ti trng v tc
ng thng xuyn, ti trng v tc ng tm thi.
Ti trng hoc tc ng thng xuyn l loi lun tn ti, khng thay i trong sut thi gian thi
cng hoc s dng cng trnh nh: trng lng bn thn ca kt cu v t, nhng ng lc sinh
ra do ng sut trc trong kt cu, trng lng dy dn trn trc ng dy ti in v.v
Ti trng hoc tc ng tm thi l loi c th khng tn ti trong nhng khong thi gian nht
nh trong qu trnh thi cng v s dng.
Ty theo thi gian tc dng lu di khc nhau m ti trng v tc ng tm thi li c phn ra:
+ Ti trng v tc ng tm thi tc dng lu, chng c th tn ti lu trong giai on thi cng v
s dng cng trnh nh ti trng trong bung kho sch, p lc ca dch th v kh trong b cha
v.v
+ Ti trng v tc ng tm thi ngn hn, chng c th ch tn ti ngn hn trong thi gian thi
cng v s dng cng trnh nh ti trng gi, tc ng do p lc, sng, v.v
+ Ti trng v tc ng c bit, chng ch tn ti trong nhng trng hp c bit nh tc ng
do ng t v s c v.v
Vic phn loi ti trng v tc ng nu trn c tnh chung nht song khi vn dng vo cc loi
cng trnh c th th ty theo c im v iu kin lm vic ca mi loi cng trnh m c nhng
c th ha, sa i v b sung cn thit.
i vi nhng tng chn thuc loi cng trnh thy li, ngoi nhng trng ti v tc ng xt
n khi tnh ton nhng kt cu thng thng, cn phi k n nhng ti trng v tc ng c
tnh cht c th khc nh p lc nc, ti trng do tu thuyn "cht ng" v neo buc gy ra
v.v
Nhng ti trng v tc ng c nu trn c th c nhng t hp ng thi tc dng ln cng
trnh trong qu trnh thi cng v s dng, gy ra trng thi lm vic bt li nht, do trong tnh
ton nn v kt cu cng trnh ni chung cng phi quy v mt s t hp ti trng v tc ng
da trn c s xc sut xy ra ca chng, t c th quy nh mc an ton chung v iu kin
lm vic ca kt cu v cng trnh ng vi mi t hp .
Da trn nhng nguyn tc chung k trn nhng cn c vo c im lm vic ca tng loi
cng trnh, hin nay mi ngnh xy dng (xy dng dn dng v cng nghip, xy dng giao
thng cu ng, xy dng cng trnh thy li) c quy nh c th ring v cc t hp ti trng
v tc ng.
i vi cng trnh thy li ni chung v cc tng chn thuc cc cng trnh thy li ni ring
cc ti trng v tc ng ch quy v hai t hp: t hp c bn v t hp c bit v d nh
nu iu A-1 ca phn ny; ng vi hai t hp ny cc h s an ton n nh cho php cng
c quy nh c th i vi cc cp hng cng trnh khc nhau (bng 1 v bng 2 ca tiu
chun ny).
Trong tnh ton nn v kt cu cng trnh theo trng thi gii hn, cc ti trng v tc ng c
phn loi nh nu trn, cn cn c chn sao cho ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca t
nn v kt cu cng trnh, v vy ngi ta cn phn chng ra lm ti trng tiu chun v ti trng
tnh ton.
Ti trng tiu chun l ti trng ln nht nhng khng hn ch hoc ph hoi iu kin s dng
bnh thng - v trong nhng trng hp c th - iu kin kim tra khi s dng v thi cng.
Ti trng tnh ton l ti trng xt ti kh nng c th khc vi gi tr tiu chun ca ti trng,
nhng thin v mt bt li (c th ln hn hoc nh hn gi tr tiu chun ty tng trng hp
c th) do tnh hay thay i ca ti trng hoc do s sai khc vi iu kin lm vic bnh thng;
kh nng sai khc c xt ti bi h s vt ti thng k hiu l vy trn thc t tnh
ton, ti trng tnh ton c ly bng tch ca ti trng v tc ng tiu chun. c trng ch
yu ca ti trng (tc ng) lm gi tr tiu chun ca chng, c quy nh nh sau:
- i vi ti trng thng xuyn, gi tr tiu chun ca ti trng c ly theo gi tr ca nhng
thng s hnh hc v cu to thuc n thit k v ly theo gi tr tiu chun (trung bnh thng
k) ca trng lng n v th tch, c xt ti nhng s liu c v khi lng thc ca kt cu
do ni ch to cung cp.
- i vi ti trng do qu trnh ch to v sa cha (gy ra bi thit b, vt liu v.v cng nh
ngi) gi tr tiu chun ca ti trng c ly theo gi tr ln nht i vi iu kin s dng bnh
thng hoc thi cng.
- i vi ti trng do kh quyn gy ra (nh gi, sng v.v) v tc ng (nh nhit, m v.v), gi
tr tiu chun c ly theo gi tr trung bnh trong nhng gi tr bt li ng vi chu k trung bnh
c xc nh ca s lp li hoc vt qu ca ti trng v tc ng.
Ti trng tiu chun v ti trng tnh ton cng nh cc t hp ca chng nu trn c a
vo trong tnh ton nn v kt cu cng trnh ty theo c im lm vic ca chng.
V d khi tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng th ni dung tnh ton ch yu l vn
tnh ln. Nh bit, do t l vt th khng lin tc, ngoi ht t trong l rng cn c nc
v kh, do di tc dng ca ti trng, qu trnh ln ca t ty thuc vo qu trnh thot
nc tha v kh trong l rng ca t cng nh ty thuc vo s trt ln nhau gia ht t
qua mng nc lin kt mt ngoi ht, do qu trnh ca nn cng trnh - c bit i vi t
st - thng ko di hng chc c khi hng trm nm. Trng hp ny, ch c ti trng tn ti lu
di thng xuyn trong sut thi gian thi cng v s dng cng trnh mi c ngha trong vic
tnh ton.
Nu nh tnh ton nn theo kh nng chu ti th ni dung tnh ton ch yu l vn n nh v
cng . Trong trng hp ny, khng ty thuc vo thi gian tc dng lu mau ca ti trng
min l gi tr ca ti trng ln dn ti mt n nh v cng ca nn th u phi xt
n trong tnh ton.
Do nhng nguyn nhn k trn ni chung hin nay khi tnh ton kt cu v nn theo trng thi
gii hn v bin dng (trng thi gii hn th hai) th phi chn dng ti trng tiu chun vi t
hp c bn ca chng, cn khi tnh ton kt cu v nn theo trng thi gii hn v kh nng chu
ti (trng thi gii hn th nht) th phi chn dng ti trng tnh ton vi t hp c bn, t hp
ph hoc t hp c bit ca chng.
A.2.2 Cc h s tnh ton.
Cc h s an ton c dng trong tnh ton nn v kt cu cng trnh theo trng thi gii hn l
h s ng nht, h s iu kin lm vic, h s chnh xc v h s vt ti.
H s ng nht ni chung - k hiu l k - xt ti kh nng thay i ca cng vt liu v
nhng c trng khc ca vt liu v ca t, thin v mt bt li so vi gi tr tiu chun ca
chng, do thay i v tnh cht c hc gy ra.
Trong tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn, cc c trng ca t nn cng c phn lm hai
loi l c trng tiu chun v c trng tnh ton.
c trng tiu chun ca mt loi t (vt liu) no ly bng tr s trung bnh s hc ca cc
gi tr c trng , xc nh c bng th nghim vi s lng mu t thng k.
Nhng v t l mt loi sn vt "t nhin lch s", do thng khng ng nht, mt khc khi
xc nh cc c trng cu t bng th nghim khng trnh khi sai st xy ra do ch b mu
hoc thao tc, cho nn c trng tiu chun khng phn nh c mc bin i ca cc c
trng . V d cho kt qu th nghim mt c trng no ca hai loi t - h s chng ct
tg1 - nu trong bng A.7.
Bng A.7
c trng
trung bnh Mc bin
c trng cc b
s hc i
tiu chun
0,525 0,510 0,530 0,520 0,510 0,520 0,515 0,525 0,505 0,520 0,518 0,5050,530
0,525 0,550 0,540 0,500 0,505 0,530 0,510 0,520 0,545 0,505 0,518 0,5000,550
Kt qu tnh ton cho bit hai loi t trn c cng c trng tiu chun ca h s chng ct tg
1tc = 0,510 - nhng loi t th nht c mc bin i ca cc gi tr tg1 t hn loi t th
hai, do c mc ng nht hn.
Vy trong tnh ton nn cng trnh, nhiu khi cn phi xt ti mc bin i ca cc c trng
ca t nh nu trn, c nh vy mi bo m cho cng trnh tnh ton c an ton, do
ch dng c trng tiu chun cha m cn phi dng c trng tnh ton.
xt ti mc ng nht ca t, ngi ta a vo khi nim v h s ng nht ca t k
theo nh ngha nu trn. Trong tnh ton, c trng tnh ton c ly bng tch ca c trng
tiu chun vi h s ng nht k:

k 1 (A.23)
A tc
Trong :
- sai s bnh phng trung bnh, c gi tr tnh theo biu thc:

( Ai A tc )2
(A.24)
n 1
Trong :
Ai - c trng cc b ca t;
Atc - c trng tiu chun ca t;
n - s mu t th nghim.
Nu gi Att l c trng tnh ton th s c:
Att = Atck = Atc - ; (A.25)
T biu thc (A.24) v (A.25) thy rng, nu t cng ng nht, cng nh (dn ti khng), do
Att cng dn ti Atc.
Kt qu thc t cho bit rng, khng ging cc vt liu nhn to khc nh b tng, thp v.v, tr
s sai s bnh phng trung bnh ca t ln, do h s ng nht k nh, tc l mc ng
nht ca t km.
H s iu kin lm vic, m quy nh ti QCVN 04-05:2012/BNNPTNT

PH LC B
TNH TON P LC T LN TNG CHN
(tham kho)
B.1. Tnh ton p lc ch ng v b ng c p tri ca t
xc nh p lc ch ng v b ng c p tri ca t, hin nay c th quy v hai loi
phng php tiu biu: Phng php cn bng gii hn im v phng php cn bng gii
hn c th, ln lt c trnh by nh sau:
B.1.1. Phng php cn bng gii hn im
Khi khi t p sau tng chn t trng thi cn bng gii hn, phng php ny quan nim
rng mi im trong u ng thi t trng thi cn bng gii hn, do trong khi t p
hnh thnh hai h mt trt ni chung l cong (Hnh B.1)

Hnh B.1: Hai h mt trt trong khi t p sau tng.

Khi t trng thi cn bng gii hn, cc ng sut php v tip ti mi im u tha mn h hai
phng trnh vi phn cn bng n hi v iu kin cn bng gii hn sau:
z zx

z x

xz zx x
0 (B.1)
z x

( z x )2 4 zx 2
2
sin 2
( z x 2C. cot g )
Bng cch bin i bin s, c th a h phng trnh (B.1) v mt h hai phng trnh dng
hypecbolic c hai h ng c trng trng vi hai h ng trt, biu th bi hai phng trnh
vi phn.
V nguyn tc, ng vi mt iu kin bin nht nh c th gii h hai phng trnh hypecbolic
ni trn vi hai phng trnh vi phn ca hai h ng c trng xc nh v tr hai h ng
trt v do xc nh c p lc t ln tng. Tuy nhin do nhng phc tp v tnh ton c
th nn cho ti nay, mi ch lp c cc biu thc gii tch vi cc bng tnh sn cho h s p
lc t i vi mt s trng hp c th.
Trng hp c bit, khi lng tng thng ng, mt t p nm ngang, gia t v tng
khng c ma st, t h phng trnh (B.1) cng c th gii trc tip v tm ra c kt qu ging
nh l lun p lc t ca W.T.M.Rengkin tm ra, do c th ni rng, l lun p lc t ca
W.T.M.Rengkin ch l mt trng hp ring ca l lun p lc t cn bng gii hn im.
Trng hp t ri, khi mt t nm ngang, phng php cn bng gii hn im cho biu
thc tnh p lc t ch ng v p lc b ng c p tri vi cc h s p lc t cho trong
bng tnh sn (bng B.1, B.2).

H 2
Trng hp p lc ch ng: Ec = c * .
2

H 2
Trng hp p lc b ng c p tri: Ebt = bt * .
2
Trong : c*, bt* - ln lt l h s p lc ch ng v b ng c p tri ca t, tra trong bng
B.1 v B.2.
Bng tnh gi tr ca c*
Bng B.1 H s p lc t ch ng c* theo li gii ca l lun cn bng gii hn im
o
o -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
o
0 0.49 0.58 0.65 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.72 0.67
10 5 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.66 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.64
10 0.43 0.51 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.68 0.63
0 0.27 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.59
20 10 0.23 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.55
20 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.51 0.53 0.54
0 0.13 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52
30 15 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.42 0.46 0.48
30 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.46
0 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.46
40 20 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.38 0.42
40 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.41
Cn ch rng, phng php cn bng gii hn im hin nay tuy c coi l phng php
tnh ton cht ch v chnh xc nhng do cha lp c cc bng tnh sn hoc th xc
nh cc h s p lc t trong mi trng hp, nn trong tnh ton thc t, phng php ny
cn b hn ch nhiu so vi phng php cn bng gii hn c th trnh by sau ny.
Bng tnh gi tr ca bt*
Bng B.2 H s p c t b ng bt* theo li gii ca l lun cn bng gii hn im
o
o -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
o
0 1.53 1.53 1.49 1.42 1.31 1.18 1.04 0.89 0.71 0.53
10 5 1.71 1.69 1.64 1.55 1.43 1.28 1.10 0.93 0.74 0.55
10 1.88 1.79 1.74 1.63 1.5 1.33 1.15 0.96 0.76 0.55
 0 2.76 2.53 2.3 2.04 1.77 1.51 1.26 1.01 0.77 0.56
20 10 3.26 3.11 2.89 2.51 2.16 1.80 1.46 1.16 0.87 0.61
20 4.24 3.79 3.32 2.86 2.42 2.00 1.63 1.25 0.92 0.63
0 5.28 4.42 3.65 3.00 2.39 1.90 1.49 1.15 0.85 0.60
30 15 8.76 7.13 5.63 4.46 3.50 2.70 2.01 1.45 1.03 0.69
30 11.72 9.31 7.30 5.67 4.35 3.29 2.42 1.73 1.23 0.75
0 11.27 8.34 6.16 4.60 3.37 2.50 1.86 1.35 0.95 0.64
40 20 26.70 18.32 13.02 9.11 6.36 4.41 1.98 1.99 1.33 0.81
40 43.23 29.40 20.35 13.96 9.43 6.30 4.16 2.67 1.65 0.96
B.1.2. Phng php cn bng gii hn c th
Phng php cn bng gii hn c th xc nh gi tr p lc t ln tng chn c nu ln
t nm 1993 do mt s quan cng binh ngi Php tn l C.A.Coulomb, sau c mt k s
cng binh ngi Php tn l J.V.Poncelet pht trin thm.
Tip , phng php ny ngy cng c b sung v pht trin v hin nay vn c cn
dng ph bin trong thc t v tnh cht thc dng ca n.
B.1.2.1. Nhng gi thit c bn v nguyn l tnh ton
L lun p lc t ca C.A.Coulomb c xy dng trn hai gi thit c bn sau y:
- Khi khi t p sau tng chn t trng thi cn bng gii hn - ch ng hay b ng - mt
trt th nht sinh ra trong khi t p gi thit l phng, mt trt th hai l mt tip gip gia
t v mt lng tng.
- Gi tr p lc ch ng ca t ly bng gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr lc y ca khi t ln
tng khi n t trng thi cn bng gii hn ch ng; gi tr p lc b ng c p tri ca t
ly bng gi tr nh nht trong cc gi tr lc chng ca khi t ln tng khi n t trng thi
cn bng gii hn b ng.
Ngoi ra, n gin tnh ton, cn gi thit rng khi t p l ng cht v khi t trng thi
cn bng gii hn n c xem nh mt c th, trng thi ng sut gii hn ch xy ra trn cc
mt trt.
Vi nhng gi thit n gin ha , l lun p lc t C.A.Coulomb vn dng cc phng
trnh cn bng tnh ca mt h vt thuc bi ton phng trong c hc vt rn tuyt i (tr
phng trnh cn bng m men) cng vi cng c ton hc gii tch thng thng hoc gii
gii quyt cc bi ton v p lc t.
B.1.2.2 Tnh ton p lc ch ng ca t
B.1.2.2.1 Trng hp khng xt ti s nt n trn mt t p
Hnh B.2 Biu th s tnh ton v a gic cc lc tc dng ln lng th trt (khi t) ABC. V
lng th trt cn bng tnh nn a gic cc lc tc dng ln n khp kn, iu ny tng ng
vi h hai phng trnh cn bng tnh ca cc lc chiu trn hai trc ta vung gc trn mt
phng tc dng ca cc lc , tc l nhng phng trnh x=0, z=0.
 Hnh B.2: S tnh ton v a gic lc
T hnh B.2 c th vit biu thc ca lc y E tc dng ln tng nh sau:
E = ET - (EC1 + EC2) (B.4)
Trong :
ET - Gi tr lc y ca t ln tng khi b qua nh hng ca lc dnh n v C 1, C2.
EC1 - Gi tr lc y b gim do nh hng ca lc dnh n v C 1 tc dng ln mt trt BC;
EC2 - Gi tr lc y b gim do nh hng ca lc dnh n v C 2 tc dng ln mt lng tng
AB.
Cc biu thc ca ET, EC1, EC2 c lp t h thc lng trong cc tam gic abh, ghi, eil v kt
qu nh sau:
1 2
ET = H .M (B.5)
2
EC1 = C1H.N1 (B.6)
EC2 = C2H.N2 (B.7)
Trong :
cos( ) sin( ). cos( )
M x (B.8)
cos 2 sin( 1 ). cos( )

cos( ) cos 1
N1 x (B.9)
cos sin( 1 ). cos( )

1 cos( 2 )
N2 x (B.10)
cos sin( 2 )
Vi 1 = + + ; 2 = +
Theo cc biu thc t (B.4) n (B.10) thy rng, ng vi mt tng chn v mt loi t c mt
ngoi nht nh, gi tr ca E ph thuc v tr mt trt BC, tc ph thuc gc : E = f( )
tm gi tr ln nht ca lc y Emax theo gi thit hai nu trn, c th dng gii tch hoc
gii.
dE
Nu dng gii tch, c 0
d
Thay E t cc biu thc (B.4) n (B.10) vo, s rt ra biu thc cho gc trt nguy him nht c
ng vi gi tr Emax :
2
C C C C
Qc (Sc Vc Qc (Sc Vc ) 4.Pc (Tc Uc .Rc (Tc Wc
H H H H
tgc
C
2.Pc (Tc Uc )
H
(B.11)
4 cos . cos . sin . cos
Vc (B.12)
cos( )

2 cos . cos . sin2

Uc (B.13)
cos( )

4 cos . cos . cos 2

Wc (B.14)
cos( )

C2 C2
C2 C (*) (B.15)
C1 C
(*) Vic chn gi tr ca xem trong ph lc E.
Pc, Qc, Rc, Tc c tnh theo cc biu thc sau:
Pc = cossincos( + ) - sincos( + + )cos( - )
Qc = cos( - )cos(2 + + ) - cos( + )cos( + )
Rc = cossin( + + )cos( - ) - sincoscos( + ) (B.11*)
Sc = 4coscossin( + + + )
Tc = 2coscoscos( + + + )
Vy lc y ln nht Emax c c bng cch thay c theo biu thc (B.11) vo cc biu thc
(B.4) n (B.10):
1
Emax = H2 .Mc CHNc (B.16)
2
Trong

cos( ) sin( ). cos( c )

Mc x (B.17)
cos2 sin( c 1 ). cos( c )

cos( ) cos 1 cos( c )

Nc x x (B.18)
cos sin( c 1 ). cos( c ) cos sin( c 1 )
Gi thit biu phn b gi tr cng lc y ln nht l ng thng, t (B.16) c th suy
ra biu thc cng p lc t nh sau (thay H bng Z):

dEmax
c Z.M c C.Nc (B.19)
dZ
T (B.19) xc nh c su Htt k t nh tng m trong phm vi tng khng chu tc
dng lc y ca t.
Thc vy, t iu kin c = 0 rt ra:

Nc C
Z Hn . (B.20)
Mc
C th xem biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t l tam gic bcd, gi tr p lc ch ng
ca t s ly bng din tch tam gic :
1
Ec [ .H.M c C.Nc ].[H H n ] ; (B.21)
2
Hay

1 C2
Ec .H 2 .M c CH .Nc .Pc ;
2
Trong :

1 Nc2
Pc . (B.22)
2 Mc
im t v phng tc dng ca Ec nu trn hnh (B.3)

Hnh B.3: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t

Ch thch:
1 - Trng hp: C2 = 0,5.C1 B. Trng hp: C2 = 0
1 1
.(H - Hn) = 2,56 m .(H - Hn) = 2,62 m
2 2
HMc = 14,30 T/m2 HMc = 14,35 T/m2
C2.Nc = 3,30 T/m2 C2.Nc = 3,06 T/m2
Hn = 2,30 m Hn = 2,14 m
Ec = 42,31 T/m Ec = 44,33 T/m
Vi:
1) Trng hp b qua nh hng ca lc dnh n v tc dng lng tng (C c = 0) th:
 2
C C C C
Qc .Sc Qc Sc 4.Pc Tc .Rc Tc
H H H H
tg
C
2.Pc Tc
H

1
(B.11' Emax = H2 .Mc CHNc (B.16')
2
Nc C
Hn = . (B.20')
Mc

1 C2
Ec .H 2 .M c CH .Nc Pc (B.21')
2

1 Nc2
Pc .
2 Mc

cos( ) sin( ). cos( c )

Mc x (B.17')
cos2 sin( c t ). cos( c )

cos( ) cos 1
Nc x (B.18')
cos sin( c t ). cos( c )

C th tra bng tnh sn cc gi tr Mc, Nc v c ca cc ti liu tham kho. Tuy nhin nn dng
cc cng thc lp trnh dng trong tnh ton.
2) Trng hp t ri (C1 = C2 = 0) th:

Qc Qc2 4Pc .Rc

tg c (B.11'')
2Pc

Ec E cn E cd H 2 c (B.21")

Trong : Ecn = H2cn (B.21a")

Ecd = H2cd (B.21b")

c 2cn 2c (B.21c")

3) Gc nghing mt t p gii hn v gc trt nguy him nht gii hn.

a) Gc nghing mt t p gii hn (gh) c xc nh t iu kin cho cc gi tr trong cn
thc thuc cc biu thc (B.11), (B.11'), (B.11'') bng khng.
d
i vi t ri (C = 0), s c: gh (B.23)

Trong trng hp ny, gc nghing mt t p khng th ln hn gc ma st trong ca t.

d
i vi t dnh, s c : gh (B.24)

Trong trng hp ny, gc nghing mt t p c th ln hn gc ma st trong ca t.

b) Gc trt nguy him nht gii hn ( cgh ) c xc nh t iu kin mt trt th nht BC

trong khi t p song song vi mt t p hay:

cgh gh (B.25)
2
Ty theo t p l t ri hay t dnh, gi tr gh s khc nhau.
B.1.2.2.2 Trng hp c xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn mt t p.
Khi t p sau tng chn l t dnh, mt mt do nh hng ca iu kin kh hu xung
quanh, mt khc do trng thi ng sut cc tiu c hnh thnh gy ng sut ko ngang trong
mt su nht nh lm cho mt t b nt n.
Nu mt t nm ngang, gi tr ca chiu su gy ng sut ko c xc nh t iu kin cn
bng gii hn Mohr-Rankine:
2C
Z0 tg ( 45 o ) (B.26)
2
Theo lp lun , th s khng c lc y ngang tc dng ln mt mt thng ng trong mt
phm vi chiu su Hn bng 2Z0. (hnh B.4b). Nhng trn thc t, trng thi ng sut ko c
hnh thnh pha trn mt t p s gy ra tnh hnh nt n lm gim gi tr H n xung cn H'n <
Hn. Gi tr ny xc nh chiu su trong t p c th khng dnh vo tng (hnh B.4a), v
vy c th xem lp t c chiu dy Hn nh mt ti trng phn b u thng ng tc dng trn
mt t p.
2C
Z0 tg ( 45 o ) (B.26)
2

Hnh B.4: Chiu su mt nt n pha trn mt t p

Trng hp mt t p nm nghing ( 0), lng tng nghing ( 0), gia t v tng c
ma st ( 0), chiu su nt n Hn' c xc nh theo biu thc sau (hnh B.5a):
Hn' = A'A'' = Hn(1 + tg.tg) (B.27)
trong Hn c xc nh theo biu thc (B.20) hoc (B.20'). Ch rng, nu thay = = = 0
vo biu thc (B.27), (B.20') s thu c kt qu nh biu thc (B.26).
xc nh p lc t tc dng ln tng trong trng hp ny, coi pha trn mt t p, trong
phm vi chiu su nt n Hn', c mt ti trng phn b u thng ng tc dng c gi tr bng q
= yHn' v by gi tng chn c chiu cao Hc = H - Hn. iu ny c tha mn khi cc mt
trt BCi i qua y Ci ca mi vt nt (Hnh B.5a).
Trong trng hp ny, gc trt nguy him nht c vn c xc nh theo biu thc (B.11)
C C
hoc (B.11'), nhng phi thay th trong bng bng vi gi tr p lc ch
H (H 2H n )
ng ca t c tnh theo biu thc sau:

1 2 2H n
Ec H c M c 1 C.H c .Nc (B.28)
2 Hc

Hnh B.5: Phng php gii xc nh Emax

Trong Mc, Nc c xc nh theo biu thc (B.17), (B.18) hoc (B.17'), (B.18').
Ch : Gp trng hp phc tp khng dng cc biu thc gii tch nu trn xc nh p lc
ch ng ca nn t ln tng c, c th dng phng php gii.
1. Trng hp t ri, dng phng php gii Culmann (Hnh B.6)
- T im B, k BS lm vi ng ngang gc v t im A, k AL lm vi gc AB gc ( + );
- T im B, k cc ng BC1, BC2, BC3 lm vi ng ngang cc gc khc nhau;
- Tnh trng lng Wi ca cc lng th trt ABCi; sau t cc gi tr ln BS theo mt t l
nht nh;
- T u mt cc vect ca Wi trn BS, k cc ng song song vi AL, chng ct cc ng
BCi tng ng, to thnh cc tam gic lc ng vi mi mt trt cho, trong cc on va
xc nh c biu th gi tr ca Ei. Ni u mt ca on biu th cc gi tr ca E i c ng
cong Culman.
 Hnh B.6: Xc nh p lc t ch ng ca t ri bng phng php gii Culman
- K mt ng thng song song vi BS v tip xc vi ng cong K ti m, xc nh c
Ec=Emax.
- Ni Bm, xc nh c mt trt nguy him nht BC. Hnh B.6
im t ca Ec l giao im ca lng tng AB vi ng thng k t trng tm tam gic ABC
v song song vi BC.
2. Trng hp t dnh.
V d B.1:
Cho mt tng chn cao 10m v cc s liu cn tnh ton nu trn hnh B.8.
Hy xc nh p lc ch ng ca t bng phng php gii v gii tch trong cc trng
hp sau:
Khng xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn b mt t p ng vi hai trng hp
- C10, C20 vi C2=0,5C1
- C10, C2=0
Xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn b mt t p cng ng vi hai trng hp trn.
GII
1) Khng xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn b mt t p.
a) Trng hp C2=0,5C1
Phng php gii: (Hnh B.7)
- K 7 mt trt: BC1, BC2, BC7, ng vi mi mt trt, c mt lng th trt, xc nh cc yu
t cn thit tnh ton.
1
+ Trng lng cc lng th t ABCi: Wi bi hl
2
+ Tng lc dnh tc dng trn mt trt BCi: C1. BCi
+ Phng ca phn lc Ri hnh B.7b;
 Hnh B.7: Phng php gii xc nh Emax
+ Tng lc dnh tc dng ln AB l hng s v bng C2. AB
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng sau: (Bng B.3)
Bng B.3
Wi=Fi.l.y (T/m) Ci=C1.BCi (T/m)
Th t mt C2. AB
1
trt Fi bi h (
2 Wi BCi Ci (T/m)
m2)
1 31.2 56.2 11.8 23.6 10.5
2 41.6 75.8 12.8 25.6
 3 52.0 93.7 14.1 28.2
4 62.4 112.3 15.5 31
5 72.8 131 17 34
6 83.2 150 18.7 37.4
7 93.7 169 20.3 40.6
H 10
Ch thch: AB. 10,5m
cos 0,949

BHi=h=AB.cos(-)= 10,5 x cos3o20' 10.4 m.

- ng vi mi lng th trt, v c mt a gic lc Oaibicidi (hnh B.7c). T 7 a gic lc v
c, xc nh: Emax=38,50 T/m.
* Phng php gii tch
Thay cc s liu cho vo cc biu thc ca Pc, Qc, Rc, Sc, Tc biu thc (B11*) v cc biu
thc (B.12), (B.13), (B.14), (B.11), c cc kt qu sau:
Pc = 0,011; Qc = -0.367; Rc = 0,432; Sc = 3,19;
Tc = 0,80; Vc = 0.945; Uc = 0,125; Wc = 1.750;
Tgc = 0,732 c = 36o10' 36o
Thay cc s liu cho vo cc gi tr c va tm c vo cc biu thc (B.17), (B.18), (B.22),
(B.16), (B.21) c cc kt qu sau: Mc=0,795; Nc=1,580+0,071=1,651; Pc=1,715.
1
Emax= x 1,8 x 100 x 0,975 - 2 x 10 x 1,651 = 38,50 (T/m)
2
4
Ec = Emax + x 1,715 = 38,50 + 3,81 = 42,31 (T/m)
1,8

b) Trng hp C10, C2=0

* Phng php gii
Cch lm tng t nh trn, nhng trng hp ny a gic lc ch gm 4 lc (hnh B.7d).
Kt qu gii xc nh c Emax=41,10 T/m.
* Phng php gii tch
C1 2
Tnh 0,111 .
H 1,8 10

T cc s liu cho: =20o, = , =15o, tg =0,333
2
C
ng vi 0,111 , t cc biu thc (B.11), (B.17), (B.18) hoc c th tra cc bng biu tnh
H
sn, tm c: c=34o45'; Mc=0,797; Nc=1,533.
T cc biu thc (B.16'), (B.21') c:
1
Emax= x 1,8 x 100 x 0,797 - 2 x 10 x 1,533 = 41,4 T/m
2
 4
Ec = Emax + x Pc = 41,04 + 2,22 x 1,48 = 44,33 T/m
1,8
Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t, im t v phng tc dng ca E c ng vi hai
trng hp trn, nu trn hnh B.3.
2) Xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn b mt t p.
a) Trng hp C2=0,5C1
Phng php gii:
Tnh Hn theo biu thc (B.20):

Nc C1 1,651 2
Hn 2,30 m
Mc 0,795 1,8
Vy Hc=H - Hn= 10m - 2,30m = 7,70 m.
Cch tin hnh tip, tng t trng hp 1, y ch khc v gi tr ca W i, C1, C2, AB .
Kt qu tnh ton, tm tt trong bng sau.
Bng B.4
Wi=Fi.l.y (T/m) Ci=C1.BCi (T/m)
Th t mt C2. AB
trt Fi Fi1 Fi 2 (m
2
Wi BCi (m) Ci (T/m)
)
1 41.06 74 10 20
2 51.96 93.5 11 22
3 62.46 112.2 12.1 24.2
4 72.96 131 13.5 27 8.12
5 84.21 151.5 14.8 29.6
6 94.76 170.5 16.2 32.4
7 105.59 190 17.6 35.2

Ch thch: Fi1 - Din tch t gic AA'C1Ci'.

1 1
Fi1 y .H ' n H ' n X i H 'n ( X i y ) ; y=Hn.tg.
2 2

Fi 2 - Din tch cc tam gic A'BCi

Hc 7,70
A' B 8,12 (m)
cos 0,949
T kt qu ta v a gic lc, xc nh c:

Ecq Emax 42,5 T/m. (Xem hnh B.5)

Phng php gii tch

C1 2
Tnh 0,09
(H c 2H n ) 1,8(7,70 2 2,30 )
Theo biu thc (B.11) tnh ra:
tgc = 0,825 c = 39o30'.
Thay gi tr ca c tm c vo (B.17), (B.18), tnh ra Mc, Nc.
Mc=0,822; Nc=1,811.

Theo biu thc (B.28) tnh ra Ecq (Emax)

1 2 2,3
Emax E cq 1,8 7,70 2 0,822 1 2 7,70 1,811 70,30 27,90 42,40
2 7,7
(T/m)
b) Trng hp C10, C2=0
Phng php gii:
C1 2
Tnh 0,111 .
H 1,8 10
T cc s liu cho theo cc biu thc (B.11), (B.17), (B.18) hoc c th tra bng tnh sn tm
c: c=34o45'; Mc=0,797; Nc=1,533.
Tnh Hn theo biu thc (B.20'):

Nc C1 1,533 2
Hn 2,14 m
Mc 0,797 1,8
Vy Hc = H - Hn = 10m-2,14m = 7,86m.
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng sau:
Wi=Fi.l.y (T/m) Ci=C1.BCi (T/m)
Th t mt trt Fi Fi1 Fi 2 (m2
Wi BCi (m) Ci
)
1 39.56 71.2 10 20
2 51.68 93.2 11.2 22.4
3 63.48 114 12.7 25.4
4 75.53 136 14.3 28.6
5 87.48 157.3 16 32
6 99.48 179 17.6 35.2
7 111.63 201 19.5 39

Ch thch: Fi1 - Din tch t gic AA'C1Ci'.

1 1
Fi1 y .H ' n H ' n X i H 'n ( X i y ) ; y=Hn.tg.
2 2
Fi 2 - Din tch cc tam gic A'BCi

HT 7,86
A' B 8,28 (m)
cos 0,949
T kt qu ta v a gic lc, xc nh c:

Ecq Emax 44,4 T/m. (Xem hnh B.8)

Hnh B.8: Phng php gii xc nh Emax

Phng php gii tch

C1 2
Tnh 0,091
(HT 2H n ) 1,8(7,86 2 2,14 )
T cc biu thc (B.11), (B.17), (B.18) hoc tra bng tnh sn tm c:
c =35o35'; Mc=0,801; Nc=1,557
Theo biu thc (B.28) tnh ra E cq (Emax)

1 2 2,14
Emax E cq 1,8 7,86 2 0,8011 2 7,86 1,557 69 25,5 44,5 (T/
2 7,86
m)

Hnh B.9: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t

Tm tt cc kt qu tnh ton trong bng sau:
Khng xt nh hng nt n Xt nh hng nt n
 gii Gii tch gii Gii tch
Trng
hp tnh Emax Emax Ec Ecq E cq
ton c0 c0 c0 c0
(T/m) (T/m) (T/m) (T/m) (T/m)
C10,
36o30' 38,5 36o 38,5 42,31 40o 42,5 39o35' 42,4
C2=0,5.C1
C10,
34o30' 41,1 34o45' 41,04 44,33 36o 44,4 35o35' 44,5
C2=0
T nhng kt qu tnh ton trn, c th nu mt s nhn xt sau:

1. Kt qu xc nh Emax v E cq theo hai phng php gii tch v gii hon ton nht tr;

2. nh hng ca lc dnh n v tc dng ti lng tng lm gim gi tr p lc t ln tng

r rt.
3. Gi tr p lc t ch ng tc dng ln tng khi c xt ti nh hng ca s nt n trn
mt t p chnh bng gi tr p lc ch ng E c khi khng xt ti nh hng ca nt n.
Ch :
Theo s liu nu trong v d B.1, th xc nh gc nghing mt t p gii hn (ghd) v gc
trt nguy him nht gii hn tng ng (cgh).
Cho cc gi tr gc =15o 35o, sau dng cc biu thc (B.11) v (B.11') tnh gc trt nguy
him nht ng vi hai trng hp C2=0,5C1 v C2=0.
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong cc bng B.7 v B.8.
Trng hp C2=0,5C1.
Bng B.7
o

15 20 25 30 32 35
oc

-M 0.774 0.7558 0.733 0.704 0.690 0.668

2
M 0.600 0.5712 0.540 0.505 0.476 0.477
2N -0.186 -0.004 +0.180 0.366 0.437 0.547
-4N 0.372 0.008 -0.360 -0.732 -0.875 -1.094
L 0.606 0.606 0.588 0.566 0.554 0.454
0.830 0.5760 0.328 0.090 0 <0

0.911 0.7589 0.573 0.30 0 V ngha

tgc 0.737 0.775 0.89 1.11 1.58 ---

c 36o25' 37o47' 41o40' 48o 57o40' ---
Ch thch:
C
M Qc ( Sc Vc ) ; M 2 4N .L
H
 C M
N Pc 1 (Tc Uc ); tgc
H 2N

C
L Rc 1 (Tc Wc ).
H
Trng hp C2 = 0;
o
15 20 25 30 32 35
o
c

-M 0.7220 0.6888 0.6530 0.6120 0.5940 0.5660

M2 0.5213 0.4747 0.4264 0.3745 0.3528 0.3204
2N -0.2000 -0.0284 0.1420 0.3120 0.3774 0.4760
-4N -0.4000 0.0568 -0.2840 -0.6240 -0.7548 -0.9520
L 0.5210 0.5142 0.5020 0.486 0.4788 0.4680
0.7303 0.5039 0.2834 0.0700 0 <0

0.8540 0.7099 0.5324 0.2646 0 V ngha

tgc 0.6600 0.7450 0.8500 1.1100 1.575 ---

c 33o30' 36o40' 40o20' 57o35' ---
Ch thch:
C1
M Qc Sc ; M 2 4N .L
H

C1 M
N Pc ( Tc ); tg c
H 2N

C1
L Rc Tc .
H
Theo kt qu tnh ton nu trong hai bng trn c th thy rng: ng vi =32o, s hng trong
cn thc ca cc biu thc (B.11), (B.11') u xp x bng khng, ng thi khi tnh ra c=58o
ng vi c hai trng hp.
Nu >32o, s hng trong cn thc l m nn v ngha.
Vy trong hai trng hp ny ghd 32o v ghd 58o; kt qu hon ton ph hp vi biu thc
gh d
(B.25); c gh nu trn.
2
T kt qu nu trn c th rt ra trnh t tnh ton p lc t dnh trong trng hp gc >ghd
nh sau:
u tin xc nh gi tr gc nghing gii hn (ghd) theo phng php tnh th ng dn; s c
hai kh nng xy ra:
d
* gh - Tip tc tnh Ec theo cc biu thc tng ng nu nh thng l.
 d d
* > gh - C th xem khi t bn trn mt nghing gii hn (ng vi = gh ) nh mt ti
trng phn b u, thng ng lin tc ri tip tc tnh ton nh Ph lc D sau ny s gii thiu
B.1.2.3 Tnh ton p lc t b ng c p tri ca t
Hnh B.10 biu th s tnh ton v a gic cc lc tc dng ln lng th trt (khi t) ABC.
V lng th trt cn bng tnh nn a gic cc lc tc dng ln n khp kn.

Hnh B.10: S tnh ton cc lc v a gic lc

T hnh B.10b c th vit biu thc ca lc chng E ca t tc dng ln tng nh sau:
E = ET + Ec1 + Ec2 (B.29)
Trong :
ET - Gi tr lc chng ca t ln tng khi b qua nh hng ca lc dnh n v C 1, C2
Ec1, Ec2 - Gi tr lc chng ca t tng ln do nh hng ca lc dnh n v tc dng ln mt
trt BC v trn lng tng AB.
Cc biu thc ca ET, Ec1, Ec2 c lp t h thc lng trong cc tam gic abc, cdh', deg, kt
qu nh sau:
1
ET = H 2M (B.30)
2
Ec1 = C1.H.N1 (B.31)
c2
E = C2.H.N2 (B.32)
Trong :
cos( ) sin( ). cos( )
M (B.33)
cos2 sin( 3 ). cos( )

cos( ) cos 1
N1 (B.34)
cos sin( 3 ). cos( )

1 cos( 4 )
N2 (B.35)
cos sin( 3 )
Vi 3 = - - ; 4 = -
Ly o hm ca E theo gc trt biu thc (B.29) ri cho bng khng, t rt ra:
 C
Qb (Sb Vb )
H
tgb
C
2Pb ( Tb Ub )
H
2
(B.36)
C C C
Qb H (Sb Vb ) 4 Pb H ( Tb Ub ) .Rb H ( Tb Wb )


C
2.Pb ( Tb Ub )
H
Trong :
4 cos . cos . sin . cos
Vb (B.12)
cos( )

2 cos . cos . sin2

Ub (B.13)
cos( )

4 cos . cos . cos 2

Wb (B.14)
cos( )

C2 C2
C 2 C (B.15)
C1 C
Pb, Qb, Rb, Sb, Tb tnh theo (B.36*):
Pb = cossincos( - ) + sincos( - - )cos( - )
Qb = cos( - )cos( - 2 - ) - cos( + )cos( - )
Rb = cossin( - - )cos( - ) - sincoscos( - ) (B.36*)
Sb = 4coscossin( + - - )
Tb = 2coscoscos( + - - )
Vy lc chng nh nht Emin c th c bng cch thay b tnh theo biu thc (B.36) vo cc
biu thc (B.30), (B.31), (B.33), (B.34), (B.35).
1 2
Emin = Ebt = H Mb + C.H.Nb (B.37)
2
Trong :

cos( ) sin( b ). cos( b )

Mb (B.38)
cos3 sin( b 3 ). cos( )

cos( ) cos 1 cos( b 4 )

Nb . (B.39)
cos sin( b 3 ). cos( b ) cos sin( b 3 )
Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc b ng c p tri, im t v phng tc dng ca n
nu trn hnh B.11.
 Hnh B.11: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc b ng ca t.
Ch 1:
1. Trng hp b qua nh hng ca lc dnh n v tc dng ti lng tng (C c=0) th
2
C C C C
Qb Sb Qb H Sb ) 4 Pb H Tb .Rb H Tb
H
tg b (B.36')
C C
2Pb Tb ) 2.Pb Tb
H H

1 2
Emin = Ebt = H Mb + C.H.Nb (B.37')
2
cos( ) sin( b ). cos( b )
Mb (B.38')
cos 2 sin( b 3 ). cos( )

cos( ) cos 1
Nb (B.39')
cos sin( b 3 ). cos( b )
2. Trng hp t ri (C1=C2=0) th:
1 2
Ebt = H .bt (B.37'')
2
Trong :
2


sin( )
bt = (B.38'')
sin( ). sin( )
sin sin( )

sin( )

Ch 2:
1. Trng hp - = 0 v 0:

cos 2 ( 45o )
cos( ) 2
Nu 0 v 0 bt = (B.38''')
cos 2
cos2 ( 45 o )
2

cos 2 ( 45 o )
1 2
Nu = = 0: bt = (B.38'''')
cos
cos 2 ( 45 o )
2

2. Trng hp = = = 0; bt = tg 2 ( 45 o )
2
V d B.2
Cho s liu v tng chn v t p nh trong v d B.1.
Hy xc nh gi tr p lc b ng ca t theo phng php gii v gii tch ng vi cc
trng hp: C2=0,5C1 v C2=0.
GII
1. Trng hp C2=0,5C1
a) Phng php gii:
Gi thit 5 mt trt Bc, , BC5 ng vi mi mt trt, c mt lng th trt.
Xc nh cc yu t cn thit tnh ton.
1
- Trng lng cc lng th t ABCi : Wi bi hly
2
- Tng lc dnh tc dng trn mt trt BCi: C1=c BCi
- Phng ca phn lc Ri (hnh B.12b)
- Tng lc dnh C tc dng trn lng tng AB l hng s v c gi tr bng C=C. AB
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt bng b.9.
Bng B.9.

Wi=Fi.l.y (T/m) Ci=C. ABi (T/m)

Th t mt C=C. AB
1
trt Fi bi h ( (T/m)
2 Wi BCi (m) Ci
m2)
1 41.7 75 12.8 25.6
2 62.2 112 15.5 31.0 C2=0,5C
3 83.3 150 18.6 37.2 C=10,5

4 103.7 187 22.0 44.0 C2=0C=0

5 124.5 224 25.6 51.2

H 10
Ch thch: AB 10.5m
cos 0.949
BHt = h = AB .cos( - )= 10,5.cos3o20' = 10,4 m
ng vi mi lng th trt, v c mt a gic lc (hnh B.12c). Nm a gic lc , xc nh
nm gi tr ca lc chng Ei, t xc nh c Emin=Eb.
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng B.10.
 Bng B.10
Trng hp tnh Gc trt b0 Eb (T/m)
ton
Gii tch gii Gii tch gii
1 42o23' 43o 380.0 380.6
o o
2 42 31' 42 363.7 364.0
b) Phng php gii tch:
Tnh cc h s cn thit.
Thay cc s liu cho vo cc biu thc tng ng nu trn. Tnh ra kt qu nh sau:
Pb=0.577; Qb=0.024; Rb=0.500; Sb=0.203
Tb=1.770; Vb=0.935; Ub=0.125; Wb=1.746.
Thay cc s liu tm c vo (B.36) tnh ra:
tgb = 0.9126 b = 42o23'
T (B.38), (B.39) suy ra Mb = 3.26; Nb = 3.58 + 0.75 = 4.33.
1
Vy Ebt = .1,8.102.3,26 + 2,0.10.4,33 = 293,4 + 86,6 = 380,0 (T/m)
2
 Hnh B.12: Phng php gii xc nh Emin=Ebt
2. Trng hp C2=0
a) Phng php gii.
Tin hnh tnh ton tng t trng hp trn, y ch khc ch a gic lc ch gm bn lc
(hnh B.12b).
Kt qu tnh ton cui cng nu trong bng B.10.
b) Phng php gii tch.
C1 2
Tnh 0,111
H 1,8.10
C1
T cc s liu cho, ng vi 0,111 theo cc cng thc (B.36); (B.38) v (B.39) hoc
H
cc bng lp sn tm c: b = 42o31'; Mb = 3,242; Nb = 3,581.
 1
T biu thc (B.37') tnh ra: Ebt = .1,8.102.3,242 + 2,0.10.3,581 = 292 + 71,7 = 363,7 (T/m)
2
B.1.2.4 Tnh ton p lc ch ng v b ng c p tri ca t trong mt s trng hp c
bit.
B.1.2.4.1 Trng hp trn mt t c ti trng phn b u thng ng lin tc.
Ti trng phn b u thng ng lin tc trn mt t p c tc dng lm tng gi tr p lc
ch ng v p lc b ng c p tri ca t ln tng.
- Trng hp t p l t ri, ti trng phn b u thng ng lin tc khng c nh hng
ti v tr mt trt. Trong trng hp ny, gi tr p lc ch ng v p lc b ng c p tri ca
t c tnh theo biu thc sau:

q 2H q
i vi p lc ch ng: E c E c .1 (B.40)
H

i vi p lc b ng c p tri:
q 2H q (B.41)
E bt E bt .1
H

Trong : Ec, Ebt - ln lt c tnh theo cc biu thc (B.21'') v (B.37'');

q
Hq (B.42a)
(1 tg .tg )
Vi q - Ti trng phn b u thng ng trn mt t p.
- Trng hp t p l t dnh, ti trng phn b u thng ng lin tc c nh hng ti v
tr mt trt. Trng hp ny, gi tr gc c vn c tnh theo biu thc (B.11) (khi C 2 0, hoc
C1 C1
(B.11') (khi C2=0), nhng phi thay th trong bi
H H b
vi Hb = H + 2Hq (B.42b)
Trong Hq vn tnh theo biu thc (B.42a)

Nc C
Ty theo quan h v gi tr gia Hq v . biu thc tnh p lc ch ng c cc dng khc
Mc
nhau.

Nc C 1
Khi Hq = . (Hnh B.13a): E cq H 2M c (B.43)
Mc 2

Nc C
Khi Hq > . (Hnh B.13b):
Mc
(B.44)
1 2H q
Ecq H 2 1 M c CH.Nc
2 H

Nc C
Khi Hq < . (Hnh B.13c):
Mc
(B.45a)
E cq
1
2

(H H q )M c C.Nc (H H q
 Nc C
Trong : H nq = . -H (B.45b)
Mc
Trong Mc, Nc ln lt c tnh theo cc biu thc (B.17), (B.17'), (B.18), (B.18')
Hnh B.13 cho biu phn b c gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t ng vi ba trng
hp trn. Gi tr p lc b ng c p tri ca t trong trng hp ny c tnh theo biu thc
sau:

q 1 2H q
E bt H 2 1 M b CH.N b (B.46)
2 H
Trong Mb, Nb ln lt c tnh theo cc biu thc (B.38), (B.38'), (B.39), (B.39') vi gc trt
C1 C1
b trong c tnh theo biu thc (B.36) hoc (B.36) vi iu kin thay bng (Hb
H H b
tnh theo biu thc B.42b).

Hnh B.13: Biu phn tch gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t

Hnh B.14 cho biu phn b gi tr cng p lc b ng ca t trong trng hp ny

Hnh B.14: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc b ng ca t

Ch :
 C1
1. Trng hp ti trng phn b u q nh, sao cho gi tr c tnh theo sai km trong
H b
C1
phm vi 1 so vi gi tr c tnh theo , c th xem nh ti trng q khng nh hng ti v
H
tr mt trt nguy him nht.
2. Nu trn mt t p c ti trng phn b u thng ng cc b, c th gii quyt gn ng
(xem v d B.3).
V d B.3:
Cho mt tng chn cao 8m, gc dc lng tng = 11o20' (tg =0.200). t p c gc ma st
trong = 15o, lc dnh n v C = 1,5 T/m2, trng lng n v = 1,8 (T/m3) v gc nghing mt

t p = 15o. Cho gc ma st gia t v tng = .
2
Trn mt t p c ti trng phn b u thng ng cc b q = 5 T/m 2 (Hnh B.15)
Hy v biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t ln tng v tnh gi tr p lc
ch ng ca t trong trng hp b qua nh hng ca lc dnh n v tc dng ti lng
tng.
GII
5
Tnh Hq = 2,64m
1,8(1 0,20.0,27 )

C1 1,5
Hb = 8 + 2.2,64 = 13,28m; 0,0625
H b 1,8.13.28
T cc cng thc (B.11); (B.17) v (B.18) hoc cc bng biu tnh sn, tm c c = 46o; Mc
= 0,892; Nc = 2,07

Nc C 2,07 1,5
Vy . . 1,935m
Mc 0,892 1,8

Nc C
Trong trng hp ny Hq > . , v biu phn b gi tr p lc ch ng ca t c dng
Mc
nh hnh B.13b.
Xc nh H1, H2 (hnh B.15)
H1 = AA'. cos ; H2 = BB '. cos ; AA' , BB ' c xc nh t h thc lng trong cc
tam gic AA'C v C''B''C.

AA' sin 90 o ( c ) cos( c )
AA' AC '.
cos( c )
AC ' sin( c ) sin( c ) sin( c )

2 cos 61o 2 0,4848

AA' . . 1,19m
cos sin 37 20' 0,9659 0,8418
o

Tng t nh trn tnh ra c BB ' 1,80m.

Vy H1 = 1,19 m . 0,9805 = 1,17 m
H2 = 1,80 m . 0,9805 = 1,76 m.
Gi tr p lc ch ng ca t ly bng din tch phn biu c gch ngang, hay:
Ec1=(4,24 - 3,10).[8 - (1,17 + 1,76)] = 5,78 T/m.
1
Ec2= .1,8.82.0,892 = 51,30 T/m.
2
Phn p lc m do lc dnh n v gy ra trong phm vi chiu cao H 1, H2 ca tng b qua
khng k n.
Hnh B.16b, c cho bit phng, im t ca cc p lc t E c1, Ec2 v biu phn b gi tr
cng p lc t.

Hnh B.15: S tnh ton, biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t, phng v im

t ca n.
B.1.2.4.2 Trng hp lng tng gy v t p gm nhiu lp khc nhau
Tnh ring p lc t cho tng on tng c cng gc dc lng tng hoc cng c trng
c l ca t p.
Tng p lc t tc dng ln tng ly bng tng hnh hc ca cc p lc t tc dng ln mi
on ring bit.
V d B.4
Cho mt tng chn v cc c trng c l ca t p nu trn hnh B.16.
Hy v biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t ln tng v tnh tng p lc
ch ng ca t.
GII

C1 0,2
1. Tnh p lc t trn on lng tng AB. 0,033
1H1 2,3
T cc cng thc (B.11); (B.17) v (B.18) hoc cc bng biu tnh sn tm c: M c = 0,543;
Nc = 1,426.
1,426 0,2
Tnh Hn theo biu thc (B.20'): Hn = . 0,26m
0,543 2

1 1.426 2
Tnh Pc theo biu thc (B.22'): Pc = . 1,88
2 0,54

Tnh Ec1 theo biu thc (B.21'):

 1 0,22
Ec1 = .2,3 2.0,543 0,2.3.1,426 .1,88 4,9 0,855 0,037 4,082 T/m.
2 2
2. Tnh p lc t trn on lng tng BC vi tg = 0,333. Xem lp t trn nh mt ti trng
phn b u q, c Hq = 3m, do Hb = 3 + 2,3 = 5,3m.
C 0,2
Vy 0,011 .
H b 2,9

T bng biu ph lc II, tra ra: Mc=0,685; Nc=1,210.

Nc C 1,210 0,2
. . 0,176 Hq
Mc 0,685 2
v gi tr p lc ch ng Ec2 trong on tng ny:
1 2,3
Ec2 = .2,3 2.(1 ).0,685 0,2.3.1,21 18,5 0,725 17,78 T/m.
2 3
Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t c dng hnh thang (hnh B.17).
3. Tnh p lc t trn on lng tng CD vi tg = 0,333. Xem lp t trn nh mt ti trng
phn b u q = 1(H1 + H2) = 2 x 6 = 12 T/m2,
q 12
Vy Hq = 2
12m , do : Hb = 4 + 2.12 = 28 m.
1

C
Trng hp ny c th xem = 0, do lc dnh n v xem nh khng c nh hng ti v
H b
tr mt trt nguy him nht. T cc cng thc (B.11); (B.17) v (B.18) hoc cc bng biu
tnh sn tm c: c = 35o, Mc = 0,685; Nc = 1,210.

Nc C 1,210 0,1
Vy . . 0,176 H q
Mc 0,685 2
Gi tr p lc ch ng Ec3 trong on tng ny bng:
1 2.12
Ec3 = .1,4 2.(1 ).0,685 0,1.4.1,21 38,40 0,485 37,915 T/m.
2 3
Biu phn b gi tr p cng p lc t nu trn hnh B.17:

Hnh B.16: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t

B.1.2.4.3 Trng hp lng tng soi. (Hnh B.17)
Trng hp t p l t ri, mt t nm ngang, xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca t
khi lng tng soi, c th dng phng php gn ng do gio s G.A.UBRVOVA ngh.
Tng chn c gi l tng soi khi gc dc lng tng tha mn iu kin sau:
gh
trong :
2
1 c 1 c
gh = arctg
(B.46b)
2tg 2tg

c tg 2 ( 45 o ) (B.46c)
2

Gi tr ca gh c tnh sn vi (bng B.11)
2
Bng B.11 Gi tr h s c v gc gh
o 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
c 0.70 0.59 0.49 0.405 0.333 0.270 0.217
gh 72o50' 71o 69o50' 68o20' 67o 65o20' 63o
V d B.5.
Cho mt tng chn cao H = 10m, gc dc lng tng = 70o, t p l ct c = 25o, =
1,8T/m3.
Hy xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca t ln tng chn .
GII
1. Kim tra iu kin tng soi:

Nu cho , t bng B.11, ng vi = 25o tra ra c = 0.405 v gh = 68o20'.
2
Vy = 70o > gh tng soi.
2. Xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca t:
a) Cch tnh gn ng: Coi lng tng l thng ng BC, trn c thnh phn nm ngang ca
p lc ch ng Ecn tc dng:
1 1
Ecn = H 2 .c .1,8.10 2.0,405 36,5 (T/m)
2 2
Thnh phn ng ca p lc ch ng Ecd ly bng trng lng ca lng th t nm trong
phm vi lng tng soi v BC:

H2 10 2
E cd tg . .1 tg 70o.1,8 248 T/m
2 2
b) Cch tnh th hai, xc nh v tr mt phng trn p lc ch ng ca t tc dng, c
phng lm vi php tuyn mt mt gc = .
 xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca t, gi thit mt s mt trt th hai lm vi BC nhng
gc i khc nhau, ng vi mi mt trt , xc nh gi tr thnh phn nm ngang E cn v thng
ng Ecd ca p lc t.
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng B.12.
Bng B.12
p lc ch ng (T/m) Trng lng lng th t trn
i0 Ecd + W (T/m)
Ecn Ecd lng tng (T/m)

15 38.8 28.4 228.9 252.5

20 35 35 215.3 250.3
30 36.1 51.6 196.2 247.8
40 35.8 76.7 172.5 249.2
45 33.9 93 158 251
T bng B.12 thy rng = 30o tng ng vi iu kin lm vic bt li nht ca tng, vy
chn tr s p lc t tnh ton.
Ecn = 36,1 T/m
Ecd = 51,6 T/m

Hnh B.17: S tnh ton p lc t ri ln lng tng soi

B.1.2.4.4 Trng hp bn gc.
Khi tnh ton p lc ch ng ca t ri ln tng chn bn gc (k t pha trn nh mng
tng), c th phn lm hai trng hp:
- Trong khi t p sau tng hnh thnh lng th trt i xng (hnh B.19a).
- Trong khi t p sau tng hnh thnh lng th trt khng i xng (hnh B.19a) do bn
y tng ngn.
Trong trng hp u, c th coi lng tng l A'C vi cc gc = v khi t trong phm vi
AA'CD c coi nh mt phn trng lng ca bn thn tng; tnh ton gn ng, cng c
th coi lng tng l BC (tc = 0) vi gc = 0, v khi t trong phm vi ABCD c coi nh
mt phn trng lng ca bn thn tng.
tnh ton m men un ti mt ct D - D, c th tnh p lc t ch ng ln on tng AD,

theo cng thc (B.21''), khi ly .
2
Trong trng hp sau, chia tng lm hai on tnh. on trn, lng tng AA' chu tc dng

ca p lc ch ng Ec1 vi , = 0 v gc l gc nghing ca lng tng; im t ca
2
2 H
Ec1 cch C mt on bng H 1 . on di, coi A'C nh lng tng trn c E c2 tc
3

dng vi = , = 0 v = 45o - (Hnh B.19b). tnh Ec2, coi lp t pha trn c chiu
2
dy H1 nh mt ti trng phn b u thng ng q = H1. Lng th t trong phm vi A'CD c
coi nh mt phn ca trng lng bn thn tng; im t ca E c2 cch C mt on bng
H 3 (H 2 3H1 )
. cos 45 o .
3(H 2 2H1) 2

tnh ton momen un ti mt ct D-D, c th tnh p lc t E c3 tc dng ln A'D theo cng

thc (B.21') i vi t ri khi , = 45o - , l gc dc lng tng v lp t pha trn
2 2
c chiu dy Ht vn c coi nh mt ti trng phn b u thng ng.
Trong trng hp ny, p lc ch ng ca t ln tng c ly bng tng ca E c1 v Ec3;
(H 2 h' ) (H 2 h' ) 3H1
im t ca Ec3 cch D mt on bng
3 (H 2 h' ) 2H1

Hnh B.18: S p lc tnh ton p lc t ch ng ln tng chn bn gc.

Ch : C th dng cc bng tnh sn cho trong ph lc hoc biu hnh B.19 xc nh v tr
mt trt th hai CA' ng vi = 0 v = i vi t ri.
 Hnh B.19: th tnh gc nghing ca mt trt th hai trong t p
V d B.6.

Cho mt tng chn vi cc s liu nh sau: = 20o, = 10o, = 0, . Hy tnh p lc
2
ch ng ca t ln tng.
GII

1. Xc nh v tr cc mt trt v H1, H2 ng vi = 20o, = 10o, = 0, , t th hnh
2
B.19 ta xc nh c H1, H2: H1 = 3m, H2 = 7m.
Li bit gc A'CB' = 90o - = 90o - 20o = 70o Xc nh c mt trt CB' (Hnh B.20)

Hnh B.20: Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t.

2. Tnh Ec1 trn on tng AA':

T cc s liu: vi = 20o, = 10o, = 0, , tra trong bng lp sn hoc tnh theo cng
2
thc, tm c cn = 0,262; cd = 0,046
Tnh c theo biu thc (B.21c''): c = 0,2622 0,046 2 0,266

Ec1 = H c2 c 1,8.3 2.0,266 4,30 T/m.

3. Tnh Ec2 trn on A'C

T cc s liu = 20o, = 10o; = = 20o; = 24o, c th tm c c = 0,32.
Coi lp t H1 nh mt ti trng phn b u q = H1 = 1,8.3 = 5,4 T/m2.
T cng thc (B.40) c:

2H q 1
Ecq Ec .1 2
.1,8.7 .0,32[1 0,795] 14,10.1,795 25,30 T/m.
H 2 2
Biu phn b gi tr cng p lc t nu trn hnh B.20.
B.1.2.4.5 Trng hp mt t p c dng gy khc.
Trong thc t, thng gp hai trng hp mt t c dng gy khc nh hnh B.21a v B.22a
biu th.

Hnh B.21: S tnh ton gn ng khi mt t p gy khc

Ni chung c hai trng hp ny u c th gii quyt gn ng bng cch a v dng mt t
p nm ngang, trn c ti trng phn b u thng ng cc b (hnh B.21b v B.22b).
Trong s tnh ton gn ng , gc c c xc nh theo cc bng tnh sn cho t ri v
t dnh hoc tnh theo cc cng thc cho.

Hnh B.22: S tnh ton gn ng khi mt t p gy khc

V d b.7.
Cho mt tng chn nh hnh B.23a biu th. Cc s liu cn thit tnh ton nh sau:

= 2T / m3; C = 2T / m2; = 45o, tg = 0,200; = . Hy xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca
2
t ln tng .
Gii
1. S tnh ton
C 2
Tnh 0,100 , ng vi trng hp ny, t cc biu thc (B.11); (B.18) v (B.19)
H b 2.10
hoc tra cc bng lp sn tm c:
c = 34o; Mc = 0,622; Nc = 1,254
T gc c = 34o dng gii hay gii tch, tnh ra:
a
2m; x 6,60m; b 0,60m; h 1,10m (Hnh B.23b).
2
b 0,6
Vy q = .H1 (1 ).h 2(1 ).1,10 2,30 (T/m2).
2x 2.6,60
T kt qu , xc nh c s tnh ton gn ng nu trn hnh (B.23b).
2. Xc nh gi p lc ch ng ca t.
Coi ti trng phn b u q ch tc dng trn on lng tng A'B (hnh B.23b).
Trong trng hp ny, c th xem gi tr p lc t tc dng ln tng gm hai phn: phn p
lc do t p gy ra, khng k ti ti trng q, tc dng ln ton b lng tng (E ct) v phn p
lc t do q gy ra, ch tc dng trn on A'B ca lng tng (E c2) (hnh B.23b).
T kt qu tnh ton, v c biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t (hnh
B.23b).
Theo hnh v , c:

Nc C 1,254 2
Hn . . 2m
Mc 0,622 2

1 1
E c1 .[ .H.Mc C.Nc ].[H H n ] [12,40 2,50].[10 2] 40 (T/m).
2 2
E c 2 q.M c .(H H ' ) 1,43.(10 2,30) 11 (T/m).
 Hnh B.23: S tnh ton v biu phn b gi tr cng p lc ch ng ca t
dnh, trng hp mt t p gy khc.
Phng v im t ca Ec1 v Ec2 nu trn hnh v. Cch tnh ny cho kt qu thin an ton v
c xem l cch tnh gn ng.
Ch : - Trng hp ny, gi tr ca ti trng phn b u q tng i nh, do n c xem
nh khng c nh hng ti v tr mt trt nguy him nht.
Trong thc t thit k tng chn t, i khi gp trng hp lng th t trt theo mi h
mng gy nn lc y ln tng ln hn p lc ch ng ca t khi hnh thp mt trt trong
t p, v vy cn phi xc nh c gi tr lc y ny ln tng.
i vi tng chn bn gc, iu kin lng th t trt theo mi h mng gy nn lc y
ln hn p lc ch ng ca t nh sau:

tg ( m m )
tg 2 ( 45 o ) (B.47)
tg m 2
Gi tr lc y Ecm ca t ln tng trong trng hp ny c tnh theo biu thc sau: (hnh
B.24b).
H 2
E cm q.H cm (B.48)
2

tg ( m m )
Trong : cm (B.49)
tg m
CH THCH:
1) Biu thc (B.48) c lp nn t tam gic lc ca ba lc nu trn s tnh ton hnh B.24b.
2) Nu dng s tnh ton hnh B.24b, nhng thay mt mi h mng BC m bng mt trt BC
(hnh B.24a), c th lp c biu thc ca p lc ch ng ca t ln mt AB nh sau:
H2
Ec q.H c (B.48')
2

2 o
Trong : c tg 45 (B.29')
2
3) R rng rng, nu so snh (B.48) vi (B.48') v i chiu vi s tnh ton trn hnh B.24a
s c:
Ecm > Ec t suy ra cm > c, tr li iu kin B.47 nu trn.
Cc biu thc nu trn ch dng cho trng hp t p l t ri.

Hnh B.24: S xc nh lc y ca t khi lng th t trt theo mi h mng

Nu trn thc t gp nhng trng hp phc tp hn na, xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng
v b ng ca t, c th dng phng php gii nh trnh by trn.
B.2. Tnh ton p lc t trng thi ngh v p lc b ng khng p tri ca t
B.2.1. Tnh ton p lc t trng thi ngh E0
Khi tng chn thc t khng di ng so vi t p, hay ni c th hn l khi chuyn v ca
1
nhng im thuc lng tng ca phn trn mng, nh hn ca chiu cao nhng im
5000
xt , th p lc t tc dng ln tng trong trng hp ny c quy nh tnh ton theo p
lc t trng thi ngh hay cn gi l p lc t tnh.
Theo s tnh ton nu trn hnh B.26a, gi tr p lc t tnh c tnh theo biu thc sau:
1 2q
E0 H 2 1 0 (B.50)
2 H

Trong : 0 : h s p lc t tnh.
1

: H s n hng ca t.
 Hnh B.25: Biu phn b cng p lc t tnh ln tng chn
Trong giai on bn v thi cng, i vi tng chn cp I v cp II, h s p lc t tnh (hoc
h s n hng) cn c xc nh bng thc nghim; trong giai on thit k nhim v, cng
nh trong mi giai on thit k i vi cc tng chn cp III v cp IV, c th chn gi tr 0
nh sau:
i vi t st 0 = 0,7
i vi t st 0 = 0,5
i vi ct 0 = 0,4.
Hnh B.25 cho biu phn b cng p lc t tnh ln tng chn.
B.2.2. Tnh ton p lc b ng khng p tri ca t E b
Khi tng chuyn v v pha t m ln ca chuyn v cha hnh thnh mt trt trong t
p, lc chng ca t ln tng c gi l p lc b ng khng p tri E b.
Nguyn nhn lm cho tng chuyn v v pha t c th l do tc ng ca ti trng ngoi, v
d nh khi cha y v tho cn nc bun u thuyn, khi tu thuyn "cht ng" trong u,
hoc l do tc ng nhit, v d ngc tng c hun nng theo s tng nhit ca khng kh
hay nc khi thi tit chuyn t ng sang h, c bit l cc x lnh, v.v
Vy gi tr ca nhng chuyn v ph thuc nhiu yu t nh: do tc ng bn ngoi, do ln
ca nn tng, ty theo cng ca tng v bn mng v.v
Hin nay, tnh ton gi tr ca p lc b ng khng p tri ca t do chuyn v ca tng v
pha t, ngi ta xem tng nh mt ci dm dt trn nn n hi. Nu ly mt n v chiu
di ca tng tnh, th dm ny c chiu di bng chiu cao tng c m men qun tnh bin
thin theo mt ct tng, t trn nn t c c trng bin dng thay i v c ngm n hi ti
u mt.
a) Trng hp t ri.
Nh bit, theo phn loi t ni chung, t ri bao gm ct, si, cui.
Trong trng hp ny, tnh p lc b ng khng p tri ca t p, dng phng php h
q
s nn. t p sau tng chn c c trng h s nn nh sau: n (KG/cm3, T/m3).
y

Trong : y - Chuyn v ca im cho trn tng (cm). Gi tr h s nn n ph thuc loi t

v chiu cao tng, c nu trong bng B.13 di y.
Bng B.13 H s nn ca t ct.
Loi t p H s nn ng vi chiu cao tng k t nh mng ti b mt lp t
p bng (m)
10 20 30
t ct nh 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.25 0.5
Va 1.0 2.0 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.8
To 1,5 3.0 0.9 1.8 0.6 1.2
Si 3.0 6.0 1.8 3.6 1.2 2.4
CH THCH
1. Gi tr h s nn ln ly i vi t cht hn, gi tr nh ly i vi t km cht hn. Vi
nhng gi tr trung gian v cc chiu cao tng nu trong bng B.13, gi tr h s nn c xc
nh theo ni suy tuyn tnh.
2. C th lm chnh xc thm vic chn gi tr h s nn nh nhng s liu quan trc p lc t
sau tng trong giai on thi cng ngay sau khi hon thnh vic t p, d ch mi l xong tng
phn mt. V vy khi thit k tng chn, cn b tr thit b o p lc t v b tr quan trc.
ph hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca t p trong trng hp ny, c th chn biu
phn b gi tr h s nn nu trong hnh B.26.

Hnh B.26: Biu gi tr h s nn

Khi c c s chc chn, c th xt dng biu phn b gi tr ca h s nn khc, v d nh
phn b tam gic hay hnh thang chng hn.
Khi xem tng nh mt dm t trn nn n hi th dn ti vic phi xc nh p sut tip xc
gia mt lng tng vi t p. i vi trng hp t p l t ri c trng bi h s nn
nh nu trn, th c th tnh ton theo nhng phng php hin dng hoc l xc nh bng
cch ly tch phn phng trnh vi phn ng n hi ca dm bng bin php lm ng dn
lin tip.
b) Trng hp t dnh
Nu t p l t dnh, c th dng phng php tnh ton do B.N.JEMOCHKIN ngh. Trong
trng hp ny, vic tnh ton c thc hin bng cch a lc vo nhng thanh o cng lp
ln gia tng v t. Vy vic tnh ton s dn ti phi gii nhiu ln h thng siu tnh bng
phng php lc. Ngoi ra cng nn dng phng php thc nghim gii bi ton l thuyt n
hi theo phng php PTHH.
c trng bin dng ca t dnh - m uyn bin dng E0 - dng trong tnh ton c xc nh
theo kt qu nghin cu t trong phng th nghim trng thi nho trn, c xt ti s thay i
ca m v cht ca t tng ng vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca t p sau ny.
B.3. p lc t tnh ton tc dng ln tng chn
Nh phn trn nu p lc t p tc dng ln tng chn c chiu cao v dng mt ngoi
nht nh, khng nhng ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca t p m cn ph thuc vo chuyn
v c th xy ra i vi tng do tc dng ca cc loi ti trng v tc ng bn ngoi cng nh
do tnh d bin dng ca nn tng v cng ca bn thn tng.
Do , trong vic thit k tng chn t (l mt b phn ca cng trnh thy li hay mt cng
trnh c lp) cn phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic c th ca cng trnh ni chung phn
tch iu kin p dng ln nhau gia tng chn v t p m nh ra s thch hp xc
nh p lc tnh ton tc dng ln tng.
Trong thc t, c th phn bit ba loi s tnh ton nh sau:
S 1:
Khi tng nghing hoc chuyn v v pha trc do tc dng ca p lc t hoc ti trng ngoi,
p lc tnh ton ca t ln tng c th l p lc t tnh E 0 hoc p lc ch ng Ec.
 1
Khi chuyn v ca nhng im trn lng tng c gi tr nh hn chiu cao k t mt
5000
nh mng tng ti im xt, p lc tnh ton tc dng ln tng trong phm vi chiu cao
c ly bng p lc t tnh E0.
1
Khi chuyn v ca nhng im trn lng tng c gi tr ln hn chiu cao k t mt nh
5000
C nhng trng hp ring, khi tng cao, mt ct thn tng (bn gc) gim dn theo chiu
cao, nh vy c th xy ra trng hp pha trn tng mnh, d un, di tc dng ca p lc
t ln tng s gy ra chuyn v ln c tnh theo p lc ch ng tc dng ln tng,
cn phn di cng hn, c chuyn v nh ch c tnh theo p lc t tnh. Vy trn mt lng
tng va c c p lc ch ng tc dng phn trn v va c p lc t tnh tc dng
1
phn di. im ranh gii gia hai biu p lc ny ti ch c chuyn v va bng
5000
chiu cao ca im k t nh mng.
S 2:
Di tc dng ca nhit hun nng ngc tng hoc khi nn tng ln khng u v pha t
p hay di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi tng chn c th nghing hoc chuyn v v pha t
p, nhng ln ca chuyn v ny cha hnh thnh p lc b ng p tri, th p lc tnh
ton tc dng ln tng, trong trng hp ny c ly bng tng ca p lc ch ng v p
lc b ng khng p tri ca t.
Theo nguyn tc, p lc ch ng c tnh theo cc biu thc nu trn, cn p lc b ng
khng p tri c tnh vi gi thit bng tng di hoc mt n v c xem nh mt dm c
chiu di bng chiu cao tng t trn nn n hi, nu nh bng tng ny c cng nht
nh (khng phi cng tuyt i). Theo quy nh, tng chn c xem nh mt kt cu c
cng hu hn v c tnh ton c xt ti chuyn v ca tng, nu chuyn v ca lng tng
c xc nh c xt ti un ca bn thn tng v tnh d bin dng ca nn tng, ln
1
hn chiu cao ca phn tng ang xt k t nh mng ti mt ct tnh ton, nhng
5000
cha hnh thnh lng th tri.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tng chn cp III v IV c chiu cao nh hn 10m, c th khng
xt ti p lc b ng khng p tri trong tnh ton.
S 3:
Khi di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi, tng chuyn v v pha t hnh thnh lng th tri,
lc chng ca t ln tng lc gi l p lc b ng c p tri E bt.
Trong tnh ton, p lc b ng c p tri ca t c tnh ng vi trng thi cn bng gii hn
ca khi t sau tng.
Nh phn trn nu, hin nay c hai loi phng php xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng v p
lc b ng c p tri ca t l phng php cn bng gii hn im, i biu bi l lun ca
V.V.XOKOLOVSKI v phng php cn bng gii hn c th, i biu bi l lun C.A.Coulomb.
Phng php trn hin nay c coi l mt phng php tnh ton cht ch v mt ton hc,
song cn b hn ch ch yu ch cha a ra c cc li gii v bng tnh sn cho cc bi
ton c iu kin tng qut ng vi trng hp thng gp trong thc t.
Phng php di c th c coi l phng php gn ng, do ch gi thit mt trt l
phng. Tuy nhin, hin nay phng php ny vn ang c dng rng ri trong thc t, c
bit l xc nh gi tr p lc ch ng ca t, v tnh ton tng i n gin v c bit l
v c th gii quyt c nhiu trng hp phc tp thng gp i vi t p sau tng l
t ri hoc t dnh.
Cc kt qu thc nghim i vi t ri cho bit rng, trong trng hp cn bng gii hn ch
ng, mt trt gi thit ca Coulomb khng khc nhiu so vi mt trt thc t. Trong cc
trng hp thng thng, tr s p lc ch ng xc nh theo phng php Coulomb ch sai
km so vi kt qu tnh theo phng php cht ch trong phm vi t 2 n 10%. Ni chung khi
v nh hn 15o, tr s p lc ch ng tnh theo phng php Coulomb c xem l ph hp
vi thc t.
Trng hp cn bng gii hn b ng, mt trt theo gi thit Coulomb c nhiu trng hp
khc xa vi mt trt thc t, do gi tr p lc b ng ca t tnh theo l lun Coulomb cho
kt qu qu ln. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nu nh t p c gc ma st trong nh, mt lng
tng tng i trn nhn (tc gc nh), sai s khng ln lm, v trong trng hp ny,
cho php dng l lun Coulomb tnh p lc b ng ca t.
Gi tr p lc b ng khng p tri, ph thuc gi tr chuyn v ca tng v pha t, gii bi
ton xc nh gi tr p lc b ng khng p tri ca t c xt ti chuyn v ca tng, thun
tin dng trong tnh ton thc t. Mt khc, tnh hnh chuyn v ca cc im trn lng tng
cng din ra phc tp v khng ging nhau, do hin nay vn tm dng phng php tnh
dm trn nn n hi - phng php n hi cc b - xc nh gi tr p lc b ng khng p
tri ca t nh nu trn. Hin nay c th dng phng php PTHH tnh ton.

PH LC C
TNH TON P SUT Y MNG V TI TRNG GII HN TRN NN
(tham kho)
C.1. Tnh ton p sut y mng tng chn
C.1.1. Tnh ton p sut y mng theo cng thc nn lch tm
Trng hp mng cng tuyt i (v d mng tng chn t trng lc) hoc khi tnh p sut
y mng tm phn b ng sut tng thm trong nn vi mi loi mng, c th dng cng
thc nn lch tm xc nh gi tr p sut y mng thng ng, cn p sut y mng nm
ngang th gi thit l phn b u trn ton b din tch y mng.
i vi s khng gian cng nh i vi tng chn c ng vin cong chiu xung mt
bng, p sut y mng php tuyn c tnh theo biu thc sau y:

P Mx My
Pmax,min ; (C.1)
E Wx Wy

i vi s bin dng phng, p sut y mng php tuyn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

P Mx
Pmax,min ; (C.2)
F Wx
Trong : F - din tch mt y mng tng chn (m 2);
Mx, My - ln lt l nhng mmen cc ngoi lc i vi hai trc tng ng i qua trng tm mt
y mng tng : (Tm hoc Tm/m);
Wx, Wy - mmen chng un ca din tch y mng tng i vi hai trc tng ng: (m 3).
C.1.2. Tnh ton p sut p mng theo l thuyt n hi
Trng hp bn mng tng chn bn gc c cng hu hn (khng phi cng tuyt i), khi
tnh ton cng ca bn mng tng c ln cp I v cp II, cn tnh ton p sut y
mng php tuyn theo l thuyt n hi.
phn bit cng ca bn mng tng chn bn gc, c th dng ch s un ca tm
theo cng thc:
 3
B

E2 2 ; (C.3)
t 10 .
E1 h 3
Trong : E1, E2 - ln lt l m-uyn bin dng ca t nn v m-uyn n hi ca vt liu
mng (T/m2);
h - Chiu dy trung bnh ca bn mng, (m);
B
- Na chiu rng bn mng (m);
2
Nu t tnh theo cng thc (C.3) b hn 1, bn mng c coi l tuyt i cng.
C.1.2.1. Trng hp bn mng tng t trn nn t ri.
Ty theo su t mng tng khc nhau, dng biu phn b p sut y mng thng
ng cng khc nhau.
Cn c su t mng hm c th phn bit hai trng hp:
Ptb
- Khi hm 0.2. , mng tng chn thuc loi mng nng;

Ptb
- Khi hm 0.2. , mng tng chn thuc loi mng su.

Trong :
hm - su k t mt t ti mt y mng tng thuc pha trc hoc pha sau lng tng,
(m).
Ptb - p sut php trung bnh ti y mng tng chn (T/m 2);
- trng lng n v th tch ca t pha trn mt y mng (T/m 3);
C.1.2.1.1. Tnh p sut y mng thng ng khi mng c su t mng nh.
Trng hp mng tng chu tc dng ca ti trng ng tm, tr s p sut php c tnh
theo biu thc sau:
p x p x .ptb (C.4)
Trong :
px - p sut tip xc php ti im cch trng tm mng mt on x (T/m 2);
px - tung tng i ca biu p sut tip xc ti im tng ng, c xc nh theo
ptb
bng C.1, ty thuc gi tr ca ch s m hnh N ' (trng hp di mc nc di t,
B.
ly = n).
Tung biu p sut tip xc p x
Bng C.1
X Tung px vi N' bng
B1
0,5 1 2 4 6 8 10
0,0 1,18 1,22 1,28 1,34 1,38 1,40 1,42
 0,1 1,17 1,21 1,27 1,32 1,36 1,38 1,40
0,2 1,16 1,20 1,25 1,29 1,33 1,35 1,36
0,3 1,14 1,17 1,20 1,24 1,27 1,29 1,30
0,4 1,11 1,14 1,15 1,18 1,20 1,22 1,23
0,5 1,08 1,09 1,03 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,12
0,6 1,03 1,02 1,01 1,00 0,99 1,08 0,98
0,7 0,98 0,95 0,91 0,87 0,85 0,83 0,82
0,8 0,92 0,87 0,80 0,74 0,70 0,67 0,65
0,9 0,82 0,74 0,68 0,59 0,50 0,46 0,43
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CH THCH: Trng hp tr s N' thc t khc vi tr s cho trong bng 1, p x , c xc nh

B
bng ni suy B1 na chiu rng mng (m).
2
Trng hp mng tng chu ti trng lch tm, tr s p sut php c tnh theo biu thc
sau:

12ex
p x p x .ptb 1 2
.m (C.5)
B
Trong : c - lch tm (m);
m - h s hiu chnh, ph thuc ch s m hnh, ly theo bng C.2
Bng C.2. H s hiu chnh m
N 0,5 1 2 4 6 8 10
m 1,221 1,296 1,345 1,402 1,464 1,501 1,628
Biu thc (C.5) ch c php dng khi khng xut hin ng sut ko gia mt y mng vi
B
nn, tc l khi e .
6
C.1.2.1.2. Trng hp mng su.
p sut y mng php tuyn c th c tnh theo hai cch:
- Theo cng thc nn lch tm nu mc trn (C.1), (C.2).
- Theo cc cng thc (C.4) hoc (C.5) va nu trn.
C.1.2.1.3. Tnh p sut tip xc tip.
Trong trng hp nn t ct, p sut tip xc tip sinh ra ti mt y mng tng do tc dng
ca lc ngang c th c ly nh sau:
- Xem nh phn b u ti mt y mng cng trnh trong trng hp p sut tip xc php
c tnh theo cng thc nn lch tm.
- Xem nh phn b t l thun vi tr s p sut php, nu nh p sut ny c tnh theo cc
biu thc (C.4) hoc (C.5).
V d C.1
Cho mt mng tng chn c chiu rng 4m, t trn nn t ct c su t mng nh, chu
mt ti trng phn b u thng ng trung bnh bng p tb = 20 T/m2. Lp t k t y mng tr
ln c trng lng n v th tch bo ha bh = 20 T/m3.
Hy xc nh biu p sut y mng php tuyn trong hai trng hp sau:
1. Trng hp mng chu tc dng ca ti trng ng tm.
2. Trng hp mng chu tc dng ca ti trng lch tm, vi lch tm e = 0,3m.
Cho bit t nn tng chn ngp nc.
GII
1. Trng hp mng chu ti trng ng tm. Tnh ch s m hnh:
ptb 20
N' 5;
B. 4 x1
Tnh px theo biu thc (C.4). Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng C.3 sau y
Bng C.3
x (m) 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 1,75 2,0
x
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 0,875 1
B1

px 1,36 1,28 1,105 0,79 0,59 0

px (T/m2) 27,2 25,6 22,1 15,8 11,8 0

2. Trng hp mng chu ti trng lch tm vi e = 0,3m. Tnh p x theo biu thc (C.5)

12e
t A 2
.mk
B
Theo bng C.2, ng vi N' = 5, sau khi ni suy tm ra m = 1,433. Vy
12 x 0,3
A .1,433 0,324
42
Kt qu tnh ton tm tt trong bng sau (Bng C.4)
Bng C.4
x (m) 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 1,75 2,0
Ax 0 0,162 0,324 0,486 0,566 0,648
1 + Ax 1 0,162 1,324 1,486 1,566 1,648
1 - Ax 1 0,838 0,676 0,514 0,434 0,352
p x .ptb(1+Ax) 27,2 29,8 29,3 23,5 18,5 0
px .ptb(1-Ax) 27,2 21,5 14,9 8,12 5,12 0

Hnh C.1 cho biu phn b p sut y mng php tuyn ng vi hai trng hp trn.
 Hnh C.1: Biu phn b p sut y mng php tuyn xc nh theo biu thc (C.4) v
(C.5)
C.1.2.2. Trng hp bn mng tng t trn nn t dnh
Khi tng chn t trn nn t dnh, trong trng hp tng bn dc c cng hu hn cn
tnh p sut y mng thng ng theo l thuyt n hi ng vi bi ton phng. Vic tnh dm
trn nn n hi c tin hnh theo cc phng php tin dng, thch hp vi cc cng trnh
thy li.
Khi tnh ton, cn tun theo mt s ch dn chung sau y:
C.1.2.2.1. Vic chn s ti trng.
Khi xc nh p lc, ngoi vic xt n ti trng t trc tip trn bn mng tng chn, nn xt
c ti trng hng phn b trn nn tng.
Khi xt n ti trng hng, cn k n nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng i vi s hnh thnh ti
trng hng.
Nu ti trng c to nn sau khi xy dng cng trnh, nn k ti nh hng ca n n s
phn b p lc di bn mng (trng hp vn hnh).
Nu ti trng c to nn trong qu trnh hoc trc khi xy dng tng, ngh ch xt mt
phn nh hng ca n n p lc di cng trnh (t 20 n 50% gi tr ton b ti trng ty
theo thi gian xy dng cng trnh v hon thnh cht ti trng hng).
Khi tnh theo s bn khng gian v hn th nn hn ch chiu di tnh ton ca ti trng hng,
ly khng ln hn chiu rng mng.
Nu chiu dy lp chu nn nh hn chiu rng mng, th chiu di ti trng hng ly khng b
hn ch.
Trng hp mng tng l tuyt i cng nn a ti trng v cc lc thng ng, lc nm
ngang v m men i vi trc mng. Trong nhng trng hp cn li, nn k n un ca
bn mng khi tnh p lc. Trong trng hp ny, ti trng tc dng ln bn mng c phn ra
thnh nhng lc P1, P2 v.v ri xc nh p lc gy ra do ring mi lc , cui cng cng
chng li.
C.1.2.2.2. Vic chn c trng tnh ton ca nn t dng bn tnh sn.
Khi t nn khng ng nht, c t s muyn bin dng ca nhng lp t khc nhau khng
ln hn hai, cho php coi t nn nh ng nht tnh p sut tip xc bng phng php l
thuyt n hi. Trong trng hp ny gi tr muyn bin dng ca nn t c xem l hng
s, hoc coi nh bin thin theo chiu su theo quy lut bc nht, nu nh c c s v bng
biu tnh sn.
Trong tnh ton p sut tip xc bng phng php l thuyt n hi, cho php dng nhng
bng biu v th c sn [26].
C.2. Tnh ton ng sut gii hn ca t nn tng chn
Khi thit k tng chn, cn m bo sao cho p sut y mng ln nht tc dng trn nn
khng gy ra s ph hoi n nh cc b (p tri) ca nn t di cc phn pha trc ca tm
mng, mun vy cn phi so snh gi tr p sut y mng tng chn vi p sut gii hn ca
t nn tng.
xc nh p sut gii hn ca t nn tng chn hin nay thng dng hai phng php
tnh ton: phng php cn bng gii hn im v phng php cn bng gii hn c th, ln
lt c trnh by sau y:
C.2.1. Tnh ton p sut gii hn ca t nn theo phng php cn bng gii hn im.
Tng t trng hp tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn, vic xc nh p sut gii hn t nn
theo phng php cn bng gii hn im da trn h phng trnh vi phn c bn (B.1) nu
ph lc B.1.
Gii h phng trnh trn, c th tm c hai h mt trt trong khi t nn, nh c th tm
c tr s ca ti trng gii hn mt cch chnh xc ng vi cc iu kin bin khc nhau.
Vi gi thit mi trng t khng trng lng ( = 0), Prandth lp biu thc tnh ti trng gii
11
hn pgh theo s tnh ton ln trn hnh C.2 nh sau:

11 1 sin tg
Pgh (q C. cot g ) e C. cot g; (C.6)
1 sin

Hnh C.2
S tnh ton ti trng gii hn theo Prandth
q = hm - ti trng bn (T/m2)
, C - gc ma st trong () v lc dnh n v ca t (T/m2).

1 sin
Trong biu thc trn, c th bin i tg 2 45o v.v Xklvski dng li gii
1 sin 2
11 11
ring ca bi ton tng qut ca Prandth, lp ra biu thc tnh pgh , t gh nh sau (vi gi thit
= 0);
11
t gh (q C. cot g )G (C.7)
11
Pgh (q C. cot g )D C. cot g; (C.8)
Trong :

sin . cos( 2 * ) 2 * 2 tg (C.9)
G .e
1 sin

1 sin . sin(2 * ) 2 * tg
D .e (C.10)
1 sin

* - gc lm bi mt trt vi trc z hay gc lm bi tip tuyn ca ng cong t = f(p) vi trc

p, c gi tr trong khong sau: * ;
4 2

11
Ch : Khi * , biu thc (C.8) tr li biu thc (C.6) v t gh = 0.
4 2
tin tnh ton, N.I.GOLOVANOV lp sn cc ng quan h G = f(D) ng vi cc gi tr
gc ma st trong khc nhau (Hnh C.3 v C.4).
V d C.2.
Cho mt tng chn t trn nn t dnh c cc c trng c l nh sau: = 1,8 T/m3, = 18o,
C = 2T/m2. su t mng pha trc tng hm = 2m. p sut y mng c cc gi tr sau: p
= 20,84 T/m2 v t = 5,85 T/m2.
1. Hy kim tra s tri t v pha trc tng.
11 11
2. Tnh ti trng gii hn ( t gh , pgh ) ca nn t .

GII
1) Kim tra tri t.
- Theo th hnh C.3, v ng quan h Ggh = f (Dgh) ng vi = 18o, (hnh C.5)
- T biu thc (C.7), (C.8) ln lt tnh ra GA, DA ng vi t = 5,85 T/m2 v p = 20,84 T/m2;
1 5,85 5,85
GA 0,6;
q C. cot g 1,8.2 2.3,08 9,76

p C. cot g 20,84 2.3,08 27

DA 2,77.
q C. cot g 1,8.2 2.3,08 9,76
- t cc gi tr GA, DA va tm c ln hnh C.4, xc nh c im A nm trong ng cong
Ggh = f (Dgh) iu chng t di tc dng cu ti trng cho, nn t cn an ton v
cng
Hnh C.3

Hnh C.4
2) Tnh ti trng gii hn.
Ko di cc ng song song vi trc OD v OG qua im A, chng s ct ng cong G gh = f
(Dgh) ti B v C, xc nh cc gi tr Dgh v Ggh;
Dgh = 4,04; Ggh = 0,78.

Hnh C.5
Thay Dgh v Ggh va tm c vo biu thc (C.7), (C.8) s c:
11
t gh (q C. cot g )Ggh 9,76.0,78 7,6 T/m2
11
Pgh (q C. cot g )Dgh C. cot g 9,76.4,04 6,16 39,40 6,16 33,24 T/m2.

Ch : Trong tnh ton thc t c th dng giy bng m p ln cc hnh C.3 hoc C.4 kim
tra s tri t v xc nh ti trng gii hn nh cch lm va trnh by trn.
C.2.2 Tnh ton p sut gii hn ca t nn theo phng php cn bng gii hn c th.
Phng php ny thng gi thit trc dng mt trt, sau coi khi t trong phm vi mt
trt nh nhng c th chu tc dng ca cc lc, k c trng lng bn thn ca chng, v
trng thi cn bng gii hn ch xy ra trn mt trt (Hnh C.6).
 Hnh C.6: S tnh ton v a gi lc (P.P.VhiiG)
Khi ton b khi lng th trt t trng thi cn bng gii hn th t iu kin a gic lc khp
kn hoc iu kin tng mmen ca cc lc tc dng bng khng m suy ra ti trng gii hn
ca nn bng phng php gii hoc gii tch.
Phng php VniiG xc nh c ti trng gii hn phn b u thng ng v nm ngang
trong trng hp t nn ng nht.
Phng php ny gi thit trc mt trt c dng nu trn hnh C.6 a.
on AB xc nh bi gc . Tnh theo biu thc (C.11) hoc theo th hnh C.7.

1 sin2 cos 2 ( )
cot g (C.11)
2 sin 2v sin 2( )
- on EB xc nh bi gc = 90o + - , v gc ABE = 90o -

- on EC xc nh bi gc 45o - lm vi ng ED v bi phng trnh ng xon c
2
lgarit.
EC = r = ro.etg ; (C.12)
Trong :

; (C.13)
4 2
sin
ro EB B ; (C.14)
cos

- on CD xc nh bi gc 45o - vi ng ED.
2
Cc lc tc dng ln ba khu I, II, III gm c:
- Trng lng bn thn P1, P2, P3 ca ba khu, ln lt c tnh theo cc biu thc sau:
 B 2 sin . sin
P1 (dtABEX 1) . ; (C.15)
2 cos

P2 (dtBECX 1) .
2 sin2

B 2 sin2 2tg 1
e ; (C.16)

B 2 sin2 2tg
P3 (dtECDX1) . e ; (C.17)
2 cos

Hnh C.7 - th xc nh gc trt

"
Ch thch: Cc ng quan h



ng vi = 6o, 8o, 10o, c lp t biu thc:

6n 1 sin2 cos2 ( )
cot g ; trong ti liu tham kho.
2 2 sin 2 sin 2( )
- Cc lc tc dng ln ba khu, lm vi php tuyn ca nhng mt trt, gc . Cc lc tc dng
ln mt t gm c:
11
Ti trng gii hn Rgh tc dng ng tm v lm vi php tuyn ca mt y mng mt gc
bng .
Nu nn l t dnh, theo nguyn l v trng thi ca nhng vt th tng ng ca Caquot,
trn mt t cn c p sut dnh n c gi tr bng (hnh C.9).
n = C.cotg. Vy tng lc dnh tc dng ln khu III c gi tr bng P n:
Pn n.ED

o
Trong ED 2r . cos 45 (C.18)
2

Hnh C.8 biu th ni dung v trng thi tng ng qua ng quan h gia cng chng
ct ca t vi p sut php tuyn.
Khi ba khu t trng thi cn bng gii hn th a gic cc lc tc dng ln chng khp kn (hnh
C.6b)
11
T xc nh c Rgh v
11
11 Rgh
Pgh . cos 'n ; (C.19)
B

11
11 Rgh
t gh . sin ' ; (C.20)
B

Hnh C.8
Ch : Trng hp t nn l t ri, trn mt t khng c ti trng phn b u n v khu III
khng c lc Pn, do trong biu thc (C.19) cng khng c n.

PH LC D
TNH TON N NH V BN CA TNG CHN
D.1. Tnh ton n nh ca tng chn
Tnh ton n nh ca tng chn theo TCVN 4253-2012 hoc l ti liu tng ng.
D.2. Tnh ton bn ca bn thn tng chn
Tnh ton kt cu b tng ct thp tng chn theo TCXDVN 4116 - 85 "Kt cu b tng v b
tng ct thp thy cng - Tiu chun thit k" hoc ti liu tng ng.

PH LC E
CHN KT CU HP L CA TNG CHN; B TR THIT B QUAN TRC
(tham kho)
E.1. Chn kt cu hp l ca tng chn
E.1.1. Khi nim
Tng chn t l mt loi kt cu kh ph bin trong cng trnh thy li. Tng chn thng
lm vch ngn cho cc cng trnh u mi trn sng, cng trnh ti tiu, trm bm, trm thy
in, u thuyn, b p lc v cc knh, mng, cc cng trnh bo v b v bn cng v.v
Xt v mt hnh thc kt cu, tng chn t c hai loi chnh:
- Tng chn t trng lc b tng;
- Tng chn t bng b tng ct thp;
Xt v mt bit php thi cng, tng chn t cng c chia lm hai loi:
- Tng chn t ton khi;
- Tng chn t lp ghp.
Vic la chn kt cu tng chn cn phi da trn c s so snh kinh t k thut, yu cu v
iu kin thi cng, tnh cht v tnh hnh a cht cng trnh. Xem thm mc 4 ca tiu chun ny.
Tng chn t trng lc bng b tng c u im d thi cng, tnh chng nt v chng thm
cao, tit kim thp nhng nhc im ca n l khi lng b tng nhiu, cha tn dng ht
kh nng chu lc ca b tng, ng sut v nhit ln. Cho nn vic s dng ch hn ch cho
nhng tng c chiu cao khng ln.
Cng c th khc phc nhc im trn bng cch dng tng chn kiu hp, kiu t ong trong
mt phn ln khi lng b tng c thay th bng vt liu t , phn vng s hiu b
tng trong thn tng bo m s lm vic hp l ca vt liu, phn on khe thi cng nhm
gim bti ng sut do nhit .
Tng chn t BTCT c u im l la chn c mt ct hp l, khi lng b tng gim
nh, c th tin hnh lp ghp d dng. Tiu chun ny khng phn nh ranh gii c th gia
tng chn ton khi v tng chn lp ghp. Song qua kinh nghim thc tin ca cc nc c
th dng bin php lp ghp cho tng chn nu tha mn mt trong cc yu cu sau y:
- H gi thnh cng trnh xy dng v nng cao tc thi cng;
- Gi thnh cng trnh khng h nhng rt ngn c thi hn thi cng.
- Gi thnh cng trnh xy dng tng nhng hiu ch kinh t thu c do vic hon thnh trc
thi hn vt qu nhng chi ph ph trong qu trnh xy dng.
Tt nhin trong vic la chn phng n lp ghp cng phi xt ti nhng iu kin c th nh:
Phng tin thi cng lp ghp, kh nng vn chuyn cu kin v trnh lnh ngh ca cng
nhn v.v
E.1.2. Tng chn t trng lc b tng
Vic la chn mt ct ca tng chn trng lc bng b tng phi tun theo cc nguyn tc sau.
i vi tng thp th mt ct ngang c ngc tng nghing hoc thng ng l hp l nht.
Cn i vi tng va v cao th dng loi ngc v lng tng xin v pha t p, ng thi
tm y c nh ra pha trc (Hnh 3 v Hnh E.1a v E.2).
nhng on khc nhau chiu cao ca tng khc nhau v th cn thay i tit din ngang cho
thch hp

Hnh E.1: Tng chn b tng trng lc

 Hnh E.2: Tng chn trng lc c gia c
i vi tng chn t thy cng, khp ni c nh phi c vt chn nc v d tu sa. Khong
cch gia cc khp ni ty theo kch thc ca cng trnh, s hiu b tng, mc chuyn v v
tnh cht nn quyt nh.
Tng chn bng b tng th khong cch gia cc khp ni khng c ln hn 15m.
Khi tng chn t c chiu cao ln th c th dng loi c m hoc ai tng thm kh
nng chng lt ca tng, hnh E.2.
Cng c th tng cng tnh n nh ca tng chn bng cch lm cho mt di ca bn y
nghing mt gc < 10o v pha lng tng hoc dng ct thp neo tng vo nn (hnh E.3
v hnh 3 ca tiu chun ny.

Hnh E.3: Dng ct thp neo tng vo nn

E.1.3. Tng chn t bng b tng ct thp:
Trong thc t thng dng tng i ph bin nht l tng chn tit din ch L c hoc khng
c tng sn, bi v thi cng tng i n gin v c kh nng x l bng bin php lp
ghp.
E.1.3.1 Tng chn c tit din ch L khng c sn:
Loi tng ny c 2 phn: bn tng v bn y.
Tng chn t tit din ch L khng c sn ch thch hp khi chiu cao ca tng khng vt
qu 5m. C th thi cng ton khi hoc lp ghp. Cu kin lp ghp c th l mt khi chnh th
theo tit din ngang ca tng (ch L) v c b rng t 1,5 2,5m c lp rp theo chiu di
ca tng (Hnh E.4).

Hnh E.4
Tng chn tit din ch L c cu to bi nhng cu kin lp ghp c tit dit chnh th.
tin vic thi cng, vn chuyn v lp rp vi nhng tng chn c chiu cao t 3 5m cu
kin lp ghp c th phn thnh 2 mnh ring bit; bn tng v bn y. Bn tng c th ni
cng vi bn y bi mt ci rnh (hnh E.5).

Hnh E.5: tng chn c cu to bi cu kin lp ghp c tit din chnh th

Bn tng v bn y ca tng chn lm vic nh nhng cng son. Khi chiu cao ca tng
vt qu 5m, mmen un c th rt ln; gim bt chiu dy ca tng ngi ta t ti
nhng min chu ko ca b tng nhng thanh (b si) ct thp ng sut trc (hnh E.6).
Vi bin php ny c th p dng cho nhng tng chn cao ti 7m.
 Hnh E.6
a) S b tr ct thp cng; b) S mmen un do ti trng gy ra.
E.1.3.2. Tng chn tit din ch L c tng chng:
Khi chiu cao ca tng vt qu gii hn ln hn 5m, tng chn tit din ch L c sn
chng c nhiu u vit hn so vi loi khng c sn.
Lc ny bn tng v bn y pha sau lm vic nh nhng bn lin tc m gi ta l cc sn
chng. Khong cch gia cc sn chng thng thng t 2m n 5m. Sn chng lm vic
nh nhng dm cng son c chiu cao tit din thay i. cho p lc di y tng phn b
u hn thng ngi ta ko di bn y pha trc. Ngoi ra tng cng n nh v trt,
bn y thng c cu to c dng chn khay (Hnh E.7a) hoc lm nghing mt gc so vi
mt phng nm ngang (hnh E.7b) nh tng c b tr dm cnh nhm lm tng mt cch
hiu qu cng tng th ca tng chn.

Hnh E.7: Tng chn tit din ch L c sn chng

Khi tng c chiu cao ln, lm gim p lc ngang ca t mt cch tt nht, pha sau
tng, ti chiu su no ngi ta lm mt tm gim ti (Hnh E.7c).
Tng chn c sn chng cng c th thi cng bng bin php lp ghp.
Hnh E.8 l mt kiu tng chn lp ghp. Bn y v sn chng c ton khi, bn
tng c to thnh bi nhng tm lp ghp c tit din ch xp cnh nhau sao cho phn
cnh bn nm vng chu ko, cn phn bng dm vng chu nn.
 Hnh E.8: Tng chn c sn chng lp ghp
Vic b tr nh th tuy khng hp l nhng to cho mt ngoi ca tng chn c phng.
(Hnh E.9) l mt loi tng chn lp ghp. Trong tng chng v bn y cng l nhng cu
kin lp ghp kiu dn c ni cng vi nhau.

Hnh E.9: Tng chn lp ghp kiu dn

1. Bn mng; 2. Mi ni; 3. Thanh xin; 4. Np ng
(Hnh E.10) l mt kiu tng chn bao gm cc cu kin lp ghp nh tm nm ngang tit din
ch , sn chng kiu dn, dm neo v tr . Khong cch gia cc tng chng khng
vt qu 5m. Khi lp t vo mt sau ca tng, cn phi lm phng bng cch trt x b tng.
Loi tng ny cng nh nhng loi tng t khc cn lm nghing v pha trc vi dc t
1 n 30 n 1 n 40.
 Hnh E.10: Tng chn lp ghp kiu dm neo
1. Bn lp ghp; 2. Sn chng; 3. Dm neo
4. Tr chng; 5. Nn chun b bng dm.
E.1.3.3. Tng chn kiu neo:
Tng chn t kiu neo l mt loi tng chn c nhiu u im, tit din c ct thp v b
tng.
n nh v lt ca tng chn c duy tr bi mt ci neo, neo ny c th ni phn trn ca
bn tng vi mt cu kin c lp t ngay trong t, pha sau tng (tm neo), hoc c th
ni ngay vi chnh bn y ca tng chn (Hnh E.11).
Cu kin ca tng chn c th lm bng b tng ct thp hoc b tng ct thp ng sut
trc.

Hnh E.11: Tng chn t kiu neo

E.1.3.4. Tng chn kiu tng ngn.
Tng chn kiu tng ngn c to thnh bi nhng cu kin lp ghp di dng nhng tm
dc v dm ngang xp ni tip v thng ln nhau to thnh nhng t ng hnh vung hoc
ch nht trong c y t. Tng chn kiu tng ngn thc cht l tng chn t
trng lc (Hnh E.12).
i vi nhng tng ngn c chiu cao ln, c th cu to 2 hoc 3 hng t ong.
Nhng tng chn c chiu cao nh, c th khng cn b tr nhng dm dc. Trong trng hp
ny nhng dm ngang c neo vo t bi nhng nng b tr ti u dm. (Hnh E.10).

Hnh E.12: Tng chn kiu tng ngn

a) Tng chn gm cc dm dc v dm ngang;
b) Tng chn khng c dm dc.
E.1.3.5. Tng chn t kiu hp.
Trong nhng cng trnh gia c b, chnh tr sng hoc cng trnh cng, thi cng tng chn
t, thng thng ngi ta dng nhng khi ln bng b tng.
i vi nhng cng trnh ny vic thi cng kh khn v cn mt khi lng xi mng rt ln. Mt
bin php tin b v tng i ph bin hin nay i vi tng chn t cc cng trnh l thi
cng bng bin php lp ghp. Cc cu kin lp ghp l nhng khi b tng ct thp hnh hp
rng. Ngi ta lao nhng hp ny xung nc v c nh chng v tr thit k sau y
vt liu a phng (, si, ct) vo bn trong m bo cho cng trnh n nh. (Hnh E.13).
 Hnh E.13: Tng chn t kiu hp
E.1.3.6. Tng chn t bng cc b tng ct thp.
Nguyn tc ch yu cu to loi tng chn t kiu ny l ngi ta ng vo trong t
nhng cc bng b tng ct thp. Nhng cc bng b tng ct thp c ngm cht vo trong
t mt chiu su no cho cc khng b lt v chu c lc y ca t. Bn tng
l nhng tm b tng ct thp ta trn cc cc ny. Khong cch gia cc cc thng thng t
2m n 2,5m. (Hnh E.14)

Hnh E.14: Tng chn t kiu cc

a) Mt ct ngang b) Lin kt gia bn v cc
y l loi tng chn cng c dng kh rng ri trong xy dng. Trong cng trnh thy li
loi tng ny dng bao quanh h mng, k bo v b sng, bn cng, u thuyn, v.v
E.1.3.7. Tng chn kiu hn hp. (hnh E.15)
Tng chn hn hp l s kt hp gia tng chn trng lc bng b tng vi phn ph l bn
gim ti bng b tng ct thp. y l mt loi kt cu mi nhm lm gim p lc ngang ca t
ln thn tng v do mt ct ngang ca tng cng c thu hp li.
 Hnh E.15
Tng chn t kiu hn hp
Kt cu bn gim ti c th l bng b tng ct thp ton khi hoc lp ghp. Khi p dng tng
chn kiu hn hp cn xt ti nh hng ca bn gim ti n vic phn b li trng thi ng
sut trong thn tng.
E.1.4. Mt vi c im cu to tng chn.
E.1.4.1. i vi tng ton khi:
Ni chung cc cu kin ca tng chn lin khi c tit din thay i vi ct thp n.
i vi cu kin thng ng chiu dy ca tit din khng nn nh hn 10cm v i vi cu kin
nm ngang khng nh hn 8cm. Tng bo v khng nn nh hn 3cm, nhng ni c mi
trng xm thc mnh th tng bo v c th ly t 5 n 7cm.
ng knh ct thp nn chn sao cho khong cch gia chng nm torng phm vi t 7 - 12cm
m bo s lm vic ca b tng v mt chng nt.
Cng c khi nhng min chu nn ngi ta cn t li thp cu to. Li thp ny cn c tc
dng chng li ng sut do co ngt sn sinh trong qu trnh b tng ng cng.
m bo tnh hp l ca ct thp, i vi tng chn gc ngm kiu ch L c chiu cao ln
hn 1,5m, ct chu lc nn phn lm 2 n 3 loi. Mt s thanh chy sut dc theo chiu cao ca
tng, nhng thanh khc ch ko di n 1/3 hoc 1/2 chiu cao ca tng.
E.1.4.2. i vi tng chn lp ghp.
Tng chn lp ghp kiu gc ngm ch L c cu to tng t nh tng chn nhiu khi;
s khc nhau ch tng chn lp ghp nn dng li ct hn v chiu dy ca tm gim nh
hn. Trong bn tng nn b tr ct thp kp m bo an ton trong iu kin vn chuyn,
lp rp.
Cc cu kin di dng hp hoc thanh lp ghp cc loi tng chn cng khng c g khc
bit lm v mt cu to.
Mt vn phc tp nht trong cc vic lp ghp cu kin l mi ni. C hai loi mi ni: mi ni
kh v mi ni t.
Mi ni kh l nhng mi ni trong cc cu kin c lin kt vi nhau bng bu lng, hn
hoc bng cch g m khng cn b tng. Loi lin kt ny ni chung dng cho cc nh
cng nghip hoc cc cng trnh tm. u im loi mi ni ny l chu lc c ngay, tn t vt
liu, r.
Mi ni t c dng kh ph bin cho nhng tng chn, sau khi lin kt hn cn phi b
tng. Loi ny chu lc v truyn lc tt. Kh nng chng thm cao.
Yu cu khp ni trong thy li l:
- Bo m tnh lin tc v s truyn ni lc gia cc cu kin;
- Bo m cng c th ph hp vi nhng gi thit tnh ton;
- Bo m chng thm. Tt nht l khng cho xut hin ng sut ko trong mi ni;
- n gin, thi cng d dng.
Nhng cu kin c chiu rng nh hn th c lin kt vi nhau theo nhng mi ni dc lm
cng cc cu kin theo chiu cao ca tng. Cc cu kin c lin kt vi nhau ti ngay c
nhng mi ni ngang bo m tnh lin tc theo chiu di ca tng. ng thi cc cu kin
cng c ni vi nhau ti cc gc.
Mi ni dc ch c dng vi b tng ct liu nh hoc va xi mng. (Hnh E.16a).
Mi ni ng c th dng ct vng lin kt hoc ct hn kiu ni u (Hnh E.16b).

Hnh E.16
a) Lin kt ton khi bng va xi mng; b) Bng hn ni u v b tng; c) Mi ni
bng cc tm kim loi.
Tt nht nn dng kiu mi ni c tm kim loi (Hnh E.16c).
Mi ni gc c th thc hin bi vic hn mt s ct thp ch v sau b tng.
Cc cu kin dng lp ghp cho tng chn t kiu tng ngn thng c tit din vung kiu
15x15 25x25cm.
Chiu di cu kin ph thuc vo kh nng vn chuyn v lp rp m quyt nh, thng ly t
1; 2 n 3m. Ct thp nn b tr i xng c th chu lc trong khi vn chuyn lp rp bt k
v tr no.
E.2 Thit b quan trc
E.2.1. Khi nim v nguyn tc chung:
E.2.1.1. Khi nim:
Khi thit k tng chn t, cn quy nh vic t thit b o kim tra nhm cc mc ch sau
y:
- Kim tra tnh hnh lm vic v s thay i trng thi ca tng chn trong thi gian s dng.
Khi pht hin thy hin tng khng bnh thng, cn kp thi phn tch nguyn nhn, tm cch
x l ngn nga pht sinh s c, m bo cho tng chn lm vic bnh thng.
- Tm hiu s thay i ca trng thi tng chn trong thi gian thi cng c bin php bo v
cht lng thi cng.
- Cung cp t liu cho vic thit k, thi cng, qun l tng chn v nghin cu khoa hc sau
ny.
E.2.1.2. Cng tc quan trc tng chn thy cng bao gm cc trnh t sau y:
+ Quyt nh v b tr cc hng mc quan trc;
+ Thit k thit b quan trc;
+ Chn t thit b my mc;
+ Quan trc hin trng v ghi chp kt qu tnh ton v chnh l phn tch cc kt qu quan
trc;
+ Chnh bin cc kt qu quan trc.
E.2.1.3. Ni dung c th nh sau:
Khi tng xy dng trn nn t; quan trc m cht v ln ca t p; quan trc ch
nhit ca b tng (i vi tng b tng khi cp I v II); quan trc p lc t trong qu trnh p
t (khi c xt ti p lc b ng khng p tri).
+ Trong giai on thi cng cn quan trc ln, chuyn v ngang v vnh ca tng.
+ Trong giai on s dng, cn quan trc chuyn v ngang ca phn trn tng; quan trc ln
ca nn tng (nu l nn t); quan trc ch thm v s lm vic ca vt thot nc trong
t p (i vi tng chn thy cng); quan trc trng thi ng sut ti cc tit din tng v
ct thp (i vi tng chn cao t 20m tr ln); quan trc p lc t, quan trc ch nhit.
+ Khi thit k tng chn, cn cn c tnh hnh thc t ca cng trnh m quyt nh cc hng
mc v phng php quan trc cng nh thit k b tr cc thit b quan trc lp thnh mt b
phn ni dung ca vn kin thit k cng trnh.
+ Khi thi cng, c quan thi cng cn cn c vo yu cu ca vn kin thit k, ch nh ngi
chuyn trch v vic chn t thit b quan trc ri thng xuyn quan trc, phn tch chnh l s
liu, nm cht lng cng trnh v s thay i trng thi lm vic ca cng trnh. Cc cng
tc trn cn c a vo k hoch thi cng, nhng ngi s lm cng tc quan trc thuc b
phn qun l sau ny cn tham gia vo vic chn t thit b v quan trc trong lc thi cng cng
trnh tin theo di.
+ Khi bn giao nghim thu cng trnh, c quan thi cng cn phi bn giao cho c quan qun l
cng trnh ton b thit b quan trc v cc biu kho nghim cng nh ti liu quan trc
cng vi cng trnh.
+ Sau khi nghim thu cng trnh, cn c vo nhng yu cu quan trc nu kt hp vi tnh
hnh thc t, c quan qun l cn son ra mt quy trnh qun l cng trnh chi tit ring theo
di sau ny. Sau , c quan qun l, cn quy nh ngi c trnh lm cng tc quan trc,
thng xuyn quan trc, phn tch v chnh bin s liu kp thi nm c tnh hnh lm vic
ca cng trnh.
+ Khi pht hin c vn , cn tm ra bin php x l v bo co ngay vi cp trn. Mi khong
thi gian nht nh, c quan qun l cn nghin cu ton din ti liu quan trc, phn tch quy
lut v tnh hnh lm vic ca cng trnh, ty theo kh nng lm vic ca cng trnh m xut
kin v vic s dng v tu sa.
E.2.1.4 Cng tc quan trc cn bo m mt s nguyn tc sau:
- Cn c vo s cn thit i vi cng trnh m tin hnh nhng hng mc quan trc ton din
nhng cn thit, i vi cc hin tng c quan h ln nhau cn phi kt hp quan trc;
- i vi cng trnh cn quan trc c h thng v lin tc, ton b cng tc quan trc cn phi
tin hnh nghim tc theo s ln v thi gian quy nh;
- Cc s liu quan trc cn bo m chn thc v chnh xc.
Trong phm vi ti liu ny, ch gii thiu mt s im cn thit v quan trc ln, chuyn v ngang
v vnh, quan trc p lc t tc dng ln tng chn cn cc loi quan trc khc, c th tham
kho trong cc ti liu chuyn mn cho lin quan.
E.2.2. Cc loi thit b quan trc.
Ty thuc vo cp cng trnh b tr thit b quan trc sau:
1. Quan trc bin dng
2. Quan trc chuyn v
3. Quan trc vnh ca tng chn
4. Quan trc p lc t
Yu cu v thit k b tr, yu cu k thut xem ti TCVN 8214 : 2009 hoc tham kho ti cc
tiu chun tng ng.

MC LC
Li ni u
1 Phm vi p dng
2 Ti liu vin dn
3 Thut ng, nh ngha, k hiu v phn loi
4 Quy nh chung
5 Trng lng bn thn v lc tc dng ln tng chn
6 Tnh ton tng chn
7 Kt cu ca tng chn
8 Thit b o, kim tra v b tr nhng thit b o trong tng chn
Ph lc A. Nguyn tc v ch dn chung v tnh ton tng chn cc cng trnh thy li
Ph lc B. Tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn
Ph lc C. Tnh ton p sut y mng tng chc v ti trng gii hn trn nn
Ph lc D. Tnh ton n nh v bn ca tng chn
Ph lc E. Chn kt cu hp l ca tng chn; b tr thit b quan trc