CHAPTER 1 Limits

x3 4 x 2 + x + 6
1.1 Concepts Review 9. lim
x 1 x +1
1. L; c ( x + 1)( x 2 5 x + 6)
= lim
x 1 x +1
2. 6
= lim ( x 2 5 x + 6)
x 1
3. L; right
= (1) 5(1) + 6
2

4. lim f ( x) = M = 12
x c

x 4 + 2 x3 x 2
10. lim
Problem Set 1.1 x 0 x2
= lim( x 2 + 2 x 1) = 1
1. lim( x 5) = 2 x 0
x 3

2. lim (1 2t ) = 3 x2 t 2 ( x + t )( x t )
t 1
11. lim = lim
xt x + t x t x+t
= lim ( x t )
3. lim ( x 2 + 2 x 1) = (2) 2 + 2(2) 1 = 1 x t
x 2 = t t = 2t

4. lim ( x 2 + 2t 1) = (2) 2 + 2t 1 = 3 + 2t x2 9
x 2 12. lim
x 3 x 3

(
5. lim t 2 1 =
t 1
) ( ( 1) 1) = 0
2
= lim
x 3
( x 3)( x + 3)
x3
= lim( x + 3)
(
6. lim t 2 x 2 =
t 1
) ( ( 1) 2
)
x2 = 1 x2 x 3
=3+3=6

x2 4 ( x 2)( x + 2) (t + 4)(t 2) 4
7. lim = lim 13. lim
x2 x 2 x2 x2 t 2 (3t 6) 2
= lim( x + 2)
x2 (t 2) 2 t + 4
= lim
=2+2=4 t 2 9(t 2) 2

t 2 + 4t 21 t+4
8. lim = lim
t 2 9
t 7 t+7
(t + 7)(t 3) 2+4 6
= lim = =
t 7 t+7 9 9
= lim (t 3)
t 7
(t 7)3
= 7 3 = 10 14. lim
t 7+ t 7
(t 7) t 7
= lim
t 7 + t 7
= lim t 7
t 7+

= 77 = 0

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 x 4 18 x 2 + 81 ( x 2 9) 2 1 cos t
15. lim = lim lim =0
x 3 2 x 3 2 t 0 2t
( x 3) ( x 3)
( x 3) 2 ( x + 3) 2 ( x sin x ) 2 / x 2
= lim 2
= lim( x + 3)2 = (3 + 3) 2 21. x
x 3 ( x 3) x 3
1. 0.0251314
= 36
0.1 2.775 106
(3u + 4)(2u 2)3 8(3u + 4)(u 1)3 0.01 2.77775 1010
16. lim = lim
u 1 (u 1) 2 u 1 (u 1) 2 0.001 2.77778 1014
= lim 8(3u + 4)(u 1) = 8[3(1) + 4](1 1) = 0
u 1 1. 0.0251314
0.1 2.775 106
(2 + h) 2 4 4 + 4h + h 2 4
17. lim = lim 0.01 2.77775 1010
h0 h h0 h
h 2 + 4h 0.001 2.77778 1014
= lim = lim(h + 4) = 4
h 0 h h 0 ( x sin x) 2
lim =0
x 0 x2
( x + h) 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 x 2
18. lim = lim 2 2
h0 h h 0 h 22. x (1 cos x ) / x

h 2 + 2 xh 1. 0.211322
= lim = lim(h + 2 x) = 2 x
h 0 h h 0 0.1 0.00249584
0.01 0.0000249996
19. x sin x 0.001 2.5 107
2x
1. 0.420735
1. 0.211322
0.1 0.499167
0.1 0.00249584
0.01 0.499992 0.01 0.0000249996
0.001 0.49999992 0.001 2.5 107
(1 cos x) 2
1. 0.420735 lim =0
x 0 x2
0.1 0.499167
2
23. t (t 1) /(sin(t 1))
0.01 0.499992
0.001 0.49999992 2. 3.56519
1.1 2.1035
sin x
lim = 0.5 1.01
x 0 2 x 2.01003
1.001 2.001
1 cos t
20. t 2t
1. 0.229849 0 1.1884
0.1 0.0249792 0.9 1.90317
0.01 0.00249998 0.99 1.99003
0.999 1.999
0.001 0.00024999998
t 12
lim =2
1. 0.229849 t 1 sin(t 1)
0.1 0.0249792
0.01 0.00249998
0.001 0.00024999998

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 27. x ( x / 4) 2 /(tan x 1) 2
x sin( x 3) 3
24. x x 3
1. + 4 0.0320244

4. 0.158529 0.1 + 4 0.201002

3.1 0.00166583 0.01 + 4 0.245009

3.01 0.0000166666 0.001 + 4 0.2495
3.001 1.66667 107
1. + 4 0.674117
2. 0.158529 0.1 + 4 0.300668
2.9 0.00166583 0.01 + 4 0.255008
2.99 0.0000166666 0.001 + 4 0.2505
2.999 1.66667 107
lim
(x ) 2
4
= 0.25
lim
x sin( x 3) 3
=0 x
4 (tan x 1)2
x 3 x3
28. u (2 2sin u ) / 3u
25. x (1 + sin( x 3 / 2)) /( x )
1. + 2 0.11921
1. + 0.4597
0.1 + 2 0.00199339
0.1 + 0.0500
0.01 + 2 0.0000210862
0.01 + 0.0050 0.001 +
2
2.12072 107
0.001 + 0.0005
1. + 2 0.536908
1. + 0.4597 0.1 +
2 0.00226446
0.1 + 0.0500 0.01 +
0.0000213564
2
0.01 + 0.0050 0.001 +
2.12342 107
2
0.001 + 0.0005 2 2sin u
lim =0
1 + sin ( x 32 ) u 3u
2
lim =0
x x
29. a. lim f ( x) = 2
x 3
26. t (1 cot t ) /(1 / t )
b. f(3) = 1
1. 0.357907
0.1 0.896664 c. f(1) does not exist.
0.01 0.989967
5
0.001 0.999 d. lim f ( x) =
x 1 2

1. 1.64209 e. f(1) = 2
0.1 1.09666 f. lim f(x) does not exist.
x1
0.01 1.00997
0.001 1.001 g. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
1 cot t
lim 1
= 1
t 0
t h. lim f ( x) = 1
x 1+

5
i. lim f ( x ) =
+ 2
x 1

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 30. a. lim f ( x) does not exist. b. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 3 x 1

b. f(3) = 1 c. f(1) = 2
c. f(1) = 1 d. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1+
d. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
34.
e. f(1) = 1

f. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 1

g. lim f ( x) = 1
x 1

h. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 1+

i. lim f ( x ) = 2
x 1+
a. lim g ( x) = 0
31. a. f(3) = 2 x 1

b. f(3) is undefined. b. g(1) does not exist.

c. lim f ( x) = 2
x 3 c. lim g ( x ) = 1
x2

d. lim f ( x) = 4
x 3+ d. lim g ( x ) = 1
x 2+

e. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 3
35. f ( x) = x [ x ]
f. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 3+

32. a. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1

b. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1+

c. lim f ( x) = 2
x 1

d. f (1) = 2

e. lim f ( x) = 0
x 1 a. f(0) = 0

f. f (1) = 0 b. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 0
33.
c. lim f ( x ) = 1
x 0

1
d. lim f ( x) =
x 1 2
2

a. lim f ( x) = 0
x 0

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 x 41. lim f ( x) exists for a = 1, 0, 1.
36. f ( x) = xa
x
42. The changed values will not change lim f ( x) at
xa

any a. As x approaches a, the limit is still a 2 .

x 1
43. a. lim does not exist.
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
lim = 1 and lim =1
x 1 x 1 +
x 1 x 1

x 1
b. lim = 1
a. f (0) does not exist. x 1 x 1

b. lim f ( x) does not exist. x2 x 1 1

x 0 c. lim = 3
x 1 x 1
c. lim f ( x ) = 1
x 0
1 1
d. lim does not exist.
x 1 x 1
d. lim f ( x) = 1 x 1

x 1
2

44. a. lim x a xb = 0
x2 1 x 1+
37. lim does not exist.
x 1 x 1
c1f
x2 1 x2 1 b. lim dd gg does not exist.
lim = 2 and lim =2 x 0 e h
+ x
x 1 x 1 x 1+ x 1

c1/ x f
x+2 2 c. lim x(1)ed hg
=0
+
38. lim x 0
x 0 x
c1/ x f
( x + 2 2)( x + 2 + 2) d. lim a x b (1)ed hg
=0
= lim x 0 +
x 0 x( x + 2 + 2)
x+22 x 45. a) 1 b) 0
= lim = lim
x 0 x( x + 2 + 2) x 0 x( x + 2 + 2)
c) 1 d) 1
1 1
2 1
= lim = = = 46. a) Does not exist b) 0
x 0 x+2+ 2 0+2 + 2 2 2 4
c) 1 d) 0.556
39. a. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 1
47. lim x does not exist since x is not defined
x 0
b. lim f ( x) = 0
x 0 for x < 0.

40. 48. lim x x = 1

x 0+

49. lim x =0
x 0

x
50. lim x = 1
x 0

sin 2 x 1
51. lim =
x 0 4 x 2

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 sin 5 x 5 7. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then 2x is within 0.002
52. lim = of 4.
x 0 3x 3

1
53. lim cos does not exist.
x 0 x

1
54. lim x cos = 0
x 0 x

x3 1
55. lim =6
x 1 2x + 2 2 8. If x is within 0.0005 of 2, then x2 is within 0.002
of 4.
x sin 2 x
56. lim =2
x 0 sin( x 2 )

x2 x 2
57. lim = 3
x 2 x2

2
58. lim 1/( x 1)
=0
x 1 +
1+ 2
9. If x is within 0.0019 of 2, then 8 x is within
59. lim x ; The computer gives a value of 0, but 0.002 of 4.
x 0

lim x does not exist.

x 0

1.2 Concepts Review

1. L ; L +

2. 0 < x a < ; f ( x) L < 8

10. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then is within 0.002
x
3. of 4.
3

4. ma + b

Problem Set 1.2

1. 0 < t a < f (t ) M <

2. 0 < u b < g (u ) L < 11. 0 < x 0 < (2 x 1) (1) <

2x 1+ 1 < 2x <
3. 0 < z d < h( z ) P < 2 x <

4. 0 < y e < ( y ) B < x <
2
5. 0 < c x < f ( x) L <

= ;0 < x 0 <
2
6. 0 < t a < g (t ) D <
(2 x 1) (1) = 2 x = 2 x < 2 =

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 12. 0 < x + 21 < (3x 1) (64) < 2 x 2 11x + 5
15. 0 < x 5 < 9 <
3 x 1 + 64 < 3 x + 63 < x5
3( x + 21) < 2 x 2 11x + 5 (2 x 1)( x 5)
9 < 9 <
3 x + 21 < x5 x5
2x 1 9 <
x + 21 <
3
2( x 5) <

= ; 0 < x + 21 < x5 <
3 2
(3 x 1) (64) = 3 x + 63 = 3 x + 21 < 3 =

= ;0 < x 5 <
2
x 2 25
13. 0 < x 5 < 10 < 2 x 11x + 5
2
(2 x 1)( x 5)
x5 9 = 9
x5 x5
x 2 25 ( x 5)( x + 5) = 2 x 1 9 = 2( x 5) = 2 x 5 < 2 =
10 < 10 <
x5 x5
x + 5 10 < 16. 0 < x 1 < 2x 2 <
x5 <
2x 2 <

= ; 0 < x 5 < ( 2 x 2 )( 2 x + 2 )
<
2x + 2
2
x 25 ( x 5)( x + 5)
10 = 10 = x + 5 10
x5 x5 2x 2
<
= x5 < = 2x + 2
x 1
2 <
2x x 2 2x + 2
14. 0 < x 0 < (1) <
x
2
2 x2 x x(2 x 1) = ; 0 < x 1 <
+1 < +1 < 2
x x ( 2 x 2)( 2 x + 2)
2x 2 =
2x 1 +1 < 2x + 2
2x < 2x 2
=
2 x < 2x + 2
2 x 1 2 x 1 2
x < < =
2 2x + 2 2 2

2x 1
= ;0 < x 0 < 17. 0 < x 4 < 7 <
2 x3
2 x2 x x(2 x 1)
(1) = + 1 = 2x 1+ 1 2x 1 2 x 1 7( x 3)
x x 7 < <
x3 x3
= 2 x = 2 x < 2 =
( 2 x 1 7( x 3))( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
<
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
2 x 1 (7 x 21)
<
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
5( x 4)
<
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 x4
5
< 10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6
19. 0 < x 1 < 4 <
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3)) ( x 1) 2
10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6
To bound
5
, agree that 4 <
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3)) ( x 1)2
1 1 7 9 (10 x 6)( x 1)2
. If , then < x < , so 4 <
2 2 2 2 ( x 1)2
5 10 x 6 4 <
0.65 < < 1.65 and
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
10( x 1) <
5
hence x 4 < 10 x 1 <
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))

x 1 <
x4 < 10
1.65
For whatever is chosen, let be the smaller of

= ; 0 < x 1 <
1 10
and .
2 1.65 10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6 (10 x 6)( x 1) 2
4 = 4
1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
= min , , 0 < x 4 <
2 1. 65 = 10 x 6 4 = 10( x 1)
2x 1 5 = 10 x 1 < 10 =
7 = x4
x 3 x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
< x 4 (1.65) < 1. 65 20. 0 < x 1 < (2 x 2 + 1) 3 <
1 1
since = only when so 1.65 .
2 2 1. 65 2 x2 + 1 3 = 2 x2 2 = 2 x + 1 x 1

To bound 2 x + 2 , agree that 1 .

14 x 2 20 x + 6
18. 0 < x 1 < 8 <
x 1 x 1 < implies
2x + 2 = 2x 2 + 4
14 x 2 20 x + 6 2(7 x 3)( x 1)
8 < 8 < 2x 2 + 4
x 1 x 1
<2+4=6
2(7 x 3) 8 <

14( x 1) < ; = min 1, ; 0 < x 1 <
6 6
14 x 1 <
(2 x + 1) 3 = 2 x 2 2
2

x 1 <
14 = 2x + 2 x 1 < 6 =
6

= ; 0 < x 1 <
14
14 x 2 20 x + 6 2(7 x 3)( x 1)
8 = 8
x 1 x 1
= 2(7 x 3) 8
= 14( x 1) = 14 x 1 < 14 =

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 21. 0 < x + 1 < ( x 2 2 x 1) 2 < 1
25. For all x 0 , 0 sin 2 1 so
x
x2 2 x 1 2 = x2 2 x 3 = x + 1 x 3
1
x 4 sin 2 x 4 for all x 0 . By Problem 18,
To bound x 3 , agree that 1 . x
4
x + 1 < implies lim x = 0, so, by Problem 20,
x0
x 3 = x + 1 4 x + 1 + 4 < 1 + 4 = 5 4 2 1
lim x sin = 0.
x0 x
; = min 1, ; 0 < x + 1 <
5 5
( x 2 x 1) 2 = x 2 2 x 3
2 26. 0 < x < x 0 = x = x <

For x > 0, ( x ) = x.
2

= x +1 x 3 < 5 =
5 x < ( x )2 = x < 2
= 2; 0 < x < x < = 2 =
22. 0 < x < x 4 0 = x 4 <

x 4 = x x3 . To bound x3 , agree that 27. lim x : 0 < x < x 0 <

x 0 +

1. x < 1 implies x3 = x 1 so
3 For x 0 , x = x .
= ; 0 < x < x 0 = x = x < =
.
Thus, lim+ x = 0.
= min{1, }; 0 < x < x 4 = x x3 < 1 x0
= lim x : 0 < 0 x < x 0 <
x 0
23. Choose > 0. Then since lim f ( x) = L, there is For x < 0, x = x; note also that x = x
x c
some 1 > 0 such that since x 0.
0 < x c < 1 f ( x ) L < . = ;0 < x < x = x = x < =
Since lim f (x) = M, there is some 2 > 0 such Thus, lim x = 0,
xc x0
that 0 < x c < 2 f ( x) M < . since lim x = lim x = 0, lim x = 0.
Let = min{1 , 2 } and choose x 0 such that x 0 + x 0 x 0

0 < x0 c < . 28. Choose > 0. Since lim g( x) = 0 there is some

Thus, f ( x0 ) L < < f ( x0 ) L < x a
1 > 0 such that
f ( x0 ) < L < f ( x0 ) + .
0 < x a < 1 g(x ) 0 <
f ( x0 ) < L < f ( x0 ) + . B
Similarly, Let = min{1, 1} , then f ( x) < B for
f ( x0 ) < M < f ( x0 ) + . x a < or x a < f ( x) < B. Thus,
Thus, x a < f ( x) g ( x) 0 = f ( x) g ( x)
2 < L M < 2 . As 0, L M 0, so

L = M. = f ( x) g ( x) < B = so lim f ( x)g(x) = 0.
B x a
24. Since lim G(x) = 0, then given any > 0, we
xc
can find > 0 such that whenever
x c < , G ( x) < .

Take any > 0 and the corresponding that

works for G(x), then x c < implies
F ( x) 0 = F ( x) G ( x ) < since
lim G(x) = 0.
xc
Thus, lim F( x) = 0.
xc

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 29. Choose > 0. Since lim f ( x) = L, there is a 1.3 Concepts Review
x a
> 0 such that for 0 < x a < , f ( x) L < . 1. 48
That is, for
2. 4
a < x < a or a < x < a + ,
L < f ( x) < L + . 3. 8; 4 + 5c
Let f(a) = A,
M = max { L , L + , A } , c = a , 4. 0

d = a + . Then for x in (c, d), f ( x) M , since

either x = a, in which case
Problem Set 1.3
f ( x) = f (a ) = A M or 0 < x a < so 1. lim (2 x + 1) 4
x1
L < f ( x) < L + and f ( x) < M .
= lim 2 x + lim 1 3
x1 x1
30. Suppose that L > M. Then L M = > 0. Now = 2 lim x + lim 1 2,1
x 1 x1
take < and = min{1 , 2} where = 2(1) + 1 = 3
2
0 < x a < 1 f ( x) L < and 2. lim (3x 2 1) 5
x 1
0 < x a < 2 g ( x) M < .
= lim 3x 2 lim 1 3
Thus, for 0 < x a < , x 1 x1
= 3 lim x 2 lim 1 8
L < f(x) < L + and M < g(x) < M + . x 1 x1
Combine the inequalities and use the fact
2
that f ( x) g ( x) to get = 3 lim x lim 1 2, 1
x 1 x 1
L < f(x) g(x) < M + which leads to 2
= 3(1) 1 = 2
L < M + or L M < 2.
However, 3. lim [(2 x +1)( x 3)] 6
L M = > 2 x0
which is a contradiction. = lim (2 x +1) lim (x 3) 4, 5
x 0 x 0
Thus L M .

= lim 2 x + lim 1 lim x lim 3 3
31. (b) and (c) are equivalent to the definition of x 0 x 0 x0 x 0
limit.
= 2 lim x + lim 1 lim x lim 3 2, 1
x 0 x 0 x0 x 0
32. For every > 0 and > 0 there is some x with
= [2(0) +1](0 3) = 3
0 < x c < such that f ( x ) L > .
4. lim [(2 x 2 + 1)(7 x 2 + 13)] 6
x 3 x 2 2x 4 x 2
33. a. g(x) =
x 4 4x 3 + x 2 + x + 6 = lim (2 x 2 + 1) lim (7 x 2 + 13) 4, 3
x 2 x 2
x+6
b. No, because + 1 has = 2 lim x 2 + lim 1 7 lim x 2 + lim 13 8,1
x 4x + x 2 + x + 6
4 3
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
an asymptote at x 3.49.

2
2
= 2 lim x + 1 7 lim x + 13 2
1 x 2 x 2
c. If , then 2.75 < x < 3
4
or 3 < x < 3.25 and by graphing = [2( 2 ) 2 + 1][7( 2 ) 2 + 13] = 135
x3 x 2 2 x 4
y = g ( x) =
x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
on the interval [2.75, 3.25], we see that
x3 x 2 2 x 4
0< <3
x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
so m must be at least three.

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 2x + 1 9. lim (2t 3 +15)13 8
5. lim 7 t 2
x2 5 3x 13

lim (2 x + 1) = lim (2t3 + 15) 4, 3
= x2 4, 5 t2
lim (5 3 x) 13

x2
= 2 lim t 3 + lim 15 8
lim 2 x + lim 1 t 2 t 2
x2 x2
= 3, 1 13
lim 5 lim 3 x 3
x2 x2 = 2 lim t + lim 15 2, 1
2 lim x + 1 t 2 t 2
x2
= 2 = [2(2) 3 + 15]13 = 1
5 3 lim x
x2
2(2) + 1 lim 3w3 + 7 w2 9
= = 5 10.
w 2
5 3(2 )
= lim (3w3 + 7 w2 ) 4, 3
3 w 2
4x +1
6. lim 7
x 3 7 2 x 2 = 3 lim w3 + 7 lim w2 8
3 w 2 w 2
lim (4 x + 1)
= x 3
4, 5 3 2
lim (7 2 x ) 2 = 3 lim w + 7 lim w 2
x 3 w 2 w 2
lim 4 x 3 + lim 1 = 3(2)3 + 7(2) 2 = 2 13
x 3 x 3
= 3, 1
lim 7 lim 2 x 2
x 3 x 3 1/ 3
4 y3 + 8 y
4 lim x 3 + 1 11. lim 9
= x 3
8 y 2 y + 4

7 2 lim x 2
x 3 1/ 3 7
4 y3 + 8 y
3 = lim
4 lim x + 1 y 2 y + 4

=
x 3
2
2 13
7 2 lim x lim (4 y 3 + 8 y )
x 3 y 2
= 4, 3
4(3)3 + 1 107 ylim ( y + 4)
= = 2
7 2(3) 2 11
13
4 lim y 3 + 8 lim y
7. lim 3 x 5 9 y 2 y 2
x 3
= 8, 1
ylim y + lim 4
= lim (3 x 5) 5, 3 2 y 2
x 3
1/ 3
= 3 lim x lim 5 2, 1
3
x 3 x 3 4 lim y + 8 lim y
y 2 y 2
= 3(3) 5 = 2 = 2
lim y + 4
y 2

8. lim 5x2 + 2 x 9
x 3 1/ 3
4(2)3 + 8(2)
= 2
lim (5 x + 2 x ) 4, 3 = =2
x 3 2+4
= 5 lim x 2 + 2 lim x 8
x 3 x 3
2
= 5 lim x + 2 lim x 2
x 3 x 3

= 5(3)2 + 2(3) = 39

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 12. lim (2 w 4 9 w 3 +19)1 /2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 ( x + 2)( x + 5)
w 5 18. lim = lim
1
x2 x+2 x 2 x+2
= lim 7 = lim( x + 5) = 7
w 5 2w 9 w3 + 19
4 x2

lim 1
= w5
1, 9 x2 + x 2 ( x + 2)( x 1)
4 3 19. lim = lim
lim 2w 9 w + 19 x 1 x 12 x 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
w 5
1 x + 2 1+ 2 3
= lim = =
= 4,5 x 1 x + 1 1+1 2
lim (2w 9 w3 + 19)
4
w 5
x 2 14 x 51 ( x + 3)( x 17)
1 20. lim = lim
= 1,3 2
x 3 x 4 x 21 x 3 ( x + 3)( x 7)
lim 2 w4 lim 9 w3 + lim 19 x 17 3 17
w5 w5 w5 = lim = =2
x 3 x 7 3 7
1
= 8
2 lim w 9 lim w3 + 19
4 u2 ux + 2u 2 x ( u + 2 )( u x )
w5 w5 21. lim 2 = lim
u 2 u u 6 u 2 ( u + 2)(u 3)
1 u x x+2
= 2 = lim =
4 3
u 2 u 3 5
2 lim w 9 lim w + 19
w 5 w5
x 2 + ux x u ( x 1)( x + u)
1 22. lim = lim
= 2
x1 x + 2 x 3 x 1 ( x 1)( x + 3)
2(5)4 9(5)3 + 19 x + u 1+ u u + 1
= lim = =
1 1 x1 x + 3 1+ 3 4
= =
144 12
2 x2 6 x + 4 2 2( x )( x 2 )
23. lim = lim
x2 4 (
lim x 4
x2
2
) 44 x x 2 2
x ( x )( x + )
2( x 2) 2( 2 )
13. lim = = =0
lim ( x + 4) 4 + 4 = lim = = 1
2
x2 x +4 2
x x + +
x2

(w + 2)(w 2 w 6)
x2 5x + 6 ( x 3)( x 2 ) 24. lim
14. lim = lim w 2 + 4w + 4
x2 x2 x2 ( x 2) w 2
( w + 2) 2 ( w 3)
= lim ( x 3) = 1 = lim = lim ( w 3)
x2 w 2 ( w + 2 )2 w 2
= 2 3 = 5
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1)
15. lim = lim
x 1 x +1 x 1 ( x + 1) 25. lim f 2 ( x) + g 2 ( x)
xa
= lim ( x 3) = 4
x 1 = lim f 2 ( x) + lim g 2 ( x)
xa xa

x2 + x (
lim x + x
x 1
2
) 0 2
= lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)
2
16. lim = = =0
x 1 x2 + 1 lim ( x 2
+ 1) 2 x a xa
x 1
= (3) 2 + (1)2 = 10
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) x3
17. lim = lim
x 1 ( x 1)( x 2)( x + 7) x 1 x + 7 2 f ( x) 3g ( x ) xlim [2 f ( x) 3 g ( x)]
26. lim = a
1 3 2 x a f ( x) + g ( x) lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)]
= = xa
1 + 7 3 2 lim f ( x) 3 lim g ( x)
xa xa 2(3) 3(1) 9
= = =
lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) 3 + (1) 2
xa xa

74 Section 1.3 Instructors Resource Manual

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 27. lim 3 g ( x) [ f ( x) + 3] = lim 3 g ( x) lim [ f ( x) + 3] 35. Suppose lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M.
xa xa xa xc xc
f ( x) g ( x) LM g ( x) f ( x) L + L g ( x ) M
= 3 lim g ( x) lim f ( x) + lim 3 = 3 1 (3 + 3)
xa x a xa as shown in the text. Choose 1 = 1. Since
= 6 lim g ( x) = M , there is some 1 > 0 such that if
x c
4 0 < x c < 1 , g ( x) M < 1 = 1 or
28. lim [ f ( x) 3]4 = lim ( f ( x) 3)
xa xa M 1 < g(x) < M + 1
4
= lim f ( x) lim 3 = (3 3) 4 = 0 M 1 M + 1 and M + 1 M + 1 so for
xa x a
0 < x c < 1 , g ( x) < M + 1. Choose > 0.
29. lim f (t ) + 3g (t ) = lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t ) Since lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M, there
t a t a t a xc xc
exist 2 and 3 such that 0 < x c < 2
= lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t )
t a t a
f ( x) L < and 0 < x c < 3
= 3 + 3 1 = 6 L + M +1


3 g ( x) M < . Let
3
30. lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)] = lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)] L + M +1
u a u a
3 = min{1 , 2 , 3 }, then 0 < x c <

= lim f (u ) + 3 lim g(u) = [3 + 3( 1)]3 = 0 f ( x) g ( x) LM g ( x) f ( x) L + L g ( x ) M
u a u a

< ( M + 1) +L =
3x 2
12 3( x 2 )(x + 2) L + M +1 L + M +1
31. lim = lim
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 Hence,
= 3 lim (x + 2) = 3(2 + 2) = 12
x2 lim f ( x) g ( x) = LM = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x c x c x c
(3x 2 + 2 x + 1) 17 3x 2 + 2 x 16
32. lim
x2 x2
= lim
x 2 x2 36. Say lim g ( x ) = M , M 0 , and choose
x c
(3 x + 8)( x 2) 1
= lim = lim (3 x + 8) 1 = M
x2 x2 x 2 2 .
= 3 lim x + 8 = 3(2) + 8 = 14 There is some 1 > 0 such that
x2
1
0 < x c < 1 g ( x) M < 1 = M or
1
1 2 x
x2 2
2 2x 2x
33. lim x
= lim = lim 1 1
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 M M < g ( x) < M + M .
2 2
1 1 1 1
= lim = = = 1 1 1 1
x2 2 x 2 lim x 2(2) 4 M M M and M + M M
x 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2
3 3 3( 4 x 2 ) 3( x + 2 )( x 2 ) so g ( x) > M and <
4 2 g ( x) M
x2 4x2 4x2
34. lim = lim = lim
x2 x2 x2 x2
x2 x2 Choose > 0.
Since lim g(x) = M there is 2 > 0 such that
3 lim x + 2 xc
3( x + 2) = 3(2 + 2)
= lim = x 2 1 2
x2 4x 2 2
4(2)2 0 < x c < 2 g ( x) M < M .
4 lim x 2
x2 Let = min{1 , 2}, then
3
= 1 1 M g ( x)
4 0< xc < =
g ( x) M g ( x) M
1 2 2 1 2
= g ( x) M < g ( x) M = M
2
M g ( x) M M2 2
=

Instructors Resource Manual Section 1.3 75

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 1 1 1
Thus, lim = = . x3 ( x 3) x 2 9
xc g(x) M lim g (x) 43. lim = lim
xc x 3+ x2 9 x 3+ x2 9
Using statement 6 and the above result,
f ( x) 1 ( x 3) x 2 9 x2 9
lim = lim f ( x) lim = lim = lim
x c g ( x ) x c x c g ( x ) x 3+ ( x 3)( x + 3) x 3+ x+3
lim f ( x ) 32 9
1
= lim f ( x) = x c . = =0
x c lim g ( x ) lim g ( x) 3+3
x c x c

1+ x 1+1 2
37. lim f (x) = L lim f ( x) = lim L 44. lim = =
xc x c x c x 1 4 + 4 x 4 + 4(1) 8
lim f (x) lim L = 0
xc x c
lim [ f (x) L] = 0 ( x 2 + 1) x (22 + 1) 2 5 2 2
xc 45. lim = = =
2 2 2
x 2+ (3 x 1) (3 2 1) 5 5
2

38. lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = 0
xc xc 46. lim ( x x ) = lim x lim x = 3 2 =1
2 x 3 x 3 x 3
lim f ( x) = 0
xc
x
lim f 2 ( x) = 0 47. lim = 1
x c x 0 x
lim f 2 ( x) = 0
x c 48. lim x 2 + 2 x = 32 + 2 3 = 15
lim f ( x) = 0 x 3+
xc
1
2 49. f ( x) g ( x) = 1; g ( x) =
39. lim x = lim x = f ( x)
2
lim x = lim x 2
x c x c x c x c 1
2
lim g ( x) = 0 lim =0
x a x a f ( x)
= lim x = c 2 = c
x c 1
=0
lim f ( x)
x +1 x5 xa
40. a. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = and c = 2, then No value satisfies this equation, so lim f ( x)
x2 x2 x a
lim [ f (x) + g (x)] exists, but neither must not exist.
xc
lim f (x) nor lim g(x) exists. x 1
xc xc 50. R has the vertices ,
2 2
2 Each side of Q has length x 2 + 1 so the
b. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = x, and c = 0, then
x
lim [ f (x) g( x)] exists, but lim f (x) does perimeter of Q is 4 x 2 + 1. R has two sides of
x 2 so the
xc xc
length 1 and two sides of length
not exist.
perimeter of R is 2 + 2 x 2 .
3+ x 33
41. lim = =0 perimeter of R 2 x2 + 2
x 3+ x 3 lim = lim
x 0 + perimeter of Q x 0+ 4 x 2 + 1

3 + x3 3 + ( )3 2 02 + 2 2 1
42. lim = =0 = = =
x + x 4 0 +12 4 2

76 Section 1.3 Instructors Resource Manual

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 NO = (0 0)2 + (1 0)2 = 1 3 x tan x 3x (sin x / cos x) 3x
51. a. 4. lim = lim = lim
x 0 sin x x 0 sin x x 0 cos x
OP = ( x 0)2 + ( y 0) 2 = x 2 + y 2 0
= =0
= x2 + x 1

NP = ( x 0)2 + ( y 1)2 = x 2 + y 2 2 y + 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 1

5. lim = lim = 1 =
2
= x + x 2 x +1
x 0 2x 2 x 0 x 2 2

MO = (1 0) 2 + (0 0) 2 = 1 sin 3 3 sin 3 3 sin 3

6. lim = lim = lim
0 2 0 2 3 2 0 3
MP = ( x 1)2 + ( y 0) 2 = y2 + x2 2 x + 1
3 3
= 1 =
= x2 x + 1 2 2
perimeter of NOP
lim sin 3 sin 3 cos sin 3
x 0+ perimeter of MOP 7. lim = lim sin = lim
0 tan 0 0 sin
cos
1 + x2 + x + x2 + x 2 x + 1
= lim sin 3 1
x 0+ 1 + x2 + x + x2 x + 1 = lim cos 3 sin
0
3
1+ 1
= =1 sin 3 1
1+ 1 = 3 lim cos sin = 3 1 1 1 = 3
0
3
1 x
b. Area of NOP = (1)( x) =
2 2 sin 5
tan 5 sin 5
1 x 8. lim = lim cos 5 = lim
Area of MOP = (1)( y ) = 0 sin 2 0 sin 2 0 cos 5 sin 2
2 2 1 sin 5 1 2
= lim 5
5 2 sin 2
x
area of NOP x 0 cos 5
lim = lim 2 = lim
x 0 + area of MOP x 0 + x x 0 + x 5 1 sin 5 2
2 = lim
2 0 cos 5 5 sin 2
= lim x =0 5 5
x 0+ = 111 =
2 2

cos
1.4 Concepts Review cot sin sin
sin
9. lim = lim
0 2 sec 0 2
cos
1. 0
cos sin cos
= lim
2. 1 0 2sin
cos cos sin 1
3. the denominator is 0 when t = 0 . = lim
0 2 sin
4. 1 1 sin
= lim cos cos
2 0 sin
1 1
Problem Set 1.4 = 1111 =
2 2

cos x 1 sin 2 3t 9t sin 3t sin 3t

1. lim = =1 10. lim = lim = 0 1 1 = 0
x 0 x + 1 1 t 0 2t t 0 2 3t 3t

2. lim cos = 0 = 0 tan 2 3t sin 2 3t
/ 2 2 11. lim = lim
t 0 2t t 0 (2t )(cos 2 3t )

cos 2 t cos 2 0 1 3(sin 3t ) sin 3t

3. lim = = =1 = lim = 0 1 = 0
t 0 1 + sin t 1 + sin 0 1 + 0
t 0 2 cos 2 3t 3t

tan 2t 0
12. lim = =0
t 0 sin 2t 1 1

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 sin(3t ) + 4t sin 3t 4t sin x
13. lim = lim + 19. lim 1 + =2
t 0 t sec t t 0 t sec t t sec t x 0 x
sin 3t 4t
= lim + lim
t 0 t sec t t 0 t sec t
sin 3t
= lim 3cos t + lim 4 cos t
t 0 3t t 0
= 3 1 + 4 = 7

20. The result that lim cos t = 1 was established in

sin 2 sin sin t 0
14. lim = lim
0 2 0 the proof of the theorem. Then
sin sin lim cos t = lim cos(c + h)
= lim lim = 1 1 = 1 t c h 0
0 0 = lim (cos c cos h sin c sin h)
h 0
15. lim x sin (1/ x ) = 0 = lim cos c lim cos h sin c lim sin h
x 0 h 0 h 0 h0
= cos c

lim sin t
sin t t c sin c
21. lim tan t = lim = = = tan c
t c t c cos t lim cos t cos c
t c
lim cos t
cos t t c cos c
lim cot t = lim = = = cot c
t c t c sin t lim sin t sin c
t c

( )
1 1
16. lim x sin 1/ x 2 = 0 22. lim sec t = lim = = sec c
x 0 t c cos t cos c
t c

1 1
lim csc t = lim = = csc c
t c t c sin t sin c

23. BP = sin t , OB = cos t

area( OBP) area (sector OAP)
area (OBP) + area( ABPQ)
1 1 1
OB BP t (1) 2 OB BP + (1 OB ) BP
2 2 2

(
17. lim 1 cos 2 x / x = 0
x 0
) 1
2
1 1
sin t cos t t sin t cos t + (1 cos t ) sin t
2 2

t
cos t 2 cos t
sin t
1 sin t 1
for < t < .
2 cos t t cos t 2 2
1 sin t 1
lim lim lim
t 0 2 cos t t 0 t t 0 cos t
sin t
1 lim 1
t 0 t
18. lim cos 2 x = 1
x 0 sin t
Thus, lim = 1.
t 0 t

78 Section 1.4 Instructors Resource Manual

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 Written response
x2
24. a.
1
6. lim = lim =1
1 1 x x 8 x + 15 x 1 + 15
2 8
b. D= AB BP = (1 cos t ) sin t x x2
2 2
sin t (1 cos t )
= x3 1 1
2 7. lim 3 2
= lim =
1 1 t sin t cos t
x 2 x 100 x x 2 100 2
E = t (1)2 OB BP =
x

2 2 2 2
D sin t (1 cos t ) 5
= 8. lim = lim =
E t sin t cos t 5 5 4 1 5

D
c. lim = 0.75
3 x3 x 2 3 1 3
+
t 0 E x =
9. lim = lim
3
x x 5 x 2 x 5
x

1.5 Concepts Review sin 2

10. lim ; 0 sin 2 1 for all and
2 5
1. x increases without bound; f(x) gets close to L as 1
x increases without bound 1 2 sin 2
lim = lim = 0 so lim =0
2 5 1 5 2 5
2. f(x) increases without bound as x approaches c 2
from the right; f(x) decreases without bound as x
approaches c from the left 3 x3 + 3 x 3 x3 / 2 + 3 x
11. lim = lim
3. y = 6; horizontal x 2 x3 x 2 x3 / 2
3+ 3 3
4. x = 6; vertical
= lim x
=
x 2 2
Problem Set 1.5
x3 + 3x x3 + 3 x
12. lim 3 = 3 lim
1. lim
x
= lim
1
=1
x 2 x3 + 7 x x 2 x3 + 7 x
x x 5 x 1 5 3
x +
x2
= 3 lim =3
x 2 + 72 2
1
x2
x
2. lim = lim x
=0
x 5 x3 x 5 1 2 2
x3 1 + 8x 1 + 8x
13. lim 3 = 3 lim
2
x x + 4 x x 2 + 4
t2 1 1
3. lim = lim = 1 +8
t 7 t 2 t 7 1 x2
= 3 lim = 38 =2
t2 x 1 + 4
x2
t 1
4. lim = lim =1
t t 5 t 1 5 x2 + x + 3 x2 + x + 3
t 14. lim = lim
x ( x 1)( x + 1) x x 2 1
x2 x2 1 + 1x + 32
5. lim = lim
x ( x 5)(3 x) x x 2 + 8 x 15 = lim x
= 1 =1
x 1 12
1 x
= lim = 1
x 1 + 15
8
x x2 n 1 1
15. lim = lim =
n 2n + 1 n 2 + 1 2
n

Instructors Resource Manual Section 1.5 79

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 n2 1 1 9y + 1
16. lim = lim = =1 9 y3 + 1 y2
n n2 + 1 n 1 1+ 0 23. lim = lim =
1+ y y2 2 y + 2 y 1 2+ 2
n2 y y2

n2 lim n
17. lim = lim
n
= n
= = a0 x n + a1 x n 1 ++ an 1 x + an
n n + 1 n 1 1 1+ 0 24. lim
1+ x b0 x n + b1 x n 1 ++ bn 1 x + bn
lim 1 +
n n n
a1 an 1 an
a0 + + + +
x x n 1 xn a0
1 = lim =
x b1 bn 1 bn
n 0 b0 + + + + b0
18. lim = lim n = =0 x x n 1 xn
n n2 + 1 n 1 1+ 0
1+
n2 n 1 1
25. lim = lim = =1
n 2
n +1 n 1 1+ 0
1+ 2
19. For x > 0, x = x 2 . n
2x + 1 2 + 1x 2 + 1x
lim = lim = lim n2
x x x 2 +3 x 1+
x2 + 3 3
2
2 x2 n n3/ 2
x
26. lim = lim = =
2 n 3
n + 2n + 1 n 2 1 1
= =2 1+ 2 + 3
1 n n

+
2 x +1 2 + 12 27. As x 4+ , x 4 while x 4 0 .
2x +1 xx2 x
20. lim = lim = lim =0 lim
x
=
x x+4 x 1 + 4 x 1 + 4 + x 4
x x x 4

21. lim 2 x 2 + 3 2 x 2 5 28. lim

t2 9
= lim
(t + 3)(t 3)
x
t 3 t + 3
+ t 3+ t +3
2 x 2 + 3 2 x 2 5 2 x 2 + 3 + 2 x 2 5 = lim (t 3) = 6

= lim t 3+
x 2
2x + 3 + 2x 5 2

2 x 2 + 3 (2 x 2 5) 29. As t 3 , t 2 9 while 9 t 2 0+.

= lim
x t2
2 x2 + 3 + 2 x2 5 lim =
8 t 3 9 t2
8
= lim = lim x
x 2 x + 3 + 2 x2 5
2 x 2 x 2 +3 + 2 x 2 5 +
30. As x 3 5 , x 2 52 / 3 while 5 x3 0 .
x2
x2
8 lim =
= lim x =0 x3 5
+
5 x3
x 2+ 3 + 2 5
x2 x2
31. As x 5 , x 2 25, x 5 0 , and
22. 3 x 2.
lim x 2 + 2 x x lim
x2
=
x
x 5 ( x 5)(3 x)
x 2 + 2 x x x 2 + 2 x + x

= lim 32. As + , 2 2 while sin 0 .
x 2
x + 2x + x 2
2
x + 2x x 2
2x lim =
= lim = lim + sin
x x 2 + 2 x + x x x 2 + 2 x + x
2 2
= lim = =1
x 1+ 2 +1 2
x

80 Section 1.5 Instructors Resource Manual

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

33. As x 3 , x3 27, while x 3 0 . 43. lim
3
= 0, lim
3
= 0;
x 3 x x +1 x x + 1
lim = Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
x 3 x3
3 3
lim = , lim = ;
x 1+ x + 1 x 1 x + 1
+ 2
34. As , while cos 0 . Vertical asymptote x = 1
2 2

lim =
+ cos
2

x2 x 6 ( x + 2)( x 3)
35. lim = lim
x 3 x3 x 3 x3
= lim ( x + 2) = 5
x 3

x2 + 2 x 8 ( x + 4)( x 2)
36. lim = lim
x 2+ x 4 2
x 2+ ( x + 2)( x 2) 3 3
44. lim = 0, lim = 0;
x ( x + 1) 2 x ( x + 1) 2
x+4 6 3
= lim = =
x 2+ x + 2 4 2 Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
3 3
lim = , lim = ;
+ 2 2
x x 1 ( x + 1) x 1 ( x + 1)

37. For 0 x < 1 , x = 0 , so for 0 < x < 1, =0
x Vertical asymptote x = 1
x
thus lim =0
x 0 + x

38. For 1 x < 0 , x = 1 , so for 1 < x < 0,

x 1 x
= thus lim = .
x x x 0 x
1
(Since x < 0, > 0. )
x

39. For x < 0, x = x, thus

2x 2
x x 45. lim = lim = 2,
lim = lim = 1 x x 3 x 1 3
x 0 x 0
x x x
2x 2
lim = lim = 2,
x x x x 3 x 1 3
40. For x > 0, x = x, thus lim = lim =1 x
x 0 + x x 0 + x Horizontal asymptote y = 2
2x 2x
lim = , lim = ;
41. As x 0 , 1 + cos x 2 while sin x 0 . x 3+ x 3 x 3 x 3
1 + cos x Vertical asymptote x = 3
lim =
x 0 sin x

42. 1 sin x 1 for all x, and

1 sin x
lim = 0, so lim = 0.
x x x x

Instructors Resource Manual Section 1.5 81

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 3 3 1
46. lim = 0, lim = 0; 49. f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 3
, thus
x 9 x 2 x 9 x 2 x 1
Horizontal asymptote y = 0 1
lim [ f ( x) (2 x + 3)] = lim =0
3 3 x 3
x x 1
lim = , lim = ,
+ 2 2 The oblique asymptote is y = 2x + 3.
x 3 9 x x 3 9 x
3 3
lim = , lim = ; 4x + 3
x 3+ 9 x
2
x 3 9 x
2 50. f ( x) = 3x + 4 , thus
x2 + 1
Vertical asymptotes x = 3, x = 3
4x + 3
lim [ f ( x) (3 x + 4)] = lim
x x x 2 + 1

4+ 3
x x2
= lim =0.
x 1 + 12
x
The oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 4.

51. a. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each

x c +
negative number M there corresponds a > 0
such that 0 < x c < f(x) < M.
14 14
47. lim = 0, lim = 0;
x 2 x+7 2 x 2 x2 + 7 b. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each
Horizontal asymptote y = 0 x c
2
Since 2x + 7 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical positive number M there corresponds a > 0
asymptotes. such that 0 < c x < f(x) > M.

52. a. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each

x
positive number M there corresponds an
N > 0 such that N < x f(x) > M.

b. We say that lim f ( x ) = if to each

x
positive number M there corresponds an
N < 0 such that x < N f(x) > M.

53. Let > 0 be given. Since lim f ( x ) = A, there is

x

2x 2 2 a corresponding number M1 such that

48. lim = lim = = 2,
x 2
x +5 x 1+ 5 1 x > M1 f ( x) A < . Similarly, there is a
x2 2
2x 2 2
lim = lim = = 2 number M2 such that x > M 2 g ( x) B < .
x x 1 2
x2 + 5 1+ 5
x2 Let M = max{M1 , M 2 } , then
Since x 2 + 5 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical x > M f ( x) + g ( x) ( A + B)
asymptotes. = f ( x) A + g ( x) B f ( x) A + g ( x) B

< =
+
2 2
Thus, lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] = A + B
x

54. Written response

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 55. a. lim sin x does not exist as sin x oscillates m0
x 56. lim m(v) = lim =
between 1 and 1 as x increases. v c v c 1 v2 / c2
1
b. Let u = , then as x , u 0+. 3x 2 + x +1 3
x 57. lim 2
=
x 2x 1 2
1
lim sin = lim sin u = 0
x x u 0 +
2 x 2 3x 2
58. lim =
1 2
c. Let u = , then as x , u 0+. x 5x + 1 5
x
1 1 sin u 3
lim x sin = lim sin u = lim =1 59. lim 2 x 2 + 3x 2 x 2 5 =
x x u 0+ u u 0 + u x 2 2
1 2x +1 2
d. Let u = , then 60. lim =
x
3/ 2
x 3x 2 + 1 3
3/ 2 1 1
lim x sin = lim+ sin u
x x u 0 u 10
1
1 sin u 61. lim 1 + =1
= lim+ x x
=
u 0 u u
x
1
e. As x , sin x oscillates between 1 and 1, 62. lim 1 + = e 2.718
x x
1
while x 1/ 2 = 0.
x
x2
1/ 2
sin x = 0 1
lim x 63. lim 1 + =
x x x
1
f. Let u = , then sin x
x 1
64. lim 1 + =1
1 x x
lim sin + = lim+ sin + u
x 6 x u 0 6
sin x 3
1 65. lim = 1
= sin = x3
6 2 x 3

1 1 sin x 3
g. As x , x + , so lim sin x + 66. lim = 1
x x x
x 3 tan( x 3)
does not exist. (See part a.)
1 1 1 cos( x 3)
h. sin x + = sin x cos + cos x sin 67. lim =
x x x x 3 x3
1
lim sin x + sin x cos x
x x 68. lim = 1
x
+ x 2
1 1 2
= lim sin x cos 1 + cos x sin
x x x
1
1 1 lim (1 + x ) x = e 2.718
As x , cos 1 so cos 1 0. 69.
x x x 0 +
1
From part b., lim sin = 0.
x x 70. lim (1 + x )1/ x =
As x both sin x and cos x oscillate x 0+
between 1 and 1.
1 71. lim (1 + x ) x = 1
lim sin x + sin x = 0. x 0+
x x

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 13. lim f (t ) = lim (3 t ) = 0
1.6 Concepts Review t 3+ t 3+
lim f (t ) = lim (t 3) = 0
1. lim f ( x) t 3 t 3
x c
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t 3
2. every integer
14. lim f (t ) = lim (3 t )2 = 0
3. lim f ( x) = f (a); lim f ( x) = f (b)
t 3+ t 3+
xa+ x b
lim f (t ) = lim (t 2 9) = 0
4. a; b; f(c) = W t 3 t 3
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t 3

Problem Set 1.6 15. lim f ( x) = 2 = f (3); continuous

t 3
1. lim[( x 3)( x 4)] = 0 = f (3); continuous
x 3 16. g is discontinuous at x = 3, 4, 6, 8; g is left
continuous at x = 4, 8; g is right continuous at
2. lim ( x 2 9) = 0 = g (3); continuous x = 3, 6
x 3
17. h is continuous on the intervals
3 (, 5), [ 5, 4] , (4, 6), [ 6,8] , (8, )
3. lim and h(3) do not exist, so h(x) is not
x 3 x 3
continuous at 3. x 2 49 ( x 7)( x + 7)
18. lim = lim = lim ( x + 7)
x 7 x 7 x 7 x7 x 7
4. lim t 4 and g(3) do not exist, so g(t) is not = 7 + 7 = 14
t 3
Define f(7) = 14.
continuous at 3.

t 3 2 x 2 18 2( x + 3)( x 3)
5. lim and h(3) do not exist, so h(t) is not 19. lim = lim
x 3 3 x x 3 3 x
t 3t 3
continuous at 3. = lim[2( x + 3)] = 2(3 + 3) = 12
x 3
Define f(3) = 12.
6. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3.
sin( )
7. lim t = 3 = f (3); continuous 20. lim =1
t 3 0
Define g(0) = 1
8. lim t 2 = 1 = g (3); continuous
t 3
t 1 ( t 1)( t + 1)
21. lim = lim
9. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3. t 1 t 1 t 1 (t 1)( t + 1)
t 1 1 1
10. f(3) does not exist, so f(x) is not continuous at 3. = lim = lim =
1)( t + 1)
t 1 (t t 1 t +1 2
t 3 27 (t 3)(t 2 + 3t + 9) 1
11. lim = lim Define H(1) = .
t 3 t 3 t 3 t 3 2
= lim(t 2 + 3t + 9) = (3)2 + 3(3) + 9 = 27 = r (3) x4 + 2 x2 3 ( x 2 1)( x 2 + 3)
t 3 22. lim = lim
continuous x 1 x +1 x 1 x +1
( x + 1)( x 1)( x 2 + 3)
12. From Problem 11, lim r (t ) = 27, so r(t) is not = lim
t 3 x 1 x +1
continuous at 3 because lim r (t ) r (3). = lim [( x 1)( x 2 + 3)]
t 3 x 1
= (1 1)[(1)2 + 3] = 8
Define (1) = 8.

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 x2 1 ( x 1)( x + 1)
37.
23. lim sin = lim sin

x 1
x + 1 x 1 x +1
= lim sin( x 1) = sin(1 1) = sin(2) = sin 2
x 1
Define F(1) = sin 2.

24. Discontinuous at x = ,30

33 x 2
25. f ( x) = 38.
( x)( x 3)
Discontinuous at x = 3,

26. Continuous at all points

27. Discontinuous at all = n + where n is any

2
integer.

28. Discontinuous at all u 5

39.
29. Discontinuous at u = 1

30. Continuous at all points

1
31. G ( x) =
(2 x)(2 + x)
Discontinuous on (, 2] [2, )

32. Continuous at all points since 40.

lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) and lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1).
x 0 x 1

33. lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (0)

x 0
lim g ( x) = 1, lim g ( x) = 1
x 1+ x 1
lim g(x ) does not exist, so g(x) is discontinuous
x1
at x = 1.

34. Discontinuous at every integer

Discontinuous at all points except x = 0, because
1 lim f ( x ) f (c) for c 0 . lim f ( x ) exists only
35. Discontinuous at t = n + where n is any integer x c x c
2 at c = 0 and lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) .
x 0
36.
41. Continuous.

42. Discontinuous: removable, define f (10) = 20

43. Discontinuous: removable, define f (0) = 1

44. Discontinuous: nonremovable.

45. Discontinuous, removable, redefine g (0) = 1

46. Discontinuous: removable, define F (0) = 0

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 47. Discontinuous: nonremovable. 52. Let f ( x) = x3 + 3 x 2. f is continuous on [0, 1].
48. Discontinuous: removable, define f (4) = 4 f(0) = 2 < 0 and f(1) = 2 > 0. Thus, there is at
least one number c between 0 and 1 such that
49. The function is continuous on the intervals x 3 + 3x 2 = 0.
( 0,1] , (1, 2], (2,3], 53. Because the function is continuous on [ 0,2 ] and
Cost $ (cos 0)03 + 6sin 5 0 3 = 3 < 0,
0.72
(cos 2)(2)3 + 6sin 5 (2) 3 = 83 3 > 0, there
0.60 is at least one number c between 0 and 2 such
0.48 that (cos t )t 3 + 6sin 5 t 3 = 0.

54. Let f ( x ) = x 7 x + 14 x 8 . f(x) is

0.36 3 2

0.24
continuous at all values of x.
0.12 f(0) = 8, f(5) = 12
Because 0 is between 8 and 12, there is at least
1 2 3 4 5
one number c between 0 and 5 such that
6
Length of call in minutes f ( x ) = x 3 7 x 2 + 14 x 8 = 0 .
This equation has three solutions (x = 1,2,4)
50. The function is continuous on the intervals
[0, 200], (200,300], (300, 400],

Cost $

80

60

40

20 55. Let f ( x ) = x cos x. . f(x) is continuous at all

values of x 0. f(0) = 1, f(/2) = / 2
100 200 300 400 500 Because 0 is between 1 and / 2 , there is at
Miles Driven
least one number c between 0 and /2 such that
51. The function is continuous on the intervals f ( x ) = x cos x = 0.
(0, 0.25], (0.25, 0.375], (0.375, 0.5], The interval [0.6,0.7] contains the solution.
Cost $

1
56. Let f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 7 x + 14
f(x) is continuous at all values of x.
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
f(2) = 36, f(0) = 14
Miles Driven
Because 0 is between 36 and 14, there is at least
one number c between 2 and 0 such that
f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 7 x + 14 = 0.

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 57. Suppose that f is continuous at c, so 63. Let f(x) be the difference in times on the hikers
lim f ( x) = f (c). Let x = c + t, so t = x c, then watch where x is a point on the path, and suppose
x c x = 0 at the bottom and x = 1 at the top of the
as x c , t 0 and the statement mountain.
lim f ( x) = f (c) becomes lim f (t + c ) = f (c). So f(x) = (time on watch on the way up) (time
x c t 0
on watch on the way down).
Suppose that lim f (t + c) = f (c) and let x = t + f(0) = 4 11 = 7, f(1) = 12 5 = 7. Since time is
t 0
c, so t = x c. Since c is fixed, t 0 means that continuous, f(x) is continuous, hence there is
x c and the statement lim f (t + c) = f (c) some c between 0 and 1 where f(c) = 0. This c is
t 0 the point where the hikers watch showed the
becomes lim f ( x) = f (c) , so f is continuous at same time on both days.
x c
c.
64. Let f be the function on 0, 2 such that f() is

58. Since f(x) is continuous at c,
the length of the side of the rectangle which
lim f ( x) = f (c) > 0. Choose = f ( c ) , then
x c makes angle with the x-axis minus the length of
there exists a > 0 such that the sides perpendicular to it. f is continuous on
0 < x c < f ( x) f (c) < .
0, 2 . If f(0) = 0 then the region is

Thus, f ( x ) f ( c ) > = f ( c ) , or f ( x ) > 0 . circumscribed by a square. If f(0) 0, then
Since also f ( c ) > 0 , f ( x ) > 0 for all x in
observe that f (0) = f . Thus, by the
(c , c + ). 2
Intermediate Value Theorem, there is an angle
59. Let g(x) = x f(x). Then,
g(0) = 0 f(0) = f(0) 0 and g(1) = 1 f(1) 0 0 between 0 and such that f ( 0 ) = 0.
2
since 0 f(x) 1 on [0, 1] . If g(0) = 0, then Hence, D can be circumscribed by a square.
f(0) = 0 and c = 0 is a fixed point of f. If g(1) = 0,
then f(1) = 1 and c = 1 is a fixed point of f. If 65. Yes, g is continuous at R .
neither g(0) = 0 nor g(1) = 0, then g(0) < 0 and
lim g ( r ) = = lim g ( r )
GMm
g(1) > 0 so there is some c in [0, 1] such that
r R R2 r R+
g(c) = 0. If g(c) = 0 then c f(c) = 0 or
f(c) = c and c is a fixed point of f. 66. No. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, if f
were to change signs on [a,b], then f must be
60. For f(x) to be continuous everywhere,
0 at some c in [a,b]. Therefore, f cannot
f(1) = a(1) + b = 2 and f(2) = 6 = a(2) + b
a+b=2 change sign.
2a + b = 6 67. a. f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0), so f(0) = 0. We
a = 4 want to prove that lim f (x) = f (c), or,
xc
a = 4, b = 2 equivalently, lim [ f (x) f (c)] = 0. But
xc
61. For x in [0, 1], let f(x) indicate where the string f(x) f(c) = f(x c), so
originally at x ends up. Thus f(0) = a, f(1) = b. lim[ f ( x) f (c)] = lim f ( x c). Let
f(x) is continuous since the string is unbroken. x c x c
Since 0 a, b 1 , f(x) satisfies the conditions of h = x c then as x c, h 0 and
Problem 59, so there is some c in [0, 1] with lim f ( x c) = lim f (h) = f (0) = 0. Hence
x c h 0
f(c) = c, i.e., the point of string originally at c
lim f (x) = f (c) and f is continuous at c.
ends up at c. xc
Thus, f is continuous everywhere, since c
62. The Intermediate Value Theorem does not imply was arbitrary.
the existence of a number c between 2 and 2
such that f (c ) = 0. The reason is that the b. By Problem 43 of Section 0.5, f(t) = mt for
all t in Q. Since g(t) = mt is a polynomial
function f ( x ) is not continuous on [ 2, 2] . function, it is continuous for all real
numbers. f(t) = g(t) for all t in Q, thus
f(t) = g(t) for all t in R, i.e. f (t ) = mt.

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 68. If f(x) is continuous on an interval then 3 3
lim f ( x) = f (c) for all points in the interval: Domain: , ;
x c 4 4
lim f ( x) = f (c) lim f ( x) 3 3
Range: , 0,
x c x c 4 4
2
= lim f 2 ( x) = lim f ( x) b. At x = 0
x c x c
= ( f (c))2 = f (c ) 3 3
c. If x = 0, f ( x) = 0 , if x = , f ( x) = and
4 4
1 if x 0
69. Suppose f ( x) = . f(x) is 3 3 3 3
1 if x < 0 if x = , f ( x) = , so x = , 0, are
4 4 4 4
discontinuous at x = 0, but g(x) = f ( x) = 1 is fixed points of f.
continuous everywhere.

70. a.
1.7 Chapter Review

Concepts Test

1. False. Consider f ( x ) = x at x = 2.

2. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or

it may be defined separately.

3. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or

it may be defined separately.

4. True. By definition, where c = 0, L = 0.

b. If r is any rational number, then any deleted
interval about r contains an irrational 5. False: If f(c) is not defined, lim f ( x ) might
1 xc
number. Thus, if f (r ) = , any deleted 2
q x 4
exist; e.g., f ( x) = .
interval about r contains at least one point c x+2
1 1 x2 4
such that f (r ) f (c) = 0 = . Hence, f(2) does not exist, but lim = 4.
q q x 2 x + 2
lim f (x) does not exist.
xr
x 2 25 ( x 5)( x + 5)
If c is any irrational number in (0, 1), then as 6. True: lim = lim
x 5 x 5 x 5 x5
p p
x = c (where is the reduced form = lim ( x + 5) = 5 + 5 = 10
q q x 5
of the rational number) q , so
7. True: Substitution Theorem
f ( x) 0 as x c. Thus,
lim f ( x) = 0 = f (c) for any irrational sin x
x c 8. False: lim =1
x 0 x
number c.

71. a. Suppose the block rotates to the left. Using 9. False: The tangent function is not defined for
all values of c.
3
geometry, f ( x) = . Suppose the block
4 sin x
rotates to the right. Using geometry, 10. True: If x is in the domain of tan x = ,
cos x
3
f ( x) = . If x = 0, the block does not rotate, then cos x 0 , and Theorem A.7
4 applies..
so f(x) = 0.

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 11. True: Since both sin x and cos x are 25. True: Choose = 0. 001 f (2) then since
continuous for all real numbers, by lim f ( x ) = f (2), there is some
Theorem C we can conclude that x2
such that 0 < x 2 <
f ( x) = 2 sin 2 x cos x is also
f ( x ) f (2) < 0. 001 f (2), or
continuous for all real numbers.
0. 001 f (2 ) < f ( x ) f (2 )
12. True. By definition, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) . < 0.001f(2)
x c Thus, 0.999f(2) < f(x) < 1.001f(2) and
f(x) < 1.001f(2) for 0 < x 2 < .
13. True. 2 [1,3] Since f(2) < 1.001f(2), as f(2) > 0,
f(x) < 1.001f(2) on (2 , 2 + ).
14. False: lim may not exist
x 0 26. False: That lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] exists does
xc
15. False: Consider f ( x) = sin x. not imply that lim f ( x ) and
xc
x3
16. True. By the definition of continuity on an lim g( x ) exist; e.g., f ( x) = and
interval. xc x+2
x+7
g ( x) = for c = 2 .
17. False: Since 1 sin x 1 for all x and x+2
1 sin x
lim = 0 , we get lim =0. 27. True: Squeeze Theorem
x x x x

28. True: A function has only one limit at a

18. False. It could be the case where
point, so if lim f ( x ) = L and
lim f ( x ) = 2 x a
x
lim f ( x ) = M , L = M
x a
19. False: The graph has many vertical
asymptotes; e.g., x = /2, 3/2, 29. False: That f(x) g(x) for all x does not
5/2, imply that lim f ( x) lim g ( x). For
x c x c
20. True: x = 2 ; x = 2 2
x +x6
example, if f ( x) = and
x2
21. True: As x 1+ both the numerator and
5
denominator are positive. Since the g ( x) =x, then f(x) g(x) for all x,
numerator approaches a constant and 2
the denominator approaches zero, the but lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 5.
x2 x 2
limit goes to + .
30. False: If f(x) < 10, lim f ( x ) could equal 10
22. False: lim f ( x) must equal f(c) for f to be x2
x c if there is a discontinuity point (2, 10).
continuous at x = c. For example,
x3 + 6 x 2 2 x 12
23. True: lim f ( x) = f lim x = f (c), so f is f ( x) =
x2
< 10 for
x c x c
continuous at x = c. all x, but lim f ( x) = 10.
x 2

x
24. True: lim = 1 = f ( 2.3) 31. True: lim f ( x) = lim f 2 ( x)
x 2.3 2 x a x a
2
= lim f ( x) = (b)2 = b
xa

32. True: If f is continuous and positive on

[a, b], the reciprocal is also
continuous, so it will assume all
1 1
values between and .
f ( a) f (b )

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 Sample Test Problems x 1 1 x
14. lim = lim = 1 since x 1 < 0 as
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x2 22 0
1. lim = = =0
x 2 x + 2 2+2 4 x 1

u 2 1 12 1 sin 5 x 5 sin 5 x
2. lim = =0 15. lim = lim
x 0 3 x x 0 3 5 x
u 1 u + 1 1+1
5 sin 5 x 5 5
= lim = 1 =
u2 1 (u 1)(u + 1) 3 x 0 5 x 3 3
3. lim = lim = lim (u + 1)
u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1
1 cos 2 x 2 1 cos 2 x
=1+1=2 16. lim = lim
x 0 3x x 0 3 2x
u +1 u +1 1 2 1 cos 2 x 2
4. lim = lim = lim ; = lim = 0 = 0
u 1 u 2
1 u 1 (u + 1)(u 1) u 1 u 1 3 x 0 2x 3
does not exist
1
1
x 2 x 1 x = 1+ 0 = 1
1 2x 1 17. lim = lim
5. lim = lim x
= lim x x + 2 x 2 1+ 0
x2 x 2 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2) x2 x ( x + 2) 1+
4 x
1 1
= =
2 (2 + 2 ) 8 1
18. Since 1 sin t 1 for all t and lim = 0 , we
t t
z2 4( z + 2)( z 2) sin t
6. lim = lim get lim =0.
z 2 z 2
+z6 z 2 ( z + 3)( z
2) t t
z +2 2 + 2 4
= lim = =
z 2 z + 3 2 + 3 5 t+2
19. lim = because as t 0, t + 2 4
sin x
t 2 ( t 2 )2
tan x 1 while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
7. lim = lim cos x
= lim
x 0 sin 2 x x 0 2 sin x cos x x 0 2 cos 2 x
1 1 cos x
= 2
= 20. lim = , because as x 0+ , cos x 1
2 cos 0 2 x 0 + x
while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
y3 1 ( y 1)( y 2 + y + 1)
8. lim = lim
y 1 y 2 1 y 1 ( y 1)( y + 1) 21. lim tan 2 x = because as x ( / 4 ) ,
x / 4
y 2 + y + 1 12 + 1 + 1 3
= lim = =
2 x ( / 2 ) , so tan 2 x .
y 1 y +1 1+1 2

1 + sin x
9. lim
x4
= lim
( x 2)( x + 2) 22. lim = , because as x 0+ ,
x 0 + x
x4 x 2 x 4 x 2
1 + sin x 1 while the denominator goes to
= lim ( x + 2) = 4 + 2 = 4
x4 0 from the right.

cos x 23. Preliminary analysis: Let > 0. We need to find

10. lim does not exist. a > 0 such that
x 0 x
0 <| x 3 |< | ( 2 x + 1) 7 |< .
x x | 2 x 6 |< 2 | x 3 |<
11. lim = lim = lim (1) = 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
| x 3 |< . Choose = .
2 2
12. lim 4x = 2
x (1/ 2)+ Let > 0. Choose = / 2. Thus,

13. lim ( t t ) = lim t lim t = 1 2 = 1 ( 2 x + 1) 7 = 2 x 6 = 2 x 3 < 2 ( / 2 ) = .

t 2 t 2 t 2

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 24. a. f(1) = 0 28.

b. lim f ( x) = lim (1 x) = 0
x 1+ x 1+

c. lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1 x 1

d. lim f ( x) = 1 because
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim x3 = 1 and

x 1 x 1
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1+ x 1+
29. a(0) + b = 1 and a(1) + b = 1
25. a. f is discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) = 0, b = 1; a + b = 1
but lim f (x ) does not exist. f is a1=1
x1
a=2
discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) does
not exist.
30. Let f ( x) = x5 4 x3 3 x + 1
b. Define f(1) = 1 f(2) = 5, f(3) = 127
Because f(x) is continuous on [2, 3] and
26. a. 0 < u a < g (u ) M < f(2) < 0 < f(3), there exists some number c
between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0.
b. 0 < a x < f ( x) L <
31. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.

27. a. lim[2 f ( x) 4 g ( x)] x x

x 3 Horizontal: lim = lim = 0 , so
= 2 lim f ( x) 4 lim g ( x ) x x 2
+1 x x 2 +1
x 3 x 3 y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
= 2(3) 4(2) = 14
32. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.
x2 9
b. lim g ( x) = lim g ( x )( x + 3)
x 3 x 3 x 3 x2 x2
Horizontal: lim = lim = 1 , so
= lim g ( x ) lim ( x + 3) = 2 (3 + 3) = 12 x x 2
+ 1 x x 2 + 1
x 3 x 3
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
c. g(3) = 2
x2
33. Vertical: x = 1, x = 1 because lim =
d. lim g ( f ( x)) = g lim f ( x) = g (3) = 2 x 1+ x2 1
x 3 x 3
x2
and lim =
2 x 1 x2 1
e. lim f ( x) 8 g ( x)
x 3
2 x2 x2
= lim = 1 , so
= lim f ( x) 8 lim g ( x)
Horizontal: lim
x x 2
1 x x 2 1
x 3 x 3
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
= (3) 2 8(2) = 5

g ( x) g (3) 2 g (3) 2 (2)

f. lim = =
x 3 f ( x) 3 3
=0

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 34. Vertical: x = 2, x = 2 because 2. a. g ( 2 ) = 1/ 2
3 3
x x
lim = and lim = b. g ( 2.1) = 1/ 2.1 0.476
2 2
x 2+ x 4 x 2 x 4

x3 c. g ( 2.1) g ( 2 ) = 0.476 0.5 = 0.024

Horizontal: lim = and
x x 2 4
3 g ( 2.1) g ( 2 ) 0.024
x d. = = 0.24
lim = , so there are no horizontal 2.1 2 0.1
x x 2
4
asymptotes. e. g ( a + h ) = 1/ ( a + h )
35. Vertical: x = / 4, 3 / 4, 5 / 4, because
h
lim tan 2 x = and similarly for other odd f. g ( a + h ) g ( a ) = 1/ ( a + h ) 1/ a =
x / 4 a (a + h)
multiples of / 4.
h
Horizontal: None, because lim tan 2 x and g (a + h) g (a) a (a + h) 1
x g. = =
lim tan 2 x do not exist. (a + h) a h a (a + h)
x
g (a + h) g (a) 1
36. Vertical: x = 0, because h. lim =
h0 (a + h) a a2
sin x 1 sin x
lim = lim =.
+ 2 +
x 0 x x 0 x x 3. a. F ( 2 ) = 2 1.414
Horizontal: y = 0, because
b. F ( 2.1) = 2.1 1.449
sin x sin x
lim = lim = 0.
x x2 x x2 c. F ( 2.1) F ( 2 ) = 1.449 1.414 = 0.035

Review and Preview Problems F ( 2.1) F ( 2 ) 0.035

d. = = 0.35
2.1 2 0.1
1. a. f ( 2 ) = 22 = 4
e. F (a + h) = a + h
b. f ( 2.1) = 2.12 = 4.41
f. F (a + h) F (a) = a + h a
c. f ( 2.1) f ( 2 ) = 4.41 4 = 0.41
F (a + h) F (a) a+h a
f ( 2.1) f ( 2 ) g. =
d. =
0.41
= 4.1 ( a + h) a h
2.1 2 0.1
F (a + h) F (a) a+h a
f ( a + h ) = ( a + h ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2 = lim
2
e. h. lim
h0 (a + h) a h0 h

f ( a + h ) f ( a ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2 a 2
= lim
( a+h a )( a+h + a )
( )
f.
= 2ah + h 2 h 0 h a+h + a
a+ha
f (a + h) f (a) = lim
g.
(a + h) a
=
2ah + h 2
h
= 2a + h h 0 h ( a+h + a )
h
= lim
h. lim
f (a + h) f ( a)
= lim ( 2a + h ) = 2a
h 0 h ( a+h + a )
h0 (a + h) a h 0
1 1 a
= lim = =
h 0 a+h + a 2 a 2a

92 Review and Preview Instructors Resource Manual

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 G ( 2) = ( 2) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
3 4 32
V0 = ( 2 ) =
4. a. 3
10. cm3
3 3
G ( 2.1) = ( 2.1) + 1 = 9.261 + 1 = 10.261
3 4 62.5 125
V1 = ( 2.5 ) =
3
b. = cm3
3 3 6
G ( 2.1) G ( 2 ) = 10.261 9 = 1.261 125 32
c. V = V1 V0 = cm3 cm3
6 3
G ( 2.1) G ( 2 ) 61
d. =
1.261
= 12.61 = cm3 31.940 cm3
2.1 2 0.1 6

11. a. North plane has traveled 600miles. East

G ( a + h) = ( a + h) + 1
3
e. plane has traveled 400 miles.
= a 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1
d = 6002 + 4002
b.
G ( a + h ) G ( a ) = ( a + h ) + 1 a + 1
3 3
f. = 721 miles

(
= a3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1 a 3 + 1 ) ( ) d = 6752 + 5002
2 2 3
c.
= 3a h + 3ah + h = 840 miles

G ( a + h) G ( a) 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3
g. =
(a + h) a h
= 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2

G ( a + h) G ( a)
h. lim = lim 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2
h0 (a + h) a h 0

= 3a 2

5. a. ( a + b )3 = a3 + 3a 2b +

b. ( a + b ) 4 = a 4 + 4 a 3b +

c. ( a + b )5 = a 5 + 5 a 4 b +

6. ( a + b )n = a n + na n 1b +

7. sin ( x + h ) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h

8. cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h sin x sin h

9. a. The point will be at position (10, 0 ) in all

three cases ( t = 1, 2,3 ) because it will have
made 4, 8, and 12 revolutions respectively.

b. Since the point is rotating at a rate of 4

revolutions per second, it will complete 1
1
revolution after second. Therefore, the
4
point will first return to its starting position
1
at time t = .
4

Instructors Resource Manual Review and Preview 93

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or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.