Importance of Health and Safety

The importance of health and safety is to prevent workplace injuries,

illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these
events can cause for workers, their families, and employers. The
recommended practices use a proactive approach to managing workplace
safety and health. Traditional approaches are often reactive that is,
problems are addressed only after a worker is injured or becomes sick, a new
standard or regulation is published, or an outside inspection finds a problem
that must be fixed. These recommended practices recognize that finding and
fixing hazards before they cause injury or illness is a far more effective
approach.

The idea is to begin with a basic program and simple goals and grow from
there. If you focus on achieving goals, monitoring performance, and
evaluating outcomes, your workplace can progress along the path to higher
levels of health and safety achievement.

Employers will find that implementing these recommended practices also

brings other benefits.

1. Prevent workplace injuries and illnesses

2. Improve compliance with laws and regulations
3. Reduce costs, including significant reductions in workers
compensation premiums
4. Engage workers
5. Enhance their social responsibility goals
6. Increase productivity and enhance overall business operations

Pictures of different PPE

 Mark Off/Out (General Engineering)

Marking out or layout means the process of transferring a design or pattern

to a workpiece, as the first step in the manufacturing process. It is performed
in many industries or hobbies although in the repetition industries the
machine's initial setup is designed to remove the need to mark out every
individual piece.

Tools and equipment may include:

marking out tables
surface tables
rotary tables
dividing heads
vee blocks
cylinder squares
sine bars
vernier height gauges
protractors
straight edge and set squares
hammers
 scribers
centre punch
To
ols used to mark off
 Classify engineering materials.

The various non-metals covered in the course include

glasses, ceramics, plastics and different types of composite
materials. The engineering materials are often primarily
selected based on their mechanical, physical, chemical and
manufacturing properties.
 Performing manual handling and lifting.

Manual handling of loads (MHL), manual material

handling (MMH) involves the use of the human body to
lift, lower, fill, empty, or carry loads. The load can be
animate (a person or animal) or inanimate (an object). Most
manufacturing or distribution systems require some manual
handling tasks. Though decreasing lately, the rate of
workers in the EU-25 that report carrying or moving heavy
loads, is still high (34.5%), reaching 38.0% in the EU-10.
When performed incorrectly or excessively, these tasks
may expose workers to physical risk factors, fatigue, and
injury. A variety of MMH techniques and tools exist to
alleviate these potential problems.In the UK all
organisations have a duty to protect employees from injury
from manual handling activities and this is outlined in The
Manual Handling Operations (MHO) Regulations 1992

**Manual handling hazards.

Any job that involves heavy labor or manual material
handling may include a high risk for injury on the job. Manual
material handling entails lifting, but also usually includes
climbing, pushing, pulling, and pivoting, all of which pose the
risk of injury to the back.MMH work contributes to a large
percentage of a 1.1 million cases of musculoskeletal
disorders reported annually in the United States.
Musculoskeletal disorders often involve strains and sprains
to the lower back, shoulders, and upper limbs. Potentially
injurious tasks may involve bending and twisting, repetitive
motions, carrying or lifting heavy loads, and maintaining
fixed positions for a long time. MMH under these conditions
can lead to damaged muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves,
and blood vessels.Remember your health comes first, it is
temporary so make good use of it.

*Lifting
Lifting containers can strain the lumbar vertebrae when done
improperly. Ergonomic lifting techniques involve keeping
loads close to the body and near the person's center of
gravity, using diagonal foot positions, and moving loads at
waist height rather than directly from the floor.

*Climbing
When climbing with a load, safe material handling includes
maintaining contact with the ladder or stairs at three points
(two hands and a foot or both feet and a hand). Bulky loads
would require a second person or a mechanical device to
assist.

*Pushing and pulling

Manual material handling may require pushing or pulling.
Pushing is generally easier on the back than pulling. It is
important to use both the arms and legs to provide the
leverage to start the push.

Examples of proper lifting and handling techniques:

 Keep in mind:
Do not attempt to lift by bending forward. Bend your hips and
knees to squat down to your load, keep it close to your body,
and straighten your legs to lift.
Never lift a heavy object above shoulder level.
Avoid turning or twisting your body while lifting or holding a
heavy object..
 Performing housekeeping duties.

Why should we pay attention to housekeeping at

work?
Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and
help get a job done safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can
frequently contribute to accidents by hiding hazards that cause
injuries. If the sight of paper, debris, clutter and spills is accepted
as normal, then other more serious health and safety hazards may
be taken for granted.Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It
includes keeping work areas neat and orderly; maintaining halls
and floors free of slip and trip hazards; and removing of waste
materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards from work
areas. It also requires paying attention to important details such as
the layout of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of
storage facilities, and maintenance. Good housekeeping is also a
basic part of accident and fire prevention.
Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a hit-and-
miss cleanup done occasionally. Periodic "panic" cleanups are
costly and ineffective in reducing accidents.

What is the purpose of workplace housekeeping?

Poor housekeeping can be a cause of accidents, such as:
tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms
being hit by falling objects
slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material
cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the body on
projecting nails, wire or steel strapping
To avoid these hazards, a workplace must "maintain" order throughout a
workday. Although this effort requires a great deal of management and
planning, the benefits are many.

Examples of proper
housekeeping equipment.

Examples:
 7. Mops
8. Brooms and scoops

9. Vacumes

10. Clean cloths(prefeeribly red cloths)

11. Air spray

12. Plunger

13. Bruushes

Prepairing for piping and

tubing installation.

Cutting the Pipe. Place the pipe in a vise with

the measured mark about eight inches from
the vise. Set the cutting wheel on the mark and
turn the cutter handle to get a bite on the pipe.
To cut the pipe, turn the cutter clock wise and
apply the cutting oil to the cutting wheel. After
each complete turn, give the handle a quarter
turn until the pipe is cut.

Note:When pipe cutter is not available, use a

hacksaw and insure the cut is as square as
possible to simplify threading the pipe.
 Cutting the Pipe. Place the pipe in a vise with
the measured mark about eight inches from
the vise. Set the cutting wheel on the mark and
turn the cutter handle to get a bite on the pipe.
To cut the pipe, turn the cutter clock wise and
apply the cutting oil to the cutting wheel. After
each complete turn, give the handle a quarter
turn until the pipe is cut.

Note. When pipe cutter is not available, use a

hacksaw and insure the cut is as square as
possible to simplify threading the pipe.
USING A PIPE CUTTER

Removing Burrs. Push the reamer into the pipe and apply pressure with one
hand. With the other hand, turn the reamer clockwise using short even
strokes until all the burrs are removed from the cut end. Use a fine metal file
to remove burrs from the outside of the pipe

Threading Pipe Ends. Insert the correct size die into the die stock. Slide the
die stock over the pipe and apply pressure with one hand. With the other
hand, turn the stock handle slowly clockwise until the die has taken a bite on
the pipe. Apply cutting oil to the die as the stock handle is given one
complete clockwise turn and backed off a quarter turn. Repeat this action
until 1/4 inch of the pipe is beyond the die stock. The pipe is now threaded
properly. Turn the handle in a counterclockwise direction to remove the pipe.