Structural Concrete Theory and Design, 4th Ed PDF

CHAPTER 22
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FLOWCHARTS
FLOWCHARTS
To help the student and design engineer to prepare their own programs, flowcharts are
given for most chapters.
1. Flowcharts 22.1, 22.2, and 22.3 explain the analysis of single, double, and T-sections
(Chapter 3).
2. Flowcharts 22.4, 22.5, and 22.6 explain the design of single, double, and T-sections
(Chapter 4).
3. Flowchart 22.7 explains the calculation of development length (Chapter 7).
4. Flowchart 22.8 explains shear design (Chapter 8).
5. Flowchart 22.9 explains the analysis of rectangular columns at balanced condition

(Chapter 11).
6. Flowchart 22.10 explains the analysis of rectangular columns (Chapter 11).
7. Flowchart 22.11 explains the design of rectangular or square footings (Chapter 13).
8. Flowchart 22.12 explains the design for combined shear and torsion (Chapter 15).
Given: b, d, As, fc, fy
Required: Mn
Let = As / bd
No Yes
> min
(1)
Increase Yes max No

(2)
a = Asfy/ (0.85fcb)
c = a / 1 Reduce
t = 0.003(dt c)/c
t 0.005
= 0.9
Mn = Asfy(d-a/2)
End
Flowchart 22.1 Analysis of single reinforced rectangular section.
(1) min = 3 f 'c / fy 200 / fy

87
(2) b = (0.851)(fc / fy)
87 + f y

0.003 + f y / Es
max= b
0.008
Given: b, d, d, As, As, fc, fy
Required: Mn
Let = As / bd, = As / bd
No min Yes
Increase
No - ' K Yes
(1)
fs < fy fs = fy
Solve for c:
A1c2 + A2c + A3 = 0 Yes min -max No
A1 = 0.851fcb
A2 = As(87 0.85fc) - Asfy
A3 = -87Asd a=(AsAs)fy/(0.85fcb)
Change
Calculate fs < fy; t = 0.003(dt -c)/c

s = 0.003(c-d)/c
fs = Ess = 87 (c d ')
c Yes t 0.005 No
No t 0.002 Yes
= 0.9
= 0.65+(t 0.002)(250/3) = 0.65 (other

(other members) members)
( As f y A 's f 's )
a=
0.85 f 'c b
Mn = [Asfy Asfs)(d-a/2) + Asfs(d-d)] End
Flowchart 22.2 Analysis of double reinforced rectangular section.

87
(1) K = (0.851)(fc / fy)(d / d)
87 f y

(2) Refer to flowchart 22.1 to calculate min and max.
Given: b, bw, d, t, As, fc, fy
Required: Mn
No As As max Yes
(1)
Reduce As Yes As As min No

(2)
For T-section, be is the smallest value of: Span / 4 or Center to

center of adjacent slabs or (bw + 16t); t = slab thickness.
For L-section, be is the smallest value of: Span / 12 or half clear
distance to next web + web width or (bw + 6t); t = slab thickness Increase As
Let a = Asfy/(0.85fcbe)
No t =0.003(dt-c)/c Yes
t 0.005
Enlarge
section Yes a t No
T-section analysis
Rectangular analysis
a = a Asf = 0.85fct(b-bw) / fy
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2) a = (As Asf)fy/(0.85fcbw)
Mn = [(As Asf)fy(d-a/2) + Asffy(d-t/2)]

End
End
Flowchart 22.3 Analysis of T- and L-sections.
(1) As max = 0.6375(fc/fy)[t(b-bw) + 0.375bw1d]
3 fc' 200
(2) As min = bwd bwd
f y fy
Given: Mu, fc, fy
Required: As
Yes b and d are given No
Calculate Assume b (12-20) in.

Ru = Mu/(bd2) Or d / b 2
0.85 f 'c Assume .

= 1 1 (2 Ru / 0.85 f 'c )
fy min max
or let b / 2
No min max Yes

(1) Calculate Ru:
Ru = fy (1-fy/1.7fc)
As = bd
Change section
d = M u / Ru b
As = bd
Choose bars
h = d+2.5 in. (one row of bars)

h = d+3.5 in. (two rows of bars)
Round h to the next higher inch.
End
Flowchart 22.4 Design of single reinforced rectangular section.
(1) Refer to flowchart 22.1 to calculate min and max

Given: Mu, b, d, d, fc, fy
Required: As, As
Calculate min and max

(1)
Calculate Ru max
Ru max = maxfy(1-maxfy/1.7fc)
Calculate Mn = Mu1 as singly reinforced

Mu1 = Ru maxbd2
No Mu Mu1 Yes
Comp. steel is not As1 = maxbd

required.
Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
Go to flowchart 22.4
As2 = Mu2 / fy(d-d)
Total As = As1 + As2

As As max
Check if comp. steel yields.

Let a = As1fy / 0.85fcb
No t =0.003(dt-c)/c Yes c = a / 1
t 0.005 Calculate fs = 87(c - d) / c
Yes fs fy No
Change
section
f's = fy f's < fy
As= As2 As= As2fy/ fs
End End
Flowchart 22.5 Design of rectangular sections with compression steel.

(1) Refer to flowchart 22.1 to calculate min and max
Given: Mu, b, bw, d, t, fc, fy
Required: As
No d is given Yes
Assume a = t Calculate Muft (total flange).

a=t
Cft = 0.85fcbt
d = Mu / (0.85fcbt) + t/2 Muft = Cft(d t/2)
Yes Mu Muft No
As = Mu / [ fy (d - t/2)]
Rectangular section T-section design,

If steel is high,assume design, a t a>t
a < t or a t / 2 a = a
Ru = Mu / bd2 Cf = 0.85fct(b bw)

d = Mu / (0.85fcba) + a/2 Asf = Cf / fy
= (0.85fc/fy)[1- 1 2 Ru / 0.85 f 'c ]

As = Mu / [fy(d a/2)] Muf = Cf (d t/2)
Muw (web) = Mu - Muf
As = bd
Ruw = Muw / bwd2
w =(0.85fc/fy)[1- 1 2 Ruw / 0.85 f 'c ]
As = Asf + Asw
Asw = wbwd
AsminAsAsmax
No Or Yes
t = (dt - c)/c 0.005
Change section As is OK
Flowchart 22.6 Design of T- or L-sections.

Given: bw, d, fc, fy, bars
Required: Development length
f 'c 100 psi
Compression bars Tension bars
ldc = (0.02dbfy) / f 'c (for no 7 and large bars)

ldc 0.0003dbfy ld1 / db = t e f y / 20 f c'
(for no-6 and smaller bars)
ld1 / db = t e f y / 25 f c'
ld = ldc*(Rs or Rs1, if applicable)
ld 8 in.
Is
c db
No s db Yes
or s > 2db
(1)
Rs = As (required) / As (provided)
Rs1 = 0.75 for spiral columns
ld = 1.5 ld1 12 in. ld = ld1 12 in.
Flowchart 22.7 Calculation of development length
(1) c = clear cover

s = clear spacing
Given: bw, d, fc, fy, Vu
Required: shear reinforcement
Vc = 2 f 'c bwd
= 0.75
No Vu Vc/2 Yes
Yes Vu > Vc No
No shear
reinforcement
is required
Vs = (Vu - Vc) / Choose minimum

shear reinforcement.
Av 50bwS / fy
Av =0.75 f 'c (bwS/fy)
No Vs > 4Vc Yes
S d/2 24 in.
Minimum stirrups
no.3 at Smax
Av = VsS / fyd
Or
S = Avfyd/Vs Increase
section
Yes Vs > 2Vc No
S d/4 12 in. S d/2 24 in.

S Avfy / 50bw
End
End
Flowchart 22.8 Shear Design.

Given: b, d, d, As, As, fc, fy
Required: Pb, Mb, eb
cb = 87d / (87 + fy)

ab = 1cb
fs = [87(cb d) / cb]
fs fy (Ksi)
Cs = As (fs 0.85fc)
Cc = 0.85fcab
T = Asfy
Pb = Cc + Cs - T
Mb = Cc(d ab/2 d) + Cs(d d d) + Td
eb = Mb / Pb
End
Flowchart 22.9 Balanced load, moment, and eccentricity for rectangular

column sections
(Use Ksi for fc and fy; d = distance from the plastic centroid to As).
Given: b, d, d, As, e
Required: Pn, Mn
No e > eb Yes
Compression failure Tension failure

fs < fy fs = fy
a > ab a < ab
= 0.65 0.65 0.9
Assume fs = fy
Solve for a:
Aa3 + Ba2 + Ca + D = 0
A = 0.85fcb/2
B = 0.85fcb(e d) Solve for a:
C = As(fy 0.85fc)(e d + d) + 87Ase Aa2 + Ba + C = 0
A = 0.425fcb
D = -87Ase1d
B = 2A(e d)
e = e + d, c = a / 1
C = As(fs 0.85fc)(e d + d) - Asfye
Solve by trial or calculator
e = e + d, c = a / 1
fs = [87(c d)/c] fy No s y Yes

fs = [87(d c)/c] fy (1)
fs = fy
fs = [87(c d)/c] fy
T = Asfs
T = Asfy
Cc = 0.85fcab
Cs = As(fs 0.85fc) 0
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
Mn = Pn e
End
Flowchart 22.10 Analysis of rectangular columns

(Use Ksi for fc and fy)
(1) s = 0.003(c-d/c); y = fy / Es
Given: PD, PL, H, qa, fc, fy
Column size c, and bars
Assume footing depth h (in.) qe = qa h(150)/12 (H - h)(100)/12 ; psf

Let Wc = 150 pcf, Ws = 100 pcf
Footing area A = (PD + PL)/qe Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL

Side = A for square footing qu = Pu / A
Or L x B for rectangular footing Let average d = h 4.5 in.
Choose L / B < 2
Check two-way shear: d2 is the largest value of: Check one-way shear:
d2 = Vu2/(4 f 'c b0) d1 = Vu1/(2 f 'c b)
d2 = Vu2/[(sd/b0) + 2] f 'c b0
d2 = Vu2/[(4/ + 2] f 'c b0
s = 40, 30, 20 for interior, edge and corner columns
b0 = 4(c + d) for square columns
d = the larger of d1 and d2
b0 = 2(c1+d) + 2(c2 + d) for rectangular columns
h = d + 4.5 h
= 0.75
If h < h, increase h and repeat.
Long direction MuL = 0.5qu (L/2 c/2)2

Short direction MuS = 0.5qu (B/2 c/2)2 N1 = (0.85fc)A1 (column)
Calculate AsL and AsS N2 = N1( A2 / A1 ) 2N1
Choose bars and check ld = 0.65
Yes Pn > N1 No
Dowel bars
Pex = Pu N1 Min. Asd = 0.005 A1
Asd = Pex/fy 0.005A1 Use 4 bars
Choose dowel bars and check ld in compression.
End
Flowchart 22.11 Design of rectangular or square footings .

Given: b, h, Vu, Tu
Required: Closed stirrups and A1
Let x0 = b, y0 = h, = 0.75
Let x1 = (b 3.5 in.), y1 = (h 3.5 in.)
Acp = x0y0, Pcp = 2(x0 + y0)

A0 = 0.85 x1y1 = 0.85A0h
Ph = 2(x1 + y1)
Let Q = ( f 'c )A2cp/ Pcp
Yes Tu > Q No
No Tu > 4Q Yes Tu is neglected.

Check for Vu
(flowchart 22.7)
Use Tu Tu = 4Q
for compability Tu
Yes (Vu / bw d ) 2 + (Tu Ph /1.7 A2 0 h ) 2 [(Vc / bw d ) + (8 f 'c )] No
At/S = Tn/(2A0fytcot) Increase

section
A1 = (At/S) Ph (fyt/fy) cot2

Total area of closed stirrups
A1 min = (5 f 'c Acp)/fy (At/S) Ph (fyt/fy) Avt = 2At + Av
Al min 25bw / f yt Avt (50bwS/fyt)
(Av from shear)
Min. bar diameter =0.042S no. 3
Spacing of stirrups = area of bar/Atot

Max. S = Ph/8 12 in.
End
Flowchart 22.12 Design for combined shear and torsion.

CONTENTS
Solutions Manual Chapter
Chapter
2 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
3 Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams
4 Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
6 Deflection and Control of Cracking
7 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
8 Shear and Diagonal Tension
9 One Way Slabs
10 Axially Loaded Columns
11 Members in Compression and Bending
12 Slender Columns
13 Footings
14 Retaining Walls
15 Design for Torsion
16 Continuous Beams and Frames
17 Design of Two-Way Slabs
18 Stairs
19 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
20 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
21 Beams curved in Plan
1
CHAPTER 2
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
2.1- 2.8 refer to the relative section in text
2.9 Calculate the modulus of elasticity; Ec (see the table below)
2.10 Calculate the modular ratio; n and the modulus of rupture; fr:
Density fc Ec n fr
160 pcf 5000 psi. 4,723,000 psi. 6.14 530.3 psi.
145 pcf 4000 psi. 3,644,000 psi. 7.96 474.3 psi.
125 pcf 2500 psi. 2,306,000 psi. 12.58 375.0 psi.
2400 kg/m3 35 MPa 29,910 Mpa 6.69 3.668 MPa
2300 kg/m3 30 MPa 25,980 Mpa 7.70 3.396 MPa
2100 kg/m3 25 MPa 20,690 Mpa 9.67 3.10 MPa
2.11
a.) See figure below.
b.) Secant modulus (at fc/2 = 1910 psi.)
Ec = 1910 / 6.1010-4 = 3130 ksi.
Approximate Initial Modulus = 2.6(ksi.) / 5.4510-4 = 4771 ksi.
(Possible range 4600 5200)
c.) Ec (ACI formula) = 57000 fc ' = 57000 3820 = 3523 ksi.
2
CHAPTER 3
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Problem 3.1
DIM. No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h
b (in.) 14 18 12 12 16 14 10 20
d (in.) 22.5 28.5 23.5 18.5 24.5 26.5 17.5 31.5
4#10 6#10 4#9 4#8 5#10 5#9 3#9 4#9
As (in.2)
5.08 7.62 4.00 3.16 6.35 5.00 3.00 4.00
a(in.) 6.4 7.47 5.88 4.65 7.00 6.3 5.29 3.53
Mn(k.ft) 441.2 849.1 370.1 230.0 600.0 525.3 200.5 535.2
0.0161 0.0149 0.0142 0.0142 0.0162 0.0135 0.0171 0.0063
max<<min Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Problem 3.2
b (in.) 15 17 13 10 14 16 20 18
d (in.) 22.5 24.5 22 21.5 20.5 20.5 18 20.5
8#9 8#10 7#9 4#10 6#10 9#9 12#9 8#10
As (in.2)
8.00 10.08 7.00 5.08 7.62 9.00 12.00 10.12
2#9 2#10 3#7 2#7 2#10 4#9 6#9 4#10
As(in.2)
2.0 2.54 1.8 1.2 2.54 4.0 6.0 5.08
0.0237 0.0242 0.0245 0.0236 0.0266 0.0274 0.0333 0.0275
0.0059 0.0061 0.0063 0.0056 0.0089 0.0122 0.0167 0.0138
- 0.0178 0.0181 0.0182 0.0180 0.0177 0.0152 0.0167 0.0137
k 0.0172 0.0158 0.0176 0.0180 0.0189 0.0189 0.0216 0.0189
a ( in.) 7.06 7.83 7.06 6.85
Mn 692.2 950 590.2 418.2
A 40.46 46.24 57.8 52.6
B -244.9 -205.6 -218.4 -184.9
C -552.45 -870 -1305 -1100.5
c 7.8 7.097 7.0 6.7
a 6.63 6.033 5.95 5.71
fs 59.1 56.36 55.94 54.62
C1 315.7 328.2 504.8 349.4
C2 141.5 211.8 315.2 260.2
As1 5.26 5.47 6.75 5.82
1 0.0183 0.0167 0.0187 0.0158
1max Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mn 597.9 716.3 822.5 813.7
3
Problem 3.3
DIM. No.a No.b No.c No.d .No.e No.f No.g No.h
b ( in.) 54 48 72 32 44 50 40 42
bw ( in.) 14 14 16 16 12 14 16 12
t ( in. ) 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
d ( in. ) 17.5 16.5 18.5 15.5 20.5 16.5 16.5 17.5
4#10 4#9 8#10 6#9 8#9 7#9 5#10 6#9
As (in.2)
5.08 4.00 10.16 6.00 8.00 7.00 6.35 6.00
a ( in. ) 2.213 1.961 3.32 4.41 4.27 3.29 3.74 3.36
Rect. or T R R R T T T T T
Mn (k.ft) 374.7 279.4 769.9
Asmin< As < Asmax Yes Yes Yes
Asf (in.2) 2.04 5.44 4.59 3.06 3.83
a ( in. ) 4.94 5.02 4.05 4.84 4.25
Mn (k.ft) 293.4 660.1 466.8 415 425.9
Asmin< As < Asmax No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Problem 3.4
fc 3 ksi 4 ksi 4 ksi 5 ksi 30 Mpa 20 Mpa 30 Mpa 25 Mpa
fy 40 ksi 60 ksi 75 ksi 60 ksi 400 Mpa 300 Mpa 500 Mpa 300 Mpa
b 12 in. 12 in. 12 in. 12 in. 300 mm 300 mm 300 mm 300 mm
d 20 in. 20 in. 20 in. 20 in. 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm
As 4#8 4#7 4#9 4#9 3*30 mm 3*25 mm 4*25 mm 4*20 mm
(in.2)
(mm2) 3.14 2.41 4.00 4.00 2121mm2 1473 1963 1257
1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
b 0.037 0.0285 0.0207 0.0335 0.0325 0.0321 0.0236 0.04
max 0.020 0.0181 0.0145 0.0212 0.0203 0.01805 0.0162 0.0225
0.614 0.821 0.822 0.973 6.14 4.11 6.13 5.11
Rumax
ksi ksi ksi ksi Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
0.013 0.0100 0.0167 0.0167 0.01414 0.00982 0.01309 0.0084
0.422 0.4942 0.9182 0.7941 4.52 2.42 5.13 2.13
Ru
7 ksi ksi ksi ksi Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
a/d ratio 0.205 0.1772 0.3676 0.2353 0.2218 0.1732 0.2567 0.118
(a/d) max 0.318 0.3194 0.3199 0.2993 0.3184 0.3194 0.3176 0.3176
min<<max Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4
Problem 3.5:
3.5 a:
As = 1256.6mm2 ; = 0.00914 ; Ru = 3.6 Mpa ; Mn = 272.3 KN.m
b = 0.02024 ; max = 0.6375b = 0.0129 Ok
3.5 b:
As = 1472 mm2 ; = 0.0107 ; Ru = 3.51 Mpa ; Mn = 265.4 KN.m
b = 0.02024 ; max = 0.6375b = 0.0129 < max Ok
3.5 c:
As = 2827 mm2
= 0.02056 ; max = 0.0129 < ; N.G. , Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.
Ru(max) = 4.1 Mpa ; Mn = 310 KN.m
3.5 d:
= 0.0091 ; b = 0.0214 ; max = 0.01356 ; min < < max Ok
Ru = 0.439 ksi ; Mn = 177 k.ft
3.5 e:
= 0.02727 ; max = 0.01356 < ; N.G. , Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.
Ru(max) = 0.615 Ksi ; Mn = 248.1 k.ft
Problem 3.6:
y = 0.00172 > s = 0.0015 This section is over- reinforced.
cb = 11.44 in. ; ab = 9.725 in. ; Asb = 3.97 in.2
c = 12 in. ; a = 10.2 in. ; fs = Ess = 43.5 ksi ; As = 4.783 in.2 ; Mn = 201.3 k.ft
max = 0.01628 ; As max = 2.34 in.2 ; a = 5.74 in. ; (max) Mn = 132.8 k.ft
(max) Mn allowed by ACI code is less than Mn of the section = 201.3 k.ft
= 0.014 < max ; As = 2.016 ; a = 4.941 in. ; Mn = 117.4 k.ft
Problem 3.7:
a = 7.706 in.; Mn = 356.3 k.ft ; Wl = 3.94 k/ft
Problem 3.8:
a = 5.537 in ; Mn = 230.1 k.ft ; Pl = 17.6 k
Problem 3.9:
3.9 a:
(1) At balanced condition: cb = 11.834 in. ; ab = 10.059 in. ; Asb = 5.48 in.2
Asmax = 0.63375Asb = 3.473 in.2 ; As < Asmax
(2) T = 188.4 k ; a = 6.618 in ; C1= 81.6 k ; C2= 106.8 k ; Mn = 227.83 k.ft
3.9 b:
(1) At balanced condition: cb = 9.467 in. ; ab = 8.047 in. ; Asb = 3.89 in.2
Asmax = 2.465 in.2 ; As > Asmax , N.G. ; Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.
(2) Use As = As max = 2.465 in.2 ; T = 147.9 k ; a = 5.96 in. ; C1= 68 k ; C2= 79.97 k
Mn = 137.5 K.ft
5
Problem 3.10
3.10 a:
= 0.011157 ; = 0.00556 ; - = 0.005597 < max = 0.0203
- < k = 0.0139, Compression steel doesnt yield.
c = 3.07 in. ; a = 1c = 6.61 in. ; fs= 16.15 ksi fy
C1 = 79.85 k ; C2 = 16.32 k ; As1 = 1.996 in.2 ; 1 = 0.009242 < max ; Mn = 119 k.ft
3.10 b:
= 0.0223 ; = 0.00556 ; - = 0.0167 > k = 0.0139, Compression steel yields.
- < max = 0.0203 ; Ok ; a = 4.73 in. ; Mn = 225.6 K.ft
Problem 3.11:
(1) At balanced condition: cb = 13.02 in. ; ab = 11.07 in.
fs = 70.3 > 60 ; Compression steel yields, fs = 60 ksi
C1 = 451.66 k ; C2 = 79.2 k ; T = 530.86 k ; As1b = 7.53 in.2
As max = 0.63375As1b + As= 6.09 in.2
(2) = 0.02307 ; = 0.005 ; - = 0.01807 > k, Compression steel yields.

- = max ; Ok ; a = 7.01 in. ; Mn = 512.8 k.ft ; Wl = 8.516 k/ft
Problem 3.12:
= 0.01805 ; = 0.0031 ; - = 0.015 < max = 0.01806
- < k = 0.0194 , Compression steel doesnt yield.
c = 6.44 in. ; a = 5.47 in. ; fs= 53.23 ksi < fy
C1 = 186 k ; C2 = 30.4 k ; As1 = 3.1 in.2; 1 = 0.0155 < max ; Mn = 280.7 k.ft
WD = 2.208 k/ft ; WL = 1.25 k /ft ; Mu = 232.5 k.ft ; the section is adequate.
Problem 3.13:
(1) be = 54 in.
(2) a = 0.98 in. < t ; Rectangular Section
(3) Mn = 236.4 k.ft ; Asmin = 0.6 in2 < As< Asmax = 13.23 in.2 Ok
Problem 3.14:
(1) a = 3.69 in. > t ; T section ; Asmax = 4.99 in.2 > As Ok
(2) Asf = 2.55 in.2 ; a = 5.08 in. ; Mn = 339.6 k.ft
Problem 3.15:
a = 3.69 in. > t, T-section, Asf = 2.55 in.2, Asw = 2.16 in.2, As(max) = 5.80 in.2,
a = 5.08 in., Mu = 466.78 k-ft.
Problem 3.16:
Same analysis and answer as 3.14
6
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Problem 4.1:
Mu (k.ft) 272.7 969.2 816 657 559.4 254.5 451.4 832
b (in) 12 18 16 16 14 10 14 18
d (in) 21.5 32 29.52 26.5 24.5 21.5 21.75 28
Ru psi 589.9 631 780 700 799 660.7 818 708
( %) 1.168 1.206 1.7 1.5 1.75 1.115 1.8 1.27
AS (in2) 3.013 6.947 8.029 6.36 6.0 2.39 5.48 6.42

Bars 5#7 7#9 7#10 5#10 6#9 6#6 6#9 8#9
rows One two two one two one two two
h (in) 24 36 32 29 28 24 25 32
DIM. No.i No.j No.k No.l
Mu(k.ft) 345 510 720 605
b (in) 15 12 12 16
d (in) 18.5 24.9 29.67 23.6
(%) 1.77 1.81 1.8 1.8
AS (in)2 4.91 5.4 6.4 6.8

Bars 5#9 6#9 5#10 7#9
rows one two two two
h (in.) 21 29 33 28
7
Problem 4.2:
Assume c/dt = 0.375 for fy = 60Ksi,(all problem)
dt = (d + 1)in. for 2 rows of bars; d = 2.5 in.
Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.
DIM.
No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h No.i No.j No.k No.l
Mu(k.ft) 554 790 448 520 765 855 555 300 400 280 290 400
b (in) 14 16 12 12 16 18 16 12 16 12 14 14
d (in) 20.5 24.5 18.5 20.5 20.5 22 18.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 14.5 17.5
c (in) 8.39 9.156 6.91 7.66 7.66 8.22 3.258 6.166 6.166 6.187 5.41 6.54
a (in) 7.13 7.78 5.87 6.511 6.512 6.988 2.769 5.24 5.241 5.26 4.606 5.56
Mu1(k.ft) 402 656.3 280.6 344.6 459.5 595.3 374.2 223.2 297.7 223.2 201.1 293.0
Mu2(k.ft) 152 133.7 167.4 175.4 305.5 259.7 180.8 76.76 102.3 56.76 88.86 107.02
As1(in2) 5.44 7.37 3.996 4.428 5.904 7.128 5.328 3.564 4.75 3.576 3.654 4.41
2
As2(in ) 1.68 1.13 2.324 2.165 3.77 2.959 2.511 1.22 1.62 1.35 1.645 1.585
2
As (in ) 7.12 8.50 6.38 6.66 9.674 10.09 7.839 4.784 6.376 4.925 5.299 5.995
fs (ksi) 60 60 55.52 58.6 58.6 60 20.24 51.73 51.73 51.84 46.8 53.74
As (in2) 1.68 1.35 2.51 2.22 3.862 2.96 7.44 1.413 1.88 1.0425 2.12 1.77
Tension 6#10 2#8 2#10 2#10 9#6 10#5 6#10 5#5 10#4 2#7 7#5 4#6
Bars
rows Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two
Comp. bars 1#9 2#7 2#10 2#9 4#9 3#9 3#8 2#9 2#8 2#6 2#9 2#8
h (in) 24 28 22 24 24 26 22 20 20 20 18 21
8
Problems 4.3:
Mu (ft) 394 800 250 327 577 559 388 380

b (in) 48 60 44 50 54 48 44 46
bw (in) 14 16 15 14 16 14 12 14
t (in) 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3
d (in) 18.5 19.5 15 13 18.5 17.5 16 15
Mn(k.ft) 468.2 803.3 340.8 329.9 681.6 569.2 366 356.3
R or_T R R R R R R T T
Ru (psi) 288 421 303 464 375 456
(%) 0.0063 0.769 0.646 0.558 0.76 0.804
2
AS (in ) 5.577 9.006 4.264 3.631 7.59 6.754
Bars 10#7 4#14 4#9 12#5 6#10 3#14 6#9 5#10
rows Two one one two two one two two
c/ dt 0.375 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cf (k) 244.8 244.8
ASf (in2) 4.08 4.08
Muf (ft) 266.2 247.9
Muw (ft) 121.8 132.1
Ru (web) (psi) 476 503
w(%) 1.0 1.07
ASw (in2) 1.92 2.25
AS (in2) 6.0 6.33
AS (max) (in2) 7.85 11.7 6.75 7.06 10.50 9.10 6.68 6.93
h (in.) 21 23 18 18 22 21 20 19
9
Problems 4.3: (continued)
DIM. No.i No .j No.k No.l No.m No.n No.o No.p
Mu (ft) 537 515 361 405 378 440 567 507

b (in) 60 54 44 50 44 36 48 46
bw (in) 16 16 15 14 16 16 12 14
t (in) 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3
d (in) 16.5 17.5 15 15.5 13.5 18 22.5 18
Mn(k.ft) 516.4 495.7 340.8 401.6
R or_T T T T T R R R T
Ru (psi) 379 452 280
Bars 8#9 6#10 6#9 7#9 6#9 5#10 6#9 7#9
rows two two two two two one two two
c/ dt 0.375 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cf (k) 336.6 290.7 221.9 275.4
ASf (in2) 5.61 4.85 3.7 4.59
Muf (ft) 378.7 348.8 224.6 289.2
Muw (ft) 158.3 166.2 136.44 115.8
Ru (web) (psi) 436.12 407 485 413
w(%) 0.9 0.84 1.02 0.85
ASw (in2) 2.38 2.35 2.3 1.84
AS (in2) 7.99 7.2 6.0 6.43
AS (max) (in2) 9.19 8.64 6.75 7.53 6.49 7.30 8.25 3.58
h (in.) 20 21 19 19 20 21 26 22
10
Problem 4.4:
(a) = max , d = 18.4 in. ; AS = 3.31 in.2 ; Use 4#9 bars ( two rows. AS = 4.0 in.2 );
h = 22 in. ; a = 5.84 in.; c = 6.87 in.; dt = 19.5 in. => c / dt =0.352 < 0.375 ; OK
(b) =0.016, d = 19.4 in. ; AS = 3.1 in.2 ; Use 4#8 bars ( two rows. AS = 3.16 in.2 );
(c) = 0.012, d = 21.9 in. ; AS = 2.63 in.2 ; Use 3#9 bars ( AS = 3 in.2 );
Problem 4.5:
Ru = 465 psi ; =0.0146 ; As = 3.5 in 2 ; Use 3# 10 bars (As = 3.79 in2 )
Problem 4.6:
= 0.0094 ; Ru = 465 psi ; As = 2.27 in2 ; Use 2#10 bars ( AS = 2.53 in 2 )
Problem 4.7:
Assume a total depth = L / 15 = 2012 / 15 =16 in.
Mu = 132 k.ft
(a) Using max = 0.01806, Ru(max) = 820 psi ; d = 12.7 in. ; AS = 2.75 in2 ; Use 3#9 ;
h =16 in ; min < = max , t = 0.005
(b) Using s = 0.014, Ru = 662 psi ; d = 14.2 in. ; AS = 2.38 in2 ; Use 4#7 bars (As = 2.41 in2 ).
h= 17 in. ; min < < max , t > 0.005 OK
Problem 4.8:
Case 1:
(1) D.L. on ABC, L.L. on AB for maximum positive B.M. ; U = 4.84 k/ft.
(2) Positive ultimate B.M. = 305.15 k.ft; Let =0.015, Ru = 700 psi, d = 20.88 in.
(3) AS = 3.76 in2 ; use 4#9 bars in one row.; bmin= 11.625 in.< 12 in. ; h = 24 in.
Case 2:
D.L. on ABC, L.L. on BC only for maximum negative B.M.
d = 21.5 in. ; Mu = 154.88 k.ft ; Ru = 335 psi
= 0.00674; min < < max , t > 0.005 ; AS = 1.74 in2 ; Use 2#9 bars or 3#7
Problem 4.9:
Mu = 317 k.ft ; Ru = 622 psi, min < < max , t > 0.005 ; d = 20.27 in.
AS= 3.97 in2 ; Use 4#9 bars ( AS = 4.0 in 2 ) in one row. ; h = 23 in.
Problem 4.10:
Mu = 151.6 k.ft ; Ru = 476 psi, min < < max , t > 0.005 ; d = 17.8 in.
AS= 3.2 in2 ; Use 3#10 bars ( AS = 3.79 in 2 ) in one row. ; h = 21 in.
Problem 4.11:
Mn = Rumaxbd2 = 222 k.ft < Mu ; Compression steel is needed.
Mu1 = 222 k.ft ; Mu2 = 68 k.ft ; AS1= 3.10 in.2 ; AS2 = 0.92 in.2 ; AS = 4.02 i n . 2 ; Use 4 # 9
a = 6.08 in. ; c = 7.15 in.; dt = 20.5 in.; t =0.0056 > 0.005; OK
A S' = 0.98 in.2 ; AS(max)= 5.27 in2 > As = 4.02 in2 ; h = 23 in. OK.
11
Problem 4.12:
a)d = 22.5 in. and AS = 3.05 in2 ;Use 3#9 bars in one row (AS = 3.0 in 2) ; h =26 in
Mu = 269.6 k.ft.; a = 7.06 in.; c = 8.3 in.; dt = 23.5 in.; t =0.0055>0.005;
b) Mu1 = 195 k.ft, M u 2 = 65 k.ft
For Mu1 = 195 k.ft ; d = 19.5 in. and AS1 = 2.64 in2 ;Let h = 23 in. and d = 2.5 in.
For M u 2 = 65 k.ft. ; As= AS2 = 0.85 in.2 ; AS = 3.49 i n . 2 Use 5 # 8
c) Mu = 260 k.ft
1) For two rows of steel h = 26 in, d =22.5 in and dt = 23.5 in.
2) Section behaves as a T-section.
ASf = 1.28 in.2 ; M u2 = 120.5 k.ft ; Mu1 = 139.5 k.ft ; AS1 = 1.53 in.2
AS(max)= 4.33 in2 > Total As = 2.81 in2 ; OK ; Choose 3#9 bars, ( A S = 3.0 in2 )
Problem 4.13:
d = 19.8 in.; As = 6.8 in.2 ; Use 7#9 bars (two rows. AS = 7.0 in.2 )
if d = 22 in. is used; a=3.53 in. < 4 in. ; h = 26in.
AS(min) = 0.86 in.2 < AS < AS(max) = 7.78 in.2 OK
Problem 4.14:
Ultimate load W = 7.9 k/ft
MB( maximum negative) = -395 K.ft
M Dmax = 270.8 k.ft
b) Mn = 344.6 k.ft < Mu Compression steel is needed.
AS = 5.04 i n . 2 Use 7 # 8 ( two rows)
A S' = 0.64 in.2 ; AS1 = 3.12 in.2 ;Use 4#8 bars in one row, ( A S = 3.16 in2 )
Problem 4.15:
a) W = 8.56 k/ft ; H A = H D = 34.24 k ; R A = R D = 154.08 k
M B = M C = - 616.32 k.ft. ; MBC (midspan) = 770.4 k.ft
Design beam BC for positive moment,
AS = 8.86 in2 Use 9#9 bars (two rows, As = 9.0 in2 )
ASmax = 26.65 in.2 ; AS(min)= mi n b w d = 1 . 0 9 in2
AS(min) < AS < AS(max) OK
Design beam BC for negative moment,

Mu =616.32 k.ft
Compression steel is needed.
AS = 7.93 i n . 2 Use 8 # 9 in two rows, ( A S = 8 in2 )
2
A S' = 1.99 in. Use 2 # 9 in one row, ( A S = 2 in2 )
12
CHAPTER 5
ALTERNATE DESIGN METHODS
Extra Problems
Problem E5.1
Tie AB Fu = 58.75kips Ats = 1.31in 2 Provide 5 No. 5 Bar Ats = 1.55in 2

Tie CD Fu = 15.0kips Ats = 0.33in 2 Provide 1 No. 4 Bar, 2 legs Ats = 0.40in 2
Tie BD & DF Fu = 68.21kips Ats = 1.52in 2 Provide 5 No. 5 Bar Ats = 1.55in 2
Calculate strut widths

s = 0.75 f ce = 0.75 3825 = 2868 psi
Strut AC, Pu = 86.83kips , w = 1.26in
Strut BC, Pu = 80.93kips , w = 1.18in
Strut CE, Pu = 130.67 kips , w = 1.90in
Strut DE, Pu = 16 kips , w = 1.26in
2 0.20
sin 0.0032 0.003
24 4.5
Problem E5.2: Deep Beam Design Example: Bridge Bent Cap Using Strut and Tie Method
Load Combination: U = 1.8 [DL + (LL+I)]

PGirder = 1.8 x 580 kips = 1044 kip
WDL = 1.8 x 8.5 kips/lf = 15.3 kip/lf
WLL = 1.8 x 7.6 kips/lf = 13.6 kip/ft
Strut And Tie Model:
P1 = 1195 kip
Lclr / Ds = 1.21 < 4 Bent Cap is considered a deep beam
Angle between strut and tie = 46d > 26d Good
Check Maximum Shear Strength of Beam X-Section: (ACI 318-08 11.7.3)
Vu = 1195 kip
Assume d = 0.9 * h = 75.6 in
Vn = 2886 kip > Vu Good
Force Resultants:
From Truss Analysis, internal forces are presented below. Since the bent cap is symmetrical, the
left side is designed and reinforcement will be applied symmetrically.
Member 1 and 2 (Tie) T1 = T2= 1020 kip Tension
Member 3 (Strut) C3 = 1570 kip Compression
Member 6, 7 and 8 (Tie) T6 = T7 =T8 = 0 kip
13
Support Reaction D1x = -1016 kip, D1y = 1195 kip
Support Reaction D2x = 0 kip, D2y = 1195 kip
Support Reaction D3x = 627 kip, D3y = 655 kip
Calculate Effective Strength, fce:
Member 3 and Member 5 Bottle-shape struts fce = 3.18 ksi
Member 4 Uniform x-section strut fce = 4.25 ksi
Nodal Zone A C-C-T fce = 3.4 ksi
Nodal Zone B C-T-T fce = 2.55 ksi
Nodal Zone C C-C-T fce = 3.4 ksi
Nodal Zone D1 C-C-T fce = 3.4 ksi
Nodal Zone D3 C-C-T fce = 3.4 ksi
Dimensions of nodal zones:
Nodal zone A Horizontal width wc = 1570 kip / 0.75 * 3.4ksi *72in = 8.55 in
Tie 1 width w1 = 8.55 * (1020kip / 1570kip) = 5.55 in
Strut 3 width w3 = 10.2 in
Nodal zone B Horizontal width wc = 1195 kip / 0.75 * 2.55 ksi *72in = 8.68 in
Nodal zone C Horizontal width wc = 910 kip / 0.75 * 3.4ksi *72in = 4.96 in
Tie 2 width w2 = 6.5 * (1020kip / 910kip) = 5.6 in
Strut 5 width w5 = 7.45 in
Nodal zone D1 and D3 Assume same widths as Nodal zone A and C
Nodal zone D2 Assume same widths as Nodal zone B
Check Capacity of Struts:
Capacity of Strut 3 fns = *fce * Acs = 1751 kips > 1570 Good
Capacity of Strut 4 fns = *fce * Acs = 1195 kips = 1195 Good
Capacity of Strut 5 fns = *fce * Acs = 1280 kips > 910 Good
Design of vertical and horizontal reinforcement:
Vertical Bars Use #6 @ 12 4 legged stirrups, As = 4 * 0.44 = 1.76 in^2
Sin 50d = 0.76, As / (b * s) * sin = 0.0015
Horizontal Bars Use #8 @ 9 2 sides, As = 2 * 0.79 = 1.58 in^2
Sin 40d = 0.64, As / (b * s) * sin = 0.00156
Design of horizontal tie 1 and 2:
Fu = *As*fy As = 1020 kip / (0.75 * 60 ksi) = 22.7 in^2
22.7 in^2 / (1 in^2) #9 Bars = 23
Use #9 Tot 24, Vertically Bundled in 2s
Anchorage Length Ldh = 17 in
14
CHAPTER 6
DEFLECTION AND CONTROL OF CRACKING
Problem 6.1(a)-6.1(f):
Description Prob. (a) Prob. (b) Prob. (c) Prob. (d) Prob. (e) Prob. (f)
b (in.) 14 20 12 18 16 14
d (in.) 17.5 27.5 19.5 20.5 22.5 20.5
h (in.) 20 30 23 24 26 24
As (in2.) 5 7.59 4.71 7.59 9.37 8
As (in2.) 0 0 0 2 2.53 2
Wd (k/ft.) 2.2 7 3 6 5 3.8
Wl (k/ft.) 1.8 3.6 1.5 2 3.2 2.8
Pd (k.) 0 0 0 0 12 8
Pl (k.) 0 0 0 0 10 6
Ig (in4.) 9333.3 45000 12167 20736 23434.7 16128
x (in.) 7.543 10.238 8.363 0 0 0
Icr (in4.) 5968.5 25247.2 7013.2 0 0 0
x (in.) 0 0 0 8.475 10.017 9.377
Icr (in4.) 0 0 0 12932.3 18042 12427.9
Mcr (k-ft.) 36.89 118.59 41.82 68.31 71.26 53.13
Ma (k-ft.) 200 530 225 400 520 400
Ie (in4.) 5989.6 25468.5 7046.3 12971.1 18055.8 12436.6
I (in.) 0.667 0.416 0.638 0.616 0.551 0.62
2 2 2 1.57 1.48 1.48
I (in.) 0.397 0.289 0.447 0.478 0.352 0.384
a (in.) 0.794 0.577 0.893 0.751 0.521 0.568
T = I + a (in.) 1.46 0.99 1.53 1.37 1.07 1.19
15
Problem 6.2(a)-6.2(d):
Discription Prob. (a) Prob. (b) Prob. (c) Prob. (d)
b (in.) 15 18 12 14
d (in.) 20.5 22.5 19.5 20.5
h (in.) 24 26 23 24
As (in2.) 8 7.59 6.28 8
As (in2.) 2 0 1.57 2
Wd (k/ft.) 3.5 2 2.4 3
Wl (k/ft.) 2 1.5 1.6 1.1
Pd (k.) 0 7.4 0 5.5
Pl (k.) 0 5 0 4
Ig (in4.) 17280 26364 12167 16128
x (in.) 9.175 9.401 8.822 9.377
Icr (in4.) 12693.9 1540.3 8914 12427.9
x (in.) 0 0 0 0
Icr (in4.) 0 0 0 0
Mcr (k-ft.) 56.92 80.16 41.82 53.13
Ma (k-ft.) 396 381 288 393
Ie (in4.) 12707.5 15505.9 8923.9 12437.1
I (in.) 0.538 0.457 0.558 0.577
1.51 2 1.5 1.48
I (in.) 0.342 0.29 0.33 0.42
a (in.) 0.516 0.58 0.5 0.63
T = I + a (in.) 1.05 1.042 1.06 1.203
16
Problem 6.3:
1.) d = 23.27 in. ; As = 5.0 in.2 use 5 #9 ; say h = 27 in.
4
2.) Ig = 19683 in. ; Ma = 3916 k.in. ; Mcr = 691.1 k.in.
I cr = 11268 in.4 ; I e = 11217 in.4 < I g
= 1.12 in.
Problem 6.4:
1.) Mu = 444 k.ft.
d = 20.82 in. ; Total As = 5.57 in.2 Use 6 #9, As = 6.0 in.2
Compression steel, fs = 59 ksi.
h = 24.32 in., say 25 in. ; d = 21.5 in. ; For comp. steel, use 2 #7, As = 1.2 in.2
2.) Ig = 15625 in.4 ; Ma = 3916 k.in. ; Mcr = 592.93 k.in.
I cr = 10750 in.4 ; I e = 10767in.4 < I g
= 1.17 in.
Additional long-term deflection = 1.29 in.
Total deflection = 2.46 in.
Problem 6.5:
a) S = 10.31 in less than 12 in.; provided spacing = 3.5 in., OK.
W=0.0121 in.
b) W = 0.011 in.
c) W = 0.0103 in.
d) W = 0.011 in.
Problem 6.6:
As (min.) = 0.126 in2 /ft./side.; Max. spacing = 6.75 in., say 6.5 in.
As/side = (0.12640.5) / (212) = 0.212 in2 ; Choose 3 #3 bars each side.
17
CHAPTER 7
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS
Problems 7.1(a) - 7.1(j)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
fc(ksi.) 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 3 4 4
fy (ksi.) 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 40 60 60
Bar No. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 9 8 6
db (in.) 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.0 1.128 1.27 1.41 1.128 1.0 0.75
Clear
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
Cover (in.)
Clear
2.25 2.5 2.13 2.3 1.5 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.75 1.65
Spacing(in.)
Cond. met Y Y Y Y N Y Y N N Y
t 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3
e 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5
1.0 0.75 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
t e 1.7 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
fc ' Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
<100
ld (in.) 28 38 56 64 81 54 60 93 48 49
Problem 7.2
(a): ldc = 21.9 in. 18 in.; Use ld = 22 in.
(b): ldc = 21.4 in. 20.3 in.; Use ld = 22 in.
(c): ldc = 16.06 in. 15.24 in.,use ld = 17 in.
(d): ldc = 23.93 in. 25.38 in., ld = 0.8(25.38) = 20.3 in., use 21 in.
(e): ldc = 13.55 in. 15.75 in., ld = 0.9(15.75) = 14.12 in., use 15 in.
(f): ldc = 19.1 in. 20.25 in., ld = 0.75(20.25) = 15.2 in., use 16 in.
18
Problem 7.3:
a.) ld = 69.56 in., use 70 in.
b.) Bars with 90 hook, db = 1.128 in.; lhb = 21.4 in. Use 22 in.
c.) Bars with 180 hook, db = 1.128 in.; lhb = 22 in.
Problem 7.4:
a.) ld = 0.875(61.66) = 53.96 in., use 54 in.
b.) Bars with 90 hook, db = 0.875 in.; lhb = 16.6 in. Use 17 in. > 8 db
c.) Bars with 180 hook, db = 1.128 in.; Basic lhb = 17 in. > 8 db
Problem 7.5:
a.) ld = 1.128(47.47) = 53.54 in., use 54 in.
c.) Bars with 180 hook, db = 1.128 in.; Basic lhb = 17 in.
Problem 7.6:
a.) ld = 1.27(61.66) = 78.3 in., use 79 in.
c.) Bars with 180 hook, db = 1.27 in.; Basic lhb = 24 in.
Problem 7.7:
a.) When 50% of bars are spliced; ld = 80.3 in., use 81 in., lst = ldc = 81 in. Class A splice.
b.) When 75% of bars are spliced; Class B splice, lst = 104.3 in., use 105 in.
c.) All bars are spliced, Rs = 2.0, Class B splice, lst = 105 in.
d.) When all bars are spliced, Rs = 1.3, Class B splice, lst = 105 in.
Problem 7.8:
a.) When 50% of bars are spliced, ld = 92.7 in., use 93 in. Class A splice, lst = ldc = 93 in.
b.) When 75% of bars are spliced; Class B splice, ld = 93 in., lst = 121 in.
c.) All bars are spliced, Rs = 2.0, Class B splice, lst = 121 in.
d.) When all bars are spliced, Rs = 1.3, Class B splice, lst = 121 in.> 12 in.
Problem 7.9:
ldc = 19.14 in. 3.84 in. ; Use lsc = ldc = 34 in. Controls
Problem 7.10:
ldc = 23.9 in. 42.3 in. ; Use lsc = ldc = 43 in. Controls
Problem 7.11:
ldc = 25.52 in. 54.14 in; lsc = 54.14 in., use lsc = 55 in. Controls
Problem 7.12:
ldc = 21.4 in. 33.84 in.; Use lsc = 34 in. Controls
19
Problem 7.13:
1.) Let d = 18 in; Development length of X1 = 62 in.
2.) X2 = 18 in.
3.) 4#8 bars are extended beyond point of inflection. Total length = 66 in.
4.) X3 = 18 in.
5.) X4 = 4 ft = 48 in.
6.) X5 = 19 in.
7.) X6 = 6 ft. = 48 in. ; X7 = 18 in.
Problem 7.14:
As max = 3.9 in.2 Use 5#8 bars in two rows, (As = 3.93 in.2)
Use h = 22 in. total length; Actual d = 18.5 in.
Mur (one bar) = 663 K.in. = 55.3 K.ft.
Extend bars 1 and 2 20 ft., 1/3 of total bars, which meets code requirement.
Length of bar 3 = 21.5 ft, i.e. span length = 20ft.
Length of bar 4 = 17.8 ft.
Length of bar 5 = 15.1 ft. (for #8 bars, ld = 48 in.)
Problem 7.15:
d = 33.6 in.; As = 4.314 in.2 Use 6#8 bars in two rows, (As = 4.72 in.2)
Use h = 38 in.; Actual d = 34.5 in.
Mur (one bar) = 107.6 K.ft.; For 6 bars, Mu = 645 K.ft.
Length of bar # 1 = 7.5 + 3 = 10.5 ft.
Length of bar # 2 = 5.5 + 3 = 8.5 ft.
Length of bar # 3 = 3.75 + 3 = 6.75 ft.
ldh = 22 in.
ld = 55 in., For top bars, ld = 1.3(55) = 71.5 in., or 72 in. = 6 ft.
Problem 7.16:
1.) Maximum positive moment M u = 574 K.ft.
Maximum negative moment M u = 435.2 K.ft.
2.) Section at B:
d = 23.04 in.; As max = 4.99 in.2 Use 5#9 bars in two rows, (As = 5 in.2)
h = 26.54 ; use 27 in. total length; Actual d = 23.5 in.
Mur (one bar) = 88.9 K.ft./ bar; For 5 bars, Mu = 444 K.ft.
3.) Section within AB, (positive moment):
Mu = 574 > 44, need compression steel
Use 2 # 9 bars; As = 2.0 in.2
Use 7 # 9 bars; As = 7.0 in.2
Actual Mu = 633.4 K.ft.
4.) ld (bottom bars) = 70 in. = X1
ld (top bars) = 54 in. = X2
20
CHAPTER 8
SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION
Problem 8.1.
a) Use #3 stirrups spaced at 8.5 in.
b) Use #3 @ 5.0 in.
c) Use #4 @ 6.5 in.
Problem 8.2.
a) Use #3 @ 11.5 in.
b) Use #3 @11 in.
c) Use #3 @6.5 in.
Problem 8.3.
a) Use #3 @13.5 in.
b) Use #4 @ 7 in.
c) Use #4 @ 4.5 in.
Problem 8.4)
1. Vu = 83.25 kip; Vu @ d = 64.29 kip
2. Vc = 0.7535.93 = 26.95 kip < Vu @ d.; Vs = 49.79 kip < Vc1 ,
3. Use #3 @ 6 in.
4. Vs = 20.3 k.
X = 6.29 ft. = 75 in.
5. Distribution of stirrups
1st stirrup @ S/2 =3.0 in.
6 stirrup @6 in. = 39 in. 39 in. > 38.9 in.
4 stirrup @10 in. = 44 in. 79 in. > 75 in.
Problem 8.5)
1. Wu = 7.2 k/ft.; Vu = 64.8 kip; Vu @ d = 50.4 kip
2. Nominal shear provided by concrete
Vc = 23.66 kip < Vu @ d; Vs = 35.65 kip
3. Use #3 @ 7 in.
4. For Smax = 12 in., Vs = 13.2 in.
X at Vc/2 = 88 in.
5. Distribution of stirrups:
Use 1 stirrup @ 2.5 in.
6 stirrup @ 7.0 in. = 42 in. 45.5 > 41.07 in.
4 stirrup @ 12 in. = 48 in. 93.5 > 88.22 in.
21
Problem 8.6)
1. Vu at support = 82 kip, Vu @ d = 68.25 kip
2. Vc = 21.91 k.; Vs = 61.78 kip; Then S2 = d/2 = 8.25 in.
3. Use #3 stirrup @ 3.5 in.
4. For Smax = 4 in.; Vs = 34.04 k.; X = 72.77 in.
5. Distribution of stirrups:
1 stirrup@ 2 in = 2 in.
8-stirrup @ 3.5 in. = 28 in 30 in > 26.7 in.
12-stirrup @ 4 in. = 48 in. 74.7 in.>72.77 in.
Problem 8.7)
1. Mu = 168.5 k-ft ; Use d = 18.6 in.
As = 2.33 in2; Use 3 #9, As = 3.0 in2 and h = 21.5 in
2. Design for shear Vu = 51.02 kip; Vu @ d = 46.27 kip; Vc = 18.75 kip; Vs = 36.69 kip
3. Use #3 @ 5.5 in.
4. Vu = 13.2 k. < Vc = 17.25 k. but > Vc/2 = 8.63 k., Vs = 0
Therefore, use #3 stirrup, 2 legs, at maximum spacing of 6.5 in.; X (at Vc/2) = 72.47 in.
5. Distribution of stirrups (from A):
1st stirrup @ S/2 = 3.0 in.
6 stirrup @ 6.5 in. = 39 in. 42 in. > 36 in.
4 stirrup @ 9.5 in. = 38 in. 80.0 in. > 72.47 in.
Problem 8.8)
1. Mu = 91.5 k-ft; Use d = 12 in.; Use 2 #9, As = 2 in2 and h = 14.5 in (15 in.)
2. Wu = 5.5 k/ft.; Vu = 30.25 kip, Vu @ d = 24.75 kip; Vc = 13.15 kip ; Vs = 19.9 kip
Therefore, use Smax = 6.0 in. all over with first stirrup at 3 in. from the face of the support.
Problem 8.9)
1. Use #3 stirrups, 2 legs, Av = 0.22 in2; let S = S3 = 11 in.
2. h = 37.9 in., say 38 in., d = 35.5 in.
Use 16 38 in. section, with #3 stirrups @ 11 in.
3. Vc = 53.89 k., Vs = 21.4 k.
Problem 8.10)
1. Wu = 7.2 k/ft.; Vu = 64.8 kip; Vu @ d = 50.4 kip
2. Vc = 23.66 kip < Vu @ d; Vs = 35.65 kip
Use stirrup #3, Av = 0.22 in.2; s = 8.5 in.
3. Use #3 @ 8.5 in.
4. For Smax =12 in.; Vs = 19.8 k.; X = 88 in. at Vc /2
5. Distribution of stirrup:
1st stirrup @ 4 in. = 4.0 in.
4 stirrup @ 8.5 in. = 38 in. 42 in. > 35.5 in.
5 stirrup @ 12 in. = 48 in. 90 in. > 88 in.
22
Problem 8.11)
1. Vu at support = 66 kip; Vu @C.L. = 12 kip; Vu @ d = 55.4 kip
2. Vc = 21.91 k., Vs = 54.65 kip
3. Use #4 Stirrups; Smax = 4 in. (Controls)
4. Vs = 27.2 K. for Smax = 8 in.; X1 = 28 in.
5. Distribution of stirrup:
Use 1-stirrup @ 2 in. = 2 in.
17-stirrup @ 4 in. = 68 in. 70 in. > 70 in.
Problem 8.12)
1. Mmax = 1296 k-in.; As = 2.22 in.2
Use 3 #8, As = 2.35 in.2 ; Use h = 15.5 in., d = 13 in.
2. Check at 2 ft. from support: W2 = 6.22 k/ft, Mu= 609.8 k-in.; As = 2.08 in.2, use 3 #8
3. ld = 48 in = 4 ft. from the support.
4. a) At support: Vu = 288 psi
b) At free end Vu = 0
c) Max d = 13 in., for d = 12.5 in.; Vu = 240 psi
d) At midspan Vu = 97 psi
e) Vus = 161.5 psi
f) Choose #3 stirrup@ 5 in.
g) Distribution of stirrups from the support
first stirrup at 2 in. = 2 in
21-stirrup at 5.0 in. = 105 in
Total = 107 in. < 108 in.
23
CHAPTER 9
ONE-WAY SLABS
Problems 9.1(a) - 9.1(j):
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
fc (ksi) 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5
h (in.) 5 6 7 8 5.5 6 7.5 8 5 6
d (in.) 4 4.9 5.9 6.75 4.44 4.8 6.38 6.75 3.94 4.94
As (in2) 0.39 0.46 0.59 0.78 0.37 0.6 0.88 0.79 0.37 0.46
a (in.) 0.76 0.91 1.16 1.53 0.78 1.17 1.72 1.55 0.73 0.90
Mn (k.ft.) 8.03 9.3 11.46 14.51 7.55 11.65 16.0 14.66 7.55 9.21
Problems 9.2(a) - 9.2(j):
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
fc (ksi) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Mu (k.ft.) 5.4 13.8 24.4 8.1 22.6 13.9 13.0 11.2 20.0 10.6
h (in.) 6.0 7.5 9.0 5.0 7.5 8.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 6.0
d (in.) 4.9 6.375 6.7 3.87 6.3 7.375 4.875 4.5 7.8 4.875
(%) 0.43 0.685 0.85 1.11 1.18 0.495 1.10 0.51 0.637 0.9
As (in2) 0.252 0.524 0.95 0.526 0.89 0.438 0.67 0.64 0.59 0.52
Bars No. 4 6 8 5 7 6 6 5 7 6
Spacing (in.) 9 10 9 7 8 12 7.5 5.5 12 10
As (Tran.)* 0.13 0.162 0.194 0.108 0.162 0.184 0.13 0.162 0.168 0.13
Bars No. 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3
Spacing (in.) 10 8 12 12 8 7 10 8 8 10
* Transverse bars (shrinkage and temperature steel).
24
Problem 9.3:
1. M(D.L.) = 9.2 K.ft.; = 0.015
2. Mu = 24.25 K.ft.; W L = 0.258 K/ft. = 258 psf.
Problem 9.4:
1. M u = 170.2 K.ft.
2. d = 8 in.; A s = 1.44 in. 2 ;Use #7 bars spaced at 5 in.
3. Vu at support = 5.24 K. ; V u at distance d = 5.09K.
4. Minimum d for deflection checking = L / 10 = 12 in.
h used = 10 in. < 12 in., therefore deflection should be checked.
5. Use #3 bars spaced at 6 in. (A s = 0.22 in.2 ) for shear
Problem 9.5:
1. Mu = 6.41 K.ft. /ft.; Let d = 5 in.
2. A s = 0.36 in. 2 ;Use # 4 bars spaced at 6 in. (A s = 0.39 in. 2 )
3. Shrinkage reinforcement: A s = 0.144 in. 2 ;Use #3 bars spaced at 9 in. (A s = 0.15
in. 2 )
Problem 9.6:
1. M u (at support) = 42.2 K.ft.; A s = 1.44 in. 2
2. Check section at midspan:
External M u = 18.55 K.ft.
Internal moment = Moment capacity = M u = 30.8K.ft.
Use 10 in. depth at fixed end, 4 in. at free end and # 7 bars spaced at 5in. at the top of
slab.
Problem 9.7:
1. Minimum depth = L / 30 = 5.2 in
For interior spans, minimum depth = L/35 = 4.5 in.
Assume a uniform thickness of 5.0 in.
2. Mu = 5.81 K.ft.; U = 0.344 K/f t .

3. Assume = 0.014 < max = 0.023; d = 3.6 in.
As = 0.60 in.2, choose #5 bars.
h = 4.66 in.; Use h = 5 in., d = 3.94 in.
4. Moments and As required at other locations:

Location Moment Mu Ru % As(in.2) # 5 bars
(See example 9.5) Coeff. K.ft. psi spaced at (in.)
A - 1/24 2.42 156 0.45 0.21 12
B + 1/14 4.15 267 0.80 0.38 9
C - 1/10 5.81 374 1.15 0.54 6
D - 1/11 5.29 341 1.03 0.49 6
E + 1/16 3.63 234 0.7 0.33 9
5. Shear is adequate.
25
Problem 9.8:
L/28 = 5.57 in., use 5 in. and check deflection, or use 5.5 in.
1. Mu = 5.81 K.ft., U = 0.344 K/ft, Use h = 5 in., and assuming #4 bars are used.
Then d = 4.0 in.
2. Moments, As and bars.

Location Moment Mu Ru # 4 bars
2
Coeff. K.ft. psi % As(in. ) spaced at (in.)
A - 1/24 2.42 151 0.33 0.16 12
B + 1/14 4.15 259 0.51 0.25 9
C - 1/10 5.81 363 0.74 0.36 6
D - 1/11 5.29 331 0.68 0.33 6
E + 1/16 3.63 227 0.45 0.22 10
Problem 9.9:
1. Mu = 5.81 K.ft.; U = 0.344 K/ft.
Use h = 5 in. and assume # 4 bars are used then d = 4.0 in.
2. Moments, A s , and bars.

Location Mu Ru % As #4 bars
(See example 9.5) K.ft. Psi (in. 2 ) spacing (in.)
A 2.42 151 0.33 0.16 12
B 4.15 259 0.50 0.24 9
C 5.81 363 0.73 0.36 6
D 5.29 331 0.66 0.33 6
E 3.63 227 0.45 0.22 10
Problem 9.10:
1.a. Design of slab: Assume top slab thickness = 2 in.
Own weight of slab = 25 psf.; D.L. = 55 psf, U = 226 psf.
M u = 1.41 K.in.
1.b. Assuming that moment is resisted by plain concrete only,
M = 1.42 K.in. > Applied moment of 1.41K.in.
1.c. Shrinkage reinforcement, A s = 0.0432 in. 2
Use #3 bars spaced at 12 in. laid normal to the direction of ribs. Similar bars are
used parallel to ribs.
2. Assume h = 12 in. (including 2 in. slab)
U = 713 lb/ft.; Mu = 346.5 K.in.
3. Mu (flange) = 1541 K.in.; Choose 2#5 bars (As = 0.62 in. 2)
4. Shear in rib; Vu (at d distance) = 5771 lbs. < Vc
Use min. stirrups, # 3 spaced at 5 in.
26
Problem 9.11:
1. 2 in. slab reinforced with #3 bars spaced at 12 in.
2. Use h = 12 in., rib height = 10 in.
U = 525 lb/ft.; Mu = 255 K.in.
Choose 2#5 bars (As = 0.62 in. 2)
3. Shear is adequate
Problem 9.12:
1. Design of slab: same as in Problem 9.10
2. Choose h = 12 in., U = 713 lb/ft.
Calculate M u and As:
For positive moment b = 34 in., and for negative moment, b = 4 in., d = 10.875 in.
Location Moment Mu Ru % As bars

Coeff. K.ft. psi (in) 2
A - 1/24 9.62 244 0.50 0.22 2#3

B + 1/4 16.50 49 - 0.35 2#4
C - 1/10 23.10 586 1.30 0.57 2#5
D + 1/16 14.43 43 - 0.35 2#4
Use 2#4 bars at the bottom of ribs to resist the positive moments, and 2#5 bars at the top of ribs
to resist the negative moments at the interior supports.
2 # 3 bars are used at the top of the ribs only at the exterior supports.
27
CHAPTER 10
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Problems 10.1(a)-10.1(j):
Given: = 0.65, K = 0.8, g (max.) = 8%, g (min.) = 1%
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
fc(ksi.) 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6
As (in.2) 8 25 6.28 15.2 10 5.06 15.2 12.5 10.12 7.59
g (%) 3.13 6.25 4.36 5.28 5.1 1.98 4.18 2.17 3.95 3.16
Pn(k.) 688 1442 439 955 722 712 1244 1634 968 852
Problems 10.2(a)-10.2(e):
Given: = 0.75, K = 0.85, g (max.) = 8%, g (min.) = 1%
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
fc (ksi.) 4 4 5 5 6
Ag (in.2) 153.9 201.1 254.5 314.2 176.7
As (in.2) 8 7.59 10.12 15.2 8
g (%) 5.2 3.77 3.97 4.84 4.53
Pn(k.) 622 710 1049 1391 855
Problem 10.3(a) - 10.3(h): Square and Rectangular Columns.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
fc(ksi.) 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5
Pu (k.) 560 1546 528 764 500 840 492 1564
Ag (in.2) 190 552 138 249 213 272 186 561
Section(in.in.) 14x14 24x24 12x12 16x16 12x18 14x20 12x16 18x32

Ast (in.2) 7.25 17.93 9.3 6.84 4.01 11.72 5.18 10.1
Bars 8#9 16#10 8#10 8#9 6#8 10#10 6#9 8#10

Ties # 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Spacing (in.) 14 18 12 16 12 14 12 18
Add. Ties NO #3@18 NO NO NO #3@14 NO #3@18
28
Problem 10.3(i) 10.3(L): Spiral Columns.
(i) (j) (k) (L)
fc(ksi.) 4 4 4 5
Pu (k.) 628 922 896 662
Ag (in.2) 174 276 226 157
Diam (in.) 16 20 18 15
Ast (in.2) 5.33 6.68 9.54 5.16
Bars 6#9 6#10 8#10 6#9

Spiral # #3 #3 #3 #4
Pitch (in.) 2 2 2 3
29
CHAPTER 11
MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION AND BENDING
11-1-a to 11-1-l. Balanced condition (12 Problems)

Rectangular sections problem 11-1-a Prob. 11-1-b Prob. 11-1-c
Balanced condtion
Pb (k.), Mb (k-ft.) Pb = 372, Mb = 541 162, 146.7 550.9, 922.3
Prob. 11-1-d Prob. 11-1-e Prob. 11-1-f Prob. 11-1-g Prob. 11-1-h
453.5, 781.2 197.9, 252.12 230.1, 310.3 264.1, 330.9 351.1, 365.9
Prob.11-1-i Prob. 11-1-j Prob. 11-1-k Prob. 11-1-l

390.4, 344.5 394.1, 486.7 485.2, 679.2 347.2, 370.4
11-2-a to 11-2-l. Compression controls: e = 6 in (12 Problems); = 0.65

Rectangular sections Prob. 11-2-a Prob. 11-2-b Prob. 11-2-c
Compression controls refer to prob. 11-1-a Refer to 11-1-b Refer to 11-1-c
Pn (k.), Mn (k.-ft.) Pn = 775.4, Mn = 387.7 264.6, 132.3 1208.6, 604.3
Refer to 11-1-d Refer to 11-1-e Refer to 11-1-f Refer to 11-1-g Refer to 11-1-h
993.2, 496.6 384.6, 192.3 465, 232.5 524.9, 262.4 604.6, 302.3
Prob. 11-2-i Prob. 11-2-j Prob. 11-2-k Prob. 11-2-l

Refer to11-1-i Refer to 11-1-j Refer to 11-1-k Refer to 11-1-l
551.0, 275.5 741, 370.5 994.6, 497.32 613, 306.6
11-3-a to 11-3-l. Tension controls: e = 24 in (12 Problems)

Rectangular sections Prob. 11-3-a Prob. 11-3-b Prob. 11-3-c
tension controls refer to prob. 11-1-a refer to 11-1-b Refer to 11-1-c
Pb (k.), Mb (k-ft) Pb = 258.8, Mb = 517.6 61.4, 122.8 452.5, 904.9
Refer to 11-1-d Refer to 11-1-e Refer to 11-1-f Refer to 11-1-g Refer to 11-1-h
384.7, 769.5 116.8, 233.7 146.2, 292.4 152.12, 304.24 152.71, 305.43
Step Prob. 11-3-i Prob. 11-3-j Prob. 11-3-k Prob. 11-3-l

Refer to 11-1-i Refer to 11-1-j Refer to 11-1-k Refer to 11-1-l
11 146.26, 292.53 215.09, 430.18 309.47, 618.93 149.20, 298.40
30
Problem 11.4:
Balanced condition: cb = 12.72in, ab = 10.82in.
Cc = 588.38K; Cs1 = 286.4K; Cs2 = 58.94K
Tension zone: = 0.65; s2 = 5.7510-4, fs3 = 16.69Ksi,
Pb = 587.73K; Mb = 816.97K.ft,
e = 8in., e < eb compression controls. Assume c = 16.43 in., a = 13.96 in.
Cc = 783.4 K, Cs1 = 286.4K, Cs2 = 97.17 K, Cs3 = 14.60 K
Tension zone: = 0.65; s = 9.2610-4, fs = 26.85Ksi,
Pn = 1063 K; Mn = 708.71 K.ft
Check: take moment about As
e/ = 17.5in; Pn = 1026.7 K very close to Pn O.K.
Problem 11.5:
Balanced condition: cb = 10.36in., a = 8.81in.,
Cc = 599.08 K; Cs1 = 358.28 K; Cs2 = 79.02 K; Cs3 =-0.97= Zero
Tension zone: s4 = 9.8210-4, fs = 28.47ksi,
Pb = 584.27K; Mb = 788.16K.ft; eb = 16.19in.
e = 8in., e < eb compression controls.
Assume c = 12.77in., a = 10.8in.
Cc = 734.4K, Cs1 = 358.28K, Cs2 = 104.19K, Cs3 = 39.29K
Tension zone: s4 = 2.310-4, fs = 6.68Ksi, s5 = 0.0011, fs = 32.22Ksi,
Pn = 1014.93K, Mn = 676.62K.ft; e/ = 15.5in.
Problem 11.6:
Balanced condition: cb = 10.36in., a = 8.8in.,
Pb = 408.68K; Mb = 414.1K.ft, eb = 12.16in.
Compression controls: e = 8 < eb comp. controls.
Assume c = 12.09in., a = 10.28in.
Cc = 489.33K; Cs1/ = 169.8K, Cs2/ = 23.28K
Tension zone: s = 0.0013, Pn = 565.62K, Mn = 377.08K.ft; e/ = 15.5in.
Problem 11.7:
Balanced condition: cb = 12.72in., ab = 10.82in.,
Cc = 735.76K; Cs1 = 283K; Cs2 = 68.03K; Cs3 = 3.05K
Tension zone: s4 = 9.510-4, fs = 27.56Ksi,
Pn = 734.27K, Mb = 914.52K.ft, eb = 14.95in.
Compression controls: e = 8 < eb comp. controls.
Assume c = 15.98in., a = 13.58in.
Cc = 923.44K; Cs1 = 283K, Cs2 = 88.26K, Cs3 = 36.54K
Tension zone: s4 = 1.4310-4, fs = 4.19Ksi, s5 = 0.001, fs = 30.05Ksi
Pn = 1172.6K, Mn = 781.73K.ft
31
Problem 11.8:
a: Choose #4 ties spaced at 18in.
Pn = 821.23K; Mn = 403.1K.ft O.K.
b:As/ = 3.68in.2 use 5#8 (As/ = 3.93in.2)
Pn = 643.1K, Mn = 669.65K.ft
c: As = As/ = 7.56in.2, use 6#10
Pn = 756.25K, Mn = 1608K.ft
d: As = As/ = 4.73in.2, use 6#9
Pn = 682.7K, Pn = 443.8K > Pu, O.K.
e: As = As/ = 7.59 in2, use 6#10
Pn = 1 753.93 K
f: As = As/ = 0.031824/2 = 6.48in.2, Use 5#10
Pn = 1114.26 K, Pn = 724.3 K > Pn O.K.
g: As = As/ = 0.021420/2 = 2.8in.2, Use 3#9
Pn = 453.12K, Pn = 317.2K; O.K. section is adequate.
h: As = As/ = 6.57in.2, use 6#10
Pn = 1617.7K, Pn = 1051.5 K > Pu, O.K. Section is adequate.
i: As = As/ = 0.022014/2 = 2.8in.2, Use 2#10
Pn = 923.93K, Pn = 600.5 K > Pu ; O.K. section is adequate.
j: As = As/ = 2.64in2, Use 4#9
Pn = 1037.86 K, Pn = 674.6 K > Pu, O.K. section is adequate.
Problem 11.9:
a: Pn = 265K compared to 265 K by calculation.
b: Pn = 991K compared to 993.2 K by calculation.
c: Pn = 462.9K compared to 465 K by calculation.
d: As = As/ = 5.8in2, Use 5#10, As = 6.33in.2
e: As = As/ = 6.48in.2, Use 6#10, As = 7.59in.2
f: As = As/ = 8.4in.2, Use 7#10, As = 8.86in.2
Problem 11.10:
Pb = 67.11K, Pb = 43.62K
Mb = 86.9K.ft, Mb = 56.5K.ft, e = 15.54in.
Problem 11.11:
Pb = 222.33K, Pb = 144.5 K
Mb = 229.61K.ft; Mb = 149.3K.ft, eb = 10.5 in.
Problem 11.12:
Pb = 427.85K, Pb = 278.1K
Mb = 420K.ft; Mb = 273K.ft, eb = 11.78in.
32
Problem 11.13:
Pb = 677.6K, Pb = 440.4K
Mb = 655.7K.ft, Mb = 425.8K.ft, eb = 11.6in.
Problem 11.14:
a: Pn = 108K (tied); Mn = 53.9K.ft (tied)
b: Pn = 271.4K (tied); Mn = 135.5K.ft (tied)
c: Pn = 495K (tied); Mn = 247.7K.ft (tied)
d: Pn = 731.8K (tied); Mn = 366.3K.ft (tied)
Problem 11.15:
a: Pbx = 572.5K, Mbx = 790.9K.ft; eb = 16.58in.
Pby = 536 K, Mby = 482 K.ft; eby = 10.79in.
Pny = 833.55K, Mny = 416.77K.ft
Pn = 559 K, Pn = 363.3 K
b: Pbx = 576.88K; Mbx = 740.55K.ft; ebx = 15.4in.

Pnx = 929.82K, Mnx = 619.88K.ft
Pny = 1107 K, Mny = 553.6K.ft
Pn = 633 K, Pn = 411.5 K
c:
Pbx = 408.68K; Mbx = 414.1K.ft; eb = 12.16in.
Pby = 368.7K; Mby = 260.3K.ft; eb = 8.47in.
Pny = 496.8K, Mny = 248.4K.ft
Pn = 323 K., Pn = 210 K.
d:
Pbx = 718.7K; Mbx = 865.6K.ft, ebx = 14.5in.
Pnx = 1 093.6K, Mnx = 729.1K.ft
Pby = 701.9K; Mby = 699.6K.ft, eby = 12 in.
Pny = 1145.3K, Mny = 572.65K.ft
Pn = 717.6 K., Pn = 466 K.
Problem 11.16:
a: Pn = 566.34K, Pn = 368 K
b: Pn = 674.3K., Pn = 438.3K
c: Pn = 335 K., Pn = 218 K
d: Pn = 732.24 K, Pn = 476 K
Problem 11.17:
a: Pn = 645 K., Pn = 419 K
b: Pn = 749 K., Pn = 487 K
c: Pn = 355 K., Pn = 231 K
d:Pn = 817 K., Pn = 531 K
33
Problem 11.18:
X-axis: Pn = 1113.4Kk, Pu = 723.5K; Mn = 556.7K.ft, Mu = 362K.ft
Y-axis: Pn = 833.65Kk, Pu = 542K; Mn = 416.8K.ft, Mu = 271K.ft
Biaxial load: Bresler method; Pu = 397K, Pn = 611.3K
Hsu method; Pu = 455K, Pn = 701K
Problem 11.19:
X-axis: Pn = 1107K, Pu = 720K; Mn = 553.56K.ft, Mu = 360K.ft
Y-axis: Pn = 1107K, Pu = 720K; Mn = 553.56K.ft, Mu = 360K.ft
Biaxial load: Bresler method: Pu = 462K, Pn = 710.6K
Hsu method: Pu = 549 K, Pn = 845K
Problem 11.20:
X-axis: Pn = 674.1K, Pu = 438K; Mn = 337.1K.ft, Mu = 219K.ft
Y-axis: Pn = 494.9K, Pu = 322K; Mn = 247.45K.ft, Mu = 160.8K.ft
Biaxial load: Bresler method: Pu = 232.7K, Pn = 358.1K
Hsu method: Pu = 262K, Pn = 403K
Problem 11.21:
X-axis: Pn = 1289.7K, Pu = 838.3K; Mn = 644.86K.ft, Mu = 419.1K.ft
Y-axis: Pn = 1145.2K, Pu = 744.4K; Mn = 572.6K.ft, Mu = 372.2K.ft
Biaxial load: Bresler method: Pu = 518.1K, Pn = 797.13K
Hsu method: Pu = 587K, Pn = 903K
34
CHAPTER 12
SLENDER COLUMNS
Problem 12.1:
1.) Pu = 306 kips; Mu = 300.4 k-ft.; e = 11.8 in.
2.) (K lu) / r = 37.5 34-12(M1 / M2) = 22; NO; Consider the slenderness effect.
3.) EI = 15341171 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 3245.269 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) ns = 1.144
7.) Pn = 470.8 kips; Mn = 462.2 k-ft.; Mc = 528.76 k-ft.; e = 13.48 in.
8.) Pn = 345.787 kips > Pu = 306 Kips
Problem 12.2:
1.) Pu = 306 kips, Mu = 300.4 k-ft.; e = 11.8 in.
2.) Consider the slenderness effect.
3.) EI = 15341171 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 7301,856 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) ns = 1.06
8.) Pn = 366.52 kips > Pu
Problem 12.3:
1.) Pu = 306 kips; Mu = 300.4 k-ft.; e = 11.8 in.
3.) EI = 15341171 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 3915.788 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) ns = 1.116
8.) Pn = 352.6 kips > Pu
Problem 12.4:
1.) Pu = 383 kips, Mu = 256.4 k-ft.; e = 8.03 in.
3.) EI = 38374084.45 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 7085.45 kips
5.) Cm = 0.8667 > 0.40
6.) ns = 0.934 < 1.0 , use 1.0
8.) Pn = 933.6 kips > Pu
35
Problem 12.5:
1.) Pu = 383 kips, Mu = 256.4 k-ft.; e = 8.03 in.
3.) EI = 38374084.45 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 9254.463 kips
5.) Cm = 0.8667 > 0.40
6.) ns = 0.917 < 1.0 use 1.0
7.) Pn = 589.23 kips, Mn = 394.462 k-ft.; Mc = 394.462 k-ft.; e = 8.03 in.
8.) Pn = 933.6 kips > Pu
Problem12.6:
1.) Pu = 383 kips, Mu = 256.4 k-ft.; e = 8.03 in.
3.) EI = 38374084.45 k- in2
4.) Pc = 10273.9 kips
5.) Cm = 1
6.) ns = 1.052
7.) Pn = 589.23 kips, Mn = 394.462 k-ft.; Mc = 414.974 k-ft.; e = 8.45 in.
8.) Pn = 904.283 kips > Pu
Problem 12.7:
1.) Pu = 383 kips, Mu = 256.4 k-ft.; e = 8.03 in.
3.) EI = 37.084 106 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 4722.24 kips
5.) Cm = 0.867
6.) s = 1.12 < 1; use 1.0
7.) Pn = 589.23 kips, Mn = 394.462 k-ft.; Mc = 441.797 k-ft., e = 9.0 in.
8.) Pn = 1217.7 kips > Pu
Problem 12.8:
1.) Pu = 449.4 kips, Mu = 141 k-ft.; e = 3.765 in.
3.) EI = 9685418 k- in2
4.) Pc = 1659.6 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) s = 1.565
7.) Pn = 691.385 kips, Mn = 216.923 k-ft; Mc = 339.484 k-ft., e = 5.89 in.
8.) Pn = 512.911 kips > Pu
36
Problem 12.9:
1.) Pu = 449.4 kips, Mu = 141 k-ft.; e = 3.765 in.
3.) EI = 9685418 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 6638.28 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) s = 1.1
7.) Pn = 691.385 kips, Mn = 216.923 k-ft.; Mc = 238.615 k-ft., e = 4.142 in.
8.) Pn = (0.65) (968.710) = 629.662 kips > Pu
Problem 12.10:
1.) Pu = 449.4 kips, Mu = 141 k-ft.; e = 3.765 in.
3.) EI = 18255749 k- in.2
4.) Pc = 1285.37 kips
5.) Cm = 1.0
6.) s = 1.872
7.) Pn = 953 kips, Mn = 216.923 k-ft.; Mc = 309.332 k-ft., e = 5.369 in.
8.) Pn = 619.54 kips > Pu
37
CHAPTER 13
FOOTINGS
Problem 13.1: Wall Footings:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
h (in.) 19 17 20 27 23 19 19 21 14 16
d (in.) 15.5 13.5 16.5 23.5 19.5 15.5 15.5 17.5 10.5 12.5
L (ft.) 10 7.5 8.5 15.0 11 9 11.5 11.0 6 7
Pu (k.) 45.6 44 59.2 69.6 64 60.8 52.8 65.6 44 51.2
qu (ksf.) 4.56 5.87 6.96 4.8 5.82 6.76 4.59 5.96 7.33 7.31
Vu1 (k.) 14.63 12.47 15.95 23.00 18.67 17.18 17.41 20.63 11.91 13.71
Mu (k.ft.) 46.17 31.00 46.79 111.00 67.96 49.67 59.32 72.09 22.91 31.09
As (in.2) 0.7 0.54 0.66 1.10 0.83 0.77 0.92 0.98 0.54 0.59
Bar No. 7 5 6 8 8 7 8 7 5 6
spacing (in.) 9 9 7.5 8 10 9 9 7 7 8

ld (in.) 48 28 33 55 55 42 55 42 24 29
ldav (in.) 51 36 41 77 55 43 59 53 27 32
Ash (in.2) 0.41 0.367 0.43 0.58 0.5 0.41 0.41 0.45 0.3 0.346
Bar No. 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5
spacing (in.) 9 10 8 9 10 9 9 8 12 10
38
Problem 13.2: Square Footings.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
2
AF (ft. ) 61.38 47.9 77.1 77.5 69.1 95.4 61.5 95.1 46.6 60.4
h (in.) 20 19 23 24 21 21 20 22 16 18
d (in.) 15.5 14.5 18.5 19.5 16.5 16.5 15.5 17.5 11.5 13.5
L (ft.) 8 7 9 9 8.5 10 8 10 7 8
Pu (k.) 364 352 548.4 440 424 452 432 546 280 276
qu (ksf.) 5.7 7.2 6.8 5.4 5.9 4.5 6.8 5.5 5.7 4.3
Vu1 (k.) 23.1 77.7 130.1 115.4 114.9 113.1 106.5 148.96 68.2 75.97
Vu2 (k.) 325.5 300 480.8 400.2 388.2 417 382.2 426.3 240.0 249.2
Mu (k.ft.) 253.3 190.6 411.4 388.8 337.2 422.5 287.3 477.4 141.9 191.1
As (in.2) 3.75 3.0 5.1 4.6 4.7 5.9 4.3 6.24 2.9 3.3
Bars 10#6 8#6 13#6 12#6 12#6 11#7 11#6 9#8 8#6 9#6
ld (in.) 33 33 33 33 29 42 29 48 29 33
ldav (in.) 37 30 41 45 41 49 36 47 30 38
N1 (k.) 424.3 537 663 238.6 433.2 565.5 716 884 696.4 334.2
x 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ads (in.2) 1.28 1.62 2.0 5.54 0.98 1.28 1.62 2.0 1.57 1.0
Ldd (in.) 22 22 24.7 22 21.4 21.4 19 21.4 21.4 22
39
Problem 13.3: Rectangular Footings:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

2
AF (ft. ) 61.4 47.9 77.6 78 69.6 96.7 61.5 95
L (ft.) 10.5 8 10 10 10 12.5 10.5 11
B (ft.) 6 6 8 8 7 8 6 9
h (in.) 23 20 23 24 21 21 23 22
d (in.) 18.5 15.5 18.5 19.5 16.5 16.5 18.5 17.5
Pu (k.) 364 352 548.4 440 424 452 432 546
qu (ksf.) 5.78 7.33 6.86 5.5 6.06 4.52 6.86 5.52
Vu1 (k.) 105.5 56.2 111.5 103.1 93.4 110.6 51 134.1
Vu2 (k.) 316.4 294.7 478.2 402.1 385.1 418.8 368.7 492.6
MuL (k.ft.) 363.7 232.3 476.4 445.5 413.7 563.62 416.7 540.96
MuS (k.ft.) 165.2 148.4 344 336.9 257.8 313.9 182.3 408.2
AsL (in.2) 4.52 3.47 5.92 5.25 5.79 7.9 5.2 7.12
Bars 9#7 10#6 11#7 10#7 9#8 9#9 10#7 8#9
AsS (in.2) 5.22 3.46 4.95 5.18 4.54 5.7 5.22 5.23
Bars 12#6 8#6 11#6 12#6 8#7 10#7 9#7 10#7
AsB (in.2) 3.79 2.98 4.42 4.61 3.7 4.44 3.76 5.28
Bars 9#6 7#6 10#6 11#6 6#7 8#7 7#7 9#7
AsE (in.2) 1.8 0.87 0.8 0.84 1.09 1.6 1.77 0.76
Bars 4#6 4#6 2#6 2#6 2#7 4#7 4#7 2#7
ldL (in.) 48 33 48 48 48 54 42 54
ldaL (in.) 52 36 47 51 50 64 51 53
lds (in.) 28 33 33 33 42 42 42 42
ldas (in.) 25* 24* 35 39 32* 37* 24* 41
N1 (k.) 424.3 537 663 238.6 433.2 565.5 716 884
Ads (in.2)) 1.28 1.62 2.0 5.55 1.0 1.28 1.62 2.0
x 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 4
ldd (in.) 22 25 25 22 22 22 19 22
40
Problem 13.4: Rectangular footings.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

2
AF (ft. ) 61.4 47.9 77.6 78
L (ft.) 9.5 8.5 11 11
B (ft.) 6.5 5.75 7.25 7.25
h (in.) 20 21 26 24
d (in.) 15.5 16.5 21.5 19.5
Pu (k.) 364 352 548.4 440
qu (ksf.) 5.9 7.2 6.88 5.52
Vu1 (k.) 110.26 91.43 151.72 135.07
Vu2 (k.) 321.05 292.39 466.4 394.6
MuL (k.ft.) 294.15 241.64 505.04 451.48
MuS (k.ft.) 199.29 149.23 331.17 296.48
AsL (in.2) 4.43 3.38 5.44 5.42
Bars 9#7 9#6 10#7 10#7
AsS (in.2) 4.10 3.86 6.18 5.70
Bars 11#6 9#6 10#7 10#7
AsB (in.2) 3.59 3.2 4.9 4.49
Bars 8.#6 8#6 8#7 8#7
AsE (in.2) 1.02 1.0 1.77 1.57
Bars 4#6 4#6 4#7 4#6
ldL (in.) 48 33 48 48
ldaL (in.) 44* 38 51 54
lds (in.) 33 33 48 48
ldas (in.) 29* 24* 33* 35*
N1 (k.) 464.3 530.2 636.1 357.5
Ads (in.2)) 1.4 1.6 1.92 2.49
x 4 4 4 4
ldd (in.) 22 25 25 22
41
Problem 13.5: Plain concrete wall footings:
(a) (b) (c) (d)

D.L. (k.) 11 9 14 13
L.L. (k.) 6 7 8 12
B (ft.) 5 4 4 7.5
h (in.) 22 20 22 34
d (in.) 19 17 19 31
Pu (k.) 22.8 22 29.6 34.8
4.56 5.5 7.4 4.64
qu (ksf.)
9.12 6.19 7.43 23.27
Mu (k.ft.)
Ig (in4) 6859 4913 6859 29791
152 129 124 145
ft (psi.)
fta (psi.) 178 178 178 178
1.9 0.46 0 2.71
Vu (k.)
18.75 16.76 21.85 35.66
Vc (k.)
Problem 13.6:
1. Pe = 300 K; Pi = 390 K; L = 18 ft.
2. Use 9 18 ft.
3. Pu = 944 K; Pue= 416 K., Pui= 528 K; q u = 5.83 Ksf; q u= 52.5 K/ft. length.
a) Shearing forces = 13.125 K.
Shear at right side of Pe = 324.125 K.
Shear at right side of Pi = 113.7 K.
Shear at left side of Pi = 326.7 K.
b) Bending moment:
At right of interior column: Mu = 123.04 K.ft.; At left of interior column: Mu = 54.82 K.ft.
Max. moment at zero shear; from left hand side, Mmax = 1232.14 K.ft.
4.a) Vu(max) = 366.7 K; VU @ d = 215.14 K.
b) heck depth for two-way shear: (a + d) = 45.5 in;b0 = 111 in.
5. Design for bending moment in the longitudinal direction:
Use 12 #9 bars, (As = 12 in.2). Spacing = 9.3 in.
6. Design for beading moment in the short direction:
Use 9 #7 bars-(AS = 5.41 in.2), Spacing = 12.75 in.
42
Problem 13.7:
Footing No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D.L. (K) 130 220 150 180 200 240
L.L. (K) 160 220 210 180 220 200
L.L. / D.L. 1.23 1.00 1.40 1.00 1.10 0.83
Usual Load (K) 170 275 202.5 225 255 290
Area = (Usual Load/2.81) 60.5 97.9 72.0 80.1 90.7 103.2
Max. Soil Pressure (Ksf) 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.3
Problem 13.8:
1. P = 360 K; M= 230 K.ft., e = 7.67 in., say 8 in.
2. a)Assume total depth = 2 ft., and assume the weight of the soil is 100 pcf.
Net upward pressure = 3.5Ksf; Choose a footing (11 x 10) ft
b) P u = 496 K; q u = 4.51 Ksf.
Max. moment in the long direction, M u = 640.62 K.ft.
Max. moment in the short direction, M u = 502.30 K.ft.
3. V u = 167.25K
4. Two way shear: b0 = 142 in.; A0 = 1244.25 in.2; V u = 457.03K.
5. Reinforcement in the long direction:
Use 9 #10 (11.39in. 2 ) spaced at 14.25in., provided l d > required 32 in.
6. Reinforcement in the short direction:
Use 9 #9 (9 in. 2 ) spaced at 15.75 in., provided l d > required 28 in.
7.Long direction, ld = 53 in. > required ld = 32 in.
Short direction, ld = 49 in. > required ld = 25 in.
8. Bearing stress at column base:
N1 = 530.1 K > Pu = 496 K
Problem 13.9:
1. Assume a total footing depth = 28 in.,
Allowable upward pressure = q net = 3488 psf.
P = 360 K; M = 230 K.ft; e = 7.67 in. Choose a footing 8 x 16 ft.
2. Pu = 496 K; Mu = 320 K.ft.
3. Distance from edge of footing = 5.29 ft.; V u = 190.3 K.
4. bo = 154 in . ; q at center of column = 3.88 Ksf.; V u = 456.5 K.
5. Reinforcement in the long direction:
Choose 15 #9 bars (A s = 15 in. 2 ); Spacing = 6.4 in.
6. Reinforcement in the short direction:
Use 20 #8 bars (As = 15.7 in.2) ; Spacing = 9.8 in.
7. Development lengths ld in both directions for #9 and #8 bars are adequate.
Problem 13.10:
1. Assume total depth = 27 in; q net = 3488 psf.; P = 360 K, M = 230 K, e = 7.67 in.
2. Choose a square footing 12 x 12 ft.
3. qmax < q (allowable)
43
CHAPTER 14
RETAINING WALLS
Problem 14.1:
1. Using Rankine formula: Ca = 1/3 and Cp = 3.0; Ha = 1833 lbs., acting @3.33 ft. from base.
Overturning moment Mo = 6.10 K.ft.
2. Calculate the balancing moment taken about toe O.
W1 = 7250 lbs., arm = 2.5 ft., Ml = 18.125 K.ft.
-W2 = -1305, arm = 1.0 ft., -M2 = -1.305 K.ft.
R = W = 5945 lb., M b = 16.82 K.ft.
Factor of safety against overturning = 2.76 > 2.0
3. Force resisting sliding, F = 2.97 K.; Factor of safety against sliding = 1.62 > 1.5
4. q(max) = 2.19 Ksf < 3.5 Ksf; q(min) = 0.19 Ksf.
Problem 14.2:
1. Using Rankine formula, Ca = 1/3 and Cp = 3.0; Ha = 4125 lbs., acting @15/3 = 5 ft. from base.
Overturning moment M o = 20.625 K.ft.
2. Calculate the balancing moment taken about the toe O:
Weight lb. arm (ft) Moment

W1 = 3770 2.00 7.54
W2 = 3770 4.33 16.32
W3 = 2320 4.00 9.28
W4 = 2860 5.67 16.22
W5 = 1430 7.5 10.72
Total W = R = 14.150 K. Mb = 60.08

3. Force resisting sliding: F = 7.08 K; Factor of safety against sliding = 1.72 > 1.5
4. q(max) = 3.37 Ksf < 3.5 Ksf; q(min) = 0.164 Ksf.
Problem 14.3: (a) to (j)

BALANCED FORCES AND MOMENTS:
ITEM WEIGHT ARM MOMENT
(K) (FT) (K.FT)
RESULTANT 7.540 4.24 32.000
EARTH PRESSURE FORCES AND MOMENTS:

FORCE ARM MOMENT
(K) (FT) (K. FT)
TOTAL 2.146 4.00 8.585
FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING = 3.73

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING = 1.76
44
Problem 14.3 (e):
(K) (FT) (K. FT)
RESULTANT 12.604 5.72 72.139

FORCE ARM MOMENT
(K) (FT) (K. FT)
TOTAL 4.307 5.67 24.409

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING = 1.63
Problem 14.4 (e) :

1. Balanced forces and Moments:
W1 = 2.325 K arm = 4 ft M = 9.3K.ft.
W2 = 0.581 arm = 3.33 M = 1 .938
W3 = 2.025 arm = 4.5 M = 9.113
W4 = 7.673 arm = 6.75 M = 51.79
W6 = 1.35 arm = 6.75 M = 9.113
Total W = 13.964 Total M = 81.25
2. Earth pressure forces and moments:

PAH = 4.307 K arm = 5.67 ft. M = 24.41 K.ft.
PH2 = 1.382 arm = 8.5 ft. M = 11.76 K.ft.
Total P = 5.69 Total M = 36.16
Overturning F.S. = 81.25/ 36.16 = 2.24 OK
3. Sliding: F.S.= 1.23 less than 1.5, NO GOOD;

Key 1.5 x 1.5 ft is not adequate.
Increase length of footing L to 11 ft. Shear in toe is not adequate and depth of footing hf to 21.
Problem 14.5 (e):

(K) (FT) (K. FT)
RESULTANT 12.800 5.75 73.612

FORCE ARM MOMENT
(K) (FT) (K. FT)
TOTAL: 4.906 5.93 29.100
FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING (Pp INCLUDED)= 2.05
45
Problem 14.6 (e) to (h):
All the steel areas are given at the last part of each problem of 14.3 (e) to (h).
Problem 14.7:
1. For = 33, C a = 0.295
Ha = 7.08 K; Mo = 47.2 K.ft.
Weight arm (ft) Moment (k.ft.)

W 1 = 2.4 4.50 10.8
W 2 = 1.2 3.67 4.4
W 3 = 3.6 6.00 21.6
W 4 = 13.44 8.50 114.2
W = R = 20.64 M = 151.0
2. Check sliding condition: F = 9.29; F.S. = 1.31 < 1.5 Not good, use Key 1.5 x 1.5ft
F.S. (sliding) = 1.56 > 1.5
3. q 1 =0.83 = 2 .55 ksf; q 2 = 0.89 ksf
F = 1 1 . 3 1 K ; F . S . ( s l i d i n g ) = 1.6 > 1.5
Problem 14.11:
1. For = 30, Ca = 0.333, hs(Surcharge) = 3.33 ft.
pa (soil) = 0.5 Ksf, Ha = 3.125 K.
pw (water) = 0.78 Ksf., Hw = 4.875 K.
For intermittently wet ground, Hw = 2.44 K.
Ps (surcharge) = 0.133 Ksf., Hs= 1.66 K.
2. Mu = 18.23 K.ft; R (top) = 2.78 K; R (bottom) = 8.8 K.
Mu(positive) = 7.77 K.ft.
3. Use #6 bars spaced at 6 in.
For Mu = 7.77 K.ft; Use #5 bars spaced at 12 in.
For longitudinal reinforcement: use #4 bars spaced at 12 in. (As = 0.20 in.2)
46
CHAPTER 15
DESIGN FOR TORSION
Problem 15.1:
Tcr = 349.8 K .in.
Problem 15.2:
Tcr = 170.8 K .in.
Problem 15.3:
Acp = 428in.2 ;Pcp = 138 in.
Tcr = 251.9 K .in. Tn = 63 K .in.
Problem 15.4:
Acp = 608in.2, Pcp = 156in.
Tcr = 449.6 K .in.

Problem 15.5:
Acp = 336 in.2; Pcp = 76in.2
If flanges are included, then Tcr = 390.5 k.ft and Tn = 97.7 k.ft.
Problem 15.6:
Acp = 504in.2, Pcp = 132 in.
Problem 15.7:
Vc = 25.9 K
Vc
Vu = 36 f
2
Pcp = 72 in.
Design for torsion: Assume 1.5in. cover concrete cover and #4 stirrups
Aoh = 194.25 in.2; Ao = 165.11 in.2, Pn = 58 in.
Use #4 stirrups, use S = 7 in.
Problem 15.8:
Total area of closed stirrups:
For one leg: Avt/S = 0.015+0.004 = 0.019in2 (per one leg)
Use #4 stirrups, Use S = 7in
Problem 15.9:
Vc = 22.2 K < Vu shear reinforcement required.
Acp = 264 in2, Pcp = 68 in, Ta = 48.6K.in; Ta<Tu torsional reinforcement required.
Design for shear: Av/S = 0.043 in2/in (2legs); Av/2S = 0.043/2 = 0.0215 in2/in (leg)
Design for torsion: Assume 1.5in cover and use # 4 stirrups @ S = 4 in.
LHS = 463Psi, RHS = 474.3Psi > LHS O.K., Tn = 300/0.75 = 400 K.in
Distribution of longitudinal bars: Total = 1.35in2, Al/3 = 0.45
47
Problem 15.10:
Ta = 61.5K.in torsional reinforcement required.
Vc = 22.2 K shear reinforcement required
Design for shear:
Av/S = 50.4/(6019.5) = 0.043in2/in (two legs)
Av/2S = 0.0215 in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion:
Aoh = 197.3in2; Ao = 167.7 in2; Ph = 91 in.
LHS = 485, RHS = 474.3 < LHS, section is not adequate.
Problem 15.11:
Design for moment: assume a = t = 6in
Mu = 3000Kips.in<Muft = 11181 K.in., Then rectangular section
Use 4#9 bars; use one raw of bars
Vc = 31Kips; Vu = 28K> Vc/2 shear reinforcement required.
Ta = 76.8K.in. Torsional reinforcement required.
Design for shear:
Av/S = 0.006 in2/in(2 legs); Av/2S = 0.003 in2/in(one leg)
Design for torsion:
LHS = 375.7, RHS = 474.4>LHS O.K., Tn = 300/0.75 = 400 K.in
Use #3stirrups @ S = 5.5in
Problem 15.12:
Design for moment:
Mu = 4800K.in<Muft then rectangular section; Use 5#9
Vc = 29.22K; Vu = 36> Vc/2 shear reinforcement is required.
Pcp = 124in. Ta = 77K.in; Torsional reinforcement is required.
Design for shear: Av/S = 0.019in2/in (2 legs), Av/2S = 0.0095in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion: Ao = 206.8in2, Ph = 120in
LHS = 348.6, RHS = 474.2 > LHS O.K., Tn = 480K.in
At/S = 0.019in2 (per one leg)
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Use #4 stirrups @ S = 8in.
Distribution of longitudinal bars: Total 2.28in2, Al/3 = 0.76in2
Problem 15.13:
Mu = 3000K.in<Muft = 8386 K.in. then rectangular section.
Use 4#9 bars in one row, bmin = 11.6in
Vc = 26.8K; Vu = 28K > Vc/2 shear reinforcement is required.
Acp = 448 in2, Pcp = 124in, Ta = 66.5K.in. Torsional reinforcement is required
Design for shear: Av/S = 0.01 in2/in (two legs); Av/2S = 0.005 in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion: Aoh = 243.35in2, Ao = 206.8in2, Pn = 120 in.
LHS = 375.7, RHS = 410.7 > LHS O.K., Tn = 400 Kin, At/S = 0.016in2 (one leg)
Total area of closed stirrups: Use #3 stirrups @ S = 6 in.
Distribution of longitudinal bars: Total = 1.92 in2, Al/3 = 0.64in2
48
Problem 15.14:
As = 3.3in2 use 4#9; Shear and torsional reinforcement are required.
Design for shear: Av/2S = 0.003 in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion: Aoh = 243.25in2, Ao = 206.8in2
Pn = 120in, Acp = 448in2, Pcp = 124in; Tcr = 307K.in < Tu = 300K.in; At/S = 0.016 in2(one leg)
Total area of stirrups: For one leg: Use #3stirrups @ S = 6in
Distribution of longitudinal bars: Total = 1.92in2, Avt/3 = 0.64in2
Problem 15.15:
Design for moment: As = 3.35in2, Use 4#9 bars
Design for shear: Ao/2S = 0.005in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion: Aoh = 243.25in2, Ao = 206.8in2, Pn = 120in; Acp = 448in2, Pcp = 124in
Tcr = 226K.in < Tu, Use Tu = 266K.in; At/S = 0.014in2 (one leg); Al = 0.014120 = 1.7in2
Total area of closed stirrupss: For one leg: Use #3 stirrups; Use S = 6in
Distribution of longitudinal bars: Total = 1.7 in2, Al/3 = 0.57 in2
Problem 15.16:
Design for shear: Av/2S = 0.0058in2/in (one leg)
Design for torsion: Aoh = 194.25, Ao = 165.11, Pn = 58, Acp = 308, Pcp = 72
Tcr = 216.5K.in < Tu = 216.5 K; Use #4 stirrups At 7in.
Problem 15.17:
1. Moy = 334 k.ft., Mox = 248.5 k.ft.; mAsx = 4.86 in.2 , Asy = 5.04 in.2
2. Design for torsion and shear: Tu = 576 k.in., Vu = 12 k.
a.) d = 17.5 in., fc = 4 ksi., fy = 60 ksi,
Vc = 2 f c 'bd = 26.6 k .
b.) Acp = 320 in.2, Pcp = 72 in.; Tu = 576 > Ta = 67.5 K.in. torsional reinforcement is needed.
3. Design for torsion: Assume 1.5 in. cover concrete cover and #4 stirrups.
a.) Aoh = 206.25 in.2, Ph = 58 in.2, Ao = 175.3 in.2
b.) LHS = 464.psi., RHS = 474.5 psi, RHS > LHS o.k. Section is adequate.
c.) Al (min.) is not critical
d.) For one-leg Use #4 stirrups @ 6 in.
e.) Longitudinal bars: Use Al/4 = on all sides of beam = 0.53 in.2
f.) Choice of steel bars: Use 6 #9 bars (As = 9 in.2)
Problem 15.18:
1. Assume own weight of beam = 0.3 k/ft. Uniform dead load = 1.1 k./ft.; U = 2.34 k./ft.
2. Bending moment at A, Mu = 49.9 k.ft; Tu (at A) = 63.52 k.ft., Vu (at A) = 18.7 k.
3. The section is L-section, but since Mu is small, rect. section is assumed to obtain min. steel.
4. U = 0.25 k./ft., Mu = 8.0 k.ft.; Let t = 5.0 in. slab.
5. Design for shear and torsion: Tu = 591 k.in., d = 21.5 in.; Vu = 14 < Vc /2
Acp = 336 in.2, Pcp = 76 in.; Tu > Ta torsional reinforcement is needed.
LHS = 467.4 psi, RHS = 474.5 psi., RHS > LHS o.k. section is adequate.
Total area of closed stirrups: for one-leg: Use #4 stirrups, use S = 5 in.
49
CHAPTER 16
CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAMES
Problem 16.1:
1. One way slab; Wu = 268 psf
2. Loads on beam: Wu = 2845 lb/ft, Say 2.9 K.ft.
3. Design of moment:
Support: A B C
Steel: 3#7 (1.8 in2) 4#7 (2.41 in2) 4#7 (2.41 in2)
4. Design for shear: Use #3 stirrups spaced at 6 in.
5. Deflection: = 0.06 in.; / L = 1/3990 which is very small.
Problem 16.2:
1.One way slab: Wu = 268 psf. ; Load on beam: Wu = 2.92 K/f t.
2. Design for moments:
Section Support A Support B Support C Midspan AB Midspan BC or D
Bars 2#7 3#7 3#7 2#7 3#7
3. Design for shear: Use #3 stirrups spaced at 8.5 in.
Problem 16.3:
MA=MC= 0; MB = -387.2 K.ft.
RA = 55.87 K.; RB = 192.33 K.; RC = 55.8 K
Section AB B BC
Bars 5#9 4#9+3#8(top) 3#9
2#9(bottom)
5. Design for shear: Use #4 stirrups spaced at 3.5 in.
Problem 16.4:
Section AB B BC
Bars 3#9 6#9 2#9+2#8
Design for shear: Use #4 stirrups at 3.5 in.
Problem 16.5:
1.) Assume beam 16 x 34 in., and column 16 x 30 in.
Section Supports B,C , Midspan E
Bars 2#10 + 6#9(8.53 in2) (5#10 + 3#9)(As=9.33 in2)
Design for shear: Use #4 stirrups at 4 in., max spacing = 15 in.
2. Design of columns AB, DC;
a) Section B: Provided P n = 230,9 K > 186.1 required
b) Section at midheight of column: Provided P n = 332.1 K > 192 K required.
c) Ties: choose #4 ties spaced at S = 16 in.
3. Use crossing bars 5#9 and 4#7; Use 4#4 ties within a length = a = 9 in.
4. Rectangular footing: use 7.5 x 4 ft.
Longitudinal steel: Use 5#6 bars in the longitudinal direction (As = 2.21 in.2)
Transverse steel: Use 7#7 bars in the short direction.
50
Problem 16.7:
Mp = 494.2 K.ft.
Problem 16.8:
Mp = 300 K.ft.
Problem 16.9:
Mu = 171 K.ft.
Design critical sections: use 3#9 bars (As = 3.0 in.2)
Let h = 19 in., d = 16.5 in.
Fixed end moments at fixed ends using ultimate loads: M FA = MFB = -228 K.ft.; MA = 171 K.ft.
Rotation capacity provided: A = 0.0101 greater than the required of 0.0062.
Deflection: = 0.266 in.; /L = 1/902 which very small.
Shear: Use #4 stirrups spaced at 8 in.
Problem 16.10:
Final moments:
Section D.L. L.L. L.L. D.L.+L.L D.L.+L.L.
Support moments max (-) max (+) max (-) max (+)
B -311 -302.4 52.8 -613.4* -258.2

C -311 -302.4 52.8 -613.4* -258.2
Midspan
AB 276.6 -79.2 280.8 197.4 557.4*
BC 121.0 -158.4 201.6 -37.4 322.6*
CD 276.6 -79.2 280.8 197.4 557.4
*= Design Moments
Problem 16.11:
Final moments:
Moment due to DL L.L. L.L. Col.1+Co1.2 Col. 1+Co1. 3
Section max ve max +ve max -ve max +ve
Support A 0 0 0 0 0
B -333.3 -312.5 - -645.8* -333.3
C -222.2 -277.7 - -499.9* -222.2
D -333.3 -312.5 - -645.8* -333.3
E 0 0 0 0 0
Midspan AB +265.4 -84.9 +276.4 +180.5 +541.8*

BC +154.3 -141.5 +218.6 +12.8 +372.9*
CD +154.3 -141.5 +218.6 +12.8 +372.9*
DE +265.4 -84.9 +276.4 +180.5 +541.8*
51
CHAPTER 17
DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS
Problem 17.1:
Prob.# ln1 ln2 h = ln/30 h = ln/33 h (in.) Totol floor
a 18 18 7.27.5 6.547.0 7.5
b 22 22 8.89.0 8.0 9.0
c 24 24 9.610 8.739.0 10.0
d 18 14 7.27.5 6.547.0 7.5
e 22 18 8.89.0 8.0 9.0
f 24 20 9.610 8.739.0 10.0
g 28 22 11.211.5 10.1810.5 11.5
h 28 28 11.211.5 10.1810.5 11.5
Problem 17.2 (a):

Strip Column strip Middle Strip
Moment sign Neg. Pos. Neg. Pos.
Mu (k.ft.) - 150.1 64.6 - 50.0 43.1
As = bd (in.2) 5.46 2.6 2.6 2.6
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73
Straight bars 18#5 9#5 9#5 9#5
Spacing = b/No.2hs18 in. 6.7 13 13 13
Problem 17.2(b.):
Mu (k.ft.) - 317.8 136.9 - 105.9 91.3
As = bd (in.2) 7.02 5.05 5.05 5.05
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11
Straight bars 12#7 12#6 12#6 12#6
Spacing = b/No.2hs 18 in. 12 12 12 12
52
Problem 17.2(c):
Mu (k.ft.) - 411 177 - 137 118
As = bd (in.2) 8.49 5.66 5.66 5.66
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51
Straight bars 14#7 13#6 13#6 13#6
Spacing = b/No.2hs 18 in. 11 12 12 12
Problem 17.3(a):
Long Direction Column strip Middle strip
Ext.(a) Pos.(b) Int.(c) Ext.(a) Pos.(b) Int.(c)
Mu (k.ft.) - 80 96 161.6 0 64 - 53.9
As = bd2 (in.2) 2.80 3.35 5.90 0 2.57 2.57
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73
Straight bars 9#5 12#5 10#7 8#5 9#5 9#5
Spacing = b/No.2hs = 18 in. 13 12 12 15 13 13
Problem 17.3(b):
Long Direction Column strip Middle strip
Ext.(a) Pos.(b) Int.(c) Ext.(a) Pos.(b) Int.(c)
Mu (k.ft.) 169.51 203.41 342.27 0 135.61 114.09
As = bd2 (in.2) 5.2 5.2 7.33 0 5.2 5.2
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11
Straight bars 12#6 12#6 10#8 10#6 12#6 12#6
Spacing = b/No.2hs = 18 in. 12 12 14.4 14.4 12 12
Problem 17.4:
Pro ln1 ln2 h (in.) h (in.) h (in.) drop panel Total depth Length of
b.# (ft.) (ft.) Exterior Interior Totol floor (in.) drop drop panel
panel(in.) (ft.)
a 18 18 6.547 6.0 7.0 2 9 6.676.67
b 22 22 8.0 7.338 8.0 2 10 88
c 24 24 8.29 7.278 9.0 2.25 11.5 8.678.67
d 18 14 6.547 5.455.5 7.0 1.75 9 6.675.33
e 22 18 8.0 6.677 8.0 2 10 86.67
53
f 24 20 8.729 8.0 9.0 2.25 11 8.667.33
g 28 22 10.1810.5 8.5 10.5 2.6 13 108
h 28 28 10.1811.5 10.5 10.5 2.6 13 1010
Problem 17.5(b):
Long & Short Direction
Mo = 572 k.ft. Column strip Middle strip
Neg. Pos. Neg. Pos.
Mu (k.ft.) 280.3 120.1 91.5 80.1
As = bd2 (in.2) 7.76 3.1 3.1 3.1
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11
Straight bars 14#7 11#5 11#5 11#5
Problem 17.6(b):
Mo = 572 k.ft. Column strip Middle strip
Ext. Pos. Int. Ext. Pos. Int.
Mu (k.ft.) 149 178.5 300 119 100
As = bd2 (in.2) 4.04 4.89 8.3 3.1 4.2 3.6
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 2.59 2.59 2.59 2.07 2.07 2.07
Straight bars 12#7 16#5 14#7 8#6 16#5 8#6
Problem 17.7(a):
Column strip Middle strip
Neg. Pos. Neg. Pos.
Mu (k.ft.) -20.6 11.1 -45.8 24.7
As = bd (in.2) low low 2.34 1.20
Steel bars 10#4 10#4 12#4 10#4
Spacing (in.)2hs 14 in. 12 12 10 12
Problem 17.8(a):
Strip Column strip Middle strip
Ext.(-) Pos. Int.(-) Ext.(-) Pos. Int.(-)
Mu (k.ft.) -5.62 18.1 -22.2 -7.7 40.2 49.4
As = bd2 (in.2) low low low low 2.10 2.40
Min. As = 0.0018bhs (in.2) 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
As ( min.=0.0033) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Bars selected 10#4 10#4 10#4 10#4 14#4 14#4
Spacing 15 in. 12 12 12 12 8.5 8.5
54
Problem 17.9:
Waffle slab (Interior panel)
Problem 17.10:
Waffle slab (Exterior panel)
Exterior Slab:
Mni = 1370.74 K.ft.; Mne = 509.12 K.ft.; Mp= 1018.3 K.ft.

Ext.(-) Int.(-) Pos. Ext.(-) Int.(-) Pos.
Mu (k.ft.) 509.12 1028.1 610.98 0 342.64 407.32
As = bd2 (in.2) 9.3 12.8 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3
Min. As = 0.0035bh (in.2) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3
Bars selected #8 12 18 12 12 12 12
Bars per rib #8 2 3 2 0 1 2
Interior Slab:
Mn = -1272.83 K.ft.; Mp= 685.37 K.ft.

negative Positive Negative Positive
Mu (k.ft.) -954.6 411.22 -318.23 274.15
As = bd2 (in.2) 12 9.3 9.3 9.3
Min. As = 0.0035bh (in.2) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3
Bars selected #8 16 12 12 12
Spacing 3 2 1 1
55
CHAPTER 18
STAIRS
Problem 18.1:
1.) Wu (on stairs) = 386 lb./ft.
Wu (on landing) = 326 lb./ft.
2.) Calculate the maximum bending moment and steel reinforcement
a) Mu = 13.37 k.ft.; Use #5 bars @ 7 in.; For 5.5 in. width stairs, use 10#5 bars
b) Transverse reinforcement for shrinkage: use #4 bars @ 12 in. (As = 0.2 in.2)
4.) Design of landing: Use #4 bars @ 12 in. (As = 0.2 in.2)
5.) Check shear (stairs): Vu = 2.4 K < Vc/2 = 3.45 k., no shear reinforcement required .
6.) Check shear at loading: Vud = 1.2 K < Vc/2 O.K.
Problem 18.4:
1.) Wu (on stairs) = 252.2 lb./ft.
Wu (on landing) = 194 lb./ft.
2.) Maximum bending moment and steel reinforcement:
Mu = 0.80 k.ft.; Use #3 bars @ 12 in. (As = 0.11 in.2)
3.) Since Vu = 0.567 K < Vc/2, no shear reinforcement is required. But it is recommended to
use stirrups #3 @ 4 in. to hold the main reinforcement.
4.) Design of supporting beam: As = 1.5 in.2, use 3#7 (As = 1.8 in.2)
5.) Check beam A for torsion when L.L. acts on one side of stairs.
Ta = 17.75 k.in. < Tu = 38.4 k.in.; Torsional reinforcement is needed and section is not adequate.
Use #3 closed stirrups @ 4 in.
56
CHAPTER 19
INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Problem 19.1:
1. For the given section: top= 564 psi (Compression) ; bottom= +624 psi (tension)
Both stresses are less than the ACI allowable stresses at transfer.
Both stresses are less than the allowable stresses after all losses.
2. Allowable uniform live load after all losses:
a) based on top fibers stress: WL = 1.94 K/ft.
b) based on bottom fibers stress: WL = 1.35 K/ft., controls.
Allowable live load = 1.35 K/ft based on tensile stress controls.
Problem 19.2:
Loss from stress ksi percentage
Elastic shortening 12.3 7.26
Shrinkage 8.4 4.96
Creep of concrete 15.29 9.02
Relaxation of steel 4.24 2.50
Total losses = 40.23 23.74
Additional losses 3.39 2.00
Total = 43.62 25.74
Total F = 300.76 K
Problem 19.3:
Loss from Stress Ksi Percentage
Elastic shortening 8.52 4.87
Shrinkage 5.60 3.36
Creep of Concrete 8.02 4.80
Relaxation of steel 4.20 2.50
friction 13.2 7.93
Total losses = 39.54 23.46
Total F = 415 K.
Problem 19.4:
a) Total moment, MT = 1339.5 K.ft.
MD = 320.26 k.ft, and MT = 1339.5 k.ft to get critical e's.
emax= 22.45 in. and emin = 15.78 in. e (used) = 17.24 in.
b) Section at 12 ft. from midspan, (16 ft. from support) :
MD = 261.44 K.ft., ML = 512 K.ft., MT = 1093. 44 k.ft
e max = 21.15 in. , e min = 8.66 in. , e(used) = 14.1 in.
c) Section at 10 ft. from the support (18 ft. from midspan):
MD = 187.91K.ft., ML = 368 K.ft., MT =785.9 K.ft.; e(used) = 10.12 in.
d) Section at 3 ft. from the support (25 ft. from midspan):
MD = 64.95 K.ft., ML = 127.2 K.ft., MT = 271.65 K.ft.
57
Problem 19.5:
M D = 712.3 k.ft (total D.L.) and ML= 627.2 k.ft.; Fi used = 544 K which is adequate.
If MD =320.26 k.ft (self-weight) is used, then ML = MT - MD = 1019.24 K.ft.
Fi (min.) = 349.5 k and Fi (max.) = 1616.6 k.
Problem 19.6:
1. MD (self-weight) = 349.7 K.ft. = 4196 K.in.
2. Estimate prestress losses: F = 140.9 Ksi, = 0.839
3. Limits of eccentricity at midspan:
MD (self-weight) = 349.7 K.ft. = 4196 K.in. ; F = 487 K.
e max = 19.7 in. , e min = 13.7 in.
4. Limits of eccentricity at 22 ft. from support:
MD = 3787 K.in., Ma = 9979 K.in., MT = 13766 K.in.
5. Limits of e at 11 ft. from support.
MD = 2389 K.in., Ma = 6296 K.in., MT = 8685 K.in.
6. Limits of e at 3 ft. from support:
MD = 750 K.in., Ma = 1976 K . i n . , M T = 2726 K.in.
7. Fi used = 580.6 Ksi is adequate.
Problem 19.7:
1. Stresses at level of tendon due to D.L.
Fi = 165.16 Ksi
2. Loss due to shrinkage = 8.4 Ksi
3. Loss due to creep = 1.5; Elastic strain = 0.002414; Creep loss = 10.14 Ksi.
4. Loss due to relaxation of steel = 7 Ksi
= 0.845 and F = 482.5 K.
Total Mn = 2591.6 K.ft., Mu = 2332.5 K.f t.

1.2 Mcr = 1825.5 K.f t. < Mn. Section is adequate.
Problem 19.8:
a) Camber at transfer = -1.089 + 0.424 = -0.665 in. (upward).
b) Deflection at service load = 0.553 in. (downward)
Problem 19.9:
Wu = 3.22 K/ft.
Vu (at h/2 from support) = 96.6 K
Mu (at h/2 from support) = 199.64
e at midspan = 18.5 in., e @ 2 ft. from the support = 1.7 in
Use #3 stirrups spaced at 14.5 in. all over.
Problem 19.10:
Beam acts as a T-section.
Mn = 1950.8 K.ft.; Mn = 1755.7 K.ft.
58
CHAPTER 20
SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Problem 20.1:
SMS = 1.64 g; SM1 = 0.496 g; SDS = 1.09 g; SD1 = 0.33 g
Seismic design category is D.
Problem 20.2:
SMS = 1.3 g; SM1 = 0.6 g; SDS = 0.87 g; SD1 = 0.40 g
SDC = D; V = 13.16 k
Lateral seismic forces are: F1 = 5.98 k; F2 = 7.18 k
Problem 20.3:
SMS = 0.825 g; SM1 = 0.32 g; SDS = 0.55 g; SD1 = 0.21 g, SDC = D; CS = 0.066
N Wi [k] h (ft) wihi Cvx Fx [k] Vx [k]
5 1000 50 50000 0.333 110 110
4 1000 40 40000 0.267 88 198
3 1000 30 30000 0.2 66 264
2 1000 20 20000 0.133 44 308
1 1000 10 10000 0.067 22 330
150000 330
Problem 20.4:
Location Mu (kft) As (in2) Reinforcement Mn (kft)
Support -265.5 3.6 6No.7 322.6
131 1.8 3No.7 168
Midspan 82.8 1.2 2No.7 113
Problem 20.5:
For 5 No.8 bars; As = 3.95 in2; Wu = 4.35 k/ft
Design shear = 105 k; Earthquake induced force = 52.8 k
Use No. 3 hoops
A 11 in spacing started at 62 in from the face of support will be sufficient.
Problem 20.6:
Ash = 0.636 in2: Use 4 No.4 ties
Shear strength: Vu =120 k; Vc = 90 k; Vs = 252 k
Problem 20.7:
e = 115 in; Mn = 76923 kft; Pn = 8000 k
Rm = 0.132; Mn = 1995840 k ft > 76923 kft (OK)
Special boundary elements are needed
Transverse reinforcement of the boundary element:
Use no.4 hoops and crossties; Smax = 6 in; Ash = 0.954 in2: Use 5 No.4 crossties
59
CHAPTER 21
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN
Problem 21.1:
Moment
For the section at support, Mu = 187 k-ft., As = 3.11 in 2
For the section at midspan, M u = 94.52 k - ft. , As = 1.47 in 2
Maximum torsional moment, Tu = 18.90 k - ft.
Shear at the point of maximum torsional Moment = 60.55 k
Stirrups #4 @ 5 in c/c
Longitudinal Bars, Al = 0.81 in. 2
Sectional Details
a) The total area of top bars is 3.11 + 0.27 = 3.38 in.2, use 4 # 9 bars (negative moment)
b) The total are of bottom bars is 1.47 + 0.27 = 1.74 in. 2 , use 2 # 9 bars at the corner
c) At middepth, use 2 # 4 bars (0.4 in.2)
Problem 21.2:
VA = 1.57 Wu r = (1.57)(10.7)(6) = 100.8 k.

M A = -Wu r2 = -(10.7)(36)2 = -385.2 k.-ft, As = 3.3 in 2 (Top Steel)
T A = -0.3 Wu r2 = -0.3(10.7)(36)2 = 115.56 k.-ft
Mc = 0.273 Wu r2 = (0.273)(10.7)(36)2 = 105.2 k.-ft
TC = VC = 0
# 4 Stirrups, 2 braches, s = 3.89 in., use #4 @ 3.5 in.
Distribution bars:
Bottom bars = 3.15/3 = 1.05 in. 2 , use 2 # 7 (1.21 in. 2 )
Middepth bars , use 2 # 7 bars
Top bars = 3.3 + 1.05 = 4.35 in.2, use 6 # 8 bars in one row (4.71 in. 2 )
Problem 21.3:
M C =134.11 k-ft, TC =0
M D = -58.20 k-ft, TD = 52.46 k-ft
Problem 21.4:
Design for M A = -601.77 k-ft. As = 4.2 in 2

Vu = 103.6 k.ft., Tu = 281.1 k.ft
# 4 Stirrups, 4 braches, Av = 2(0.2) = 0.4 in 2 , Spacing; s = 6.31 in., use #4 @ 6 in.
Longitudinal reinforcement : Al = 6.19 in.2 Maximum spacing = Ph / 8 = 108 / 8 = 13.5 in.
60
Distribution of bars: Bottom bars = 4 # 7 ( As = 2.41 in. 2 ), Middepth bars , use 2 # 9 bars, Top
bars = 6.3 in.2, use 5 # 10 bars in one row ( As = 6.33 in. 2 )
Problem 21.5:
M C = 55.09 k-ft , As = 0.0033 12 21.5 = 0.86 in 2

M A = - 296.91 k-ft., As = 0.0150 12 21.5 = 4.2 in 2
TA = 31.81 k-ft
TC = 31.81 k-ft
Use # 4 Closed Stirrups, s = 0.2/0.0453 = 4.4 in., use #4 @ 4 in.
Longitudinal reinforcement : Al = 1.47 in.2 , Al / 3 = 0.50 in.2
For section at support;
Bottom bars, As = 0.5 in. 2 , use 2 # 5 bars ( As = 0.61 in. 2 )
Middepth bars, As = 0.5 in. 2 , use 2 # 5 bars
Top bars = 3.87 + 0.5 = 4.37 in.2, use 6 #8 bars in two row ( As = 4.71 in. 2 )
For section at mid-span
Bottom bars, = 0.86 + 0.5 = 1.36 in.2, use 2 #8 bars ( As = 1.57 in. 2 )
Middepth bars, use 2 # 5 bars
Top bars, use 2 # 5 bars
61

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CHAPTER 22

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FLOWCHARTS

3. Flowchart 22.7 explains the calculation of development length (Chapter 7).

4. Flowchart 22.8 explains shear design (Chapter 8).

5. Flowchart 22.9 explains the analysis of rectangular columns at balanced condition

6. Flowchart 22.10 explains the analysis of rectangular columns (Chapter 11).

Increase Yes max No

Flowchart 22.1 Analysis of single reinforced rectangular section.

(1) min = 3 f 'c / fy 200 / fy

Calculate fs < fy; t = 0.003(dt -c)/c

= 0.65+(t 0.002)(250/3) = 0.65 (other

Mn = [Asfy Asfs)(d-a/2) + Asfs(d-d)] End

Flowchart 22.2 Analysis of double reinforced rectangular section.

Reduce As Yes As As min No

For T-section, be is the smallest value of: Span / 4 or Center to

Mn = Asfy (d - a/2) a = (As Asf)fy/(0.85fcbw)

Mn = [(As Asf)fy(d-a/2) + Asffy(d-t/2)]

Yes b and d are given No

Calculate Assume b (12-20) in.

0.85 f 'c Assume .

No min max Yes

h = d+2.5 in. (one row of bars)

Flowchart 22.4 Design of single reinforced rectangular section.

(1) Refer to flowchart 22.1 to calculate min and max

Calculate min and max

Calculate Mn = Mu1 as singly reinforced

Comp. steel is not As1 = maxbd

As2 = Mu2 / fy(d-d)

Total As = As1 + As2

Check if comp. steel yields.

Flowchart 22.5 Design of rectangular sections with compression steel.

Assume a = t Calculate Muft (total flange).

Rectangular section T-section design,

Ru = Mu / bd2 Cf = 0.85fct(b bw)

= (0.85fc/fy)[1- 1 2 Ru / 0.85 f 'c ]

w =(0.85fc/fy)[1- 1 2 Ruw / 0.85 f 'c ]

Flowchart 22.6 Design of T- or L-sections.

f 'c 100 psi

Compression bars Tension bars

ldc = (0.02dbfy) / f 'c (for no 7 and large bars)

ld = 1.5 ld1 12 in. ld = ld1 12 in.

Flowchart 22.7 Calculation of development length

(1) c = clear cover

Vs = (Vu - Vc) / Choose minimum

Yes Vs > 2Vc No

S d/4 12 in. S d/2 24 in.

Flowchart 22.8 Shear Design.

cb = 87d / (87 + fy)

Mb = Cc(d ab/2 d) + Cs(d d d) + Td

Flowchart 22.9 Balanced load, moment, and eccentricity for rectangular

Compression failure Tension failure

fs = [87(c d)/c] fy No s y Yes

Flowchart 22.10 Analysis of rectangular columns

Assume footing depth h (in.) qe = qa h(150)/12 (H - h)(100)/12 ; psf

Footing area A = (PD + PL)/qe Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL

Long direction MuL = 0.5qu (L/2 c/2)2

Choose dowel bars and check ld in compression.

Flowchart 22.11 Design of rectangular or square footings .

Acp = x0y0, Pcp = 2(x0 + y0)

Let Q = ( f 'c )A2cp/ Pcp

No Tu > 4Q Yes Tu is neglected.

Yes (Vu / bw d ) 2 + (Tu Ph /1.7 A2 0 h ) 2 [(Vc / bw d ) + (8 f 'c )] No

At/S = Tn/(2A0fytcot) Increase