Bài giảng Giải tích 1 Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp

i hc Quc gia TP.
HCM
Trng i hc Bch Khoa
B mn Ton ng dng
. Bi Ging Gii Tch 1
ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip
E-mail: nguyenhuuhiep@hcmut.edu.vn
Ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2014

Mc tiu mn hc
Mn hc cung cp cc kin thc c bn v vi tch phn hm mt bin v phng trnh
vi phn.
Gip hc vin hiu l thuyt, nm vng cc k nng tnh ton, bit vn dng gii cc
bi ton c th.
Bit vn dng cc phng php v t duy sng to vo khoa hc k thut.
Ti liu tham kho

1) Nguyn nh Huy, Nguyn Quc Ln,. . . Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin. NXBGD, 2005
2) Ng Thu Lng, Nguyn Minh Hng. Bi tp ton cao cp 1.
3) Cng Khanh. Gii tch mt bin. NXB i hc quc gia

MC LC
1 Gii hn v lin tc 5
1.1 Gii hn dy s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1 Hm ly tha y = x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.2 Hm lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 Hm m - Hm logarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4 Hm y = ln x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.5 Hm Hyperbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.6 Cc hm lng gic ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.7 Hm Hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.8 Hm ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.9 Hm tham s ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Gii hn hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.2 Cc gii hn c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.3 V cng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.4 V cng ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4 Hm s lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 o hm v vi phn 33
2.1 o hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.1 nh ngha v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2 o hm hm ngc v hm tham s ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.3 o hm cp cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3 nh l gi tr trung bnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 Cng thc HLopital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5 Cng thc taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.6 Kho st v v th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6.1 Tim cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6.2 Chiu bin thin v cc tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6.3 Li, lm v im un . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.4 Kho st hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.6.5 Tm gi tr ln nht - gi tr nh nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Tch phn 65
3.1 Tch phn bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3
MC LC MC LC
3.1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.2 Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.1.3 Nguyn hm hm hu t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.1.4 Nguyn hm hm lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.1.5 Nguyn hm hm v t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 Tch phn suy rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3 ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3.1 Din tch hnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3.2 di ng cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3.3 Th tch vt th trn xoay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.4 Din tch mt trn xoay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4 Phng trnh vi phn 83

4.1 Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.1 Phng trnh vi phn tch bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.2 Phng trnh vi phn ng cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1.3 Phng trnh vi phn ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.1.4 Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.1.5 Phng trnh vi phn Bernulli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1.6 Bi tp tng hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1 PTVP cp 2 thun nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.2 PTVP cp 2 - dng 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.3 PTVP cp 2 - Dng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.4 PTVP cp 2 - dng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3 H phng trnh vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.3.1 nh x o hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.3.2 H phng trnh vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.4 Bi tp n tp cui k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.5 thi cui k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 4 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC
1.1 Gii hn dy s
nh ngha 1.1 (Sup-Inf ca tp hp) Cho tp A R.
Cn trn nh nht ca tp A gi l Supremum, k hiu sup(A).
Cn di ln nht ca A gi l infimum, k hiu inf(A).
V d 1.1 a) A = [0, 1) th sup(A) = 1 v inf(A) = 0.

Ch tp max(A) = 0 nhng min(A) khng tn ti. Khi nim sup v inf l m rng ca max
v min.
1
b) A = { |n N } th sup(A) = 1 v inf(A) = 0.
n
c) A = (, 3) th sup(A) = 3 nhng khng c inf
nh ngha 1.2 (Dy s) Mt dy s l mt nh x t tp s t nhin N vo tp s thc R.
u : N R
n 7 u(n) := un .
K hiu 1 dy s (un )+
n=1 hay n gin (un ). un gi l s hng th n ca dy.

V d 1.2 a) Cho dy s dng lit k (un ) = {1; 2; 1; 4; 0; 5, 8; 3; 3, 31 , ...}.
S hng th 5 l u5 = 0.
(1)n + n
b) Cho dy s dng s hng tng qut (un ) : un = .
n2 + 1
(1)7 + 7 3
S hng th 7 l u7 = 2
= .
7 +1 25
(
u1 = 1
c) Cho dy s dng truy hi (un ) :
un+1 = 2un + 3, n 1.
Ta c u2 = 2u1 + 3 = 5, u3 = 2u2 + 3 = 13, ...
nh ngha 1.3 (Dy s n iu) .

Dy s (xn ) gi l tng nu xn xn+1 , n N
Dy s (xn ) gi l gim nu xn xn+1 , n N
B du "=" trong ng thc, ta c dy s tng ngt (gim ngt).
Dy s tng hoc gim gi chung l n iu.
n+1
V d 1.3 Xt tnh n iu ca dy s (xn ) : xn = .
n+2
Ta c
(n + 1) + 1 n + 1 (n + 2)2 (n + 1)(n + 3) 1
xn+1 xn = = = > 0, n.
(n + 1) + 2 n + 2 (n + 3)(n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 2)
= xn+1 > xn suy ra (xn ) l dy tng.
5
1.1. GII HN DY S CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC
Cch khc
x+1 1
Xt f (x) = , x 1 = f 0 (x) = > 0.
x+2 (x + 2)2
Vy f (x) ng bin nn (un ) l dy tng.
nh ngha 1.4 (Dy s b chn) .
Dy (xn ) gi l b chn trn nu M : xn M, n.
Dy (xn ) gi l b chn di nu m : xn m, n.
Dy (xn ) b chn nu n va b chn trn, va b chn di.
Dy (xn ) b chn khi v ch khi (|xn |) b chn trn.
n
V d 1.4 Xt tnh b chn ca dy s (xn ) : xn = .
n+1
n
Ta c 0 < < 1, n N . Suy ra (xn ) va b chn trn, va b chn di do b chn.
n+1
nh ngha 1.5 (Dy con) .
Cho dy (xn ). Dy con ca (xn ) l mt dy (xnk )k m cc phn t ca n c ly ty t (xn ) theo
th t tng dn ca ch s.
V d 1.5

n 3 2 5 3
Cho dy (xn ) : xn = 2 = 1, 1, , , , , . . . .
n 2 7 7 23 17
3 5 3
Dy vn = 1, , , , . . . l mt dy con ca xn .
7 23 17
2n 2 3
Dy x2n = = 1, , . . . l dy con cc ch s chn ca xn .
(2n)2 2 7 17
2n + 1 3 5
Dy x2n+1 = = 1, , , . . . l dy con cc ch s l ca xn .
(2n + 1)2 2 7 23
n+
nh ngha 1.6 (Gii hn dy s) K hiu lim un = a hay un a c nh ngha
n+
> 0, n0 : n n0 = |un a| <

Ta ni dy (un ) hi t v a.
Nu (un ) khng hi t th ta ni (un ) phn k.
n+
nh ngha 1.7 ( dy s dn ra v cng) K hiu lim un = + hay un + c
n+
nh ngha
A > 0, n0 : n n0 = un > A.
Ta ni dy (un ) hi t v a.
Nu (un ) khng hi t th ta ni (un ) phn k.
Tng t cho gii hn dn ra .
Tnh cht Cho xn a, yn b; a, b R ta c

xn a
i) lim (xn yn ) = a b. iii) lim = , b 6= 0.
n+ n+ yn b
ii) lim (xn .yn ) = ab. iv) lim |xn | = |a|.
n+ n+

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.1. GII HN DY S
nh l
1. Gii hn dy nu tn ti l duy nht.
2. Dy hi t th b chn.
3. Cho xn yn zn , n n0 .
(
xn a
= yn a.
zn a
4. Mi dy tng v b chn trn th hi t.

Mi dy gim v b chn di th hi t.
5. (
x2n a
xn a
x2n+1 a.
n
1
S e. Ngi ta chng minh c dy s xn = 1+ l
n
dy tng v b chn trn do hi t. K hiu
n
1
lim 1 + =e
n n
S e l s v t c gi tr gn ng l e = 2.718281828...
Cc gii hn c bn
1
n
i) lim = 0, > 0. iv) lim n = 1, .
n n n
1
a n
ii) lim = 0, > 0. v) lim 1+ = ea , a.
n ln n n n
iii) lim q n = 0, |q| < 0.
n
Cc dng v nh
0
, , 0., , 1 , +0 , 00+
0
Khi tnh gii hn dng v nh, ta dng cng thc hoc bin i
i s kh dng v nh.
Nu gii hn khng phi dng v nh, ta tnh bnh thng.

Quy tc
1 1
= , = 0.
0
ln n n ( > 0) an (a > 1) n! nn
Du ch mang tnh hnh thc theo ngha: hm nh
chia hm ln dn v 0 v hm ln chia hm nh dn
v v cng.
V d 1.6
ln5 n 3n 2n log52 n
a) lim = 0. b) lim = 0. c) lim = +. d) lim = 0.
n n n n! n n100 n 3n
V d 1.7 Tnh cc gii hn sau
2n3 3n
a) I = lim .
n 4n + 3n2

Dng . i lng n3 ln nht nn chia c t v mu cho n3 .

3
2 2
I = lim n = + (v t dn v 2, mu dn v 0).
n 4 3
2
+
n n
2n3 4n+1
b) I = lim n .
n 3 22n1 + 5n7

Dng . i lng 4n = 22n ln nht nn chia c t v mu cho 4n .

n3
2 n 4 04
I = lim 4 = = 8.
n 3 1 n 7 1
n
( ) +5 n 0 +0
4 2 4 2

c) I = lim n2 + 4n n + 1.
n
Dng . Nhn lng lin hp.
( n + 4n n)( n2 + 4n + n)
2 6n2 +4n 6n2
I = lim + 1 lim + 1. Dng .
n n2 + 4n + n n n2 + 4n + n
Chia c t v mu cho n.
4 4
I = lim q +1= + 1 = 3.
n
1 + n4 + 1 1+0+1

r
1 4 1 1
d) I = lim n
3n4 4n3 = lim n4 (3 4 ) = lim n n (3 4 ) n = 1.30 = 1.
n
n n
n n n
Tng t, ta c th chng minh n Pm 1 vi mi a thc Pm .
v v 1
4n 4n 4n n
u u
r
n+1
4n
u 2 n u 2 n 2 n
n 2 2u 2 = 2 . V lim u 2 = lim 2
e) I = lim = lim n
u n
u =
3n + 5n3 n 3 t 5n3 3 5n3 5n3

n n t n
1+ n 1+ n 1+ n
3 3 3
20 = 1.

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.1. GII HN DY S
2
ln2 (2n) (ln 2 + ln n)2

ln 2
f) I = lim = lim = lim + 1 = (0 + 1)2 = 1.
n ln2 n n ln2 n n ln n

n sin n!
g) I = lim .
n n + 1

n sin n! n
Ta c 0
.
n+1 n+1

n n sin n! n sin n!
V lim 0 = lim = 0 nn lim = 0 = lim = 0.
n+ n n + 1 n n+1 n n+1
n+1 n+1
n1 2 1
h) I = lim = lim 1 + = e2 = 2 .
n n+1 n n+1 e
3n2 +1 (n2 +5) 3n22 +1
n2 + 2

3 n +5
i) I = lim = lim 1+ 2
n n2 + 5 n n +5
2
" (n2 +5) # 3n +1
n2 +5
3 3 1
= lim 1+ = (e3 ) = e9 = .
n n2+5 e9
n3 +1
2n + 3 n+2
j) I = lim .
n 3n + 2
2n + 3 2 n3 + 1
V lim = , lim = + nn I = 0.
n 3n + 2 3 n n + 2
Ch bi ny khng phi dng v nh. C dng (2/3)+ = 0.

n
2

2n + 3n n2 +2
k) I = lim .
n 4n2 2n
2n2 + 3n 1 n
V lim = , lim 2 = 0 nn I = (1/4)0 = 1.
n 4n2 2n 4 n n +2
Ch bi ny cng khng phi dng v nh.
n
2n3 + 3n n2 +2

l) I = lim .
n 4n2 2n
Bi ny dng v nh +0 . Ta lm nh sau:
3 2n 3 n1 . 2n2 ! 2n2
2n + 3n n +2 2n + 3n n +2
n
2n + 3n n +2 n
3
= = (1/1)1 = 1.
4n2 2n 4n2 2n n
4n2 2n
a) I = lim (1)n . t xn = (1)n

n
Ta c x2n = (1)2n = 1 1, x2n+1 = (1)2n+1 = 1 1.
Vy khng tn ti gii hn.
n n n n
1n 1n n n1 n 2
b) I = lim . t xn = = (1) = (1) 1 + .
n 1+n 1+n 1+n 1+n
2n
2 1
x2n = (1) 2n
1+ 1.e2 = 2 .
1 + 2n e

2n+1
2 1
x2n = (1)2n+1 1 + 1.e2 = 2 .
2 + 2n e
Vy khng tn ti gii hn.
(
x1 = 2
q p
c) lim xn , vi xn = Vit cch khc: xn = 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . (n
n xn+1 = 2 + xn , n 1.
du cn).
Dng quy np chng minh c dy xn tng v b chn trn bi 2 do hi t.
Gi s xn a. T gi thit ta c

lim xn+1 = lim 2 + xn a = 2 + a a = 2.
n n
Vy lim xn = 2.
n
1 1 1
d) lim xn , vi xn = + + + .
n
1.2
2.3 n(n + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ta c xn = 1 + + + + =1 1.
2 2 3 3 4 n n+1 n+1
1.1.1 Bi tp
Tnh gii hn
4n 5n n2 + 1 1+n
1. lim
3n 22n 5n6 2n 3 n + 1 n 2 2 n
6. lim( ) 11. lim( )
2n + 5 n+2
ln(3n2 2n) 2n 1 n
2. lim 7. lim
p
n
n + (1)n 12. lim( )
n9 + 3n2 5n + 2
n sin n! n2 + 2n arctan n!
log 2 10n 13. lim
3. lim 8. lim 3n3 + arcsin n
log 2 n (1 + n) n 2
n 1 1n
14. lim( )
1+n n2 + 1
r
n
5n + 1
1 + n 2 n2 9. lim
4. lim( ) n10 + 2n 1
n+2 15. lim
n
n!
r 1
n2 + 4 n 2n + 1 n 2 n
5. lim
n
10. lim( 2 ) 16. lim
n
n + 5n n 1 n!
Tm lim un bit:
1 1 1
17. un = + + + 19. u1 = 3, un+1 = 3 + un
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n + 1)
(1)n n
18. un = (1 + ) 20. un = sin n
n

1 1 1 1 1
21. un = + + S:
n 1+ 3 3+ 5 2n 1 + 2n + 1 2

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.2. HM S
1 1 1 1
22. un = + + + S:
1.2.3 2.3.4 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 4

23. u1 = 13, un+1 = 12 + un , n 1 S:4

3

24. u1 = 5, un+1 = 3
5un , n 1 S: 5.
1 4 1
25. u1 = , un+1 = un u2n S: .
2 3 3

1 1+ 5
26. u1 = 1, un+1 =1+ , S: .
un 2
1.2 Hm s
1.2.1 Hm ly tha y = x
y
n = 2 : y = x2 y = x2
* T XD : D = R.
* T GT : T = [0, ).
* Hm s tng trn khong (0, ) v gim 0 x

trn khong (, 0).
* Hm chn, th i xng qua Oy.
y
1
n = 1 : y = 1
x y=
x
* T XD : D = R \ {0}.
* T GT : T = (, 0) (0, ).
* Hm s gim trn khong (, 0) v 0 x

(0, +)
* Hm l, th i xng qua O(0, 0).

1.2. HM S CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC
y
n = 1 : y = x y= x
* T XD : D = [0, ).
* T GT : T = [0, ).
0 x
* Hm s tng trn khong (, 0) v
(0, +)
* Khng c tnh chn l.

y= x
1.2.2 Hm lng gic
Hm s y = sin x Cng thc

* T XD : D = R. i) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
* Hm s tun hon vi chu k 2 : sin(x) = ii) sin 2x = sin x cos x
sin(x + 2)
iii) sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
* T GT : T = [1, 1].
1 cos 2x
iv) sin2 x =
* Hm s tng trn khong ( , ). 2
2 2
v) sin 2 = 0; sin(k) = 0, k Z.
* Hm s l, th i xng qua O(0, 0).
y
2
y = sin x
1
6.28 4.71 3.14 1.57 0 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85

x
1

Hm s y = cos x Cng thc

* T XD : D = R. i) cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x
* Hm s tun hon vi chu k 2 : cos(x) = ii) cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 sin2 x
cos(x + 2)
1 + cos 2x
iii) cos2 x =
* T GT : T = [1, 1]. 2
* Hm s chn, th i xng qua Oy. iv) cos 0 = 1; cos = 1, cos( 2 ) = 0.
y = cos x
1
6.28 4.71 3.14 1.57 0 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85

x
1
Hm s y = tan x
Cng thc
* T XD : D = R \ { 2 + k, k Z}.
sin x
* Hm s tun hon vi chu k : tan(x) = i) tan x =
cos x
tan(x + )
ii) tan( x) = tan(x) = tan x
* T GT : T = R.
iii) tan( + x) = tan(x)
* Hm s tng trn khong ( , ).
2 2 iv) tan 0 = 0, tan( 2 ) khng xc nh.
* Hm s l, th i xng qua O(0, 0).

y
y = tan x
x
4.71 3.14 1.57 0 1.57 3.14 4.71
1.2.3 Hm m - Hm logarit
Cng thc
Hm s y = ax , (a > 1)
i) ax .ay = ax+y
* T XD : D = R.
ii) (ax )y = axy
* T GT : T = (0, ).
iii) ax .bx = (ab)x
* Hm s tng trn (, ) 1
iv) ax =
ax
y = ax (a > 1)
(0; 1)
0 x

Cng thc
Hm s y = ax , (0 < a < 1)
ax
* T XD : D = R. i) = axy
ay
* T GT : T = (0, ). ax a x
ii) x =
b b
* Hm s gim trn (, )
iii) ax.y = (ax )y .
y = ax (0 < a < 1)
(0; 1)
0
x
1.2.4 Hm y = ln x
y = ln x x = ey
0<x< < y < .
y = ln x
0 x
Cng thc
ln(x+y) = ln(x)+ln(y). ln 1 = ln x
x
x
ln = ln x ln y ln x = ln x.
y

1.2.5 Hm Hyperbolic
Hm s y = sinh x, cosh x
* nh ngha
Cng thc
x x
e e i) Cc cng thc ca hm Hyperbolic c suy t
sinh x = R
2 cng thc lng gic bnh thng bng cch thay
ex + ex
cosh x = 1 sin i sinh cos cosh, tan i tanh, cot i cot
2
ii) cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1
* T XD : D = R.
iii) cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
* y = sinh x l hm l v tng trn R.
* y = cosh x l hm chn.
y
y y = cosh x
y = sinh x
0 x
(0; 1)
0 x
1.2.6 Cc hm lng gic ngc
Hm y = arcsin x
y = arcsin x x = sin y

1 x 1 y
2 2

1.57
y = arcsin x
y = sin x
1.57 0 1.57
x
1.57
y = arccos x
y = arccos x x = cos y
1 x 1 0y
3.14
y = arccos x
1.57
0 1.57 3.14
x
y = arccos x
Hm y = arctan x
y = arctan x x = tan y

x y
2 2
1.2.7 Hm Hp
nh ngha 1.8 (Hm Hp) Cho 2 hm s z = g(y) v y = f (x). Hm s z = g(f (x)) gi l hm
hp ca f v g.


V d Cho z = y, y = cos x. Hm z =
cos x l hm hp ca 2 hm cho.

V d Cho z = sin u, u = y, y = ln x. Khi , hm z = sin ln x l hm hp ca 3 hm
cho.
1.2.8 Hm ngc
Cho hm s y = f (x) : X Y . Xt tp hp
f 1 (y) = {x X : f (x) = y}.
Tp ny c th c nhiu hn mt phn t hoc l tp rng.

Nu f 1 (y) lun c ng 1 phn t vi mi y Y th f 1 l mt nh x gi l nh x ngc
ca hm s y = f (x).
f 1 : Y X
y 7 x = f 1 (x) y = f (x)
V d 1.9
a Xt hm s y = f (x) = x2 : R R.
Tp f 1 (1) = {x R : x2 = 1} = {1, 1} c 2 phn t. Tp f 1 (1) = {x R : x2 =
}.
b Xt hm s y = f (x) = x2 : R+ R+ .

Tp f 1 (y) = {x R+ : x2 = y} = { y} lun c duy nht 1 phn t. Do y 7 f 1 (y) l

nh x ngc ca hm s y = f (x). Ta vit f 1 (y) = y hay f 1 (x) = x.
1.2.9 Hm tham s ha
nh ngha 1.9 (Hm cho theo tham s) Cho hm s y = y(x) qua mt bin trung gian t:
(
x = x(t)
y = y(t)
gi l hm cho theo tham s.

ng cong (C) c xc inh bi hm trn gi l ng cong tham s, hay hm trn gi l tham s
ha ca ng cong (C).
V d 1.10
(
x = 1 + 2t
a). Cho ng cong C c tham s ha l ng thng qua M (1, 0) v c vc
y =0t
t ch phng a = (2; 1): x + 2y = 1
(
x = 1 + 3 cos(t)
b). Cho ng cong (C) c tham s ha l ng trn tm I(1; 2) bn
y = 2 + 3 sin t
knh bng 3: (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 9

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.3. GII HN HM S
(
x = a cos t x2 y 2
c). Cho ng cong (C) c tham s ha l Elip + 2 = 1 (bng cch kh t
y = b sin t a2 b
t phng trnh tham s)
V d 1.11 Tm hm ngc ca hm s y = f (x).

x1
a) f (x) = . b) f (x) = 3
ex 1. c) f (ex ) = 3(x + 1)3 .
x+1
Bi lm
x1 y+1
a) y = f (x) = y(x + 1) = (x 1) x = .
x+1 y1
y+1 x+1
Vy f 1 (y) = hay f 1 (x) = .
y1 x1

b) y = f (x) = 3 ex 1 x = ln(y 3 + 1) = f 1 (x) = ln(x3 + 1).
c) f (ex ) = 3(x + 1)3 . t t = ex x = ln t.

3 y 1 3 x
3 3
f (t) = 3(ln t + 1) hay y = f (x) = 3(ln x + 1) x = e 3 = f (x) = e 3 1 .
1
Bi tp
Cu 1) Tm min xc nh ca hm s
a) f (x) = ln( x1 1).

b) f (x) = arccos ln(1 + x)
1
c) f (x) = (1 + )x .
x

x2 1, x > 0,
1
d) f (x) = r , x 0.

+ arctan x
4
Cu 2) Tm hm ngc ca hm s y = f (x) bit
a) f (x) = ln(x3 + 1), x > 1.

b) f (x + 1) = e2x + 1.
p
c) f (ex + 1) = 3 ln(x2 + 1).
1.3 Gii hn hm s
1.3.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 1.10 (Gii hn hm s) cho hm s y = f (x) xc nh trn D.

1.3. GII HN HM S CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC
i) lim = a ( > 0, > 0, x D : 0 < |x x0 | < |f (x) a| < )

xx0
ii) lim f (x) = a ( > 0, N, x D : x > N |f (x) a| < )

x+
iii) Tng t cho gii hn bng v cc.
nh l
lim = a (xn ) D&xn 6= x0 : xn x0 = f (xn ) a.
xx0
nh l tng ng vi nh ngha gii hn hm s theo gii hn dy s. Do , nhng

tnh cht gii hn hm s tng t nh gii hn dy s.
V d 1.12 Chng minh gii hn lim sin x khng tn ti.

x+
Bi lm
Xt dy (xn ) : xn = n + v lim sin xn = lim sin n = 0.
n+ n+

Xt dy (yn ) : yn = 2n + + v lim sin yn = lim sin 2n + = 1.
2 n+ n+ 2
V tn ti 2 dy lm gii hn dn v 2 gi tr khc nhau do khng tn ti lim sin x.
x+
nh ngha 1.11 (Gii hn mt bn)

Gii hn tri
lim = a ( > 0, > 0, x D : 0 < x0 x < |f (x) a| < )

xx
0
Gii hn tri
lim = a ( > 0, > 0, x D : 0 < x x0 < |f (x) a| < )

xx+
0
Gii hn tri: x < x0 v gii hn phi:x > x0
nh l

lim f (x) = a

xx0
lim f (x) = a
xx0
lim+ f (x) = a.

xx0
|x|
V d 1.13 Tnh gii hn lim .
x0 x
Bi lm: biu thc cha tr tuyt i nn khng tnh trc tip c gii hn.
|x| x<0 x |x| x>0 x
lim ===== lim = 1. lim+ ===== lim+ = 1.
x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x
|x|
Vy khng tn ti gii hn lim .
x0 x

1.3.2 Cc gii hn c bn
Gii hn khi x 0
1) Cc hm x, sin x, arcsin x, sinh x, tan x, arctan x, ln(x + 1), ex 1 khi

chia cho nhau s hi t v 1 khi x 0
sin x tan x ln(x + 1)
(a) lim =1 (c) lim =1 (e) lim =
x0 x x0 ex 1 x0 sinh x
sinh x 1
(d) lim =
arcsin x x0 ln(x + 1) x
(b) lim =1 1 (f) lim =1
x0 x x0 ex 1
2) Bn hm khc
1 cos x 1 (c) lim (1 + x) x = e
1
(a) lim = x0
x0 x2 2
cosh x 1 1 (1 + x) 1
(b) lim 2
= (d) lim =
x0 x 2 x0 x
Cc gii hn khi x + tng t nh gii hn dy s
1. lim q x = 0, |q| < 1 1

x+ 3. lim = 0, |q| < 1

x ln |x|
1 a x
2. lim = 0, > 0 4. lim 1 + = ea .
x+ x x x
V d 1.14 Tnh gii hn
2
sin2 2x x2

sin 2x
a) I = lim = lim . .4 = 1.2.4 = 8.
x0 1 cos x x0 2x 1 cos x

3 1 (1+t) 3 1
1
1
3
x 1 t=x10 1+t1 (1 + t) 3 1 t 3 5

b) lim 5 ===== lim 5 = lim 1 = lim 1 = 1 = .
x1 x1 t0 1 + t 1 t0 (1 + t) 5 1 t0 (1+t) 5 1
5
3
t
ln 1t ln t
t= x1 +
ln xx
c) I = lim+ xx = lim+ e = lim+ ex ln x ===== lim e t = lim e t = e0 = 1.
x0 x0 x0 t+ t+
x x2 . x1
x2 1

2
d) I = lim = lim 1 + = (e2 )0 = 1. (tng t gii hn dy s).
x x2 + 1 x 2
x +1
x2 + 2x x2
e) I = lim ( x2 + 2x + x) = lim
x x x2 + 2x x
2x 2x 2 2
= lim q = lim q = lim q = = 1.
x
|x| 1 + x2 x
x
x 1 + x2 x
x
1+ 2
1 2
x
1 1 sin 2x
f) I = lim (1 + sin 2x) x = lim (1 + 2 sin 2x) sin 2x . x = (e2 )2 = e4 .
x0 x0

2 1 1 cosh x1 x2
g) lim (cosh x)cot x = lim (1 + (cosh x 1)) tan x2 = lim (1 + (cosh x 1)) cosh x1 x2 tan x2 =
x0 x0 x0
1
e1. 2 .1 = e.
x sin x
h) I = lim .
3
x+
x + 1 arctan x
x sin x x
Ta c 0 3 , x > 0.
x + 1 arctan x 3
x + 1 arctan x
x
lim 0 = lim = 0. = 0. Vy I = 0.
x+ x+ x3 + 1 arctan x 2
Bi tp
x2 x2
x2 + 4 2x2 + 3 11. I = lim (cos x + 5 sin x)cot x

1. I = lim 6. I = lim x0
x+ x2 4 x 2x2 1
x
2. I = lim (1 + 2x4 ) sin2 x
1
1 1 12. I = lim (1 + sin(2x2 )) x2
2
x0
7. I = lim e x + x0
x x
3. I = lim (ln(e + x))cot x 8. I = lim (cosh x) 1cos x
1
1
x0
x0 13. I = lim (1 + 2x4 cos x)) x4
1 x0
4. I = lim (1 tan2 x) sin2 2x 9. I = lim xex+ x
1
x0 x
1 1 1 e2x + x2
5. I = lim (cos x) x2 10. I = lim (cos 2x + sin x) sin x 14. I = lim ln
x0 x0 x+ x x2
1.3.3 V cng b
nh ngha 1.12 (V cng b) .
Hm s f (x) c gi l mt v cng b (VCB) khi x x0 nu lim f (x) = 0
xx0
V d 1.15
a) f (x) = 2x2 3 sin x l VCB khi x 0. V lim f (x) = lim 2x2 3 sin x = 0.
x0 x0
1 1
b) f (x) = khng phi VCB khi x 0. V lim = 1 6= 0.
x1 x0 x 1
1
Nhng l VCB khi x . V lim = 0.
x x 1
Tnh cht
i) Tng hu hn cc VCB l mt VCB.
ii) Tch 2 VCB l mt VCB.
iii) Tch ca mt VCB v mt hm b chn l mt VCB.
iv) Thng 2 VCB cha chc l VCB.

f (x)
nh ngha 1.13 (cp v cng b) Cho f (x), g(x) l 2 VCB khi x x0 v lim =k
xx0 g(x)
i) Nu k = 0 th ta ni f (x) c bc VCB cao hn g(x), ta vit f (x) = o(g(x)).
ii) Nu k hu hn khc 0 th ta ni f (x) v g(x) l 2VCB cng cp.
iii) Nu k = 1 th ta ni f (x) v g(x) l 2 VCB tng ng: f (x) g(x).
iv) Nu f (x) (x x0 )k th ta ni f (x) l VCB bc k.
V d 1.16 so snh cc VCB sau khi x 0

a) 1 x2 1 v tan x. c) e3x 1 v 1 + 6x 1.
1
b) ln(1 2x2 ) v x4 + 3x2 . d) x sin v x
x
Bi lm

1 x2 1 1 x2 1 x
a) lim = lim . .(x) = 0. Suy ra 1 x2 1 l VCB cp cao
x0 tan x x0 x2 tan x
hn tan x.
ln(1 2x2 ) ln(1 2x2 ) 2x2 ln(1 2x2 ) 2

b) lim = lim = lim = 2.
x0 x4 + 3x2 x0 2x2 x2 (x2 + 3) x0 2x2 x2 + 3
Suy ra ln(1 2x2 ) v x4 + 3x2 l 2 VCB cng cp.
e3x 1 e3x 1 6x 1 e3x 1 1 1 11

c) lim = lim . . = lim . 1+6x1 . = 1. 1 = 1
x0 1 + 6x 1 x0 3x 1 + 6x 1 2 x0 3x 2 2
2
6x
Suy ra e3x 1 v 1 + 6x 1 tng ng.
1
x sin
d) lim x = lim sin 1 khng tn ti nn 2 VCB ny khng so snh c.
x0 x x0 x
Cc VCB thng gp khi x 0
? x sin x arcsin x sinh x tan x arctan x ln(1 + x)

ex 1.
x2
? 1 cos x cosh x 1.
2
? (1 + x) 1 x.

Tnh cht cho cc VCB tng ng khi x x0
f (x) f1 (x), g(x) g1 (x)
i) f (x)g(x) f1 (x)g1 (x)
ii) Tng f1 (x) + g1 (x) gi l dng trit tiu nu f (x) c bc

VCB thp hn f (x) + g(x).
Nu khng phi dng trit tiu th
f (x) + g(x) tng bc thp nht.
iii)
f (x) f1 (x)
lim = lim
xx0 g(x) xx0 g1 (x)
Ch :
Sau khi thay tng ng cng li m mt i bc thp nht th l dng trit tiu.
Thay VCB tng ng dng tng th cn kim tra tng khng phi dng trit tiu.
Khng thay tng ng cho hm hp.
V d 1.17 Rt gn cc VCB sau khi x 0.
a) f (x) = 3x5 5x6 4x3 4x3 : bc thp nht l 3

b) f (x) = (e3x 1)(sin2 2x + 3x3 ) 3x.((2x)2 + 3x3 ) 3x.x2 = 3x3 .
(2x)2
c) f (x) = x cos 2x x + 3x3 = x(1 cos 2x) + 3x3 x + 3x3 = x3 .
2
1 1 1 4
d) f (x) = 3 1 + 2x cos 2x = [(1 + 2x) 3 1] + [1 cos 2x] .2x (2x)2 = x2 .
3 2 3
e) f (x) = (1 + 2x2 3x3 )3 cos(2x + x2 ) = [(1 + 2x2 3x3 )3 1] + [1 cos(2x + x2 )]
1 1
3.(2x2 3x3 ) + (2x + x2 )2 3.2x2 + (2x)2 = 8x2 .
2 2
f) f (x) = tan x sin x x x = 0 Sai.
V tan x v sin x u bc nht. Khi thay tng ng mt i bc nht do l dng trit
tiu.
Khng bao gi tng ng ra khng. Ta lm li nh sau:
x2 x3
f (x) = tan x sin x = tan x(1 cos x) x. = .
2 2

g) f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 1 x
1 1
Cch 1: f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 1 x 1 + 2x 1 x = ((1 + 2x) 2 1) x 2x x =
2
0 Sai.
2 ch: thay tng ng hm hp v thay tng ng dng trit tiu

1
Cch 2: f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 1 x (2x + 2x2 ) x = x2 Sai.
2
Dng trit tiu: mt i bc nht.
1 + 2x 1
Cch 3: f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 1 x 1 + 2x 1 x = x
1 + 2x + 1
x(1 1 + 2x) x.( 12 .2x) x2
= = Sai.
1 + 1 + 2x 1+ 1 2
u tin sai v thay tng ng hm hp, cc sau th ng.
1 + 2x + 2x2 1
Cch 4: f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 1 x = x
1 + 2x + 2x2 + 1
x(1 + 2x 1 + 2x + 2x2 ) x.(2x 12 .(2x + 2x2 )) x2
= = . ng.
1 + 1 + 2x + 2x2 1+ 1 2
Khng thay tng ng hm hp. Bin i cho n khi ht dng tng trit tiu
ri mi dng tng ng.
V d 1.18 Tm , sao cho f (x) (x x0 ) khi x x0 .
a) f (x) = ex e1 , x0 = 1.
f (x) = e[ex1 1] e(x 1) = = e, = 1.
Ch : x 1 = x 1 l VCB nn ta p dng cng thc cho x 1.

b) f (x) = 3
x x, x0 = 1
1 1 2 2
f (x) = [(1 + x 1) 3 1] + 1 x (x 1) (x 1) = (x 1) = = , = 1.
3 3 3

x
c) f (x) = 2 1, x0 = 0.

x 1
f (x) = eln 2 1=e x ln 2
1 x ln 2 = = ln 2, = .
2
V d 1.19 Tnh cc gii hn sau bng cch thay VCB tng ng.
ln(1 + x tan x)
a) I = lim .
x0 x2 + sin3 2x
Ta c ln(1 + x tan x) x tan x x2 , x2 + sin3 2x x2 + (2x)3 x2 .
ln(1 + x tan x) x2
= I = lim 2 = lim 2 = 1
x0 x + sin3 2x x0 x
1
ln cos 2x ln(1 + cos 2x 1) cos 2x 1 .(2x)2
b) I = lim = lim = lim = lim 2 2 = 2.
x0 ln(1 x2 ) x0 2
ln(1 x ) x0 x 2 x0 x
2
cos x ex cos x 1 + 1 ex x2 x x
c) lim = lim = lim 1 = lim = 1.
x0 1 + 2x 1 x0 2x x0 2x. 2 x0 x

1 2x 3 1 + 6x 1 2x 1 + 1 3 1 + 6x 2x. 12 6x. 13
d) I = lim = lim = lim =3
x0 ln(1 arcsin x) x0 arcsin x x0 x

x2012 1
e) I = lim .
x1 ln x
Ta t t = x 1 0(x 0).
(t + 1)2012 1 2012.t
I = lim = lim = 2012.
t0 ln(t + 1) t0 t
1 1 3 tan 2x 3.2x
f) I = lim (1 + 3 tan 2x) sin 3x = lim e sin 3x ln(1+3 tan 2x) = lim e sin 3x = lim e 3x = e2 .
x0 x0 x0 x0

3
1 + 3x2 1
g) I = lim .
x0 ecos x 2
1 2
1
(1 + 3x2 ) 3 1 .3x x2
I = lim cos x = lim 3 = lim = 2 Sai.
x0 (e 1) 1 x0 cos x 1 x0 x2

2
x0 cos x
V cos x 1 6= 0 nn p dng cng thc e 1 cos x l sai.
Bi ny khng phi dng v nh nn suy ra ngay kt qu
3
1 + 3x2 1 0
I = lim cos x
= = 0.
x0 e 2 e2

1 + 2x 1 x
h) I = lim 2 . Ch trn t dng trit tiu.
x0 cosh 2x e3x
(1 + 2x) (1 + x)2 x2 x2
1 + 2x 1 x = =
1 + 2x + 1 + x 1 + 2x + 1 + x 2
2 2 1
cosh 2x e3x = (cosh 2x 1) (e3x 1) (2x)2 3x2 = x2
2
x2
1
I = lim 22 = .
x0 x 2
1 1
e x2 cos x1
2
e x2 1 + 1 cos x1 1
2 x2
+ 1
2x2 3
i) I = lim x . = lim x2 . = lim x . = .
x+ arctan x x+
2
x+
2

1 x+ 1
Ch 0 nn ta p dng cng thc cho .
x x
arctan x 2 l hng s nn c th s ngay t u.
1.3.4 V cng ln
nh ngha 1.14 ( V cng ln) .
Hm s f (x) c gi l mt v cng ln (VCL) khi x x0 nu lim |f (x)| = +
xx0
Tnh cht VCL tng t VCB.
V d 1.20
a) f (x) = 2x2 3 sin x l VCL khi x . V lim f (x) = lim 2x2 3 sin x = +.
x0 x

1 1
b) f (x) = l VCL khi x 1. V lim
= +.
x1 x1 x 1

f (x)
nh ngha 1.15 (cp v cng ln) Cho f (x), g(x) l 2 VCL khi x x0 v lim =k
xx0 g(x)
i) Nu k = th ta ni f (x) c bc VCL cao hn g(x), ta vit f (x) = O(g(x)).
ii) Nu k hu hn khc 0 th ta ni f (x) v g(x) l 2VCL cng cp.
iii) Nu k = 1 th ta ni f (x) v g(x) l 2 VCL tng ng: f (x) g(x).
iv) Nu f (x) (x x0 )k th ta ni f (x) l VCL bc k.
Tnh cht cho cc VCL tng ng khi x x0
f (x) f1 (x), g(x) g1 (x)
i) f (x)g(x) f1 (x)g1 (x)
ii) Tng f1 (x) + g1 (x) gi l dng trit tiu nu f (x) c bc

VCL cao hn f (x) + g(x).
Nu khng phi dng trit tiu th
f (x) + g(x) tng bc thp cao
iii)
f (x) f1 (x)
lim = lim
xx0 g(x) xx 0 g1 (x)
Ch :
Sau khi thay tng ng cng li m mt i bc cao nht th l dng trit tiu.
Thay VCL tng ng dng tng th cn kim tra tng khng phi dng trit tiu.
Cc bi ton VCL c th chuyn v VCB bng cch t n.
V d 1.21 Tnh gii hn
3x3 2x2 3x3

a) lim = lim = 3.
x 1 2x2 + x3 x x3
2
2x4 4x3 + 3x 2 2x4 + 3x 2x
b) lim = lim = lim =0
x+ 2x3 2x + x3 x 2x3 x3 x+ 2x3

3x2 4 x6 3x2 3x2 4 x6 4x3
c) lim = lim = lim = +
x+ 1 + 2x 5x2 x+ 2x 5x2 x+ 5x2
x2 + ln30 (x + 1) 2x + 4x 4x 4
d) lim x 6 x
= lim x
= .
x+ 3 4x + 5.4 x+ 5.4 5

1
e) I = lim x2 + 2x 3 x3 + x2 . t t = 0. Suy ra
x+ x
3
q q 1 + 2t 1+t
I = lim+ t12 + 2t 3 t13 + t12 = lim+
t0 t0 t
1 + 2t 1 + 1 3 1 + t t 3t 2
= lim+ = lim+ = .
t0 t t0 t 3
Bi tp
Bi 1) Sp xp cc hm s sau theo th t tng dn ca bc VCL

(a) x + : 3x + ln3 x, x ln x, 3x, x(2 + sin4 x)
(b) x + : 2x , x2 , x2 + sin4 x, x ln x

(c) x + : 3x2 + 1 ln(2x), x ln(x2 + 3), x ln x
p n:

a) 3x, x(2 + sin4 x) 3x + ln3 x, x ln x
b) x ln x, x2 x2 + sin4 x, 2x
c) Bng nhau ht.
Bi 2) Tnh cc gii hn

(a) lim x2 + 2x + x x4 + 6x3 3x2 + x4 2x2 + 1 3x + x2
x (c) lim (e) lim
x x2 1 x+ x
p
3x2 + 1 x2 ln(ex x) + 3 x5 + x x sin 2x + 2 arcsin 3x
(b) lim ( ) (d) lim (f) lim x
x 3x2 1 x+ 4
x x + 2x 2 x0 e ln(1 + 3x sin(x))
p n:

a) lim x2 + 2x + x = +, lim x2 + 2x + x = 1
x+ x

3
b) e2
c)
Bi 3) Tnh gii hn hm s bng cch thay VCB tng ng

2x 1 2
e1/x cos x1
(a) lim (g) lim x 2
x0 sin 3x x+ arctan x
sin x 1 1 1 1
(b) lim 2 (h) lim ( )
x 2 tanh (x ) x0 x sin x
2 tan x
5
1
1 + 10x 3 1 + 3x (i) lim (cosh x) 1cos x
(c) lim x0
x0 arcsin(3x) tanh(x3 )
xx 1
2
1 (j) lim+
(d) lim (1 tan x) sin2 x x0 x ln x
x0
sin 5x 3x2 cos x 3 cos x
(e) lim+ (k) lim
x0 x + ln x
x0 ln(cosh 2x)
1 1 1
(f) lim (cos x) x2 (l) lim (e x + )x
x0 x x

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.4. HM S LIN TC
1 cos x cos 2x ex x 1
(m) lim 2 (p) lim
x0 ex cosh x x0 x2

x2 1 + x cos x 1 + 2x

(n) lim 3 (q) lim
x0 1 + 3x 1 x x0 x2

1 + tan x 1 + sin x
(o) lim
x0 x x cosh x
Bi 4) Tnh gii hn hm s bng cch thay VCB tng ng

1 + x + x2 7 + 2x x2 1 nx
(a) lim (e) lim
x2 2x x2 x1 cosh( i x)
2
(b) lim x(ln(x + a) ln x)
x+ tan3 x 3 tan x

x a (f) lim
(c) lim , > 0 x 3 cos(x + 6 )
xa x a
xa ax xx x
(d) lim ,a > 0 (g) lim .
xa x a x1 ln x
1.4 Hm s lin tc
nh ngha 1.16 (lin tc) Cho hm s y = f (x).
i) f (x) gi l lin tc ti x0 nu lim f (x) = f (x0 ).

xx0
Nu f (x) khng lin tc ti x0 th ta ni f (x) gin on ti x0 .
ii) f (x) gi l lin tc tri ti x0 nu lim f (x) = f (x0 ).
xx0
iii) f (x) gi l lin tc phi ti x0 nu lim+ f (x) = f (x0 ).

xx0
iv) f (x) gi l lin tc trn (a, b) nu n lin tc ti mi im x0 (a, b).

v) f (x) gi l lin tc trn [a, b] nu n lin tc trn (a, b) v lin tc tri ti b, lin tc phi ti b.
Ch : f (x) lin tc ti x0 nu
i) f (x) xc nh ti x0 ii) tn ti lim f (x) iii) lim f (x) = f (x0 ).

xx0 xx0
f (x) lin tc ti x0 nu n va lin tc tri, va lin tc phi ti x0 .
nh ngha 1.17 (hm s cp) Cc hm hng, ly tha, m, logarit, lng gic, lng gic ngc,
hm hyperbolic v cc hm thu c t cc hm ny qua cc php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia, cn,
hp gi l cc hm s cp.
Tnh cht
i) Cc hm s cp lin tc trn min xc nh ca

n.
ii) f (x) lin tc trn on [a, b] th t M ax, min trn

.

1.4. HM S LIN TC CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC
V d 1.22 Xt tnh lin tc hm s.

2
x x
, x 6= 1
a) f (x) = x1 .
1, x=1

x2 x
Ti x0 6= 1 : f (x) = l hm s cp nn lin tc.
x1
x2 x 3
Ti x0 = 1 lim f (x) = lim = 6= f (1) = 1 = f (x) gin on ti x0 = 1.
x1 x1 x 1 2
sin x , x 6= 0

b) f (x) = |x| .
1, x=0

sin x
Ti x0 > 0 : f (x) = l hm s cp nn lin tc.
x
sin x
Ti x0 < 0 : f (x) = l hm s cp nn lin tc.
x
sin x sin x
Ti x0 = 0 : lim+ f (x) = lim+ = 1 = f (1), lim f (x) = lim = 1 6= f (1).
x0 x0 x x0 x0 x
Vy hm s lin tc phi ti x0 = 1 nhng khng lin tc tri ti x0 = 1 do khng lin
tc ti x0 = 1.
V d 1.23

2x2 + a, x < 0

a) Tm a, b f (x) = b, x = 0 lin tc trn R.
1
arctan , x > 0

x
Ti x > 0 v x < 0 th f (x) l nhng hm s s cp nn lin tc.
1
Ti x0 = 0 : lim f (x) = lim 2x2 + a = a, lim+ f (x) = lim+ arctan = , f (0) =
x0 x0 x0 x0 x 2
b.

f lin tc trn R khi v ch khi a = b = .
2
(
x, |x| 1
b) Tm a, b f (x) = lin tc trn R.
x2 + ax + b, |x| > 1
Ti x > 1, 1 < x < 1 v x < 1 th f (x) l nhng hm s s cp nn lin tc.
Ta ch cn xt ti x0 = 1
Ta c f (1) = 1, f (1) = 1.
lim f (x) = lim x = 1 = f (1), lim+ f (x) = lim+ x2 + ax + b = 1 + a + b,
x1 x1 x1 x1
lim + f (x) = lim + x = 1 = f (1), lim f (x) = lim x2 + ax + b = 1 a + b,
x1 x1 x1 x1
f lin tc trn R khi v ch khi
( (
1+a+b=1 a=1

1 a + b = 1 b = 1.
nh l gi tr trung gian
Cho f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] v f (a).f (b) < 0.
Khi f (x) c t nht mt nghim trong (a, b).

CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC 1.4. HM S LIN TC
V d 1.24 Phng trnh xex 1 = 0 c t nht mt nghim trong (0, 1), v f (0).f (1) = 1.(e
1) < 0.
Bi tp
Cu 1) Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s

sin x cos x + 1 x sin( x1 ) Nu x < 0,
nu x 6= 0,

a) f (x) = x Nu x = 0,

a
a, nu x = 0, c) f (x) = e2x b

Nu x > 0.
x
3x
ae 1
nu x 6= 0,
b) f (x) = x x ln(x2 ) Nu x 6= 0,
d) f (x) =
b, nu x = 0, Nu x = 0.
Cu 2) Chng minh cc phng trnh sau
a) x2 .3x = 1 c t nht 1 nghim. b) 2x = 4x c t nht 2 nghim.

1.4. HM S LIN TC CHNG 1. GII HN V LIN TC

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
2.1 o hm
2.1.1 nh ngha v tnh cht

nh ngha 2.1 (o hm ti mt im)
f (x) f (x0 ) f
f 0 (x0 ) = lim = lim
xx0 x x0 xx0 x
f = f (x) f (x0 ) gi l gia s ca hm ti x0 . x = x x0 gi l gia s ca bin ti x0 .
y
y = f (x)
1
: tan = f 0 (1)
0 1 x
Tnh cht
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti x0
k = f 0 (x0 ), (k = tan )
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti x0
y = k(x x0 ) + y0 .
nh ngha 2.2 (o hm mt bn) .

o hm phi ti x0 :
f (x) f (x0 ) f
f 0 (x+
0 ) = lim+ = lim +
xx0 x x0 xx0 x
o hm tri ti x0 :
f (x) f (x0 ) f
f 0 (x
0 ) = lim = lim
xx0 x x0 xx0 x
Hm f c o hm ti x0 nu n c o hm tri v o hm phi v chng bng nhau.
V d 2.1 Cho hm s f (x) = |x|. Tnh f 0 (0).
Ta c
f |x|
f = f (x) f (0) = |x| |0| = |x| x = x 0 = =
x x
33
2.1. O HM CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
Ta khng th tch gii hn trc tip khi x 0 m phi tnh gii hn tri v gii hn phi.
f x
f 0 (0+ ) = lim+ = lim+ = 1
x0 x x0 x
f x
f 0 (0 ) = lim = lim = 1
x0 x x0 x
V o hm tri v phi khc nhau nn hm s khng c o hm ti x0 = 0.
y
y = |x|
0 x
( 1
ex , x 6= 0
V d 2.2 Tnh o hm ca f (x) = ti x0 = 0.
0, x = 0.
1
0 + f (x) f (0) ex 0
Bi lm f (0 ) = lim+ = lim+ = +.
x0 x0 x0 x0
f (x) f (0) 00
f 0 (0 ) = lim = lim = 0.
x0 x0 x0 x 0
Vy hm s khng tn ti o hm ti 0.
Tch nht
Hm s c o hm ti x0 th lin tc ti .
(
x2 + ax + b x 6= 0
V d 2.3 Tm a, b f (x) = c o hm ti x0 = 0.
0, x=0
Bi lm
f lin tc ti x0 = 0 khi v ch khi lim (x2 + ax + b) = 0 b = 0.
x0
f c o hm ti x0 = 0 khi v ch khi gii hn sau tn ti hu hn
f (x) f (0) x2 + ax 0
lim = lim = a.
x0 x0 x0 x0
Vy a R, b = 0.
(
aex b x > 0
V d 2.4 Tm a, b f (x) = c o hm ti x0 = 0.
x2 a, x 0
Bi lm
f lin tc ti x0 = 0 khi v ch khi lim+ (aex b) = lim (x2 a) a b = a b = 2a.
x0 x0
f c o hm ti x0 = 0 khi v ch khi
(ax2 2a) (a) (x2 a) (a) x2 1
lim+ = lim lim+ a = 0 a = 0.
x0 x0 x0 x0 x0 x
Vy a = b = 0.

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.1. O HM
Bng cng thc o hm
1. C 0 = 0(C = const) 3. (ex )0 = ex , (ax )0 = ax ln a
2. (x )0 = x1 , 6= 0 4. (ln |x|)0 = x1 , (loga x)0 = 1

x ln a
5. (sin x)0 = cos x. 7. (sinh x)0 = cosh x.
6. (cos x)0 = sin x. 8. (cosh x)0 = sinh x.

1 1
9. (tan x)0 = 10. (cot x)0 =
cos2 x sin2 x
1 1
11. (arcsin x)0 = . 13. (arctan x)0 = .
1 x2 1 + x2
1 1
12. (arccos x)0 = . 14. (ln(x + x2 + k))0 =
1 x2 x2 +k
o hm tng, tch, thng
i) (u + v)0 = u0 + v 0 . iii) (uv)0 = u0 v + uv 0

u 0 u0 v uv 0
ii) (u)0 = u0 . iv) =
v v2
o hm hm hp Cho hm s y = f (u), u =
u(x)
f 0 (x) = f 0 (u).u0 (x)
V d 2.5 Tnh o hm
2x
a) f (x) = x arcsin(x2 + 1) = f 0 (x) = 1. arcsin(x2 + 1) + x. p .
1 (x2 + 1)2
x
b) f (x) = arctan2 x2 + 1 = f 0 (x) = 2. arctan x2 + 1.
x2 + 1
c) f (x) = xx .
x
Ly eln : f (x) = eln x = ex ln x = f 0 (x) = ex ln x .(x ln x)0 = xx .(ln x + 1).

arctan3 x. 5 1 + x2
d) f (x) =
arcsin4 x
arctan3 x. 5 1 + x2
ln 1
Ly eln : f (x) = e arcsin4 x 2
= e3 ln arctan x+ 5 ln(1+x )4 ln arcsin x
= f 0 (x) 1 2
= f (x).(3 ln arctan x + 5 ln(1 + x ) 4 ln arcsinx)
0
3 2x 4
= f (x) 2
+ 2
.
(1 + x ) arctan x 5(1 + x ) 2
1 x arcsin x

2.1. O HM CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
2.1.2 o hm hm ngc v hm tham s ha

o hm hm ngc cho hm s y = f (x) c hm
ngc x = g(y)
1 1
g 0 (y) = hay x0 (y) =
f 0 (x) y 0 (x)
(
x = x(t)
o hm hm cho bi tham s y = y(x) :
y = y(t)
y 0 (t)
y 0 (x) =
x0 (t)
1
V d 2.6 Chng minh cng thc o hm hm ngc (arctan x)0 = v (arcsin x)0 =
1 + x2
1
.
1 x2
Bi lm
a) Xt y = arctan x x = tan y. Theo cng thc
1 1 1 1
y 0 (x) = = 0
= 2
= .
x0 (y) tan y 1 + tan y 1 + x2
b) Xt y = arcsin x x = sin y. Theo cng thc
1 1 1 1 1
y 0 (x) = = 0 = =p = .
x0 (y) sin y cos y 2
1 sin y 1 x2
V d 2.7 .
a) Cho y = f (x) = x3 + x. Tnh (f 1 )0 (2).
b) Cho y = f (x) = e3x + 2x. Tnh (f 1 )0 (1).
Bi lm
1 1
a) y0 = 2 = x0 = 1, f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 1 = (f 1 )0 (2) = =
f 0 (1) 4
1 1
b) y0 = 1 = x0 = 2, f 0 (x) = 3e3x + 2 = (f 1 )0 (1) = = .
f 0 (0) 5
V d 2.8 Tnh o hm hm cho bi tham s

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.1. O HM
( (
x = a cos3 t x = t3 + 3t
1. y = y(x) : 2. y = y(x) : ti x0 =
y = a sin3 t. y = ln(t + t2 3)
14.
Bi lm
y 0 (t) a.3 cos2 t( sin t)

a) y 0 (x) = = = cot t
x0 (t) a.3. sin2 t cos t
1 1
y 0 (t)
2 1
b) x0 = 14 t0 = 2. 0
y (x) = 0 = 2t 3 = y 0 (x0 = 14) = 1 = .
x (t) 3t + 3 15 15
2.1.3 o hm cp cao
nh ngha 2.3 o hm cp n ca hm s y = f (x) c nh ngha theo truy hi
f (n) (x) = (f (n1) (x))0 .
Cng thc leinitz
(f.g)(n) = Cn0 f (0) g (n) + Cn1 f (1) g (n1) + Cn2 f (2) g (n2) + + Cnn f (n) g (0)
vi quy c f (0) (x) = f (x), g (0) (x) = g(x).
D dng kim tra bng quy np cc cng thc o hm cp n ca cc hm s thng gp

sau
Cng thc o hm cp n
i) ((x + a) )(n) = ( 1)( 2). . . . .( n + 1)(x + a)n .

(n)
(1)n n!

1
= =
x+a (x + a)n+1
ii) (eax )(n) = an .eax . (1)n1 (n 1)!
iii) (ln x)(n) =
xn
n n
iv) (sin ax)(n) = an sin(ax + ) v) (cos ax)(n) = an cos(ax + )
2 2
Ch :
(uv)(n) 6= u(n) .v (n)

(uv)(n) 6= u(n) .v + u.v (n)
V d 2.9
(1)99 99!.2100 99!2100

a) (ln(2x + 3))(100) = = .
(2x + 3)100 (2x + 3)100
(n) (n)
(1)n .n!

1 1 1 1 1 1
b) 2
=
x 4 4 x2 x+2 4 (x 2)n+1 (x + 2)n+1

2.2. VI PHN CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
(n)
2
(n) 1 cos 2x 1
c) sin x = = 0 2n . cos(2x + n ). = 2n1 . cos(2x + n ).
2 2 2 2 2
d) f (x) = (3x2 + 1) ln x. Tnh f (100) (1).

p dng cng thc leinitz vi: u = 3x2 + 1, v = ln x = u0 = 6x, u00 = 6, u(k) = 0, k 3.
f (100) (x) = C100

0
u(0) v (100) + C100
1
u(1) v (99) + C100
2
u(2) v (98)
(1)99 99! (1)98 98! (1)97 97!
= 1.(3x2 + 1). + 100.6x. + 4950.6.
x100 x99 x98
= f (100) (1) = 4.99! + 600.98! 29700.97! = 9708.97!
(
x = tet 1
V d 2.10 Tnh o hm cp 1 v cp 2 ca hm s y = f (x) : ti x0 = 1
y = t2 + t
Bi lm
a) x0 = 1 tet 1 = 1 t = 0.
y 0 (t) 2t + 1 1
f 0 (x) = 0 = t
= f 0 (x0 = 1) = = 1.
x (t) (t + 1)e 1

x = tet 1
b) Ta c f 0 (x) : 2t + 1
y 0 =
(t + 1)et
0 0
(y ) (t) 2(t + 1)et (2t + 1)(t + 2)et 22
= f 00 (x) = 0 = t 3
= f 00 (x0 = 1) = = 0.
x (t) ((t + 1)e ) 13
C th p dng cng thc sau
o hm cp 2 hm tham s
y 00 (t)x0 (t) x00 (t)y 0 (t)

y 00 (x) =
x03 (t)
Tnh li o hm cp 2
2.(t + 1)et (t + 2)et .(2t + 1)

y 00 (x) =
((t + 1)et )3
2.2 Vi phn
Vi phn cp 1
f (x) kh vi ti x0 khi v ch khi f (x) c o hm ti x0
df (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ).dx

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.2. VI PHN

V d 2.11 Tnh vi phn ca hm s y = 1 + x2 ti x0 = 1.
Bi lm
x 1
dy = y 0 dx = dx = dy(1) = dx.
1 + x2 2
Tnh cht ca vi phn c suy trc tip t tnh cht ca o hm
Tnh cht
i) d() = 0 iv) d(f g) = f dg + gdf

ii) d(f ) = df
f f dg gdf
iii) d(f + g) = df + dg v) d = .
g g2
Vi phn
( hm hp Cho hm hp
y = y(u)
= y = y(u(x))
u = u(x)
dy = y 0 (x)dx = y 0 (u)du
Vi phn cp 1 c tnh bt bin (

x = x(t)
Vi phn hm tham s y = y(x) :
y = y(t)
y 0 (t)
dy = y 0 (x)dx = dx
x0 (t)
V d 2.12 Tnh vi phn hm s
1
a) Cho hm y = eu , u = arctan . Tnh dy(x = 1) theo dx.
x
(
x = e2t + t
b) Cho hm s y(x) : . Tnh dy(x = 1) theo dx.
y = t3 + t
Bi lm
a) Ta c th tnh y 0 (x) = y 0 (u).u0 (x) ri th x = 1 vo suy ra vi phn.

C th tnh cch khc nh sau:

x0 = 1 = u0 =
4
dy = y 0 (u)du = eu du = dy(x = 1) = e 4 du(x = 1)
0
x12 1 1
du = u (x)dx = 1 dx = 2
dx = du(x = 1) = dx
1 + x2 1+x 2
1
Vy dy(x = 1) = e 4 dx.
2

2.2. VI PHN CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
y 0 (t) 3t2 + 1 1
b) x = 1 t = 0. y 0 (x) = 0
= 2t
= dy(x = 1) = dx.
x (t) 2e + 1 3
Cng thc gn ng
f (x) f (x0 ) + df (x0 ) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 )
V d 2.13 Khng dng my tnh, tnh gn ng gi tr ca e0.1 .
Bi lm
Xt f (x) = ex = f 0 (x) = ex , x0 = 0, x = 0.1.
f (x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) e0.1 e0 + e0 (0.1 0) = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1 (gi tr gn ng khi
dng matlab tnh l 1.1052).
Vi phn cp cao
dn f (x) = f (n) (x)dx
Vi phn cp 2 hm hp cho y = y(u), u = u(x)
d2 y = y 00 (u)du2 + y 0 (u)d2 u.
Vi phn cp 2 khng cn tnh bt bin. Tnh vi phn cp 2, cn xc nh bin cn tnh.

V d 2.14 Tnh vi phn cp 2 hm s
1
a) Cho hm y = eu , u = arctan . Tnh d2 y(x = 1) theo dx.
x
(
x = e2t + t
b) Cho hm s y(x) : . Tnh d2 y(x = 1) theo dx.
y = t3 + t
Bi lm
1
a) Ta c th th y = earctan x ri tnh y 00 (x) t suy ra vi phn.
C th tnh dng cng thc d2 y = y 00 (u)du2 + y 0 (u)d2 u.
1 2x
x0 = 1 = u0 = . y 0 (u) = y 00 (u) = eu , u0 (x) = , u00
(x) = .
4 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2
1 1
= du(x = 1) = dx, d2 u(x = 1) = dx2 .
2 2
Th vo cng thc vi x = 1, u = 4 ta c
2
2 1 1 3
d y(x = 1) = e 4 . dx + e 4 . dx2 = e 4 dx2 .
2 2 4
b) x = 1 t = 0.
y 00 (t)x0 (t) + x00 (t)y 0 (t) 6t.(2e2t + 1) + 4e2t .(3t2 + 1) 4 4
y 00 (x) = = = y 00
(x = 1) = = .
(x0 (t))3 (2e2t + 1)3 33 27
4
Vy d2 y(x = 1) = dx2 .
27

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.3. NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH
2.3 nh l gi tr trung bnh

nh l 2.4 (Fermat) Nu hm s y = f (x) t cc tr ti x0 v c o hm ti x0 th
f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
nh l 2.5 (Rolle) Cho hm s y = f (x) lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) tha f (a) = f (b).
Khi
c (a, b) : f 0 (c) = 0.
nh l 2.6 (Lagrange) Cho hm s y = f (x) lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b).
Khi
f (a) f (b)
c (a, b) : = f 0 (c).
ab
nh l 2.7 (Cauchy) .
Cho 2 hm s y = f (x), y = g(x) lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) v g 0 (x) 6= 0, x (a.b).
Khi
f (a) f (b) f 0 (c)
c (a, b) : = 0
g(a) g(b) g (c)
V d 2.15 .
Cho hm s y = f (x) kh vi trn [0, 2] tha f (0) = 3, f 0 (x) 5. Chng minh rng f (2) 7.
Bi lm
p dng nh l Lagrange
c (0, 2) : f (2) f (0) = f 0 (c)(2 0) = f (2) = f (0) + 2f 0 (c) 3 + 2.5 = 7.

V d 2.16 Chng minh bt ng thc arctan x arctan y x y , x, y [ 2 , 2 ].
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x < y.

1
Xt f (x) = arctan x = f 0 (x) = 1. p dng cng thc Lagrang
1 + x2
f (x) f (y)
= f 0 (c) 1 = arctan x arctan y x y

c (x, y) :
xy
2.4 Cng thc HLopital

f (x) 0
nh l 2.8 (Quy tc LHopital) Cho gii hn lim dng hoc .
xx0 g(x) 0
f 0 (x)
Gi s f (x), g(x) c o hm ti x0 v gii hn lim tn ti (hu hn hoc v hn) th
xx0 g(x)
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim
xx0 g(x) xx0 g(x)

2.4. CNG THC HLOPITAL CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
V d 2.17 Tnh gii hn
x2012 1 0 (x2012 1)0 2012.x2011

a) lim (Dng ) = lim = lim 1 = 4024.
x1 x1 0 x1 ( x 1)0 x1
2 x
b) . 1 1
x + 1 3 3x 1 0 ((x + 1) 2 (3x 1) 3 )0
lim (Dng ) = lim
x3 ln(x 2) 0 x3 (ln(x 2))0
1 2 1
1 1
1
1
2
(x + 1) 2 13 (3x 1) 3 .3 2 x+1 3
(3x1)2

2. 4

3
64 1 1
= lim 1 = lim 1 = 1 = = 0.
x3
x2
x3
x2 1
4 4
c) .
sin x ex
cos x ex 0 2 cos x 01
lim (Dng ) = lim = = 1
x0 1 + 2x 1 0 x0 1 .2 1
2 1+2x
1 2011 1
x1 0 x 2012 .1
2012 = 1
2012
d) lim 3 2
(Dng ) = lim 2012 = lim
x1 x 3x + 2 0 x1 3x2 6x x1 3 6 6036
1 7
1 7
3 x 3 1 7x 0 2 3x 3
3 (17x)2 4
+ 12 1
e) lim x
(Dng ) = lim = =
x1 2 1 0 x1 2x 2 6
f) .
sin x
ln(cos x) 0 cos x sin x.(1 x) sin x (1 x)
lim (Dng ) = lim 1 = lim = lim . =
x0 ln(1 x) + x 0 x0 +1 x0 x. cos x x0 x cos x
1x
10
1. =1
1
2x3 6x2 + 8 0 6x2 12x 0 12x 12 2.12 12
g) lim 4 2
(dng ) = lim 3
(cn dng ) = lim 2
= =
x2 x 8x + 16 0 x2 4x 16x 0 x2 12x 16 12.22 16
12 3
= .
32 8
Dng tng ng kt hp vi HLopital

i) Kim tra t hoc mu khng phi dng trit tiu th
dng tng ng rt gn.
ii) Dng quy tc HLopital kh dng trit tiu.
iii) Nu ht dng trit tiu th c th dng tng ng
tnh.
x sin x 0 1 cos x
h) lim (dng trit tiu ) = lim ht dng trit tiu
x0 sinh x tan x 0 x0 cosh x (1 + tan2 x)
x2 x2 1
tng ng 2 2 2
===== lim = lim = = 1.
12
2
x0 cosh x 1 tan2 x x0 x
2
x2

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.4. CNG THC HLOPITAL
cos 2x + 2x2 1 0
i) lim 4
(dng trit tiu ) dng HLopital
x0 3x 0 2
2 sin 2x + 4x 4 cos 2x + 4 4. (2x)
2 8 2
= lim 3
= lim 2
= lim 2
= =
x0 12x x0 36x x0 36x 36 9
ex x cosh x
j) I = lim
x0 x ln(1 + sin2 2x)
x2 x2
Trn t l dng trit tiu : ex x cosh x = ex 1 x + 1 cosh x x x = 0 .
2 2
Di mu khng phi dng trit tiu: x ln(1 + sin2 2x) x sin2 2x x.(2x)2 = 4x3 .
Ta dng tng ng rt gn mu ri dng HLopital:
ex x cosh x ex x cosh x HLopital ex 1 sinh x
I = lim = lim ===== lim
x0 x ln(1 + sin2 2x) x0 4x3 x0 4.3x2
ex cosh x ex sinh x 1
= lim = lim = .
x0 12.2x x0 24 24
arctan x sin x
k) I = lim .
x0 arcsin2 x( 1 + 2x 1)
Di mu khng phi dng tiu nn dng tng ng cho mu trc khi dng HLopital:
1
arctan x sin x arctan x sin x HLopital cos x
I = lim = lim ===== lim 1 + x2
x0 x2 . 12 .2x x0 x3 x0 3x2
x 2 1
(1 + x2 )1 1 + 1 cos x 1.x2 + 2 1
= lim 2
= lim 2
= 2 =
x0 3x x0 3x 3 6
x2 2x 2
l) I = lim x
(Dng ) = lim x
(Dng ) = lim = 0.
x+ e x+ e x+ ex
Cc dng v nh 0., 00 , 0 , 1
0
c th chuyn v dng v
0
1
ln x x
a) lim+ x ln x (Dng 0.) = lim+ 1 (Dng ) = lim+ = lim+ x = 0.
x0 x0
x
x0 x12 x0
b) lim+ xx (Dng 00 ) = lim+ ex ln x (Dng 0 ) = e0 = 1

x0 x0
1 1 x sin x 0 x sin x 1 cos x

c) lim (Dng ) = lim (Dng ) = lim = lim =
x0 sin x x x0 x sin x 0 x0 x2 x0 x2
1
2
Bi tp
Cu 1) Tnh o hm y 0 (x)

2.4. CNG THC HLOPITAL CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN

(a) y = (cos x)arcsin x (b) y = (2x2 + 1)arctan x sin5 (2x + 1) 7 3x2 1
(c) y =
tanh3 x
Cu 2) Tnh o hm ti 1 im
3

x2 + 1. 5 x + 2
(a) Cho hm s f (x) = 7
. Tm f 0 (0).
x3 + 2
r
x
(b) Cho hm s f (x) = x + (x 1) arcsin . Tm f 0 (1).
x+1

(c) Cho hm s f (x) = 1 ex2 . Tm f+0 (0) f0 (0).
1

1 , x 6= 0,

(d) Cho hm s f (x) = 1 + e x . Tnh f 0 (0+ ) v f 0 (0 ).
0

Cu 3) Tm a, b hm s kh vi ti x0 = 0.
(
ax + b Nu x < 0, 2x3 + x, x 0
(a) f (x) = (c) f (x) =
ln(1 + x) Nu x 0. cos x + , x < 0
1 ,x < 0

1
xa sin x1 Nu x 6= 0,

(d) f (x) = 1 + e x
(b) f (x) = 2
b Nu x = 0. x + x + , x 0.
Cu 4) Tnh o hm hm ngc
1
(a) Cho hm s f (x) = ex + x. Tnh (f 1 )0 (1). S: .
x
1 0
2
(b) Cho 2
hm s y = f (x) tha f (e ) = x + 1, x > 0. Tnh (f ) ( 2). A:
e 2.
Cu 5) Tnh o hm cp cao
a) y = (2x + 3) + cos x. Tnh y (100) (x).
b) y = arctan(x). Tnh y (100) (0), y (101) (0).
Cu 6) Tnh o hm

x = ln(1 + t), x = t3 3t + 1,
(a) cp 1 ti x = (c) cp 2 ti t = 1
y = t arctan t. y = 3t5 5t3 + 1.
ln 2.

x = r cos t, x = t2 + 4
(b) cp 2 ti t = (d) cp 3 ti t = 5.
y = r sin t. 4 y = 4t3 3t2
Cu 7) Tnh vi phn cc hm s sau

(a) y = 1 + u2 , u = ex . Tnh dy(0), dy 2 (0), d2 y(0) theo du v dx

y = t2 + t,
(b) Tnh dy(0), dy 2 (0), d2 y(0) theo dx.
x = t3 + 3t.
(
x = ln(x + 1),
(c) y(x) . Tnh dy(0), d2 y(0).
y = arctan x
Cu 8) Dng quy tc HLopital, tnh cc gii hn sau

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.5. CNG THC TAYLOR
2x3 5x5 + 3x4 (m) lim cot 2x. cot( 4 x)

(a) lim x 4
x1 3x7 5x4 + 2
2x3 3x2 2x x arctan x2 2 sin2 2x

(b) lim (n) lim
x0 4x4 x3 3 x0 x cos x sin x
ex x 1 5
(c) lim 1 + 5x x 1
x0 x2 (o) lim
x0 x2
ln(1 + x) x
(d) lim (p) lim+ (arcsin x)tan x
x0 sinh2 x x0
cos x
e 1 1
(e) lim (1 + x) x 1
x0 3
1 + 3x 1 (q) lim ( )x
1
x0 e
e x
(f) lim+ 100 1 + x cos x 1 + 2x
x0 x (r) lim
x0 x2
ecos x 1
(g) lim tan x x
x0 3 1 + 3x 1 (s) lim
x0 x arcsin x x ln(1 + x)
(h) lim+ ln x ln(1 x)
x0 ln(1 + sin x) tan x
(i) lim+ (cos x)ln sin x . (t) lim
x0
x0 x2
x 1
tan3 x 3 tan x (u) lim (tan )x
(j) lim x+ 2x + 1
x 3 cos(x + 6 ) 1
(k) lim (tan x )tan 2

x (v) lim ( 2 arctan x) ln x
4 x+
x1

ln1x a b
(l) lim arctan x1 (w) lim
x+ 2 x1 xa xb
2.5 Cng thc taylor

Cng thc taylor ca hm y = f (x) n cp n ti x0
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) f 000 (x0 )

f (x) = f (x0 ) + .(x x0 ) + (x x0 )2 + (x x0 )3
1! 2! 3!
f (n) (x0 )
+ + (x x0 )n + o(x x0 )n ,
n!
Trong : o(x x0 )n l mt hm VCB cp cao hn (x x0 )n khi
x x0 .
cng thc Maclaurint l cng thc taylor vi x0 = 0
f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f 000 (0) 3 f (n) (0) n

f (x) = f (0)+ .x+ x + x + + x +o(xn ).
1! 2! 3! n!
Cng thc taylor xp x hm f (x) bi mt hm a thc bc n Pn (x x0 ):
f (x) = Pn (x x0 ) + Rn (x x0 ),
Rn (x x0 ) = o(x x0 )n l phn d rt b khi x trong ln cn x0 .

Xem o(x x0 )n l phn d cha tt c cc bc ln hn n.

2.5. CNG THC TAYLOR CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN
V d 2.19 Khai trin Maclaurint hm s f (x) = ex 1 n cc cp 1,2,3.
Bi lm
f (0) = 0. f 0 (x) = ex = f 0 (0) = 1
f 00 (x) = ex = f 00 (0) = 1. f 000 (x) = ex = f 000 (0) = 1
Khai trin Maclaurint n cp 1: f (x) = 0 + 1.x + o(x1 ) = x + o(x).
1 x2
Khai trin Maclaurint n cp 2: f (x) = 0 + 1.x + x2 + o(x2 ) = x + + o(x2 ).
2! 2
1 1 x2 x3
Khai trin Maclaurint n cp 3: f (x) = 0 + 1.x + x2 + + o(x3 ) = x + + + o(x3 ).
2! 3! 2 6
y
y = ex 1
x2 x3
y =x+ 2
+ 6 Hnh v minh ha cho cc
a thc trong khai trin
x2 Maclaurint xp x vi hm
y =x+ 2
f (x) trong ln cn x0 = 0.
y=x Cp khai trin cng cao th
xp x cng chnh xc.
0 x
Khai trin Maclaurint mt s hm s thng gp

1
1. = 1 x + x2 x3 + + (1)n xn + o(xn ).
1+x
x1 x2 x3 xn
2. ex = 1 + + + + + + o(xn )
1! 2! 3! n!
x2 x3 xn
3. ln(1 + x) = x + + + (1)n1 + o(xn )
2 3 n
x3 x5 x2n+1
4. sin x = x + + (1)n + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x2n
5. cos x = 1 + + (1)n + o(x2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!
x3 x5 x2n+1
6. sinh x = x + + + + + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x2n
7. cosh x = 1 + + + + + o(x2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!
( 1) 2 ( 1) . . . ( n + 1) n
8. (1+x) = 1+x+ x + + x +o(xn ).
2! n!
x3 x5 x2n+1
9. arctan x = x + + + (1)n + o(x2n+2 )
3 5 2n + 1

Khai trin taylor bng nh ngha s rt mt cng. Ta p dng cc cng thc trn khai
trin.
V d 2.20
a) Khai trin Maclaurint ca hm f (x) = sin 2x n cp 4.

p dng cng thc sin : x 2x.
(2x)3 4
sin 2x = (2x) + o(x4 ) = 2x x3 + o(x4 ).
3! 3
b) Tm khai trin Maclaurint ca hm f (x) = ex+1 n cp 3.

x0
V x + 1 1 6= 0 nn cha th dng cng thc cho x + 1.
1 1 e e
f (x) = e.ex = e(1 + x + x2 + x3 + o(x3 )) = e + ex + x2 + x3 + o(x3 ).
2! 3! 2 6
Dng cng thc khai trin

Dng cng thc Maclaurint khai trin hm f (u), iu kin u 0.
1
c) Tm khai trin Maclaurint ca hm f (x) = n cp 2.
2x
1 u=1x 1
Bin i f (x) = = 1 u + u2 + . . . Sai .
1 + (1 x) 1+u
x0
V u = 1 x 1 6= 0.
Ta lm nh sau
1 1 1 u= x
2 1 1 1
f (x) = = . x f = .
= (1 u + u2 + o(u2 ))
2x 2 1+ 2 2 1+u
! 2
2
1 x x 1 1 1
= 1 + + o(x2 ) = + x + x2 + 0(x2 ).
2 2 2 2 4 8

d) Tm khai trin taylor ca hm f (x) = 3 2x ti x0 = 1 n cp 2.
t t = xp1 1
f (t) = 3 2(t + 1) = 1 2t = (1 2t) 2
1 1
1 .
= 1 + .(2t) + 2 2 .(2t)2 + o(t2 ) = 1 t t2 + o(t2 ) = 1 (x 1) (x 1)2 + o(x 1)2 .
2 2!
V d 2.21 Khai trin taylor
1 + x + x2
a) Khai trin Maclautint hm s f (x) = n cp 5.
1 x + x2
2
(1 + x + x )(1 + x) 1
Cch 1: f (x) = 2
= (x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1) 3
= (x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1)(1
(1 x + x )(1 + x) 1+x
x3 + o(x5 ))
1
Khai trin = 1 x3 + (x3 )2 + . . . nhng v ta cn n bc 5 nn b i bc 6. Gi
1 + x3
nhn vo v b i nhng bc ln hn 5.
f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3 x3 2x4 2x5 x6 6 +o(x6 ) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 2x4 2x5 + o(x5 ).
Cch 2 ta dng php chia a thc theo bc t b n ln cho n khi phn d c bc ln
hn 5.

1 +x +x2 1 -x +x2
0 +2x +0x2 1 +2x +2x2 2x4 2x5

+0x +2x2 2x3
+0x2 +0x3 2x4

+0x4 2x5
+0x5
Ta suy ra f (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 2x4 2x5 + o(x5 ).

Phng php ny kh hiu qu cho nhng bi dng phn thc. Cn i hc hiu hn
phng php ny.
2
b) Khai trin Maclaurint hm s y = f (x) = e2xx n cp 3.
x0
t t = 2x x2 0.
t2 t3 (2x x2 )2 (2x x2 )3
y = et = 1 + t + + + o(t3 ) = 1 + (2x x2 ) + + + o(2x x2 )3
2! 3! 2 6
1 1 2
= 1+2xx2 + (4x2 4x3 + x4 )+ (8x3 12x4 + 6x5 x6 )+o(x3 ) = 1+2x+x2 x3 +o(x3 ).
2 6 3
Ta cn khai trin n bc 3 nn bc ln hn 3 ta b.

c) Khai trin Maclaurint hm s y = 1 2x2 n cp 7.
t t = 2x2 l mt VCB bc 2.
Ta cn khai trin theo t n cp 3, v t bc 4 tng ng vi x bc 8 > 7.
1 1 1 1 3
1 .
2 2 2
.
2 2 2 3
y = 1+t=1+ t+ t + t + o(x7 )
2 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + (2x2 ) (2x2 )2 + (2x2 )3 + o(x7 ) = 1 x2 x4 x6 + o(x7 ).
2 8 16 2 2
d) Khai trin Maclaurint y = tan x n cp 5.
x3 x5
sin x x + + o(x5 )
y= = 3! 5!
cos x x2 x4
1 + + o(x4 )
2! 4!
Thc hin php chia
1 1 5 1 1
x x3 + x 1 x2 + x4
6 120 2 16
1 1 5 1 2
0x + x3 x x + x3 + x5 .
3 30 3 15
2
+0x3 + x5
15
+0x5
1 2
Vy y = x + x3 + x5 + o(x5 ).
3 15
Trong bi ny, v sin x l VCB bc 1 nn cos x ch cn khai trin n bc 4 l .
e) Khai trin Maclaurint y = esin x n cp 4.
1 1 1 x3 1 3 1
y = 1 + sin x + sin2 x + sin3 x + sin4 x + o(sin4 x) = 1 + x + (x x6 )2 + (x)3 +
2! 3! 4! 6 2 6
1 4 4
(x ) + o(x )
24
x3 1 2 1 4 1 1 x2 x 4
=1+x + (x x ) + x3 + x4 + o(x4 ) = 1 + x + + o(x4 ).
6 2 3 6 24 2 8

f) Khai trin Maclaurint y = ecos x n cp 5.

2 4
1 x2 + x24 +o(x5 )
2 4
x2 + x24 2 x4 1 2 x4 2
y=e = e.e 5
+ o(x ) = e 1+ ( x2 + 24
) + ( x2 + 24
) + o(x5 )
2
h
x2 x4 4
i e e 4
=e 1 2
+ 24
+ x8 + o(x5 ) = e x2 + x + o(x5 )
2 6
g) Khai trin Maclaurint ca f (x) = ex . ln(1 + x) n cp 4.
x
V ln(1 +
x) l VCB2 cp 13 nn ta khai
trin 2e n cp 3.
3
x4

x x 3 x x 4
f (x) = 1 + x + + + o(x ) x + + o(x )
2! 3! 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= x + ( + 1)x2 + ( + )x3 + ( + + )x4 + o(x4 ) = x + x2 + x3 + o(x4 )
2 3 2 2 4 3 4 6 2 3
x2
h) Tm khai trin Maclaurint ca f (x) = n cp 6.
1 + sin x
1
V trn t bc 2 nn ta cn khai trin n cp 4.
1 + sin x
1
= 1 sin x + sin2 x sin3 x + sin4 x + o(x4 )
1 + sinx 2
x3 x3

5 2
=1 x + x (x)3 + (x)4 + o(x4 ) = 1 x + x2 x3 + x4 + o(x4 ).
3! 3! 6 3
5 2
Vy f (x) = x2 x3 + x4 x5 + x6 + o(x6 ).
6 3
Tnh o hm cp n ti 1 im bng khai trin
Da vo cng thc Taylor, ta suy ra
f (n) (x0 ) = n!Tn ,
vi Tn l h s bc n trong khai trin taylor ca f (x) ti x0 .
V d 2.22 Tnh o hm cp cao
a) Tnh y (100) (1) vi y(x) = ln x.

x1
Khai trin taylor ti x0 = 1 t u = x 1 0.
u2 99 u
100
Khi y = ln(1 + u) = u + . . . + (1) + ....
2 100
1
H s bc 100 trong khai trin taylor ti x0 = 1 l T100 = .
100
1
Suy ra y (100) (1) = .100! = 99!
100
b) Tnh y (10)(0) vi y = (x2 + 1) cos x.
Khai trin Maclaurint y n cp 10. Ch ta ch quan tm n bc 10.
x 8 x1 0
y = (x2 + 1)( + + o(x1 0)).
8! 10!
1 1
H s bc 10 trong khai trin l T10 = .
8! 10!
1 1
Suy ra y (10) (0) = 10! = 10.9 1 = 89.
8! 10!
Tm VCB tng ng
Mun tm mt hm ly tha tng ng vi hm
f (x), ta khai trin f (x) cho n bc u tin khc 0.

V d 2.23 Tm hm ly tha tng ng vi cc VCB sau
a) f (x) = ex x cos 2x khi x 0.

x2 (2x)2 5 5
f (x) = (1 + x + ) x (1 ) + o(x2 ) = x2 + o(x2 ) x2 .
2 2 2 2
Ch : o(x2 ) gm nhng bc ln hn 2. Tng VCB ta ly VCB bc thp nn b i o(x2 ).

b) f (x) = 1 2x + x cos x khi x 0.
1 1 2 1 1
f (x) = (1 x x2 x3 ) + x (1 x2 ) + o(x3 ) = x3 + o(x3 ) x3 .
2 2 2 2

c) f (x) = 1 + x 1 x x khi x 0.
2 2 3 2 2 3 x3 x3
f (x) = (1 + x2 x8 + x16 ) (1 x2 x8 x16 ) x + o(x3 ) = + o(x3 ) .
8 8
x2
d) f (x) = ln(1 + sin x) tan x + khi x 0.
2
sin2 x sin3 x x3 x2 x3 x2 x3

3
f (x) = sin x + (x + ) + + o(x ) = x + (x +
2 3 3 2 6 2 3
x3 x2
)+ + o(x3 )
3 2
x3 x3
= + o(x3 ) .
6 6
0
ng dng khai trin Taylor tnh gii hn dng
0
f (x) 0
Cho gii hn lim dng
xx0 g(x) 0
Ta khai trin t mu, tm i lng tng ng v
th vo gii hn.

x3 x3 3 x2
tan x sin x (x + ) (x ) + o(x ) 1
a) lim = lim 3 6 = lim 33 = .
x0 x 3 x0 x 3 x0 x 2
x3 x4 4 3
3 2
ln(1 + x ) 2 sin x + 2x cos x x3 2(x ) + 2x(1 ) + o(x3 ) x
b) lim = lim 6 2 = lim 3 =
x0 x3 x0 x3 x0 x3
4
.
3

1 + 2 tan x ex + x2
c) I = lim .
x0 arcsin x sin x
Khai trin t
tan2 x tan3 x x2 x3
T = (1 + tan x ) (1 + x + + ) + x2
2 2 2 6
x3 x2 x3 x2 x3 2 2
= (1 + x + + ) (1 + x + + ) + x2 = x3 + o(x3 ) x3 .
3 2 2 2 6 3 3
x3 x3 3 x3 x3
Khai trin mu M = arcsin x sin x = (x + ) (x ) + o(x ) = + o(x3 ) .
6 6 3 3
2 3
x
Vy I = lim 3 3 = 2.
x0 x

V d 2.25 Tnh gn ng cos 0.1 bng cch khai trin taylor n cp 4.
Chn x0 = 0 gn gi tr x = 0.1 cn tnh m cos x0 = 0.1. Ta khai trin Taylor hm cos x ti x0

x2 x4 0.12 0.14
cos x = 1 + + o(x4 ) = cos 0.1 1 +
n bc 4. 2 4! 2 24
0.01 0.0001
1 + 0.995004166.
2 24
Gi tr cos 0.1 theo my tnh l 0.995004165278026.
Bi tp
Cu 1. Khai trin taylor f (x) n cp n ti x0
2x + 1 (k) f (x) = ln(1 + tan x), x0 = 0, n = 4
(a) f (x) = , x0 = 1, n = 2.
x+2
(l) f (x) = x, n = 4, x0 = 1
2
(b) f (x) = (x + x ) 1 2x2 , n = 4, x0 = x
0. (m) f (x) = , n = 2, x0 = 2
x+1
2 + 3x
(c) f (x) = ln . x2
3 + 2x (n) f (x) = , n = 4, x0 = 0
2x2 x 1
cos 2x
(d) f (x) = , x0 = 1, n = 3 ln(1 x)
1 + ln(1 x) (o) f (x) = , n = 3, x0 = 0
(1 + x)2
x
e tan x
(e) f (x) = , x0 = 1, n = 3 (p) f (x) = x2 , n = 5, x0 = 0
2x 1 e
(f) f (x) = sinh x ln(12x), x0 = 0, n = 4 (q) f (x) = arcsin2 x, n = 4

(g) f (x) = arctan x. 1 + 2x, x0 = 0, n = (r) f (x) = ( 1 + x2 1) sin(x + ), n =
6
3 4, x0 = 0
(h) f (x) = esin 2x , x0 = 0, n = 4 (s) f (x) = ecos x , n = 5, x0 = 0
(i) f (x) = ecos 2x , x0 = 0, n = 7 (t) f (x) = sin cosh x, x0 = 0, n = 2.

(j) f (x) = x sin x, x0 = 1, n = 2 (u) f (x) = (1 + x2 )sin x , x0 = 0, n = 3.
Cu 2. Tm , f (x) g(x) = x khi x x0 :
(a) f (x) = ex x cos 2x, x0 = 0 x2

(i) f (x) = ln(1 + sin x) tan x + , x0 =
(b) f (x) = 1 2x + x cos x, x0 = 0 2
0.
(c) f (x) = ex cosh x sin x
(j) f (x) = cos x 4 cos 2x, x0 = 0
(d) f (x) = 3 1 + 3x cos x ln(1 +
x), x0 = 0 (k) f (x) = x4 + 2x3 3 x6 + 3x5 , x0 =

(e) f (x) = x + 1 1 x x, x0 = 0
(l) f (x) = 1 2x2 3 1 3x2 , x0 = 0
(f) f (x) = ex 1 + 2x + 2x2 , x0 = 0
2
(g) f (x) = 1 x + x ln x, x0 = 1 (m) f (x) = cos x2 x sin x ex , x0 = 0
x2

(h) f (x) = (1 + 2
) sin x tan x, x0 = 0 (n) f (x) = cos x cos 2x, x0 = 0
Cu 3. Tnh gii hn cp n ti 1 im

2.6. KHO ST V V TH CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN

(a) Cho f (x) = 3
2x 1. Tnh f (3) (1), f (4) (1)
(b) Cho f (x) = (1 + x2 )e2x1 . Tnh f (10) (0).
(c) Cho f (x) = (x2 + 1) ln x. Tnh f (10) (1).
x2
(d) Cho f (x) = . Tnh f (10) (0), f (11) (0).
2 + x3
1+x
(e) Cho f (x) = 2
. Tnh f (10) (0), f (11) (0).
1x+x
Cu 4. Tnh gii hn bng khai trin Maclaurint.
ex 1 x (1 + 2x)x cosh 2x
(a) lim (g) lim
x0 1 cosh x x0 arctan x arcsin x
arcsin x xex
(b) lim ex 1 + 2x + 2x2
x0 x tan x (h) lim
e2x cos x sin 2x x0 x + tan x sin 2x
(c) lim
x0 ln(1 x) + arcsin x 1
e(1 x2 ) (1 + x) x
1 + 2x cos x + x (i) lim
(d) lim x0 ln(1 x) + sinh x
x0 2 sin x tan 2x

1 + 2x 1 2x sin 2x ex + ln(1 sin x) 1
(e) lim (j) lim
x0 x cos x sin x x0 3
8 x3 2
3 2x2
1 + 3x2 x cot x arcsin x xex
(f) lim 3 (k) lim
x0 x cos x arcsin x x0 x 1 x2 tan x
2.6 Kho st v v th
2.6.1 Tim cn
Thut ton tm tim cn cho hm s y = f (x)
i) lim f (x) = tim cn ng x = a.

xa
ii) lim f (x) = b tim cn ngang y = b.

x
iii) Nu lim f (x) = , ta tm tim cn xin

x
lim f (x) = a

x x tim cn xin
lim f (x) ax = b
x
y = ax + b.
C th tm tim cn xin y = ax+b bng cch khai

trin
f (x) = ax + b + (x)
vi (x) l 1 VCB khi x .

CHNG 2. O HM V VI PHN 2.6. KHO ST V V TH
V d 2.26 Tm tim cn cc hm s sau
arctan 2x
a) y = . TXD: D = R {0, 1}.
x(1 x)
Tm tim cn ng ti nhng im gin on:
arctan 2x
lim = 2 x = 0 khng l tim cn ng.
x0 x(1 x)
arctan 2x
lim = tim cn ng x = 1.
x1 x(1 x)
arctan 2x
lim = 0 tim cn ngang y = 0.
x x(1 x)
ln(1 + x)
b) y = + 2x. TXD: D = (1, 0) (0 + ).
x
ln(1 + x)
lim + + 2x = + tim cn ng x = 1.
x1 x
ln(1 + x)
lim + 2x = 1 x = 0 khng l tim cn ng.
x0 x
ln(1 + x)
lim + 2x = + khng c tim cn ngang. Ta tm tim cn xin.
x+ x
ln(1 + x)
+ 2x
ln(1 + x)

ln(1 + x)
a = lim x = 2, b = lim + 2x 2x = lim =
x+ x x+ x x+ x
0,.
Tim cn xin y = 2x.
ln(1 + x) ln(1 + x)
Cch khc y = 2x + . V lim = 0 nn y = 2x l tim cn xin.
x x+ x
r
x3
c) y = . TXD: D = (, 0] (2, +).
rx 2
x3
lim+ = + tim cn ng x = 2.
x2 x2
lim = + khng c tim cn ngang. Ta tm tim cn xin:
x
r 12
x3
r
x 2 1 2 1
x + : f (x) = = |x| =x 1+ =x 1+ . + o( x2 )
x2 x2 x2 2 x2
2 1
. =x+1+ + o( x2 ) tim cn xin y = x + 1.
x r2
12
x3
r
x 2 1 2 1
x : f (x) = = |x| = x 1 + = x 1 + . + o( x2 )
x2 x2 x2 2 x2
2 1
. = x 1 o( x2 ) tim cn xin y = x 1.
x2
1
d) y = (x + 2)e x . TXD D = R {0}.
1
lim+ (x + 2)e x = + tim cn ng (bn phi, trn) x = 0.
x0
1
lim (x + 2)e x = 2.0 = 0 x = 0 khng l tim cn ng bn tri .
x0
1 2
x : y = (x + 2) 1 + + o( x ) = x + 3 + + (x + 2)o( x1 ) y = x + 3 l tim cn
1
x x
xin.

2.6.2 Chiu bin thin v cc tr
Chiu bin thin cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm trn (a, b).

loi tr ti mt s hu hn im
f 0 (x) > 0, x (a, b) f (x) tng trong
(a, b).
loi tr ti mt s hu hn im
f 0 (x) < 0, x (a, b) f (x) gim trong
(a, b).
Trong nh l trn, ti vi im m f 0 (x) = 0 hoc khng xc nh th vn khng nh c

f (x) n iu.
V d 2.27
Xt f (x) = x3 = f 0 (x) = 3x2 > 0, x 6= 0.

Ngoi tr im 0 th f 0 (x) dng nn suy ra f (x) tng trn R.
Cc tr
i. (iu kin cn) cho f (x) c o hm ti x0 .
x0 l im cc tr ca f f 0 (x0 ) = 0
ii. (iu kin 1) cho f (x) lin tc ti x0 v c o hm

trong ln cn x0 (c th loi tr ti im x0 ).
f 0 i du t (+) sang () f t cc i ti x0 .
f 0 i du t () sang (+) f t cc tiu ti x0 .
iii. (iu kin 2) cho f c o hm cp 2 ti x0 v f 0 (x0 ) =

0.
f 00 (x0 ) < 0 f (x) t cc i ti x0 .

f 00 (x0 ) > 0 f (x) t cc tiu ti x0 .
V d 2.28 Kho st tnh n iu v cc tr hm s y = x ln x
TXD: D = (0, +)
1 1
y 0 = 1 + ln x. y 0 = 0 ln x = 1 x = e1 = = y = .
e e
Bng bin thin

1
x 0 +
e
f 0 (x) 0 +
f (x) 1

e
Kt lun
1 1
Hm s ng bin trn ( , +) v nghch bin trn (0, ).
e e
1 1
Hm s t cc tiu ti x0 = v gi tr cc tiu l y0 =
e e
V d 2.29 Tm cc tr hm s y = x3 + 3x.
TXD: D = R. y 0 = 3x2 + 3. y 0 = 0 3x2 + 3 = 0 x = 1.

y 00 = 6x : y 00 (1) = 6 < 0.y 00 (1) = 6 > 0.
Vy hm s t cc i ti 1 v cc tiu ti 1.
V d 2.30 Kho st tnh n iu v cc tr hm s y = x4 + 4x3
TXD: D = R
y 0 = 4x3 + 12x2 = 4x2 (x + 3).

0 x = 3 = y = 27
y = 0
x = 0 = y = 0
Bng bin thin
x 3 0 +
f 0 (x) 0 + 0 +
f (x) 0
27
Kt lun
Hm s ng bin trn (3, +) v nghch bin trn khong (, 3).

Hm s t cc tiu ti x0 = 3.
x+1
V d 2.31 Kho st tnh n iu v cc tr hm s y =
x1
TXD: D = R\{1}

2
y0 = < 0, x D.
(x 1)2
Bng bin thin
x 1 +
f 0 (x)
f (x)
Kt lun
hm s nghch bin trn (, 0) v (0, +).

Hm s khng c cc tr
p
V d 2.32 Kho st tnh n iu v cc tr hm s y = 3
(x 1)2
TXD: D = R
2
y0 =
3
< 0, x D.
3 x1
Bng bin thin
x 1 +
f 0 (x) +
f (x)
0
Kt lun
hm s nghch bin trn (, 1) v ng bin trn (1, +).

Hm s t cc tiu ti x0 = 1.
1
V d 2.33 Cho f (x) = (x + a)e x . Tm a f (x) t cc i ti x0 = 2.
x+a 1 x2 x a 1
Ta c f 0 (x) = (1 )e x = ex .
x2 x2
2 a
f (x) t cc tr ti x0 = 2 th f 0 (2) = e = 0 a = 2.
4
2
x x2 1
Vi a = 2 : f 0 (x) = ex
x2
Bng bin thin

x 1 0 2 +
f 0 (x) + 0 0 +
f (x)
Vy khng tn ti a tha yu cu bi ton.
2.6.3 Li, lm v im un
Li, lm v im un
Cho hm s y = f (x) lin tc trn (a, b).
loi tr 1 s hu hn im
f 00 (x) < 0, x (a, b) f (x) li trn (a, b).
loi tr 1 s hu hn im
f 00 (x) > 0, x (a, b) f (x) lm trn
(a, b).
x0 (a, b) ngn cch gia khong li v lm th (x0 , f (x0 ))
l im un.
Nu f c o hm cp 2 ti x0 v (x0 , f (x0 )) l im un th
f 00 (x0 ) = 0.
V d 2.34 Xt tnh li, lm v im un ca hm s f (x) = x3 3x2 .
TXD: D = R, f 00 (x) = 6x 1.
f 00 (x) > 0, x (1, +) f (x) lm trn (1, +).
f 00 (x) < 0, x (, 1) f (x) li trn (1, +).
im (1, 2) ngn cch gia li v lm nn l im un ca th hm s.
V d 2.35 Tm a.b hm s f (x) = ax3 + 6x2 + bx t im un ti (1; 3).
TXD D = R, f 00 (x) = 6ax
( + 12 xc nh ti
( 1. (
f 00 (1) = 0 6a + 12 = 0 a = 2
(1; 3) l im un th .
f (1) = 3 a+6+b=3 b = 1
D dng th li vi a = 2, b = 1 th (1; 3) l im un ca th hm s.
V d 2.36 Tm a.b hm s f (x) = x4 + ax3 + b t im un ti (0; 3).
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 6ax.((0, 3) l im un nn
(
f 00 (0) = 0 a R
.
f (0) = 3 b=3
Vi b = 0 : f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 6ax.
Nu a = 0 th f 00 (x) = 12x2 0 khng i du qua 0 nn (0, 3) khng l im un.
Nu a 6= 0 th f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 6ax i du qua 0 nn (0, 3) l im un.
Vy a 6= 0, b = 3.

2.6.4 Kho st hm s
Cc bc kho st hm s
1. Tm min xc nh, tnh chn l, tun hon.
2. Tm o hm cp 1.
3. Tm o hm cp 2 (bc ny c th b qua).
4. Tnh cc gii hn v tm tim cn.
5. Lp bng bin thin.
6. Tm im c bit v v.
Ch
Hm f (x) gi l hm s chn nu x D = x D v f (x) = f (x).

th hm s chn i xng qua trc Oy. Khi kho st hm chn, ta ch cn kho st
phn x > 0, phn x < 0 c ly i xng vi phn x < 0 qua trc Oy.
Hm f (x) gi l hm s l nu x D = x D v f (x) = f (x).

th hm s chn i xng qua gc O. Khi kho st hm l, ta ch cn kho st phn
x > 0, phn x < 0 c ly i xng vi phn x < 0 qua O.
Nu tn ti s b nht T > 0 sao cho f (x + T ) = f (x) th ta ni f (x) tun hon vi chu

k T .
V th hm s tun hon, ta ch cn kho st trn mt chu k ri ly tnh tin phn
va v c theo phng ngang mt khong kT, k Z.
ex
V d 2.37 Kho st v v th hm s y =
x+1
TXD: D = R\{1}.
Tm tim cn
ex
? lim = : tim cn ng x = 1.
x1 x + 1
ex
? lim = 0 : tim cn ngang y = 0.
x x + 1
ex HLopital ex y ex HLop 2 ln
? lim ===== lim = + : a = lim = lim ===== +.
x+ x + 1 x+ 1 x+ x x+ x(x + 1)
Vy hm s khng c tim cn ngang.
xex
y0 = .y 0 = 0 x = 0 = y = 1
(x + 1)2
Bng bin thin

x 1 0 +
f 0 (x) 0 +
0 + +
f (x)
1
th
y
x = 1 ex
y=
x+1
8
2
A
y=0 x
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
V d 2.38 Kho st v v th y = x4 6x2 + 3.
TXD: D = R.
lim f (x) = +. Hm a thc bc 3 khng c tim cn.
x

x= 0 = y = 3
0 3 0
y = 4x 12x.y = 0 x =
3 = y = 6
x = 3 = y = 6
Bng bin thin

x 3 0 3 +
f 0 (x) 0 + 0 0 +
+ 3 +
f (x)
6 6


00 2 00 x = 1 = y = 2
y = 12x 12.y = 0
x = 1 = y = 2
Bng xt du y 00
x 1 1 +
f 00 (x) + 0 0 +
ths f (x) Lm Li Lm
th
y
6
x
4 2 0 2 4
2
p
V d 2.39 Kho st v v th hm s: y = 3
(x 1)2 .(x 4)
TXD D = R.
2 1
1 3 4 3 2 4
x:y =x 1 1 =x 1 1 +xo( x1 ) = x2+(x)
x x 3x 3x
tim cn xin y = x 2.
x3
y0 = p .
3
(x 1)(x 4)2
Bng bin thin
x 1 2 4 +
f 0 (x) + 0 + +
0 +
f (x) 0

3
2
th

2.6.5 Tm gi tr ln nht - gi tr nh nht

Tm max min
1. Tm max - min trn ton min xc nh: da vo bng bin

thin
2. Tm max - min trn on [a, b].
Bc 1) Tm im ti hn trn (a, b).

Bc 2) So snh gi tr ca f (x) ti cc im ti hn v ti
a, b suy ra Max, min.
V d 2.40 Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s sau
a) y = x2 ex trn on [1, 3].

0 2 x 0 x = 0 (Nhn)
y = (2x x )e . y = 0
x = 2 Nhn
4 9
y(0) = 0, y(2) = , y(1) = e, y(3) = .
e2 e3
Vy: min y = 0 ti x0 = 0 v max y = e ti x0 = 1.
[1,3] [1,3]
p
b) y = 3
(x 1)2 .(x 4) trn on [0, 5].

x3
y0 = p . y 0 = 0 x = 3.
3
(x 1)(x 4)2
Cc im ti hn: x1 = 3, x2 = 1, x3 = 4.

y(4) = y(1) = 0, y(3) = 3 4, y(0) = 3 4, y(5) = 3 16.

Vy min y = 4 v max y = 3 16
[0,5] [0,5]
Cch khc
t g = y 3 = (x 1)2 .(x 4). V hm y 7 y 3 l hm tng nn f v g cng cc tr.
g 0 (x) = 3(x 1)(x
3). g 0 (x) =
0 x =
1 x = 3.
y(1) = 0, y(3) = 4, y(0) = 4, y(5) = 16. Vy min y = 4 v max y = 3 16
3 3 3
[0,5] [0,5]
c) f (x) = xx trn D = (0, +).

0 1
f 0 (x) = ex ln x = xx (1 + ln x). y 0 = 0 x = .
e
Bng bin thin
1
x 0 +
e
f 0 (x) 0 +
1 +
f (x)
1
e e
1
Da vo bng bin thin ta suy ra min f (x) = e e v khng tn ti max.
D
Bi tp
Cu 1) Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
(
(a) y = 3 x2 2x x2 2x, x0
(i) f (x) =
(b) y = x
1
x xex , x<0
(c) y = e x
1
(j) f (x) = |x3 + x| 2x2
x2
1 (k) y = |x|e 2
(d) y = ln(e + )
x (l) y = |x2 4x| + 3
1
(e) y = (x + 2)e x
(m) y = |x2 4x| + 2x

(f) y = 3 x3 + 3x2 (n) f (x) = 3 x3 x2 x + 1

(g) y = x 3 4 x (o) f (x) = x
lnx
4 2x2 +3
(h) y = ex (p) f (x) =|x|(x + 3)
(q) f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + ax. Tm a hm s c 2 cc tr.

(r) f (x) = x3 + 3x2 ax + b. Tm a, b hm s t cc tiu ti (1, 2).
(s) f (x) = x4 + 3x3 ax + b. Tm a, b hm s t cc i ti (1, 2).
Cu 2) Tm tim cn ca cc hm s sau:

1
r
(a) y = x x 3 x3
1
(l) y = +x2
(b) y = e x + 2 arctan x x+2
1 3 x2
(c) y = ln(e + ) (m) y =
x 1 + x4
1
(d) y = (x + 2)e x ln x
(n) y =
(e) y = ln(1 x1 ) x

2x2 + ln(1 + x1 ) (o) f (x) = 3 x3 x2 x + 1
(f) y =
x+1 x2
(p) f (x) =
1 1 + x2
(g) y = 1
1 + ex (
x = arctan t
(h) y = 3 x3 + 3x2 (q) y(x) :
y = t3 3t2
(i) y = x2 + 2x + x
1 t2 + 1

(j) y = e x x2 + 4x x =

(r) y(x) : t2 t
x2 3
(k) y = y = + 1
t
x2 2x t1
Cu 3) Tm khong li lm v im un
1) f (x) = xex .
(
x2 2x, x0
2) f (x) = 2
x , x < 0
3) Tm a, b th hm s y = x4 + 3x3 ax2 + bx c im un l (1, 2).
4) Tm a, b th hm s y = x4 4x3 + ax2 + bx c im un l (1, 2).
Cu 4) Kho st v v th ca cc hm s sau:
1 x 2x
(a) f (x) = x x (h) f (x) = (x 1)e x1 (m) f (x) = e 1x2
1 q
(b) f (x) = + 2 arctan x (i) f p
(x) = 2x + 2 (n) f (x) = x3 4x + x
x 3 3 (x + 1)2
x1
(c) f (x) = x 2 arctan x x
(o) f (x) = (x 1)e x1
x
(d) f (x) = |x3 + x| 2x2 . e
(j) f (x) = (p) f (x) = e 1x2
2x
1 1x
(e) f (x) = e x
1p
1
1
e x (q) f (x) = e x x(x + 2)
ex (k) f (x) =
(f) f (x) = 1x
(
x2 x2 2x, x 0
1 p (r) f (x) =
(g) f (x) = (x + 2)e x (l) f (x) = 3 (x 1)2 (x 3) xex , x<0
Cu 5) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht:
x 1 x + x2
(a) f (x) = arctan trn R (e) f (x) = trn on [0, 1].
x2 +1 1 + x + x2
(b) f (x) = |x2 3x 4| trn on [2, 3]
(f) f (x) = 100 x2 x2 trn on
(c) f (x) = 3 x3 3x2 trn on [1, 2]. [5, 5].
1
(d) f (x) = 2 arctan x trn R. (g) f (x) = |x|(x + 2) trn [3, 2].
x

x2
(h) f (x) = xe 2 trn R (j) f (x) = |x2 4x| + 2x trn [1, 5]

(i) f (x) = |x2 4x| + 3 trn [1, 5] (k) f (x) = x 3 4 x trn [0, 5].

CHNG 3. TCH PHN
3.1 Tch phn bt nh
3.1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 3.1 (Nguyn hm) F (x) gi l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) nu F 0 (x) = f (x). K hiu
l
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C
Bng tch phn bt nh thng dng
x+1
R x
R
1) x dx = + C( 6= 1). 3) e dx = ex + C.
+1
R dx R ax
2) = ln |x| + C. 4) ax dx = +C
x ln a
5)
R
cos xdx = sin x + C. R dx
9) = tan x + C.
R cos2 x
6) sin xdx = cos x + C.
R
7) sinh xdx = cosh x + C.
R dx
10) = cot x + C.
R
8) cosh xdx = sinh x + C.
sin2 x
Rdx 1 x R dx x
11) 2 2
= arctan + C. 13) = arcsin + C.
x +a a a 2
a x 2 a
R dx
12) = ln |x+ x2 + k|+C.
x2 + k
Tnh cht
R R R
(f (x) g(x))dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx.
R R
f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
R R R
f (x).g(x)dx 6= f (x)dx. g(x)dx.
65
3.1. TCH PHN BT NH CHNG 3. TCH PHN
3.1.2 Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh

Cng thc i bin 1
Z Z
x = x(t) : f (x)dx = f (x(t)).x0 (t)dt
Cng thc i bin 2

Z Z
0
u = u(x) : f (u).u (x)dx = f (u)du
Cng thc tch phn tng phn

Z Z
udv = u.v vdu
V d 3.1 Tm nguyn hm bng phng php i bin.
R R d(2x) 1 cos 2x
a) I = sin 2xdx = sin 2x. = .( cos 2x) + C = + C.
2 2 2
R 2 R 2 d(x2 ) 1 2
b) xex dx = ex . = .ex + C.
2 2
R R d(2x + 1) 1 (2x + 1)2013 (2x + 1)2013
c) (2x + 1)2012 dx = (2x + 1)2012 . = +C = +C
2 2 2013 4026
4
R
3
R 2
2 31 d(3 2x ) 1 (3 2x2 ) 3 1p
2
d) x 3 2x dx = (3 2x ) = . + C = . 3 (1 2x2 )4 + C.
4
4 4 3
3
R dx R d(ln x)
e) = = ln | ln x| + C.
x ln x ln x
R arcsin x R arcsin2 x
f) dx = arcsin x.d(arcsin x) = + C.
1 x2 2
R arctan x R arctan2 x
g) dx = arctan x.d(arctan x) = + C.
1 + x2 2
sin4 x
sin3 x cos xdx = sin3 x.d(sin x) =
R R
h) + C.
4
i) .
R x + arcsin x R x R arcsin x
I = dx = dx + dx
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
R 1 d(1 x2 ) R
= . + arcsin x.d(arcsin x)
1 x2 2
1 2
arcsin2 x
2
arcsin2 x
= .2 1 x + +C = 1x + +C
2 2 2
V d 3.2 Tm nguyn hm bng phng php tch phn tng phn

CHNG 3. TCH PHN 3.1. TCH PHN BT NH
R
a) I(= xex dx (
u=x du = dx
x
=
dv = e dx v = ex
R R
I = uv vdu = xex ex dx = xex ex + C.
R
b) I(= x cos xdx (
u=x du = dx
=
dv = cos xdx v = sin x
R
I = x sin x sin xdx = x sin x + cos x + C.
R
c) I = arcsin xdx
du = dx
(
u = arcsin x
= 1 x2
dv = dx
v=x
R xdx
I = x arcsin x = x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C
1 x2
R
d) I = x arctan xdx
( dx
u = arctan x du =

= 1 + x2
2
dv = xdx v = x

2
x2 R x2 x2 R dx R dx
I = arctan x 2
dx = arctan x +
2 2(x + 1) 2 2 2(x2 + 1)
2
x x 1
= arctan x + arctan x + C
2 2 2
R
e) I = (x + 1) ln xdx
( dx
u = ln x du =

= 2
x
v = (x + 1)dx v = x
+x

2
x2 R x2 x2 R x2 dx
I = ( + x). ln x ( + x)d(ln x) = ( + x). ln x ( + x)
2 2 2 2 x
x2 R x x2 x2
= ( + x). ln x ( + 1)dx = ( + x). ln x x+C
2 2 2 4
R ln x
f) I = dx
(x + 1)2
du = dx

u = ln x
1 = x
dv = dx 1
(x + 1)2

v=
x+1
ln x dx ln x x
R
I= + = + ln + C.
x+1 x(x + 1) x+1 x+1
g) . R R
I = (x2 + 3x)ex dx = (x2 + 3x)e
R
x
ex .(2x + 3)dx
= (x2 + 3x)ex (2x + 3)ex + 2ex .dx = (x2 + 3x)ex (2x + 3)ex + 2ex + C
= (x2 + x 1)ex + C
R
h) I = e2x cos xdx

3.1.3 Nguyn hm hm hu t
V d 3.3 Tm nguyn hm hm phn thc: mu bc nht
R 3 3
a) dx = ln |2x 3| + C.
2x 3 2
R 2x2 + 3x 5 R 3 x2 3
b) dx = (x + 2 )dx = + 2x ln |2x 1| + C.
2x 1 2x 1 2 2
R 3x3 + 4x2 7x + 4 R 2 x3 2
c) dx = (x2 + 2x 1 + )dx = + x2 x + ln |3x 2| + C.
3x 2 3x 2 3 3
R dx R 3 d(2x 1) 1 (2x 1)2 1
d) 3
= (2x 1) = . +C = + C.
(2x 1) 2 2 2 4(2x 1)2
R dx R 1 d(5 3x) 1 1 1
e) 2
= 2
. = . +C = + C.
(5 3x) (5 3x) 3 3 5 3x 3(5 3x)
V d 3.4 Tm nguyn hm hm phn thc:
R 5x 1
a) I = dx.
x2 1
Mu phn tch c thnh tch cc a thc bc nht
Bc 1. Phn tch mu thnh nhn t: x2 1 = (x 1).(x + 1).

Bc 2. Phn tich f (x) thnh cc phn thc n gin
5x 1 A B
2
= +
x 1 x1 x+1
(5x 1 = A(x + 1) + B(x
( 1) 5x 1 = (A + B)x + A B.
A+B =5 A=2 5x 1 2 3
= = 2 = + .
A B = 1 B=3 x 1 x1 x+1
R 2 3
Bc 3. I = ( + )dx = 2 ln |x 1| + 3 ln |x + 1| + C
x1 x+1
R 1 7x
b) I = dx
2x2+ 5x + 2
Bc 1. Phn tch mu thnh nhn t: 2x2 + 5x + 2 = (x + 2).(2x + 1).
Bc 2. Phn tich f (x) thnh cc phn thc n gin
1 7x A B
2
= +
2x + 5x + 2 x + 2 2x + 1
( 1 7x = A(2x + 1) + B(x + 2) 1 7x = (2A + B)x + A + 2B.
x = 2 = A = 5 1 7x 5 3
= 1
= 2 = + .
x = 2 = B = 3 2x + 5x + 2 x + 2 2x + 1
R 5 3 3
Bc 3. I = ( + )dx = 5 ln |x + 2| + ln |2x + 1| + C
x + 2 2x + 1 2

R 2x3 + 3x2 4x 7
c) I = dx
x2 + x 2
2x3 + 3x2 4x 7 x+5
2
= 2x + 1 2
x +x2 x +x2
x+5 x+5 A B
2
= = +
x +x2 (x 1)(x + 2) x 1 (x + 2
x = 1 = A = 2
x + 5 = A(x + 2) + B(x 1).
x = 2 = B = 1
3 2
2x + 3x 4x 7 2 1
= 2x + 1 +
x2 + x 2 x1 x+2
= I = x2 + x 2 ln |x 1| + ln |x + 2| + C.
R 2x2 + 3x 1
d) I = dx.
x3 (x + 1)
2x2 + 3x 1 A B C D
Phn tch f (x) = 3
= + 2+ 3+ (1)
x (x + 1) x x x x+1
2x2 + 3x 1 = Ax2 (x + 1) + Bx(x + 1) + C(x + 1) + Dx3 (2)
x = 0 = C = 1
x = 1 = D = 2
Nhn x vo (1) ri cho x suy ra 0 = A + D = A = D = 2
x = 1 = B = 4.

R 2 4 1 2 4 1
I= + 2 3+ dx = 2 ln |x| + 2 + 2 ln |x + 1| + C
x x x x+1 x 2x
V d 3.5 Tm nguyn hm phn thc
R dx 1 x
Mu bc 2 v nghim = arctan
x2 +a 2 a a

R dx 1R dx 1 1 1 3
1. I = 2
= 2 1 2
= . 1 . arctan 1 + C = . arctan x 3 + C.
3x + 1 3 x + ( 3 ) 3 3
3
3
2. .
R dx R 1 d(2x + 1)
I = = .
4x2
+ 4x + 17 2
(2x + 1) + 16 2
1 1 2x + 1 1 2x + 1
= . arctan + C = arctan +C
2 4 4 8 4
R 4x 1
3. I = dx.
x2
+ 2x + 2
Ta phn tch:
T= . (Mu) +
4x 1 = 2(2x + 2) 5, ta vit li tch phn

R (2x + 2)dx R dx
I=2 2
5 = 2 ln |x2 2x + 2| 5 arctan(x 1) + C
x 2x + 2 (x 1)2 + 1

4. .
R 2x3 + 5x2 2 R 2x + 7
I = dx = (2x + 5 )dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
R 2x R 1
= x2 + 5x 2
dx 7 2
dx
x +1 x +1
2 2
= x + 5x ln |x + 1| 7 arctan x + C
R 5x2 + 7x
5. I = dx.
(x 1)2 (x2 + 4x + 7)
5x2 + 7x A B Cx + D
Phn tch f (x) = 2 2
= + 2
+ 2 (1)
(x 1) (x + 4x + 7) x 1 (x 1) x + 4x + 7
5x + 7x = A(x 1)(x + 4x + 7) + B(x + 4x + 7) + (Cx + D)(x 1)2
2 2 2
x = 1 = 12 = 12B = B = 1
x = 0 : 7A + 7B + D = 0 7A D = 7 (2)
Nhn x vo (1), cho x suy ra A + C = 0 (3)
Th x = 1 : 2 = 8A + 4B + 4(C + D) 8A 4C + 4D = 6 (4)
11 11 7
T (2)-(4) suy ra A = , C = ; D =
12 12 12
1 R 11 (2x + 4) 15

R 11/12 1 1 11x + 7 11 1 2
I= + = ln |x1| =
x 1 (x 1)2 12 x2 + 4x + 7 12 x 1 12 (x + 2)2 + 3
11 1 11 15
ln |x 1| ln |x2 + 4x + 7| +
12 x 1 24 12
3.1.4 Nguyn hm hm lng gic
Hm lng gic
Dng sinm x. cosn xdx

R
i) Nu cos bc l: t t = sin x.
ii) Nu sin bc l: t t = cos x.
iii) Nu sin, cos u chn: t t = tan x
x
Dng bc nht theo sin, cos: t t = tan
2
Cc cng thc thng gp
2dt 2t 1 t2
dx = 2
, sin x = , cos x =
t +1 1 + t2 1 + t2

V d 3.6 Tm nguyn hm cc hm s lng gic sau
R dx
a) I =
sin x
R sin x
Cch 1 I = dx. t t = cos x = dt = sin xdx.
sin2 x
R dt 1 1t 1 1 cos x
I= 2
= ln + C = ln + C.
1t 2 1+t 2 1 + cos x
Cch 2:
R 1 + t2 2dt 1 1
I= = ln |t| + C = ln | tan x2 | + C
2t 1 + t2 2 2
R
b) tan7 xdx
dt
t t = tan x x = arctan t = dx =
1 + t2
7
R t R 5 3 t t6 t4 t2
I= dt (t t + t )dt = + arctan t + C = ...
1 + t2 1 + t2 6 4 2
R sin x + cos x
c) dx
2 sin x 3 cos x
Phn tch
T U = .M au + .(M au)0

= 1
(
2 + 3 = 1 13
sin x + cos x = (2 sin x 3 cos x) + (2 cos x + 3 sin x) 5
3 + 2 = 1 =

13
R 1 5 2 cos x + 3 sin x 1 5
I= + dx = x+ ln |2 sin x 3 cos x| + C
13 13 2 sin x 3 cos x 13 13
R sin x + cos x
d) dx
3 + cos xx
t t = tan 2 .
2t 1 t2
+ 2
I = 1+t
R 2 1 + t2 2dt = R 1 + 2t t dt
1 t2 1 + t2 (t2 + 2)(t2 + 1)
3+
1 + t2
1 + 2t t2 At + B Ct + D
Phn tch 2 2
= + = A = 2, B = 3, C = 2, D = 2.
(t + 2)(t + 1) 2 + t2 1 + t2
3 t
Suy ra I = ln(2 + t) + arctan + ln(1 + t2 ) 2 arctan t + C
2 2
R sin2 x
e) I = dx t t = sin x = dt = cos xdx
cos3 x
R sin2 x R t2
I= cos xdx = dt
cos4 x (1 t2 )2
t2 A B C D 1 1
Phn tch = + + + = A = , B = C = D = .
(1 t2 )2 t 1 (t 1)2 1 + t (1 + t)2 4 4
1 1 1 t + 1 1 1
Vy I = + ln +C
4t1 4 t 1 4 1 + t

R sin2 x
f) dx
1 + cos2 x
dt 2 1 2 + t2
t t = tan x = dx = , 1 + cos x = 1 + = ,
1 + t2 1 + tan2 x 1 + t2
t2
sin2 x = tan2 x cos2 x =
1 + t2
R t 2 2
1 + t dt R t2 dt x
I= 2
. 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 arctan arctan x + C
1+t 2+t 1+t (1 + t )(2 + t ) 2
V d 3.7 Tm nguyn hm
a) I = sin3 x. cos2 xdx = sin2 x cos2 x. sin xdx.

R R
t t =R cos x = dt = sin xdx. R

I = (1 cos2 x) cos2 x. sin xdx = (1 t2 ).t2 .(dt)
R t5 t3 cos5 x cos3 x
= (t4 t2 )dt = + C = +C
5 3 5 3
R sin2 x R sin2 x
b) I = dx = cos xdx
cos x cos2 x
t t = sin x = dt = cos xdx
R sin2 x R t2
I = cos xdx = dt
1 sin2 x 1 t2
R 1 R 1 1 1
= ( 1)dt = ( + ) 1 dt
(1 t).(1 + t) 2 1 t 1 + t
1 1 1 + t
= [ ln |1 t| + ln |1 + t|] t + C = . ln t+C
2 2 1 t
1 sin x + 1
sin x + C
= . ln
2 sin x 1
R dx
c) .
1 + sin x
x 2dt
t t = tan = dx = 2
2 t +1
R t22dt
+1
R 2 R 2 2 2
I= 2t = dt = d(t + 1) = + C = x +C
1 + t2 +1 t2 + 2t + 1 (t + 1)2 t+1 tan
2
R
d) tan5 xdx
dt
t t = tan x = x = arctan t = dx = 2
t +1 4
t2 R 1 d(t2 + 1) t4 t2

R 5 dt R 3 t t
I = t. 2 = t t+ dt = + . = +
t +1 1 + t2 4 2 1 + t2 2 4 2
1 tan4 x tan2 x 1
ln 1 + t2 + C = + ln 1 + tan2 x + C
2 4 2 2

3.1.5 Nguyn hm hm v t

n
Biu thc trong cn bc nht ax + b

t t = n ax + b
Biu thc trong cn bc hai

i) a2 x2 : t x = a sin t

ii) a2 + x2 : t x = a tan t
a
iii) x2 a2 : t x =
sin t
R n
Dng x ax2 + bdt

i) n l: t t = ax2 + b
r
b
ii) n chn: t t = a + 2
x
1
Dng
(x + )m ax2 + bx + c
1
t t =
x +
V d 3.8 Tm nguyn hm

2x + 1
R
a) I = dx.
x+1
t2 1
t t = 2x + 1 = x = = dx = tdt.
2
R t R 2t2
I = tdt = dt
t2 1 t2 + 1
+1
2
R 1
=2 1 2 dt = 2 [t arctan t] + C
t +1
= 2( 2x + 1 arctan 2x + 1) + C
3
R x+1
b) 3
dx.
1 + x2 + 2x + 1
3t2 3
3
t t = x 1, I = ln(1 + t2 ) + C
2 2
R dx 1 3
c) I = ln |x 2 + + 2x2 + 6x 1| + C
2x2 + 6x 1 2 2
R dx 1 2x 10
d) I = I = arcsin +C
1 + 5x 3x2 3 37
R 2x + 3 1(2x 6) + 9
e) = = 2 x2 6x 1 + 9 ln |x 3 + x2 6x 1| + C.
x2 6x 1 x2 6x 1

3
R 3x 1 R 10 (1 10x)+
f) dx = =
2 x 5x2 2 x 5x2
R
g) x2 + kdx
R
h) a2 x2 dx
R x2 + 1
i)
2x2 + x 1

R 9 x2
j) I = dx
x
Cch 1
t x = 3 sin pt = dx = 3 cos tdt

9 x = 9 9 sin2 t = 3 cos t
2
R 3 cos t R cos2 t
I = 3 cos tdt = 3 dt
3 sin t 2 sin t
R 1 sin t R 1
=3 dt = 3 ( sin t)dt
sin t sin t
x
t
= 3(ln tan + cos t) + C, vi t = arcsin

2 3
Cch 2
t t = 9 x2 = t2 = 9 x2 = tdt = xdx
R 9 x2 R t
I = 2
xdx = (tdt)
x 9 t2
R t2 R 9
= 2
dt = (1 + )dt
t 9 (t + 3)(t 3)
R 3 1 1 3
= (1 + ( ))dt = t + (ln t 3 ln t + 3) + C
2 t 3 t + 3 2
3 t 3 3 9 x2 3
= t + ln + C = 9 x 2 + . ln +C
2 t + 3 2 9 x2 + 3
Rdx
k) I =
x 1 + x2
Cch 1
dt
t x = tan t = dx =
r2 t
cos
1 1
1 + x2 = 1 + tan2 t = 2
=
cos t cos t
R 1 1 dt R dt t

tan x

I= = = ln + C = ln ) +C

tan t cos1 t cos2 t sin t
tan tan(
2 2
Cch 2
t x = sinh t : tng t nh trn vi ch cosh2 t sinh2 t = 1
Cch 2:
t t = x2 + 1 = t2 = 1 + x2 = tdt = xdx
R xdx R tdt
I = =
2
x 1+x 2 (1 t2 )t
R dt R 1 1 1
= = ( )dt
1 t2 2 1+t 1t
1 1 1 + t
= (ln 1 + t + ln 1 t ) + C = . ln
+C
2 2 1 t
Cch 3:

CHNG 3. TCH PHN 3.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG
t t = sinh x
Cch 4
1
t t = Cch 5
x
t2 1
t t x = x2 + 1 = x =
2t
R dx
l) .
(4x2 +r1) 3 2x2
3
t t = 2
x2
R dx
m)
(x + 1) x2 + 1
1
t t =
x+1
R dx
n)
(x 1)2 x2 + x + 1
1
t t =
x1
R dx
o) I =
(x2 2x) 4x 2x2 + 1

R x2 + x + 1
p) I = dx
x
3.2 Tch phn suy rng
Bi tp
Bi 1. Tm nguyn hm
R 3 5 (f)
R
(2x + 1) arctan x.dx R x+2
(a) ( + 4ex )dx (j) dx
x x x+1+1
R 2x2 3x R 7x 12 R dx
(b) dx (g) dx (k)
3
x 2x2 7x + 6 cos4 x
x3
R 2
(c) x sin(1 3x3 )dx R dx R
(l) dx
(h) . 4 x2
R dx cos x
(d) R
2
x + 2x 4 (m) tan4 xdx
R dx
(i)
R R
(e) cos 2x.(x2 + 2x).dx 5 + 4 cos x (n) (x2 + 2).e2x dx
Bi 2. Tm nguyn hm hm hu t sau
R 2x + 3 R 2x2 + 3x 1 R 2x + 3
(a) dx (c) dx (e) dx
(5x 1)6 x4 + x 4x2 + 3x + 5
R 4x + 3 R dx R x2 + 1
(b) dx (d) (f)
x 2x2 + x
3 2
2x 3x + 5 x2 x + 1

3.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG CHNG 3. TCH PHN
x2 + 1 R dx R 4x 1
(m)
R
(g) (j)
x3 + 2x2 + 3x (x + 1)2
2 2x2
x+3
R x4 + 1 R (2x + 1)dx 4
R x +2
(h) dx (k) (n) dx
x4 x x(x2 + 1)2 x3 + 1
R x2 + 1 R 5dx
(i) dx (l) 2
x4 + 1 3x x + 7
Bi 3. Tm nguyn hm hm lng gic sau
R dx R 2 sin 2x cos 2x
a) d) dx
cos x sin x + cos x
R 3 sin x + cos x
R sin4 x 2 sin2 x e) dx
b) dx 1 + sin x
cos x
R 3 sin2 x + cos 2x
f) dx
R
c) (tan x + 3 tan5 x)dx sin2 x 3
Bi 4. Tm nguyn hm hm v t sau

R x+123x+1 (x2 3x) R dx

R
(a) dx (i) dx (p)
x 2x2 5x 1 (2x + 1)2 x2 1
r
R x+1 (x3 + 2x)
(b) x
R
dx (j) R x2 + x + 1
x1 x2 + x + 1 (q) dx
dx 3
x3
R
(c) R x x+1
(k) dx
2x 3x2 + 3 x2 x + 1 R x2 + x + 1
dx (r) dx
R
(d) dx R dx x
5x2 3x 1 (l)
x x2 4 R dx
R (3x + 2)dx (s)
(e) R dx x3 x2x+1
2
x 5x + 1 (m)
(4x2 + 1) 2 3x2
R (2x 1)dx R x3 x + 1
(f) R dx (t) dx
2
3x 7x 5 (n) x2 + x + 1
2 2
(x 2x) 3x 6x 2
R
(g) 3x2 2x 1dx dx xdx
R
R
(u)
R
(h) 2
3 4x 5x dx (o)
x x2 2x 3 (x3 1) x2 1
Bi 5. Xt s hi t ca tch phn suy rng

+
R 2x2 + x ln6 x +
R dx +
R sin x
(a) (g) (l) dx
2
1 (x + 1) x + 3x
3 2
0 x + 1 ln x 0 x x1
R4 dx +
+
(b) R 2x + x ln(x + 1)
R ln x
0 x( x 2)
(h) (m) dx
0 ex 1 0 x
+
R x+1
(c) dx +
R 1 + sin x R
+

0 x
2 x2 + x 1 1
(i) 2
dx (n) x cos e x dx
2
R ln2 xdx
+ 0 ln x 3x 0 x
(d)
0 x+x
2
+ 2 +
R sin x
R tan x x
R1 2x + 1 (j) dx (o) dx
(e) dx 0 sin x 0 x
0 x x2
R 3x x2 1
+
+
R ln(1 + x) R sin2
+ x cos x1
(f) dx (k) dx (p) dx
x x 3 + 3x 0 ex 1 0 x2
1

CHNG 3. TCH PHN 3.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG
Bi 6. Tm iu kin tham s tch phn sau hi t

+
R arctan 3x +
R dx
(a) dx (f) I = .
0 x 0 x2 + 2x
+
R x dx + xdx
(b)
R
(g) I = .
0 x3
+ sin x 1 ex+ x
+ dx +
(c) I =
R
.
R dx
3 (h) I = .
0 (x + ln(1 + x))x 1 x + 2x
+ 3
!
R e 1
x +
4 x
(d) I =
R
ln 1 + dx. (i) I = x 3 arctan dx.
1 0 1 + x
+
+
R ln(1 + x) R
(e) dx (j) I = x |1 x|
0 ex 1 1
Bi 7. Tnh tch phn suy rng

R 1 + dx
(a) I = 2 dx.
R
(l) I =
e x ln x 0 2e2x + 2ex + 1
+
R x
(b) I = dx. R1 2 3
x x3
0 e
2x (m) I =
5
.
0 x3
R 2x2 x + 1
+
(c) I = dx. R1 dx
2 x(x 1)3 (n) I = .
+
R dx 1 (4 x) 1 x2
(d) I = R
1 (1 + x)
2 x dx
(o) I =
+
R arctan xdx 1 x x10 + x5 + 1
(e) I = p .
0 (x2 + 1)3 R dx
(p) I = .
+
R (5x2 + 16x + 7)dx 1 x2 x2 + 1
(f) I = 2 2
0 (x + 3x + 2)(x + 2x + 5) +
R dx
R 2x2 + 6
+ (q) I =
(g) I = . 0 (x + 1) x2 + 1
0 ex+1 +
R dx
+
R cos xdx (r) I =
(h) I = 1 x x2 +x1
0 ex
+ dx
+ dx
R
(i) I =
R
. (s) I =
3

3
.
x x2 + 1 1 x13 1 + x2
3
+ dx
R1 dx (t) I =
R

(j) I = . (4x2 + 1) x2 + 1
0 (3 + x) 1 x
0
R2 x2 dx +
R dx
(k) I = (u) I =
1 x2 1 0 ( x2 + 1 + x)2
R + dx
Bi 8. Cho tch phn I = 1
p . Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn
(x + 1) (x2 x)
khi = 1.
ln(3 2 2)
S: 0 < < 2, I = .
2

3.3. NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN CHNG 3. TCH PHN
R + dx
Bi 9. Cho tch phn I = 1 (x+1)(x 2 +x+2) . Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn khi
x
= 1.
ln 2 1 3
S: > 2, I = + arctan .
2 2 7 7 7
R2 dx
Bi 10. Cho tch phn I = 0
p . Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn
(x2 + 1) (4 x2 )
khi = 1.
3.3 ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn
3.3.1 Din tch hnh phng

Din tch min phng D gii hn bi y = f (x), y = g(x), x = a, x = b l
Zb
S(D) = |f (x) g(x)|dx
a
V d 3.9 Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi y = ln x, y = x 1, x = e.
Phng trnh honh giao im: ln x = x 1 x = 1.

Cng thc din tch
Ze e e
x2 e2 + 1

2
R e 1
S(D) = | ln xx+1|dx = (ln x x + 1)dx = x ln x = 2e =
2e.
1 2 1 2 2 2
1
V d 3.10 Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi y = x2 , x + y = 2, y = 0.
Cch 1 Cc honh giao im ca 3 hm s trn l x = 0, x = 1, x = 2.

Ta chia min D lm 2 phn
Z1 Z2
2 1 1 5
S(D) = x dx + (2 x)dx = + =
3 2 6
0 1

Cch 2 Ta vit hm s theo bin y : x = y, x = 2 y, y = 0.

Phng trnh tung giao im y = 2 y y = 1.
Cng thc din tch theo bin y
Z1 1

y 2 + y dy = ( y 2 + y)dy = 5 = 5
R
S(D) = 6 6
0
0
V d 3.11 Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi y = log3 x, y = 4 x, y = 0.

CHNG 3. TCH PHN 3.3. NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN
Cch 1: Chia D lm 2 min. 3 honh giao im cua 3 ng l: x = 1, 3, 4.

Z3 Z4
7 2
S(D) = S(D1 ) + S(D2 ) = log3 xdx + (4 x)dx =
2 ln 3
1 3
Cch 2: Tnh theo bin y. Min D : x = 3y , x = 4 y, y = 0.

Phng trnh tung giao im 3y = 4 y y = 1.
Z1 y 2 1

7
2 7 = 2 .
y 3 y
S(D) = 3 4 + y dy = 4y + =
ln 3 2 0 ln 3 2 2 ln 3
0
3.3.2 di ng cong
Cho ng cong C : y = f (x), x [a, b]. di ng cong C l
Zb p
l(C) = 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx
a
V d 3.12 Tnh di ng cong C : y = x2 , x [0, 1].
Cng thc di
Z1 p 1 1

1 2x 1 1
l(C) = 1 + (2x)2 dx = 1 + 4x2 + ln 2x + 1 + 4x2 = [ 5 + ln(2 + 5)]
2 2 2 0 2 2
0
V d 3.13 Tnh di ng cong C : y = ln x, x [1, 3].

r
p
02
1 x2 + 1
Ta c 1 + y = 1 + 2 = .
x x
R3 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Cng thc di l(C) = dx = xdx.
1 x x2
t t = x2 + 1 x2 = t2 1 = xdx = tdt.

Z 10 10

t 1 t 1 1 10 1 1 2 1
l(C) = tdt = t + ln = 10 2 + ln .

t2 1 2 t + 1 2 2 10 + 1 2 2 + 1
2

x
V d 3.14 Tnh di ng cong C : y = x x , x [0, 1].
3
s 2 r s 2
p 3 x 1 9x 1 1 3 x 1
Ta c 1 + y 02 = 1+ = 1+ + = =
2 6 x 4 2 36x 2 6 x

3 x 1
+ .
2 6 x

Cng thc di
Z1 1

3 x 1 x 4
l(C) = + dx = x x + =
2 6 x 3 0 3
0
3.3.3 Th tch vt th trn xoay

Cho min D gii hn bi y = f (x), Ox, x = a, x = b. Th tch vt th trn xoay c sinh ra
khi cho D quay quanh Ox v Oy l
Rb
VOx = y 2 dx
a
Rb
VOy = 2 |xy|dx
a
Ch
Khi D quay quanh Ox th khng c ct Ox. Tng t cho Oy.
Min D gii hn bi Ox th cng thc tch phn theo x. Nu D gii hn bi Oy th ta c

cng thc tng t bng cch i vai tr x,y cho nhau.
V d 3.15 Cho min D gii hn bi : y = x2 , y = x + 2. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D
quay quanh trc Ox v trc Oy.
Phng trnh honh giao im x2 = x + 2 x = 1 x = 2. Cng thc th tch
Z2 2
x (x + 2)2 dx = (x2 x 2)dx = 72 = 72 .
4 R
VOx =
1
5 5
1
V min D ct trc Oy nn cng thc khng ng na. Ta b qua VOy .
V d 3.16 Cho min D gii hn bi : y = x2 2x, y = x. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D
quay quanh trc Ox v trc Oy.
Phng trnh honh giao im x2 2x = x x = 0 x = 3
a) VOx . V min D b ct bi trc Ox nn cng thc khng ng. Bi ny kh, ta khng tnh.
b) VOy . Cng thc
Z3 Z3 Z3
2 27
VOy = 2 x(y1 y2 ) dx = 2 x(x 2x x) dx = 2 (3x2 x3 )dx = .
2
0 0 0

CHNG 3. TCH PHN 3.3. NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN
3.3.4 Din tch mt trn xoay

Din tch mt trn xoay khi cho C : y = f (x), x [a, b] quay quanh trc Ox v Oy l
Rb p
SOx = 2 |y| 1 + y 02 dx
a
Rb p
SOy = 2 |x| 1 + y 02 dx
a

V d 3.17 Cho C : y = x, x [0, 1]. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay c to ra cho C quay quanh
trc Ox, Oy.
r r
p 1 4x + 1
Ta c 1 + y 02 = 1 + = .
4x 4x
Cng thc
r
R1 4x + 1 R1 1 + 4x 5 51
a) SOx = 2 x dx = 2 dx = (t t = 1 + 4x).
0 4x 0 2 6
b) Cng thc
R1
r r
R1 4x + 1 R1 1
SOy = 2 x dx = 4x2 + xdx = (2x + 14 )2 dx
4x 16
0 0 0
1 .
2x 2

1 1 2
1
= 4x + x ln |2x + 4 + 4x + x| = 5 ln(9 + 4 5)
2 2 32 0 2 32

V d 3.18 Cho C : y = 4 x2 . Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi cho C quay quanh trc Ox v
Oy.

V d 3.19 Cho ng cong C : y = 2x x2 .
1. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi C v trc Ox.
2. Tnh di ng cong C
3. Tnh th tch vt th c to ra khi cho D quay quanh trc Ox v trc Oy.
4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi cho C quay quanh trc Ox v trc Oy.
Bi tp
1. Tnh din tch min phng
(a) y = arcsin x, y = x2 , x = 1, x = 1.
(b) D : y = ln x, y = x, x = 0, x = 1.
2
(c) D : y = x2 , y =
1 + x2
(d) y = x2 , y = x + 2.

(e) D : y = x x2 , y = x 1 x

(f) y = xex , y = x, x = 1.
(g) 4OAB : A(2; 3), B(3; 2).
2. Tnh di ng cong

(a) y = 2x x2 , 1/2 < x < 1
(b) y = ex , x = 0..1
x2 ln x
(c) y = , x = 1..3
2 4

(d) y = 2 1 + ex/2 , x = 1.. ln 9
3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay

(a) D : y = xex , y = 0, x = 2 Tnh VOx .
(b) y = x2 , y = x + 2, x 0. Tnh VOx , VOy .

(c) y = 4 x2 , y = 0, y x. Tnh VOx , VOy .
1
(d) y = x, y = , x = 2. Tnh VOx , VOy .
x
(e) y = ln x, y = 0, x = 1, x = 2. Tnh VOx , VOy .
4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay

(a) C : y = 1 + x2 , x = 0..1/4. Tnh SOx , SOy .
(b) C : y = ln x, x = 1..e. Tnh SOy .
x2
5. Cho min D gii hn bi y = 2x2 , y = , y = x.
2
(a) Tnh din tch D.
x2
(b) Tnh di ng cong C : y = , x [0, 1].
2
(c) Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi cho C quay quanh Ox v Oy.
(d) Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D quay quanh Ox, Oy.

CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
4.1 Phng trnh vi phn cp 1
4.1.1 Phng trnh vi phn tch bin

Phng trnh vi phn Tch bin dng
f (x)dx = g(y)dy
Nghim Z Z
f (x)dx = g(y)dy
V d 4.1 Gii phng trnh vi phn (2 + 3y 2 )dy 2xdx = 0, y(0) = 0.
Bi gii
Ly nguyn hm 2 v
Z Z
(2 + 3y )dy 2xdx = 0 2y + y 3 x2 + C = 0
2
y(0) = 0 = C = 0
Vy nghim l 2y + y 3 x2 = 0
V d 4.2 Gii phng trnh vi phn 3y 2 y 0 = 2x, y(0) = 1
Bi gii
Phng trnh tr thnh
2 dy 2
Z
2
Z
2xdx y 3 = x2 + C y =
3
3y = 2x 3y dy = 2xdx 3y dy = x2 + C.
dx

y(0) = 1 = 1 = 3 02 + C = C = 1
Vy nghim l y = 3 x2 + 1

V d 4.3 Gii phng trnh vi phn x + y 1 x2 y 0 = 0
Bi gii
Phng trnh tr thnh
dy xdx
Z
xdx
Z y2
x+y 1 x2 = 0 +ydy = 0 + ydy = 0 1 x2 + +C = 0
dx 1 x2 1 x2 2
y2
Vy nghim tng qut l 1 x2 + +C =0
2
Hay c th vit y 2 = 2 1 x2 2C.
83
4.1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1 CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
V d 4.4 Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn xy 0 y = 0
Bi gii
Phng trnh c vit li
dy dx
Z
dy
Z
dx y y
= = ln |y| = ln |x| + C ln = C = eC

y x y x x x
V d 4.5 Tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y 0 = 3x2 y, y(0) = 2

Bi gii
Phng trnh c vit li
dy 3 3
= 3x2 dx ln |y| = x3 + C |y| = ex +C = eC .ex
y
y(0) = 2 = |2| = eC .e0 = eC = 2
3
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l |y| = 2ex .
V d 4.6 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 + 2xy = xy 2 .
Bi gii
Phng trnh c vit li
dy dy
= x(y 2 2y) 2 = xdx
dx y 2y
R dy R R 1 1 1 R
= xdx ( )dy = xdx
y 2 2y 2 y 2 y
2
1 y 2 x y 2
= ex2 +2C
ln = + C
2 y 2 y

V d 4.7 Gii phng trnh vi phn x + xy 2 + y 1 x2 y 0 = 0
Bi gii
Vit li phng trnh
dy xdx ydy
x(1 + y 2 ) + y 1 x2 = 0 + =0
dx 1 x2 1 + y 2
1
2
1 x2 + ln |1 + y 2 | + C = 0 y 2 = e2 1x +2C 1
2
V d 4.8 Gii phng trnh vi phn (4y 2x)y 0 = 2(x 2y + 1)2 , y(1) = 0 (1).
Bi gii
t u = x 2y + 1 = u0 = 1 2y 0 .
1 u0 2u2 du 2u2 + u 1
(1) : 2(u 1) = u2 u0 = + 1 =
2 u1 dx u1
u1 R u1 R
du = dx du = dx
2u2 + u 1 2u2 + u 1
2 1
ln |u + 1| ln |2u 1| = |x| + C
3 6
2 1
ln |x 2y + 2| ln |2x 4y + 1| = |x| + C
3 6
y(1) = 0 = C = 1.
2 1
Vy nghim l ln |x 2y + 2| ln |2x 4y + 1| = |x| 1
3 6

CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN 4.1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1
4.1.2 Phng trnh vi phn ng cp

Dng
y
y0 = f ( )
x
y
PP: t u = y = x.u = y 0 = u + xu0
x
Thay vo phng trnh:
du
u + xu0 = f (u) x = f (u) u
dx
Rt gn a v phng trnh tch bin theo x, u
du dx
=
f (u) u x
V d 4.9 Gii phng trnh vi phn xyy 0 = x2 xy + y 2 .
Bi gii
x y
Chia 2 v cho xy ta c y 0 = 1 + .
y x
y 0 0
t u = = y = u + xu
x
Th vo phng trnh trn ta c
1 xdu 1u
u + xu0 = 1 + u =
u dx u
udu dx R udu R dx
= =
1u x 1u x
u ln |1 u| = ln |x| + C
y x y

ln = ln |x| + C
x
y x
ln |x y| = C
x
1
Ch : Ta c th xc nh hm f (u) = 1 + u do phng trnh a v dng tch bin
u
du dx du dx
= 1 =
f (u) u x u
1 x
V d 4.10 Gii phng trnh vi phn (y 2 + 2xy)dx + xydy = 0.
Bi gii
y
Vit li phng trnh + 2 + y 0 = 0
x
y
t u = = f (u) = u 2
x
du dx
p dng cng thc =
f (u) u x

Phng trnh tr thnh

1
Z Z
du dx du dx y 1
= = ln |u+1| = ln |x|+C | +1| = 2 e2C .
u 2 u x 2u 2 x 2 x x
V d 4.11 Gii phng trnh vi phn xy 0 = x + 2y, y(1) = 3

Bi gii
y
Chia 2 v cho x ta c y 0 = 1 + 2
x
y
t u = = f (u) = 1 + 2u
x
Phng trnh tr thnh
du dx R du R dx
= =
1 + 2u u x 1+u x
ln |u + 1| = ln |x| + C |u + 1| = eC |x|
y
| + 1| = eC |x|
x
y(1) = 3 = |3 + 1| = e .|1| = eC = 4
C
y
Vy nghim l | + 1| = 4|x|.
x
V d 4.12 Gii phng trnh vi phn xy 2 y 0 = x3 + y 3 .
Bi gii
x2 y
Chia 2 v cho xy 2 ta c y 0 = + .
y2 x
y 1
t u = = f (u) = 2 + u
x u
Phng trnh vi phn tr thnh
du dx R 2 R dx
1 = u du =
u2
+uu x x
3
u p
= ln |x| + C u = 3 3(ln |x| + C)
3
p
y = x 3 3(ln |x| + C)
2x y
V d 4.13 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 =
3x 4y + 5
4.1.3 Phng trnh vi phn ton phn

Dng (
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0
Py0 = Q0x
Nghim l U (x, y) = C. Trong
Rx Ry
U (x, y) = x0 P (x, y0 )dx + y0 Q(x, y)dy
Rx Ry
= x0 P (x, y)dx + y0 Q(x0 , y)dy
vi (x0 , y0 ) c chn ty . Thng chn (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0)

V d 4.14 Gii phng trnh vi phn (3x + 2y)dx + (2x 9y)dy = 0.
Bi gii
Ta c Py0 = Q0x = 2 do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
(x,y)
R
Trong U (x, y) = P dx + Qdy
(0,0)
Chn ng i (0, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
3x2 9y 2
U (x, y) = 3xdx + (2x 9y)dy = + 2xy
2 2
0 0
3x2 9y 2
Nghim tng qut l + 2xy =C
2 2
V d 4.15 Gii phng trnh vi phn (3x2 y 2 + 7)dx + 2x3 ydy = 0.
Bi gii
Ta c Py0 = Q0x = 6x2 y do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
(x,y)
R
(0,0)
Chn ng i (0, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
U (x, y) = 7dx + 2x3 ydy = 7x + x3 y 2 .
0 0
Nghim tng qut l 7x + x3 y 2 = C
V d 4.16 Gii phng trnh vi phn (2x + yexy )dx + (1 + xexy )dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
Bi gii
Ta c Py0 = Q0x = (1 + xy)exy do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
(x,y)
R
(0,0)
Chn ng i (0, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
U (x, y) = 2xdx + (1 + xexy )dy = x2 + y + exy 1
0 0
Nghim tng qut l x2 + y + exy = C.

y(0) = 1 = 0 + 1 + 1 = C = C = 2.
Vy nghim l x2 + y + exy = 2.
y 1
V d 4.17 Gii phng trnh vi phn (1 2
)dx + (y 2 + )dy = 0, y(1) = 0.
x x
Bi gii
1
Ta c Py0 = Q0x = do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
x2

(x,y)
R
(1,0)
Chn ng i (1, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
1 y3 y
U (x, y) = 1dx + (y 2 + )dy = x 1 + +
x 3 x
1 0
y3 y
Nghim tng qut l x + + =C
3 x
y(1) = 0 = 1 + 0 = C = C = 1
y3 y
Vy nghim l x + + =1
3 x
V d 4.18 Bi gii
x x x
Gii phng trnh vi phn (x + e y )dx + e y (1 )dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
y
x xy
Ta c Py0 = Q0x = e do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
y2
(x,y)
R
(0,1)
Chn ng i (0, 1) (0, y) (x, y)
Zy Zx
x x2 x x2 x
U (x, y) = 1.dy + (x + e y )dx = y 1 + + y(e y 1) = + ye y 1
2 2
1 0
x2 x
Nghim tng qut l + ye y = C
2
y(0) = 1 = 0 + 1.e0 = C = C = 1
x2 x
Vy nghim l + ye y = 1
2
4.1.4 Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh

Dng
y 0 + p(x)y = q(x)
R
p(x)dx
Tm hm h(x) = e
Suy ra nghim
Z
1
y(x) = f (x)q(x)dx + C
h(x)
Ch : c nhiu hm h(x). Ta c th chn mt hm h(x) ty .
x
V d 4.19 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 + (3x2 + )y = 0
3 x2

Bi gii
x
p(x) = 3x2 + , 1(x) = 0
3 Rx2
R (3x2 + x 2 )dx 3

2
h(x) = e p(x)dx = e 3x = ex 3x
Nghim l

Z Z
1 1 x3 3x2 3+ 3x2
y(x) = q(x)h(x)dx + C = 0.e dx + C = C.ex
h(x) e x3 3x2
y
V d 4.20 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 = x2 , y(1) = 1.
x
Bi gii
1
p(x) = , q(x) = x2 .
x R 1 1 1 1
h(x) = e p(x)dx = e x dx = e ln |x| = eln |x| =
R
= .
|x| x
1
Chn h(x) =
x
x2 x3
Z Z
1 2 1
= y(x) = q(x)h(x)dx + C = x x . dx + C = x( + C) = + Cx
h(x) x 2 2
1 1
y(1) = 1 = 1 = + C = C = .
2 2
x3 + x
Vy nghim l y(x) =
2
y x
V d 4.21 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 = .
x+1 x+1
Bi gii
1 x
p(x) = , q(x) = .
x+1 x+1
R 1 1
h(x) = e x+1 dx = e ln |x+1| =
|x + 1|
1
Chn h(x) = .
x+1

x 1 R R x+11
= y(x) = (x + 1)( . dx + C) = (x + 1) dx + C
x+1 x+1 (x + 1)2
R 1 1 1
= (x + 1) ( 2
)dx + C = (x + 1)(ln |x + 1| + + C)
x + 1 (x + 1) x+1
= (x + 1) ln |x + 1| + 1 + C(x + 1).
V d 4.22 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 y cot x = sin x.
Bi gii
p(x) = cot x, q(x) = sin x.
R
cot xdx
R
cos x 1
h(x) = e =e sin x
dx
= e ln | sin x| =
sin x
R 1
= y(x) = sin x( sin x. dx + C) = sin x(x + C)
sin x

V d 4.23 Gii phng trnh vi phn (x2 + 1)y 0 + 4xy = 3.
Bi gii
4x 3
Phng trnh c vit li y 0 + 2 y= 2 .
x +1 x +1
4x 3
p(x) = 2 , q(x) = 2 .
xR +4x1 x +1
dx 2 2 2
h(x) = e x2 +1 = e2 ln |x +1| = eln(x +1) = (x2 + 1)2
1 R 3
= y(x) = ( 2 .(x2 + 1)2 dx + C)
(x2
+ 1) 2 x +1
1 R 1
= 2 2
( (3x2 + 3)dx + C) = 2 (x3 + 3x + C)
(x + 1) (x + 1)2
V d 4.24 Gii phng trnh vi phn (1 x)(y 0 + y) = ex , y(0) = 0.
Bi gii
ex
Phng trnh c vit li y 0 + y = .
1x
ex
p(x) = 1, f (x) = .
R 1x
1dx
h(x) = e = ex
R ex x
= y(x) = ex ( .e dx + C)
1x
R dx
= ex ( + C) = ex ( ln |1 x| + C).
1x
y(0) = 0 = 0 = 1(0 + C) = C = 0.
Vy nghim l y(x) = ex ln |1 x|
4.1.5 Phng trnh vi phn Bernulli

Phng trnh Bernouli c dng
y 0 + p(x)y = f (x).y , 6= 0, 1.
Phng php: t z = y 1 a v dng tuyn tnh.
V d 4.25 Gii phng trnh vi phn xy 0 + y = xy 2 ln x, y(1) = 1.
Bi gii
Ta c = 2 nn nhn 2 v cho y 2 , ta c
y 1
y 2 y 0 + = ln x
x
t z = y 1 = y 1 = z 0 = 1.y 2 .y 0 . Ta vit li phng trnh
z 1
z 0 + = ln x z 0 z = ln x
x x

Gii phng trnh tuyn tnh

R 1 1
h(x) = e x
dx
= e ln |x| =
x
Nghim tng qut l
ln2 x ln2 x
Z
1 1
z(x) = x( ln x. dx + C) = x( + C) = = x( + C)
x 2 y 2
y(1) = 1 = 1 = 1(0 + C) = C = 1
1 ln2 x
Vy nghim cn tm l = x( + 1).
y 2
2
V d 4.26 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 + 2xy = xex y 3
Bi gii
y0 2x 2
Phng trnh vit li 3
+ 2 = xex .
y y
0
1 2y
t z = 2 = z 0 = 3 .
y y
z 0 2 2 2
PT: + 2xz = xex z 0 4xz = 2xex = p(x) = 4x, q(x) = 2xex .
2 R 2
h(x) = e (4x)dx = e2x
2 R 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
z(x) = e2x e2x .(2x)ex dx = e2x (ex + C) 2 = ex + Ce2x .
y

0 y 1 2x
V d 4.27 Gii phng trnh vi phn y + = .
x y2
Bi gii
y3
PT: y 2 y 0 + = 1 2x.
x
t z = y 3 = z 0 = 3y 2 y 0
z0 z 3 3
PT: + = 1 2x z 0 + z = 3 1 2x = p(x) = , q(x) = 3 1 x2 .
3 x R 3dx x x
= h(x) = e x = e3 ln x = x3 .
1 R 3 1 x4 x2

3 2
z(x) = y (x) = 3 x . 1 2xdx = 3 1 2x( )+C
x x 5 15 15
4.1.6 Bi tp tng hp
V d 4.28 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 = 2xy , y(0) = 0.
Bi gii
Vit li phng trnh
dy 2x
= y 2y dy = 2x dx (dng tch bin)
dx 2
2y 2x
= + C 2y = 2x + C.
ln 2 ln 2
y(0) = 0 = 1 = 1 + C = C = 0
Vy nghim l 2y = 2x = y = x.

y
V d 4.29 Gii phng trnh vi phn: xy 0 = xe x + y, y(1) = 0..
Bi gii
y y
Vit li phng trnh y 0 = e x + (dng ng cp)
x
y u
t u = , f (u) = e + u
x
du dx
Phng trnh c vit li theo cng thc =
f (u) u x
Z Z
du dx u dx u y
x
= e du = e = ln |x| + C e = ln |x| + C.
eu + u u x x
y(1) = 0 = e0 = 0 + C = C = 1
y
Vy nghim tng qut l e x = ln |x| 1.
V d 4.30 Gii phng trnh vi phn (x4 + 6x2 y 2 + y 4 )dx + 4xy(x2 + y 2 )dy = 0, y(0) = 0..
Bi gii
Py0 = Q0x = 12x2 y + 4y 3 do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
(x,y)
R
(0,0)
Chn ng i (0, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
x5
U (x, y) = x4 dx + 4xy(x2 + y 2 )dy = + 2x3 y 2 + xy 4 .
5
0 0
x5
Nghim tng qut l + 2x3 y 2 + xy 4 = C
5
y(0) = 0 = C = 0
x5
Vy nghim l + 2x3 y 2 + xy 4 = 0
5
2 dy
V d 4.31 Gii phng trnh vi phn e1+x tan ydx = .
x
Bi gii
Vit li phng trnh dng tch bin
Z Z
x2 +1 dy x2 +1 cos y 1 2
xe dx = xe dx = dy ex +1 = ln | sin y| + C
tan y sin y 2
V d 4.32 Gii phng trnh vi phn: xy 0 = y + x2 , y 0 (0) = 0.
Bi gii
y
Vit li phng trnh y 0 = x (dng tuyn tnh)
x
1
p(x) = , f (x) = x
x
R 1 1
h(x) = e x dx = e ln |x| =
x
Z
1
= y(x) = x( x. + C) = x(x + C)
x

y 0 (0) = 0 = [2x + C]x=0 = 0 = C = 0

Vy nghim l y = x2 .
1 + 2x + y
V d 4.33 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 = .
1 x 2y
Bi gii
Vit li phng trnh
dy 1 + 2x + y
=
dx 1 x 2y
(1 x 2y)dy = (1 + 2x + y)dx
(1 + 2x + y)dx + (x + 2y 1)dy = 0
Py0 = Q0x = 1 (dng ton phn) do nghim tng qut c dng U (x, y) = C.
(x,y)
R
(0,0)
Chn ng i (0, 0) (x, 0) (x, y)
Zx Zy
U (x, y) = (1 + 2x)dx + (x + 2y 1)dy = x + x2 + xy + y 2 y
0 0
Nghim tng qut l x + x2 + xy + y 2 y = C

V d 4.34 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 x + 1 + y ln3 y = 0, y(0) = e.
Bi gii
Vit li phng trnh
dy
x + 1 + y ln3 y = 0
dx
dy dx
3 + = 0 (dng tch bin)
y ln y x+1
R dy R dx
3 + =0
y ln y x+1
1
2 +2 x+1+C =0
2 ln y
1 3
y(0) = e = + 2 + C = 0 = C =
2 2
1 3
Vy nghim l +2 x+1 =0
2 ln2 y 2
V d 4.35 Gii phng trnh vi phn (1 x2 )y 0 + xy = (1 x2 ) arcsin x, y(0) = 0.
Bi gii
x
Vit li phng trnh y 0 + y = arcsin x (dng tuyn tnh)
1 x2
x
p(x) = , f (x) = arcsin x
1R x2
x
dx 1 2 2
1 1 1
h(x) = e 1x2 = e 2 ln |1x | = eln |1x | 2 = |1 x2 | 2 =
1 x2

Z
1 arcsin x
= y(x) = 1 x 2 arcsin x dx + C = 1 x2 ( + C).
1 x2 2

y(0) = 0 = 0 = 1(0 + C) = C = 0
arcsin x
Vy nghim l y(x) = 1 x2 . .
2
2xy + 3
V d 4.36 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 = , y(1) = 2.
x2
Bi gii
2 3
Vit li phng trnh y 0 y = 2 (dng tuyn tnh)
x x
2 3
p(x) = , f (x) = 2
xR x
2 2 1
h(x) = e x = e ln |x| = eln x = 2
dx 2
x
Z
2 3 1 1
= y(x) = x . dx + C = x2 ( + C).
x2 x2 x3
y(1) = 1 = 1 = 1(1 + C) = C = 2
1
Vy nghim l y(x) = + Cx2
x
Bi tp
2
1. x3 y 0 = y(x2 + y 2 ). 8. ex (y 0 + 2xy) = x
p y
2. 1 y 2 dx + y 1 + x2 dy = 0. 9. xyy 0 y 2 + xe x = 0, y(1) = 0.
3. (xy 2 + x)dx + (y x2 y)dy = 0. 10. xy 0 y = x tan xy .
4. y 2 + x2 y 0 = xyy 0 . 0 y y4
11. 3y = , y(0) = 1.
5. xy 0 + y 1 x2 = 0, y(1) = 1. x2 + 1 x2 + 1
1 x2 + 1
S: ln |y| + ln = 1 x2 . 12. y 0 = 2y 3x + 1 .
2
1x 1
6x 4y + 2
1 1
y y 2 S: (2y 3x + 1) + ln |8y 12x + 4| =
6. y 0 = , y(0) = 2. 4 8
x+1 x+1 x + C.
p
7. 1 y 2 dx + y 1 x2 dy = 0 13. (2y 3 x2 y)y 0 = xy 2 2x3 .

4.2 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2
4.2.1 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 thun nht

Phng trnh vi phn thun nht y 00 + py 0 + qy = 0.
Phng trnh c trng k 2 + pk + q = 0(*)
(*) c 2 nghim phn bit k1 6= k2 , nghim thun nht l
y0 = C1 ek1 x + C2 ek2 x
(*) c 2 nghim kp k1 = k2 = k0
y0 = C1 ek0 x + C2 xek0 x
(*) c 2 nghim phc k = a bi
y0 = eax (C1 cos bx + C2 sin bx).
4.2.2 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 khng thun nht - dng 1

Dng y 00 + py 0 + qy = Pn (x)ex (1).
Nghim y = y0 + yr , vi yr = xs Qn (x)ex
Nu khng l nghim ca (*) th s = 0
Nu l nghim n ca (*) th s = 1
Nu l nghim kp ca (*) th s = 2
Qn (x) = Axn + Bxn1 + ... l mt a thc bc n tng qut.

tnh cc h s A, B.. ta tnh o hm yr0 , yr00 th vo (1).
V d 4.37 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 3y 0 4y = 2xex
1
S: y = C1 ex + C2 e4x (5x + 2)ex
25
V d 4.38 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = (2x + 1)e2x (*).
Bi gii
a) Phng trnh c trng k 2 + 4k + 4 = 0 k1 = k2 = 2.

Nghim thun nht y0 = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x .
b) f (x) = (2x + 1)e2x : = 1 = s = 1

yr = x2 (Ax + B)e2x = (Ax3 + Bx2 )e2x
= yr0 = (2Ax3 2Bx2 + 3Ax2 + 2Bx)e2x

= yr00 = (4Ax3 + 4Bx2 12Ax2 8Bx + 6Ax + 2B)e2x

Th vo (*) ta c

A = 1
(
8B + 6A + 8B = 2 3
(8Bx + 6Ax + 2B) + 4.2Bx + 0 = 2x + 1 1
2B = 1 B =

2
1 1
Vy nghim y = Ce2x + C2 xe2x + x2 ( x + )e2x
3 2
V d 4.39 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + 4y = (2x2 + 3)e2x (*).
Bi gii
a) Phng trnh c trng k 2 + 4 = 0 k = 0 2i.

Nghim thun nht y0 = e0x (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)
b) f (x) = (2x2 + 3)e2x : = 2 = s = 0.

yr = (Ax2 + Bx + C)e2x
= yr0 = (2Ax2 2Bx 2C + 2Ax + B)e2x
= yr00 = (4Ax2 + 4Bx + 4C 8Ax 4B + 2A)e2x
2 2 2
(*) (4Ax + 4Bx + 4C 8Ax 4B + 2A) + 4(Ax + Bx + C) = 2x + 3.
Th vo
4A + 4A = 2
A = 1

4B 8A + 4B = 0 4
1 7 .
B = C =

4C 4B + 2A + 4C = 3

4 16
1 2 1 7
Vy nghim l y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + ( x + x + )e2x .
4 4 16
V d 4.40 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + 6y 0 + 8y = x(ex + e2x )
1 4 1 1
S: y = C1 e2x + C2 e4x + ( x )ex + ( x2 x)e2x
3 9 4 4
V d 4.41 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 2y 0 + y = e2x sin x (*)
a) Phng trnh c trng k 2 2k + 1 = 0 k1 = k2 = 0

Nghim thun nht y0 = C1 ex + C2 xex
b) f (x) = e2x sin x : + i = 2 + i = s = 0

yr = e2x (A cos x + B sin x).
yr0 = e2x (3A cos x + 3B sin x A sin x + B cos x)
yr00 = e2x (3A cos x + 3B sin x 4A cos x + 4B sin x).
Th vo (*):
(3A cos x + 3B sin x 4A cos x + 4B sin x) 2(3A cos x + 3B sin x A sin x + B cos x)
+(A cos x + B sin x) = sin x
A = 1
2
B = 0

4.2.3 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 dng 2

Dng y 00 + py 0 + qy = ex (a cos x + b sin x) (2).
s x
Nghim y = y0 + yr , vi yr = x e (A cos x + B sin x)
Nu + i l nghim ca (*) th s = 1
Nu + i khng l nghim ca (*) th s = 0
Tnh o hm yr0 , yr00 th vo (2) suy ra h s A, B.
V d 4.42 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + y = 2 sin x cos x
1
S: y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x( cos x sin x)
2
V d 4.43 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 6y 0 + 9y = e3x (x2 + sin x)
4.2.4 Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 - dng 3

Dng y 00 + py 0 + qy = ex (Pn (x) cos x + Qm (x) sin x.
Nghim y = y0 + yr , vi yr = xs ex (Hl (x) cos x + Kl (x) sin x
Nu + i l nghim ca (*) th s = 1
Nu + i khng l nghim ca (*) th s = 0
Trong , l = max m, n v Hl , Kl l cc a thc bc l tng qut.

Tnh o hm yr0 , yr00 th vo (2) tm h Hl v Kl .
Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau
Bi 1. y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y = (2x + 1)e3x
1 3
S:y = C1 ex + C2 e3x + x( x )e3x
2 4
Bi 2. y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = 2xe2x .
1
S: y = C1 e2x + C2 e2x + x3 e2x
3
Bi 3. y 00 + 4y 0 + 8y = (x2 + 3x)e2x
1 3
S y = e2x (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x) + ( x2 + x)e2x
4 4
Bi 4. y 00 + 3y 0 4y = e2x sin x
x 4x 7 5
S: y = C1 e + C2 e + cos x + sin x e2x
74 74
Bi 5. y 00 2y 0 + y = ex cos 2x.
1
S: y = C1 ex + C2 xex + ex cos 2x
4

4.3. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
1 1
Bi 6. y 00 + 4y = 2 sin 2x cos 2x S: y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + x( cos 2x sin 2x)
2 4
Bi 7. y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = e2x (x2 + 3x cos x)
1 1 1 1
S: y = C1 e2x + C2 e3x + x( x2 + x 1)e2x + e2x ( cos x sin x).
3 2 2 2
4.3 H phng trnh vi phn
4.3.1 nh x o hm
nh ngha 4.1 Cho D : C 1 (R) C tha D(x(t)) = x0 (t) gi l nh x o hm
V d 4.44
a) Cho x = e2t + 3t2 .
4.3.2 H phng trnh vi phn

(
x0 = x 2y + 3t
V d 4.45 Gii h phng trnh vi phn
y 0 = 2x 4y + et
(
Dx = x 2y + 3t
Ta vit li h
Dy = 2x 4y + et

x = 2C1 + C2 e3t 1 et + 2t2 1 t 1

Nghim 2 3 3
2
y = C1 + C2 e3t + t2 t.

3
(
x0 = x + 3y + 2te2t (1)
y 0 = 2x + 4y e2t (2)
Bi gii
(
(D + 1)x 3y = 2te2t (1)
a) Vit li h 2t
2x + (D 4)y = e (2)
(D-4)(1)+3(2):
(D 4)(D + 1)x 6x = (4t + 2)e2t + 2te2t 3e2t
(D2 3D 10)x = (12t 1)e2t (3)
b) Phng trnh c trng k 2 3k 10 = 0 k = 2 k = 5

5t
Nghim thun nht y0 = C1 e2t+C2 e
f (t) = (12t 1)e2t : = 2 = s = 1
= xr = t(At + B)e2t = (At2 + Bt)e2t
= x0r = (2At2 2Bt + 2At + B)e2t

CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN 4.3. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN
= x00r = (4At2 + 4Bt 8At 4B + 2A)e2t

Th vo (3):
(4Bt 8At 4B + 2A) 3(2Bt + 2At + B) 10Bt = (12t 1)e2t

6 19
A = , B =
7 49

2t 5t 6 2 19 2t
Suy ra x(t) = C1 e + C2 e + t + e
7 49
c) T (1):
1
y(t) = (x0 + x 2te2t )
3
C1 4 52 19 2t
= e2t + 2C2 e5t + ( t2 t+ )e
3 7 147 147
(
x0 = 3x y + t, (1)
V d 4.47 Gii h phng trnh vi phn 0
y = x + y + cos t (2)
Bi gii
a) Vit li h (
(D 3)x + y = t, (1)
x + (D 1)y = cos t (2)
(1)+(D-3)(2): D2 y 4Dy + 4y = t sin t 3 cos t (3)
b) Phng trnh c trng k 2 4k + 4 = 0 k1 = k2 = 2.

Suy ra y0 = (C1 + C2 t)e2t .
(a) Gii D2 y 4Dy + 4y = sin t 3 cos t (3a)

y1 = A cos t + B sin t, o hm th vo (3a)
A
cos t B sin t + 4A sin t 4B cos t + 4A cos t + 4B sin t = sin t 3 cos t
13
A=

25
9
B =

25
13 9
= y1 = cos t + sin t
25 25
(b) Gii D2 y 4Dy + 4y = t (3b)
y1 = At + B, o hm th vo (3b)

A = 1

1 1
0 4A + 4At + 4B = t 4 = y2 = t +
1 4 4
B =

4
13 9 1 1
Vy y = (C1 + C2 t)e2t cos t + sin t + t +
25 25 4 4
4 3 t
c) T (2) suy ra y = (C1 t + C1 + C2 )e2t + sin t cos t
25 25 4

4.3. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
(
x0 = 2x + y + e2t cos 2t
y 0 = x + y + e2t sin 2t
(
x0 = 2x + y + t2 (1)
y 0 = x + 2y + cos t (2)
(
(D 2)x y = t2 (1)
Vit li h
x + (D 2)y = cos t (2)
(D 2)pt(1) + pt(2) : (D2 4D + 5)x = 2t 2t2 + cos t (3)
a) Phng trnh c trng k 2 4k + 5 = 0 k = 2 i
Nghim thun nht x0 = e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t).
b) Gii x00 4x0 + 5x = 2t 2t2 (3a)
2
f (t) = 2t 2t : = 0 = s = 0
2 6 4
= x1 = At2 + Bt + C. o hm th vo (3a) suy ra A = , B = , C =
5 25 125
2 2 6 4
Suy ra x1 = t t .
5 25 125
c) Gii x00 4x0 + 5x = cos t (3b)
f (t) = cos t : + i = i = s = 0
= x2 = A cos t + B sin t.
3 1
o hm th vo (3b) suy ra x2 = cos t + sin t
8 8
2t 2 2 6 4 3 1
Vy x = e (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + t t cos t + sin t
5 25 125 8 8
T (1) suy ra
y = x0 2x t2
1 14 22 3 1
= e2t ((C2 2C1 ) cos t(C1 2C2 ) sin t) t2 cos t + sin t.
5 25 125 8 8
Bi Tp
Gii h phng trnh vi phn sau
(
x0 = 3x + 2y + te2t
Bi 1.
y 0 = 2x + 6y 6e2t
1 8 266 118 2t 1 32
S: x = 4C1 e2t + C2 e7t + ( t2 t+ )e y = C1 e2t + C2 e7t + ( t2 t)e2t
2 5 25 25 5 25
(
x0 = 3x y + tet
Bi 2.
y 0 = 4x y 2et
1 3 2
S:x = (C1 + tC2 )et + ( t3 + t2 )et , y = (2C1 + C2 + 2C2 t)et + ( t3 + 2t2 2t)et .
3 2 3
(
x0 = x + 3y + e2t cos t
Bi 3.
y 0 = 2x + 4y e2t sin t
1 3 5 1
S:x = 3C1 e2t + C2 e5t + e2t ( cos t + sin t), y = C1 e2t + C2 e5t + e2t ( cos t +
2 17 17 17
4
sin t)
17

N THI CUI K
4.4 Ni dung thi gia k
1. Kho st v v th y = f (x).
2. Xt s hi t tch phn suy rng: Loi 1 v 2
3. Tnh tch phn suy rng
4. ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn: cho cc hm y = f (x)
5. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1: Tch bin; ng cp, tuyn tnh, tng phn. Ch iu
kin u
6. Phng trnh vi phn cp 2: f (x) = ex Pn (x) v f (x) = ex (a cos x + b sin x)
7. H Phng trnh vi phn: 2 phng trnh 2 n gii bng phng php kh.
4.5 Bi tp n tp cui k
Bi 1. Kho st v v th
x3
a) y =
x2 x2
1
b) y = (x 2)e x

arctan x , x 0
c) y = x+1
xe1/x , x > 0
+
R dx
Bi 2. Cho tch phn I = . Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn khi
0 (x + 1) x2 + x
= 1.
+
R x3
Bi 3. Cho tch phn I = dx. Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn
1 x (x2 x + 1)
khi = 2.
Bi 4. Tnh din tch min phng

a) D : y = x, x + y = 2, Ox
b) D : y = x2 , y = log2 (x + 1), x + y = 2
Bi 5. Tnh di ng cong
a) y = cosh x, x [0, 1]

b) y = 1 x2
Bi 6. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay
101
4.5. BI TP N TP CUI K CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
a) D : y = x, y = arctan x, x = 1. Tnh VOy

b) D : y = x2 + 1, y = x + 1, x = 1. Tnh VOx , VOy .
Bi 7. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay

a) C : y = x(x 13 ), x [0, 13 ]. Tnh SOx , SOy

b) C : y = x x2 . Tnh SOx , SOy .
x2
Bi 8. Cho min D gii hn bi y = 2x2 , y = , y = x.
2
a) Tnh din tch D.

x2
b) Tnh di ng cong C : y = , x [0, 1].
2
c) Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi cho C quay quanh Ox v Oy.
d) Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D quay quanh Ox, Oy.
Bi 9. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1
a) x3 y 0 = y(x2 + y 2 ).
p
b) 1 y 2 dx + y 1 + x2 dy = 0, y(0) = 0.
c) (xy 2 + x)dx + (y x2 y)dy = 0, y(1) = 2.
d) y 2 + x2 y 0 = xyy 0 , y(1) = 1.

e) xy 0 + y 1 x2 = 0, y(1) = 1.
1 x2 + 1
S: ln |y| + ln = 1 x2 .
2
1x 1

0 y y2
f) y = , y(0) = 2.
x+1 x+1
p
g) 1 y 2 dx + y 1 x2 dy = 0, y(2) = 1
2
h) ex (y 0 + 2xy) = x, y(1) = 1
y
i) xyy 0 y 2 + xe x = 0, y(1) = 0.
j) xy 0 y = x tan xy , y(1) = 1.
y y4
k) 3y 0 = , y(0) = 1.
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2y 3x + 1
l) y 0 = , y(0) = 1.
6x 4y + 2
Bi 10. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2
Bi 11. Gii h phng trnh vi phn.

CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN 4.6. THI CUI K
4.6 thi cui k
s 1

x2 + x + 2
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s y = .
x+1
+
R x
Cu 2. Tm tch phn dx hi t. Tnh tch phn vi = 1.
1 (x + 1)2 (x2 x + 1)

Cu 3. Tnh din tch min phng gii hn bi x = y, y = 0, y = 2 x.
Cu 4. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1 (yex + y 2 + 1)dx = (ex 2xy)dy.
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2 y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = cos 3x.

(
x0 (t) = 2x(t) y(t) + 2 sin t,
Cu 6. Gii h phng trnh vi phn
y 0 (t) = x(t) + 2y(t) + cos t.
s 2
1
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s y = xe x .
+
R dx
Cu 2. Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn vi = 1.
1 x x 2 x + 1
Cu 3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho min D gii hn bi y = x2 v x = y 2 quay

quanh Ox v quay quanh Oy.
3
Cu 4. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1: y 0 3x2 y = x4 ex .
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2: y 00 5y 0 + 6y = e2x (3x 4) + x.

(
x0 (t) = 3x(t) + 4y(t) + 3e2t ,
y 0 (t) = x(t) + 6y(t).
s 3
Cu 1. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1: (ex + 3y + 1)dx = (y 3 3x)dx.
Cu 2. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2: y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = (x + 1)e2x .

(
x0 (t) = 3x + y + et ,
y 0 (t) = 2x + 4y + t.
R3 x
Cu 4. Tm tch phn dx hi t. Tnh tch phn vi = 2.
0 9 x2

4.6. THI CUI K CHNG 4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
+
R dx
Cu 5. Tnh tch phn .
0 (x2 + x + 1)(x + 2)
Cu 6. Kho st v v th hm s y = x3 ex .
Cu 7. Tnh din tch min phng gii hn bi y = x2 v y = x2 2x 4.
s 4
Cu 1 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 0 + 3x2 y = 3x2 + 3x5 .
Cu 2 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 2x + 3 + 6ex .
1
R0 e x
Cu 3 Tnh tch phn hoc chng t phn k I = 3
dx.
1 x
+
ex cos 2xdx.
R
Cu 4 Tnh tch phn I =
0
1
Cu 5 Kho st v v th hm s y = x2 e x .

x
Cu 6 Tnh din tch min phng gii hn bi y = , y = 0, x = 1.
1 + x3
s 5
Cu 1 Gii phng trnh vi phn xdy ydx = 3x2 sin xdx.
Cu 2 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 4y 0 + 13y = (x2 + 4x)e2x .

(
x0 (t) = 4x + y + 2t + 1,
Cu 3 Gii h phng trnh vi phn
y 0 (t) = 7x 2y + 3t
+
R dx
Cu 4 Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh Tch phn vi = 1.
(x 1) x2 2
2
R3 dx
Cu 5 Tnh tch phn suy rng I = p .
1 (4x x2 3)3
Cu 6 Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi cho ng cong C : y = x2 , x = 0 7 1 quay quanh
trc Ox v Oy.
Cu 7 Kho st v v th hm s y = x2 ln x.

s 6
Cu 1 Gii phng trnh vi phn xy 0 y + ey/x = 0
Cu 2 Gii phng trnh vi phn y 00 + 3y 0 4y = (x + 1)e4x .

(
x0 (t) = 3x + 2y + et ,
y 0 (t) = x + 2y + 3t.
+
R dx
Cu 4 Tm tch phn hi t. Tnh tch phn khi = 1.
1 x 3x2 2x 1
2
Cu 5 Kho st v v th hm s y = e4xx .

Cu 6 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D gii hn bi y = x2 3 v y = 4 x2 quay
quanh trc Ox.
s 7
ex
Cu 1 Kho st v v th y = .
1x
+
R x2 3
Cu 2 Tm tch phn dx hi t. Tnh tch phn vi = 1.
1 x (x + 1)(x2 + 1)
x2 ln x
Cu 3 Tnh di cung y = , 1 x 3.
2 4
Cu 4 Gii phng trnh vi phn
y
a) y 0 = + x sin x tha y() = 2.
x
p
b) x2 y 0 = y y 2 3x2 + xy, x > 0.
c) y 00 + 6y 0 + 9y = e3x (3x 2).
(
x0 (t) = 3x 4y + 3t,
y 0 = 2x y + e2t
s 8
8x
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s y = .
x2 4
+
R 3x 1
Cu 2. Tm tch phn y = dx hi t.
0 (4 + x ) 3 x4 + 5x2
+
R dx
Cu 3. Tnh tch phn suy rng .
0 (x + 1) x2 x + 1


Cu 4. Cho min D gii hn bi y = x2 + 1, y = ex , x = 1. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay
khi cho D quay quanh trc Ox v Oy.
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn
a) (yexy + 4xy)dx + (xexy + 2x2 + 3)dy = 0.
b) (x + y)y 0 = (x + y)2 + 1.
c) y 00 4y 0 + 3y = cos x + xe3x .
(
x0 = x + y + 2et ,
y 0 = 3x y 3t.
s 9: D thnh 12/2013
x1
Cu 1) Kho st v v th y = .
e2x
+
R (2x + 3)dx
Cu 2) Cho tch phn I =
0 (x + 1) (x2 + 4x + 5)
(a) Tm I hi t
(b) Tnh I vi = 1.
Cu 3) Tnh VOx , VOy vi D : y = log3 x, y = 4 x, y = 0.
Cu 4) Gii PTVP (x2 + 4)y 0 2xy = 6x.
Cu 5) Gii PTVP y 00 6y 0 + 8y = 6 cos 3x.
(
x0 = 7x + 3y + e10t ,
Cu 6) Gii PTVP
y 0 = 6x + 4y + 2e10t .
Chnh quy: 2013-2014. Ca 1

p
Cu 1 Gii PTVP x y 2 + 2xy + 2x2 dx = (2xy + 3x2 )dy (2y 2 + 3xy)dx, y(1 + 2) = 0
Cu 2 Gii PTVP y 00 5y 0 + 6y = (x + 2)e2x .

0
x1 = 7x1 12x2 + 6x3

Cu 3 Gii h PTVP x02 = 10x1 19x2 + 10x3

0
x3 = 12x1 24x2 + 13x3 .
x2
Cu 4 Kho st v v th y = .
|x 2|
3 6
Cu 5 Tnh din tch min D : y 2 x2 = 1, y = x 1, x = .
2 5
R4 3
Cu 6 Tnh tch phn I = dx.
2 (x 1) 6x x2 8

R ex
+ + ln(1 + x12 )
Cu 7 Tm tch phn sau hi t I = .
1 x3 (1 + x )3
Chnh quy: 2013-2014. Ca 2

y
Cu 1 Gii PTVP y 0 = + x2 cos x.
x
1
Cu 2 Gii PTVP y 00 + 4y = sin 2x + 1, y(0) = , y 0 (0) = 0.
4
(
x0 = x + 8y + e2t
Cu 3 Gii h PTVP .
y 0 = 2x + y 1
(
x + x2 2x, x 0,
Cu 4 Kho st v v th hm s y =
2x x2 , x > 0
Cu 5 Tm th tch vt th trn xoay VOy (D) bit D : xy = 1, y = x, x = 9y, x > 0, y > 0.

+
R dx
Cu 6 Tnh tch phn I = .
e x(ln x + ln2 x + ln x)
3
R1 ln xdx
Cu 7 Kho st s hi t tch phn I = p
0 x(1 x)
D Thnh: 2013-2014-HKII
1
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s f (x) = (x 2)e x .
+
R dx
Cu 2. Cho tch phn suy rng I = p .
1 x2 . (x 1)
(a) Tm tt c cc gi tr thc tch phn hi t.

(b) Tnh tch phn khi = 1.

Cu 3. Cho min D gii hn bi y = 2x x2 v trc Ox. Tnh th tch v din tch xung
quanh khi cho D quay quanh trc Ox.
y(x) 1
Cu 4. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1: y 0 (x) = .
x+1 y(x).(x + 1)
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2: y 00 (x) + 4y 0 (x) + 3y(x) = xe3x tha iu kin
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

(
x0 (t) = 5x(t) + 3y(t) + tet ,
y 0 (t) = 3x(t) + 3y(t) et .

Hc Li - II/2012-2013
(a) y 0 cos x + y = 1 sin x

(b) y 00 3y 0 + 2y = 2ex
(
x0 = x + 3y cos t sin t
y 0 = x + 3y + sin t
+
R dx
Cu 3. Cho tch phn I = . Tm iu kin tch phn hi t v tnh tch
1 xm x2 + 8x + 4
phn khi m = 1.
Cu 4. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho min D gii hn bi y = ln x, y = 0, x = 2 quay

quanh trc Ox.
1
Cu 5. Kho st v v th hm s y = xe x .
n tp h 2014
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s y = (x 1)ex
+
R x dx
Cu 2. Cho tch phn I =
1 (x + 1) 2x2 x + 3
a) Tm tch phn hi t.
b) Tnh tch phn khi = 1
Cu 3. Cho min D : y = x2 , x = y 2 . Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi cho D quay quanh
trc Ox v trc Oy.
Cu 4. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1: y 2 + x2 y 0 = xyy 0 , y(1) = 1.
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn cp 2: y 00 3y 0 4y = 2x2 ex , y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

(
x0 = x + 5y + t
y 0 = 2x + 8y + tet

P N
8
a) Tim cn ng x = 2, tim cn ngang y = 8. Khng c cc tr.
b) > 2/3
c)
8
1) Tim cn ngang y = 0, cc i x = 3/2
3 1
2) > 0, I = + ln 5
4 4
3)
4) y = C(x2 + 4) 3
108 6
5) y = C1 e4x + C2 e2x sin 3x cos 3x.
325 325
6) x = 1/2C1 e10t + C2 et + 4/3te10t 1/9e10t , y = C1 e10t + C2 et + 4/3te10t .
Chnh quy: 2013-2014. Ca 1

1) Phng
r trnh vi phn ng cp
y + 2xy + 2x2
2
r
y 2 2
2 + ln +1+ y + 2xy + 2x = ln |x| + 2 2.
x2
x x2

1 2
2) y = C1 e + C2 e + x 3x e2x .
2x 3x
2

0 t t
x1 = 2C1 e + 3C3 e

3) x02 = C1 et + C2 et + 5C3 et

0
x3 = 2C2 et + 6C3 et
4) Tim cn x = 2, y = x 2. Cc i (0; 0) v cc tiu (4; 8).

1 24
5) S(D) = ln 5 + .
2 25

6) I = 3.
7) iu kin 2 3 > 1 > 2.
109
Chnh quy: 2013-2014. Ca 2

1) y = x cos x + x2 sin x + Cx.
x 1 1 x 1 1
2) ytq = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x cos 2x + sin 2x + , yr = cos 2x + sin 2x + , .
4 4 4 4 8 4
1 2t 8 1
3) x00 + 2x0 + 15x = e2t 8, x = C1 e5t + C2 e3t e + , y = (x0 x e2t ).
15 15 8
4) Tim cn y = 1. Cc i (1; 1), cc tiu (0; 0).
8
5) Vy = .
3

ln 3 3
6) I = .
2 18
7) < 4
H :2014.
x2
Cu 1. Kho st v v th hm s y = x.e 8
Re ln x
Cu 2. Tm tch phn suy rng I = p dx hi t.
1 x(x2 1)
+
R dx
Cu 3. Tnh tch phn suy rng I = .
0 ex (e2x + 3)
Cu 4. Tnh th tch vt th c to ra khi min phng gii hn bi cc ng x2 + y =

0, x + y = 0 quay quannh trc Oy.
Cu 5. Gii phng trnh (y cos x cos 2x)dx + sin xdy = 0.
Cu 6. Tm nghim ca phng trnh y + 7y 0 + 10y = 3xe2x .

(
x0 (t) = 5x 3y + cos 2t,
Cu 7. Gii h phng trnh
y 0 (t) = x + 3y 1
p n
2 2
1. Tim cn ngang y = 0. Cc i (2; ), cc tiu (2; ).
e e
1
2. > .
2

1 3
3. I = .
3 27

4. VOy = .
6

1 sin 2x C
5. y = ( + C) = cos x + .
sin x 2 sin x
x2 x
6. y = C1 e2x + C2 e5x + e2x ( ).
2 3

x = C1 e2t 3C2 e6t 7 cos t2t + 1 sin 2t + 1 ,

7. 40 10 4
2t 6t 1 1 5
y = C 1 e + C 2 e
cos 2t + sin 2t + .
40 20 12

Bài giảng Giải tích 1 Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bài giảng Giải tích 1 Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i hc Quc gia TP.

. Bi Ging Gii Tch 1

Ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2014

Bit vn dng cc phng php v t duy sng to vo khoa hc k thut.

Ti liu tham kho

2) Ng Thu Lng, Nguyn Minh Hng. Bi tp ton cao cp 1.

3) Cng Khanh. Gii tch mt bin. NXB i hc quc gia

4 Phng trnh vi phn 83

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 4 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

Cn trn nh nht ca tp A gi l Supremum, k hiu sup(A).

Cn di ln nht ca A gi l infimum, k hiu inf(A).

V d 1.1 a) A = [0, 1) th sup(A) = 1 v inf(A) = 0.

nh ngha 1.2 (Dy s) Mt dy s l mt nh x t tp s t nhin N vo tp s thc R.

nh ngha 1.3 (Dy s n iu) .

> 0, n0 : n n0 = |un a| <

Tng t cho gii hn dn ra .

Tnh cht Cho xn a, yn b; a, b R ta c

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 6 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

1. Gii hn dy nu tn ti l duy nht.

4. Mi dy tng v b chn trn th hi t.

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 7 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

V d 1.7 Tnh cc gii hn sau

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 8 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

V d 1.8 Tnh cc gii hn sau

a) I = lim (1)n . t xn = (1)n

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 9 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 10 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

* Hm s tng trn khong (0, ) v gim 0 x

* Hm chn, th i xng qua Oy.

* Hm s gim trn khong (, 0) v 0 x

* Hm l, th i xng qua O(0, 0).

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 11 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

* Khng c tnh chn l.

1.2.2 Hm lng gic

Hm s y = sin x Cng thc

6.28 4.71 3.14 1.57 0 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 12 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

Hm s y = cos x Cng thc

* Hm s chn, th i xng qua Oy. iv) cos 0 = 1; cos = 1, cos( 2 ) = 0.

6.28 4.71 3.14 1.57 0 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 13 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 14 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 15 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

1.2.6 Cc hm lng gic ngc

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 16 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 17 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

f 1 (y) = {x X : f (x) = y}.

Tp ny c th c nhiu hn mt phn t hoc l tp rng.

gi l hm cho theo tham s.

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 18 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

V d 1.11 Tm hm ngc ca hm s y = f (x).

c) f (ex ) = 3(x + 1)3 . t t = ex x = ln t.

a) f (x) = ln( x1 1).

Cu 2) Tm hm ngc ca hm s y = f (x) bit

a) f (x) = ln(x3 + 1), x > 1.

i hc Bch khoa TPHCM Trang 19 ThS.Nguyn Hu Hip

i) lim = a ( > 0, > 0, x D : 0 < |x x0 | < |f (x) a| < )

ii) lim f (x) = a ( > 0, N, x D : x > N |f (x) a| < )

iii) Tng t cho gii hn bng v cc.

nh l tng ng vi nh ngha gii hn hm s theo gii hn dy s. Do , nhng

V d 1.12 Chng minh gii hn lim sin x khng tn ti.

nh ngha 1.11 (Gii hn mt bn)

lim = a ( > 0, > 0, x D : 0 < x0 x < |f (x) a| < )