7. 10.

SERBIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Occasional editions 5

ORE JANKOVI

SRIN MARIIE
FRO 7th O 10th NTUR

BELGRADE, 2007
 7. 10. 

7. 10.

, 2007
 / Serbian archaeological society

/ PI Regional
museum and The art gallery Josip Bepo Benkovi Herceg Novi

5 / Occasional editions 5
/ Medieval archaeology

/ Editor
/ Dragica Premovi

/ Reviewed by
/ dr Radomir Popovi
/ dr Gordana Tomovi

/ Proofreading
/ Maja Stefanovi

/ Translated by
/ Dragana Rajkov

/ Typesetting & layout

, / TPA Janus, Belgrade

/ Graphic design by
/ Nenad Petrovi

/ Printed by
, / elnid, Belgrade

/ Circulation
500 / 500 copies

ISBN 978-86-904455-5-4

: , www.rastko.org.yu & www.rastko.net, 21 2007.


 7
 9
(10)
( . . 27-34, 35-37)  19
(19), (23), (27), (33), (34), (37), (46), (48), ,
(49), (52)
 55
 56
6. , 600. (57), 7. 660. (57), 8. ,
9. (61), 9. , 866. (61), 10. ,
924, 10. (62)
866. ( . )  65
(65) (66), , , (67), (68), (68)
 68
(68), , (69)
 78
 78
 80
( . . 89-95)  83
, , (85), , (87), (88), , (89),
(96), (104), (105), (106), ,(108), (109), , (116), (117), ,
(120), , , (122), , , (123), , ,
(124), (125), (126), , (128), (129),
(130), (132)
 137
(137), (139), (141),
(144), (149), , (154).
 157
(158), (159), (159), (160), (160), (162),
(162), (162), (163), (163), (165), (165),
(165), (168)
 169
 171
 173
 174
 181
 185
 185
 186
 186

 211
(211), (212), (213), (214), (215),
(225).

 231
247
Summary  259
 .


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1980.

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Komata 1975.

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 7. 10. 25

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26

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34

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ET REQVIIMVS IN IPSA+VOS OMNES QVI

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(11), 1989; (12), ilinsk 1966; (13), Kiss 1977; (14), Ss . Salamon 1995;
(15-17), Kovrig 1963; (18-19), 1981; (20-22), Bulle 1934; (23-29), 1959,
1978; (30), Spahiu 1971.
 7. 10. 195

, , 6. 7. ,
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Archologie compare 1982. (11), 1901. (16), 1910. (17); (3), Budins Beretit 1976; (5), Prendi 1980;
(6), 1964; (7, 15, 23), Anamali 1971; (9), Kiss 1977; (12-14), Garam 2001; (18), Teodor 1978;
(19-20), - 1958; (21-22), Komata 1980; (24), 1976.
 7. 10. 197

32-33; ilinsk 1966: 292, 300). 1958).

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1900 (7); (8-10), Garam 2001; (11), Ruxer Kubczak 1975; 12-13), Khalikova Kazakov
1977; (14), Zrn 1965; (15), M 1992.

; 8. .36 ; 66 (
9. 1976: 198-200, . 123: 5; 203, . 125: 8).
, 10.
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1964: . 1; 1965: . 2).
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36
Eisner 1952: . 48-49, , .
(1980: 92).
 7. 10. 199

23-24), (. 197. 11),

(Anamali 1964: . 1. 27-29; 1971: . 8. 6. (Ruxer Kubczak 1975: .
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li Spahiu 1980: . 5-6)
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30
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(1), Anamali Spahiu 1980; (2), 1992;
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(6), Spahiu 1971; (7, 10), 1980;
(8), - 1958; (11),
1956; (12), 1997;
(13), 1996; (14), 1989;
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(15), Budimsk-Krika 1959; (16-17), Schneider 1979.
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18. ( 16-17). ()
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248

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216, 219-220, 222-224, 228-229 150
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 7. 10. 249

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 250

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 7. 10. 251

158
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209
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195
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226
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69
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69
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14 220
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118
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252

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105 110, 140
16
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175, 181, 186, 204-206, 208, 213, 219, 225
200
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180
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175, 197
195
27
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215
, 223
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16
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166
209
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174, 203
70, 187, 192
11, 17
130
206
35, 49-51, 55, 60, 65, 68, 69-72, 74 78, 80, 120, 122, 123, 133,
177, 214 175, 206
16 175, 205-206
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57, 74-75, 140, 155, 177 151, 178
60 , 123
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183 214, 220, 222
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182, 211-213, 215, 229
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75
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149
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32, 200
193 , 187, 206
 7. 10. 253

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224
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149 56
121, 146-147 176
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59-60 56, 180
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98, 104-105, 154-155 10, 109, 138
59, 61-62, 146-147, 154-155, 158, 209, 213, 223-225, 228-229 56, 195, 201-203
137, 214, 220, 222 208
10, 58, 65, 145-146, 186, 223 189, 193, 206, 208, 211, 10,
227-228 14, 23, 128, 181, 206, 214, 228
117, 147 41, 153, 176, 183, 221
, 17, 68 24, 32, 47, 50, 55-59, 78, 147, 182-183, 187, 191, 195, 197,
201-203, 205, 215, 219-220, 222, 226-227-228
, 224, 229 200
59 43, 56, 174, 176-178, 180-181, 200, 220
83 , 122, 141
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141 57
146, 223 181
, 146 183
83, 149, 158 16
43, 52, 55, 57-61, 69, 74-75, 77, 79-80, 155, 174, 176-177, 182, 43, 56, 178, 199
187, 189, 191-193, 195, 197, 199, 201-208, 218, 220, 223, 226 215, 218, 220-221
216, 220, 220 14, 41, 132, 180, 219-220
198 177
16 11, 15, 17, 19, 65, 154, 176-177, 217
14 11, 14
183 , 118, 164
58 16, 176
56, 118, 182 117, 127, 142, 216, 221
12, 17, 19, 75, 102, 212-213 9,
49, 65, 68 57, 183
189 16, 189, 192, 209, 217, 227
16 201, 215
75, 177 227
150 15, 186
, 85, 212, 229. 177
, 129 192
, 122, 127 10
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229
177
15
57, 141, 218, 222-224, 227-228
192
60, 226
85
17, 57, 84, 133, 137, 140, 144, 154, 157, 173, 175, 183, 185-186,
10 206, 211, 218, 223-224, 226-228
- 43, 55, 60, 83, 107, 119, 144, 149, 176, 178, 11, 15-17, 60
215, 218
11, 16
134, 154
10, 14, 17, 37, 47-48, 52, 57-58, 60, 67-69, 80, 83, 85, 91, 98,
110, 147 102-103, 109, 111, 113, 117, 125-126, 132, 138, 151-155, 182, 187, 212,
226 214-215, 217-218, 222, 226
84, 140, 218 , 85, 158
77 , 124
130 , 84, 125-126, 165, 219 .
83, 130-132, 135, 149, 215, 227
220 , 116, 221
14, 17 , 144
141 , 14
254

, () 105 53
, 128 195
, 27, 87 147, 153-155
, 123 214
, 84 60
, 133, I , 119, 128
137 III, 163
, 56, 137, 228 11,12, 175, 181, 193
54, 74, 121, 142, 146-147, 152, 154, 170, 191, 201, 216 12-13, 58, 78, 193, 208, 215
62, 209, 224 195
223 14
84, 85-87, 144, 146, 215, 218, 229 10, 12, 61, 65, 67-68, 72, 80, 105-106, 108, 112, 140, 157, 162, 182,
147 184, 216, 218
84, 128-129, 155, 158, 168, 171, 216 , 220
169 , 117
193 174, 176, 187, 199, 206, 220
197, 199, 213, 223 95
16, 219
11, 14 , 16, 53, 56, 186, 189, 192, 200, 227
111 , 12
192 , 120
106-108, 120 ( ) 217
204, 206 12-13, 15, 30, 77, 88, 122, 125, 146, 149, 163, 174, 181-183, 185-
180 187, 217-219, 226-227
102 217, 219, 221, 228
() 184 174, 181
, 136 - 69, 77, 202
, 35 192, 200-201, 207-208
140
14 , 19, 27, 52, 56, 62, 118, 150, 169, 181, 222, 225, 229
61 119, 170, 229
61 10, 32, 53, 136, 142, 147, 153, 200, 219
52, 177, 192, 227 , 12, 19, 36, 46, 51, 56, 61-62, 65, 67, 79-80, 163, 165, 184-185,
222, 224,
164
23-26, 56, 61-62, 65-66, 78, 80, 85, 158-159, 160, 168, 170-171, 181,
12-13, 213 183, 193, 197, 200, 204, 228
12-13, 213 71
, 163-164 , 14 .
195 11, 211
32, 52-53 206
15 9, 10, 14, 26-33, 41, 45, 47-48, 50, 55-58, 60-62, 65-66, 68-70, 74-75,
69, 193 77-80, 87, 125-126, 140, 158, 159, 160, 169-171, 177-178, 181-183, 191,
52 193, 208, 212, 218, 226
158, 169-170, 209, 215, 229. , 113
15 , 84
12, 174, 183, 213, 219 , 220
174 , 120-121
11, 15-16, 182, 209, 219-221, 225 , 94
223 , Craini
14 , Gazeni 85
177 , 84, 125, 211
43 , 117
14 , 109, 111-113, 115-116, 127,
224
, 117, 145
, 123
173
, 65, 87
12-15, 79, 118, 147, 155, 163, 183, 216, 218-222, 224-225, 227-229.
, 129
11-13, 16-17, 158, 163, 175, 181, 183, 205-206, 216, 219
44, 100, 102, 154, 222
14
, (), 96, 98-100, 104, 112,
79, 186, 213, 229 151
12, , 84
220 , 67
- 229 , 113
9, 12-13, 61, 83, 116, 157-158 , 122
 7. 10. 255

, 109, 130, 132-133, 135, 137, 142, 215,

218-219, 225
, 104 95
, 116 15
, 168-169 , 154
, 150 149
, ,10, 14, 17, 60-61, 65, 67, , 96, 104-105, 185, 214
91, 96, 98-99, 103, 104, 132, 142, 155, 221 , , , 136
, 55, 142 , 84, 117, 163
, 111-116 151-152, 155
, 149 (),
, 118 (), 120, 141
15 , 149
, 213, 220 , 89
, 85 , 58-59
149 , 94, 106-108, 120, 149
15 109
, 146 , , 10, 84, 98, 109-111, 113-116,
, 132, 142, 149, 162, 166
, 147 , 204, 220
, 153 208, 219
, 84 , 228
, 165 - 208
, 147 186
, 59, 193, 195, 199-200, 207-209 , 158
, 34, 66 , 16, 84, 125-126, 158, 219
, 117 145-146
154, 183 , 158
15, 186 , 27, 33, 57, 78, 118, 151, 176, 182, 195, 216,
218, 22, 226
100, 102
205
, 122
205-206
( ), 66
149
, 128, 134, 145
58-59, 212, 218
, 118
218
, 27, 87
, 221-223
( ), 123
III, 224
86-87, 160, 225
215, 218
145, 147, 220, 223-224, 229
, 189
, 14
201
213
205
, 85, 105
, 17, 52, 149, 154, 166, 184, 211, 215, 223-224
, 95
75
, 95
205-206
, 127-128, 220-221, 228
57
, 165
192, 203
, 85. 158
58, 174, 213
145, 150, 223
140
, 129
57, 60, 182, 186, 220-221, 223, 226
, 146
71
, 149
71
, 139
, 14
, 176
19, 61-62, 71
, 58-59
149
, 145 223
9, 11, 14-15, 17, 27, 58, 60-62, 65, 145, 147, 157, 158, 159, 169,
, 49 171, 177, 183, 206, 208, 211, 213-214
, 116 17, 58, 65, 139, 157, 182, 185-186, 189, 193, 206, 208,
, 120-121, 141 211, 227-228
, 99 75, 77
, 158 192
14 200-201
, 85, 147, 158, 225 15-17
, 109, 112, 116, 137 57, 60, 183, 223
, 111 192
14, 67, 118, 130, 132, 135-136, 174, 129. 57, 60, 218, 223
256

189 17
, 122 122, 165
205 , 85, 105
54, 192, 206 223
12-13, 15-17, 18, 43, 46, 57-58, 60, 62, 78-80, 147, 151, 158, 163, , 209, 212-213
173-178, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 197-199, 202-203, 206-207, 209, 195
211-214, 216-220, 222-223, 226 -227
149, 223
69, 195, 197
223
78
122, 160
220
83, 108, 122, 132-137, 138, 140, 142, 181, 212,
146, 223 215-216, 218-219, 225
149, 151 122
56, 180, 227 152, 155
12 48-49
() 214 197
57-58, 60-61, 71-72, 146-147, 154-155, 182, 185, 189, 193, 206,
209, 213, 223-224, 227
199
137, 223
71
134
17, 27, 139,142
, 185
176
214, 223-225
173
155
173
154
66
12, 101, 174
43, 57, 60, 83, 140, 149, 176-178, 182, 215, 217-218, 221, 226
12, 15, 62, 84, 100, 147, 154, 163, 174, 181, 184, 217-221, 225,
229 , 95
137, 219, 221, 225, 228 , 14, 130
12-14, 16, 29, 4, 46-48, 54, 56-59, 61-62, 80, 84, 132, 144, 155, , 164
157-158, 160, 170-171, 173, 174-181, 183, 185, 187, 206-209, 211-218, 86
220-222, 225-229 12
9-13, 15, 19, 52, 55-56, 60-62, 84, 101, 111, 119, 122, 128, 130, , 117
147, 151, 153-155, 157-158, 169-171, 173-175, 181, 184-186, 189, 193,
205, 209, 211-215, 219-221, 223-225, 227-229 17, 37
215, 218-219, 221, 223-225, 227 () 223
199-200 174
71 52, 55, 183, 214, 226
57, 60 201
141, 186, 189, 192 200
142 200
14 166
11 14-15
130, 224-225, 229. 13, 175
23, 41, 62 209
, 95 14
, 10 118
, 118, 164 9, 12-14, 16, 57, 61-62, 101, 154,157-158, 171, 173-174, 176,
181, 211-215, 223-229
9-10, 55, 89, 157, 160-162, 169-171, 180, 183-184, 226 .
13-14, 173, 213-214
, 165 11
, 123 158
214 60, 74, 118, 206
54, 79, 192-193, 197, 203, 206-208, 12, 62, 147
186, 189, 199 12
57, 84, 124, 145, 182, 223 9, 10, 13, 15-16, 60-61, 83, 85, 119, 145-147, 158, 171, 176,
181-182, 219, 225
, 13.
158
, 209
223
, 13, 229 .
13
, 14
95
V, 219
14
, 14, 17, 130, 136, 163
174
, 16, 111, 116, 118, 130, 136, 144, 218,
223 . 206
154, 224 14
69, 193 214
9, 14, 61, 65, 68, 75, 80, 95, 120-122, 137, 140-141, 147, 154, 165, 116
168, 215, 222, 225 132
 7. 10. 257

15, 125, 144, 215 187, 226

189
60, 192
48, 154, 163, 181
15, 155 57, 61-62, 72-74, 77, 79-80, 109, 118, 122, 125, 129, 140, 147,
43, 178, 180 150, 154, 163, 174, 181, 183, 185, 193, 211, 213, 218, 220-221, 224, 226-
229
13-16, 27, 34, 61, 67, 87-88, 91, 99, 152-155, 157, 159, 160, 171,
184, 186, 206, 213, 219, 225 , 79 80, 224
169 29, 56-57, 69, 178, 193
69, 199 174, 193, 211, 216, 224, 226
221 174, 186-187, 189, 207, 226
14 17
11
221 43, 55, 60, 86, 151, 155, 180, 212
- 200 226
201 16, 208-209
199 11, 13, 173, 186-209, 219, 227-228
, 57, 60, 164, 174 80, 118, 128, 211, 216-221, 224, 228-229.
, , 221-222 . 219, 221, 226-227, 229.
221 , , 67
56, 155, 187, 213, 219, 227 , 60, 158, 171
219 44
14, 173-174 221
207 177
12, 54, 61, 142, 147, 155, 175, 187, 191, 207-208, 215-216, 219, 9, 10-11, 16-17, 165, 185, 211
224, 227-228 145
182 175-176, 205-206
59, 192, 201, 208
203 57
58-60,192, 202, 208
208 180
77, 201-202, 208 , 12, 15, 119, 181, 184, 211, 225, 229.
41 178
, 166 69
195 71
60 220
140 100, 212-214, 229.
, 158 220
62, 123, 213 138
14, 17, 137, 209 58
132
29, 191-192, 203, 206 27
72, 74-75, 78, 208 27, 158
46, 151, 158, 176 199
16, 56-57, 173, 180 120
, 219 184
12-13, 16, 62, 102, 147, 173-176, 186-187, 189, 191, 206, 208-209, 142, 177
213, 217-219, 227 , 120, 140, 187, 192
( , )15-16, 102, 127, 147, 151, 153-154, 175, 185- 176
186, 209, 212, 216, 225, 229
115
12, 44, 149, 185
(. ) 96
, 146
192
12, 14, 175
74-75
14
108, 113, 124, 140, 162, 218
187, 189, 208
123, 140, 216
 ore Jankovi
SRIN MARIIE FRO 7th O 10th NTUR
Summary
Dioclea was first recorded by this name in the middle of
the 10th century, in the writings of Emperor Constantine
VII Porphyrogenitus, where the name of the Roman town
of Doclea was linked to the name of Emperor Diocletian.
It is also known by this name in Serbian sources from
the 13th century, and is later generally known by the
name Pomorje (Littoral). The name Zeta can also be
found from the 11th century onward. Those are names
that, in the broadest sense, match the boundaries of
ancient Prevala (Prevalis, Prevalitana). In Latin sources
there is no separate country in this region but always
Sclavonia, Servia, Rassa and so forth. Priest Dukljanin
was a priest of Dioclitanae ecclesiae, the Church so called
after the town. In the popular tradition of the people
of Podgorica, Dukljan was Satan himself, the devil.
The available archaeological material, coming
from settlements (Sva, Ilovica, Gradina Martinia)
and cemeteries (Lje, Sard, Mijele, Sva, Kameno),
enables the determining of a reliable chronology
of Pomorje. The findings of pottery, which is by
manufacture divided into Serbian and Romeic, are
the most valuable for dating purposes. Archaeological
sites, compared with one another by pottery shards
and grave findings, give us six temporal layers.
The first layer was closed by the Avars around the
year 600; after that there is no more Byzantine kitchen
and table pottery crafted on a swift wheel, and pottery
crafted on a slow wheel appears, from the North,
Romeic and Serbian. It is found in a layer closed by
destruction in the 7th century, which can be explained by
the Bulgarian migration. Namely, Bulgarians could have
come to the region around the Danube as far back as
640-660, to soon descend to the South to the Pelagonia
region from Pannonia, under Kuber (Kuver), and then
to migrate to Italy, through Dalmatia, under Alciok
(Alzek). The following layer is marked by the founding
of cemeteries of the Komani-Kruje culture, around
the year 800. Then comes the renewal of churches in
coastal towns, which then perished in the Saracen
attempts to settle on the eastern shore of the Adriatic,
in 866. The layer closed at the time of the Bulgarian
conquering of Serbia in 924 is reliably confirmed only
on Gradina Martinia, although many other settlements
must have also been vacated at the time. Certain
meager findings indicate that there was a closing of
layers around the end of the 10th century (Sva).
The fact that the Saracens ravaged Pomorje in 866-
867 enables some grave findings to be dated to that
time. In these graves are objects previously dated to
the 7th, even the 6th century. Enclosed units from the
Crimean and neighboring Russian regions, as well as
layers from regions in the coastal area, show that they
should be dated to the 8th9th century. Among these
objects of particular significance are buckles (of the
types of Corinth, Bal-Gota, Mytilenes) and fibulae.
These cemeteries show different cultures: Slavic-
Serbian, Romeic and Komani-Kruje. Furthermore,
particular Slavic rituals are also recorded, such as
trizna, funerary rite (Sva). The placing of vessels
into the grave, seen in Lje (Lezh) and Sva, can by
interpreted as the stressing of the Orthodox Christianity
through the observing of ritual, under Iconoclastic rule.
A number of churches, serving until the 8th10th
century, dates from the Early Byzantine era (Bar, Budva,
Ilovica, Ston, etc.); the churches in Ancient Doclea were
vacated permanently. Several churches should be dated
differently than they have been so far, and some have
only just been discovered. The Holy Virgin of Krajina,
previously dated to around the year 1400, is actually from
the Early Byzantine era. The similar triconchal church
from Bar could have been in use until the 9th century.
A basilica with a transept was discovered in Budva,
which received its mosaic floor in the 7th century. At
the beginning of the 9th century it was divided off into a
260
church with lateral rooms and upstairs galleries, and at
the same time it received new stone furniture especially
prominent is a large ciborium, made of parapet slabs from
the 6th century. Of greatest repute was the monastery of
Archangel Michael in Prevlaka (Ilovica), renewed many
times. Its cathedral, built around the beginning of the
9th century, on the location of older churches from the
3rd and 6th centuries, was a three-nave structure with
three apses to the East. Its stone furniture has been
preserved in part. It would appear that the basin of the
baptistery from the time of Dux Vieslav, today located
in Split, also appears to have belonged to this temple.
The church of the Holy Trinity that is located in the same
monastery today is built on the foundations of a church
from the Early Byzantine era, which received new stone
furniture in the 9th century. The correct dating for the
cruciform church of St. Thomas in Pranj could be to
the early 7th century. Kotor was an important church
center; early churches have been found in uranj and
in the foundations of the sacristy of present-day temple
of St. Tryphon, where a cathedral could also be located.
The basilicas from Kotor, determined as belonging to the
Early Byzantine era, are probably from the 10th11th
century. The dating of the basilica discovered beneath the
foundations of the Dubrovnik cathedral and the cruciform
structure beside it should similarly be corrected, to the
10th or first quarter of the 11th century. Also erroneously
dated to the 6th century is the triconchal church with
baptistery from Doljani, which was in fact constructed
around the year 900. Especially significant is the church
from Gradina Martinia, analogous to the church from
Pope near Novi Pazar. It has several phases indicating the
change of rituals in the second phase the walk around
the altar table, the Episcopal throne and the baptistery
were cancelled, by construction of an altar partition and
ciborium. They were later demolished. In present-day
Metohia, once also part of the province of Prevalis, there
were important churches. The Church of the St. Apostles
in the Pe Patriarchate is part of a large temple that was
located there, of which the foundations beneath St.
Tryphone are very reminiscent. Studenica Hvostanska
was a monastery since no later than the 6th century. Its
new cathedral single-nave temple with inscribed apse
was most probably constructed in the 7th century, and
reminds of the church from Vrutci near Sarajevo. Also
found in Vrutci was a richly ornamented stone decoration
from the beginning of the 9th century, similar to the one
from the coastal region. Some corrections also need to be
made to the reading of inscriptions. Thus the inscription
on the church dedicated to St. Stephen should, instead of
(coniuge) Dana read Danel (hursar) cum coniuge mea
Churches with basilical bases have been used since
ancient times (Doljani, Budva). They began being built
again in the 10th century (Kotor, Dubrovnik, Prizren).
Older single-nave churches have semicircular apses, and
since the 7th century as a rule have apses inscribed into
a rectangle and trapeze (Muo, Rose, Mljet, Ston, edro,
uranj, Studenica Hvostanska, Vrutci). Most prominent
are single-nave churches with lateral rooms, which can
have semicircular or inscribed apses. The oldest among
them are the ones with asymmetrically distributed lateral
rooms, from the Early Byzantine era (Ston, Mljet, Srima).
These are followed by churches with symmetrically
distributed rooms and inscribed apses (St. Apostles in
Pe, foundations of St. Tryphone in Kotor, probably Doci
in Neretva and Lepenica near Sarajevo). The youngest
churches of this group, from the 9th century, have three
semicircular apses to the east. They are represented by
churches in Gradina Martinia in Zeta and Pope near
Novi Pazar; perhaps there are more churches that fall
into the same group (Beka, Tarabo). Around the year
900 churches were built with a triconchal base, the most
significant of which is the church in Doljani, constructed
adjacent to an old basilica. The triconchal-based churches
from Drivast and Zaton seem to have been open to the
west. Churches with similar bases can be found only in
the region from Ohrid to the Danube and on Byzantine
ground. Cruciform-based churches (Pranj, Dubrovnik,
perhaps St. Tryphone in Kotor) are rare, but they have a
lengthy tradition, starting with Panik from the 3rd century.
Several phases can be noted in the dating of stone
ornaments of churches. Some pieces could be from the
7th century (Ilovica), and slabs with a depiction of a
gryphon from Sustjepan from the 8th century (Ulcinj,
Budva, Ilovica, Kotor, Dubrovnik). Correctly dated to
around the year 900 are the newly-built altar partition
and ciborium in the church at Gradina Martinia, from
the time of archont Peter. The stone furniture from the
vicinity of Janjina on Peljeac is also dated by the mention
of the same archont. Also interesting is the placing of
three crosses on inscriptions (Sveti Stefan, Kotor, two
from Ston). An interrupted line along the edges, or rows
of triangles, could be a characteristic of stonemason
workshops from Serbia of the 6th-13th century.
There is archaeological data available for three towns,
 7. 10.
Sard, Sva and Stari Bar. Fortifying characteristics
can be singled out in them rounded corners of
surrounding walls, gates in circular towers and towers
with semicircular bases, from the time of defense against
the Bulgarians in the 9th century. Perhaps Viegrad near
Prizren is from the same period. The towers and some
gates of Gradina Martinia near Danilovgrad, are from
a younger phase, built onto an old wall around the year
900. Here, within the surrounding wall with two gates,
there used to be a rectangular castle with belonging
church, raised by archont Mutimir. In Gornji Oblun
there are foundations of a similar rectangular structure.
Of the three towns that Emperor Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus writes of in Dioclea, only Lontodokla
(Lontodocla) can be linked with certainty to Doljani
near Podgorica. Singled out as a separate whole is
the unexplored Skadar with accompanying hamlets,
known only for its numismatic findings. The study of
the circulation of money from Dubrovnik shows that
this largest town in the coastal region (with an area of
around 7 hectares) could have perished several times:
at the beginning of the 7th century, in the second half of
the same century and around 840 (attack of the Saracens
at the time of conquering Bari?). Renewed circulations
are prominent around the year 900 and 925, and
permanently as of Basileos the Second. On the Vladimir
hill in the vicinity of Sva there is a fortification with
a church, where Oblik from the Chronicle of the Priest
of Doclea (Ljetopis popa Dukljanina) could have been.
The available archaeological material clearly shows a
total of three ethnae or cultures in the coastal region:
Serbs, Latins and people of the Komani-Kruje culture,
i.e. Red Croats. The Diocletians and Goths noted in
written sources cannot be archaeologically determined
There are very meager testimonies on the Greek,
mostly in inscriptions in stone (Ilovica, Gradina) and
mosaic (Budva).
In written sources Serbs are, as a rule, mentioned
under the general name of Slavs. Apart from that, they
are also demarked as allies of the Empire, which can
be archaeologically verified as well. The Chronicle of
the Priest of Doclea, as well as written sources from
Dubrovnik and elsewhere, make note of the Morovlachi.
This name could refer to Serbs that Emperor Constantine
VII Porphyrogenitus writes of on the Caucasus, under
the archon tn Serbotin tn legomnoun Mara
261
paida. Archaeologically, Serbs can be followed by
certain characteristics, such as a long application of trizna
(Sva, Kameno), or the use of an bread-baking pan until
the present day (Sva, Ilovica). Slavic buckles from Lje
and Kroja, also known in the erdap and Banat regions,
indicate a migration from the Danube to the coastal
region around Skadar. Such a course of migrations is
also suggested by pottery shards decorated by wavy and
upright lines drawn by a comb (Sva, Ilovica), which
appear around the beginning of the 7th century, and
originate from the regions around Vienna and Bratislava.
Of older origin are undecorated pots, dated in Kameni
to the second half of the 7th century. They are preceded
by some shards from Sva and Ilovica, among which
are pieces of small single-handled pots. The rib on the
neck is a characteristic of the 7th century, and the added
ornaments on pots and ribs on the pans are also frequent
in younger ages as well. In the 8th and 9th century the
pottery was frequently decorated with slanted strokes
with a comb, characteristic for the entire Serbian coastal
area, and also present in the North-West from Morava
to Elbe (Laba). Similar to pottery decorated with ribs, it
can be linked to related products in present-day Bosnia,
and through the regions of Morava, Vienna and Elbe.
In written sources the inhabitants of the coastal
towns are natione Romanis or Latinus gente. They can
be archaeologically separated in the 7th century into
two basic components, local (buckles in the form of
doves and feline beats) and northern, originating from
the region around the Danube (iron buckles with bent
bases, pots crafted on a slow wheel). Pottery irregularly
decorated by a comb and crafted on a slow wheel
(Ilovica, Stareva Gorica) can be linked to pottery from
Herzegovina, Istria and Northern Italy. From the 9th
century onward Latins can no longer be recognized by
movable archaeological findings. According to written
sources and other circumstances, there was a settling
of Latins from Italy also, in the 9th-10th century
(Antibari, Belos legendary settling of Dubrovnik
from Rome, Kotor under archbishopric of Bari).
Written sources quite dimly and vaguely indicate the
presense of Croats (so called Red Croats) and Avars,
somewhere between the Neretva and Byzantine Ohrid.
There are Avar objects in the area of the Old Croat
culture (Smrdelj) and in the region of the Komani-Kruje
culture (Vrap) as well, and in the Serbian coastal region
262
in ipan. Characteristics of the Old Croat culture of the
region between Cetina and Istria can also be found in
Bulgarian territories (unornamented vessels, jugs, pots
with handles, signs on pottery etc.). Certain finds of
characteristic biconical pots might indicate belonging to
Guduani. In Lje, Sard and the vicinity of Vir were
discovered the westernmost cemeteries of the Komani-
Kruje culture, which spreads to Pelagonia in the East. It
has been erroneously dated to the 7th century and ascribed
to descendants of Illyrians or to Romanized population. It
consists of several components. Byzantine objects from
the 8th-9th century come from coastal towns (buckles
of the type of Corinth, Bal-Gota) or from the Byzantine
population of Pannonia (buckles of the types of Mytilenes,
circular buckles). Slavic objects can be discerned by
small earrings with salteleons, some earrings with star-
shaped pendants, arrow tips in the shape of a swallows
tail. Characteristics of the Komani-Kruje culture are
torques, earrings, buckles, semicircular pendants, circular
metal rims, wide-spread use of mosaic tubular pearls.
Similar object can be found in the broad areas between
the Caucasus, Ural, Swabia and north-west Pannonia.
Its dating to the 9th century is most clearly shown by
the well described grave units from Koman, published
by P. Traeger. The description of the settling of bearers
of the Komani-Kruje culture can be found in the
Chronicle of the Priest of Doclea in the story of the
settlement of alleged Bulgarians. In it Slavic words can
be recognized (Velija; bare, Bar; Seno-buja, Sin-bagija),
Bulgarian words (Volga, Vulgari, kagan), with a certain
Sarmatian presence (Kris). The peoples of this culture
could have come to north-west Pannonia towards the
end of the 8th century, from the border regions between
the Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate. The Komani-Kruje
culture arose upon the fall of the Avar Khaganate in 791-
814, and disappeared with the Bulgarian conquering
of the region until Skadar, first in 897. As a Christian
culture, it can be linked with data on Christianity in the
regions of the Russian steppes in the 7th-9th century,
and on bishoprics around Dra (Durrachio, Durrs),
among which were Hunavija (Hunavia) and Kron. The
cemeteries of the Komani-Kruje culture are located
next to fortifications, and there is data on 30 fortresses
that the Bulgarians returned to Byzantine in 896-904.
Serbia must have been established as a state from the
7th century. Dux Vieslav whom the priest Iohannes
makes note of on the inscription of the baptistery basin
from the beginning of the 9th century is a descendant of
the ruler that brought Serbs to Dalmatia at the time of
Emperor Heraclius. He must have been ruler confirmed
in his own Church, or else Priest Iohannes would not have
made note of him, but of the Byzantine Emperor. Rulers
had their own castles with churches (Gradina Martinia).
The plan of the rooms around the yard in Gradina shows
its complex content: the quarters of the ruler, warehouse
for collected taxes, stables, quarters of the dignitaries
and members of the court. A significant characteristic of
a state is its army. Cavalry is known to have been present
since the 7th century, but is confirmed by archaeological
findings only since the time of the Bulgarian conquering
of Serbia. Danael from the inscription in the church of
St. Stephen seems to have been a hursar, which could
mean that he was some kind of fleet commander. The
official script at the court seems to have been Greek (the
seal of Strojimir), Latin script was used in the churches
(numerous inscriptions), and since St. Constantine Cyrill
the state used Glagollitic script (ean). The economy
and taxes were based on clear rules, although money
was not in use. Apart from agriculture, including the
making of wine, a significant role was certainly played
by salt plants, mining with metallurgy, the processing
of fur and so forth, as well as trade in these goods.
Two facts are important for the studying of the early
history of the Serbian national church. First, that the
use of the same churches can be seen through from
the 6th century to the 9th and 10th century, including
monasteries in which there is Slavic-Serbian pottery as
early as from the 6th century. Second, these churches
differ both by duration and by appearance from the
churches of the surrounding areas. Both of these facts
indicate the early Christianity of Serbs, according to
Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus since the
time of Emperor Heraclius. Other written sources also
indicate the existence of Serbian bishoprics in the 7th-
8th century (Servija, Gordoserba, Pope Agathon, etc.).
The spontaneous inclusion of Serbs and Slavs in the
Byzantine service or inhabited in Byzantine settlements
into the local church organization must have taken place,
since the final decades of the 6th century. At the time
of Emperor Heraclius the Church adapted to Serbs, the
people that Dalmatia was left to, was only just established.
The natural seat of the presumed arch-bishopric was in
the Church of the St. Apostles in Pe, unusually large
and with plan characteristic for western regions. It
could have united the jurisdiction over Dalmatia and
 7. 10.
Justiniana Prima. Serbian rulers took the throne there,
as did Vieslav. At the time of this ruler, the first noted
by name, many renewals of churches took place, both
Serbian (monastery of Ilovica, Vrutci near Sarajev) and
in the Latin towns of Byzantium (Ulcinj, Budva, Kotor).
Because of the expansion of the Bulgarians, the seat
of the archbishopric had to be moved during the 9th
century, most probably to Doljani, to the old basilica.
That was a time of great changes in the Church, caused
by the work of the Slavic apostles. The fight of Rome
for the establishing of rule over the Serbian national
church began, which can be seen in the striving for
domination the churches of Dacia and Dalmatia (this
one through Pannonia) by Rome, recorded in the letters
of Pope John VIII. This caused resistance both in Serbia
and in Bulgaria, where a Slavic service was elected.
However, when Peter came to the throne in Serbia, he
introduced a new practice of liturgies, as shown by the
partitions in the castle church in Gradina Martinia.
This Latinization, assisted by the interests of Emperor
Leo VI, caused resistance. When Peters rule ended, the
partitions were torn down. At the same time, churches
with triconchal bases were raised, similar to those
in the vicinity of Ohrid (Doljani, Drivast, Zaton).
In the western third of the Bulgarian empire an
archbishopric was established that succeeded the
Justiniana Prima. Its first archbishop was Agathon, who
was succeeded, as suggested by all circumstances, by
St. Clement. This archbishopric can be archaeologically
recognized by churches with triconchal and tetraconchal
bases. They are not known in Bulgaria or the neighboring
Croatia, but can be found in Zeta. When the Bulgarians
conquered Serbia in 924, they most probably raised
a church in ancient Doclea, in order to found a new
spiritual center. The Serbian archbishop at the time fled
to Dubrovnik. Immediately upon the conquering of
Serbia, in 925, a church council took place in Split, in
263
which the Duke of Zahumlje Mihailo, Bulgarian ally,
took part as well. At this council the practice of Slavonic
liturgies was discontinued. After that, according to
the Chronicle, Belo Pavlimir takes over the rule over
Dubrovnik and all of Serbia, and he founds a bishopric
in Ras, with the Church of St. Peter. This shows that
the seat of the archbishopric was still in Dubrovnik.
At the time of Jovan Vladimir, who succeeded Belo,
educated in Ohrid, the church services were certainly
Slavic, since the official script was Glagolitic (ean).
It can be concluded that Serbs began the taking over
of Dalmatia towards the end of the 4th century, and
completed it at the beginning of the 7th. This handing
over was easy for Byzantine, since Serbs accepted
Christianity. The linking of the settling of Serbs with
Emperor Heraclius probably should be connected with
migrations into the vicinity of Thessalonica (Serblia)
and Asia Minor (Gordoserba). The reason for such a
connection can be the establishing of an archbishopric
at the time of Emperor Heraclius and within it the
confirmation of the succeeding rulers. Such a state was
self-sufficient until circumstances changed dramatically
with the coming of Charlemagne. At the beginning of
the 9th century, in war with Frankish Empire, Serbia
lost some regions to the north-west; between Pelagonia
and Skadar peoples of the Komani-Kruje culture settled,
and then the Bulgarians occupied the eastern parts of
the Serbian territories as well. A stronger connection
with Byzantine and a change in the organization of the
state ensued. This enabled long-term resistance to the
expansion of the Bulgarians. The seat of the Church,
moved to Doljani, was now more exposed to external
influence. Bulgaria finally did manage to conquer Serbia
in 924. When aslav renewed Serbia, the coastal regions
were not included. Upon the fall of Serbia, the parish
of Dioclea was formed for the first time, by Bulgaria,
to be taken over by Byzantine. At the time of Belo
Pavlimir and Jovan Vladimir the country was once
again united for the most part, together with Dioclea.
CIP -

904"06/09"(497.16)

7. 10. /

. - :

= Serbian Archaeological

Society, 2007 ( : =

Belgrade : elnid). - 257 . :

. ; 30 cm. - ( /

= Occasional Papers / Serbian

Archaeological Society. Medieval

Archeology ; 5)

Ha . . .: Serbian Martime from

7th to l0th Centuru. -

. - 500. -

: . 231-244. - .

ISBN 978-86-904455-5-4

) -

) -

- ) -

COBISS.SR-ID 140156428