CU TRC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

Phn 1. CC THNH PHN C BN V VN HNH BO DNG TRM BTS

1. Cc khi nim.
1.1. BTS (Base Transceiver Station) l g?
- L trm trung chuyn thu v pht sng in thoi di ng. Ngoi ra trm BTS c
th l trm iu hnh vn ti taxi. Bn cht cc sng ny l bc x in t cao tn.
- BTS l mt thit b dng pht tn hiu ra mi trng v tuyn n my di
dng v thu tn hiu t cc my di ng cng thng qua mi trng v tuyn. N thng
tin n cc MS (mobile station) thng qua giao din v tuyn Um v kt ni vi b iu
khin trm gc BSC (Base station controller) thng qua giao din abis.
1.2. Mng t ong.
- Ton b vng phc v ca h thng in thoi di ng t ong c chia thnh
nhiu vng phc v nh c gi l cc , mi c mt trm gc ph trch v c iu
khin bi tng i sao cho thu bao vn c th duy tr c cuc gi mt cch lin tc
khi di chuyn gia cc vng.
1.2.3. V tr trm BTS trong h thng GM v mng t ong.

Cu trc tng quan h thng GSM.

 H thng in thoi di ng

- Trong h thng GSM trm BTS l thnh phn tip xc trc tip vi MS thng
qua mi trng v tuyn.
- Trong mng t ong th trm BTS giao tip vi trm gc BSC to thnh mt t
bo trong mng t ong.
2. Thnh phn c bn v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng.
2.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca trm BTS.
2.1.1. Trm BTS 2G.
2.1.1.1. H thng out door:
- Tr anten, dy co(nu c), cu cp ngoi, h thng tip a, anten
viba(nu c), anten 900MHz, 1800MHz, h thng nh trm.
 2.1.1.2. H thng trm indoor.
- H thng in AC, DC acqui, t rack cha card BTS, t rack cha thit
tr truyn dn nh IDU, cnh bo ACS.
2.1.2. Trm BTS 3G.
- V c bn cc thnh phn ca trm BTS 3G nh trm BTS 2G. Tuy
nhin trm BTS 3G c nhng t im khc v mt cng ngh nn cc nh mng khi
nng cp t cng ngh 2G ln 3G ngi ta ch s dng li nh trm, ngun, tr anten.
Cn trm BTS 2G vn c gi nguyn v ngi ta lp thm mt t thit b c gi l
Mode phc v cng ngh 3G.
- C th anten, truyn dn PDH 2G khng c s dng cho 3G, nn phi
lp thm anten, ruyn dn PDH phc v cho cng ngh 3G.
-
2.1.3. t im vt l v cng ngh ca cc trm BTS.
- Cc nh mng nh Mobifone, Vina Phone, Viettel, EVN tellecom,
VietNamobile, SFone, Beline chn nhiu thit b ca nhiu hang khc nhau nh: Huawei,
Ericson, Acaltel-Lucent, Motorola, Siemen, ZTE, LG Trong khun kh bi vit ny
tc gi phn tch t im cng ngh v thnh phn BTS ca thit b Huawei (TQ) v
Acaltel Lucent (Php, sn xut ti thng hi TQ).
 T Ericsson

T Motorola

2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca trm BTS.

2.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca trm BTS.
- Phng thc hot ng l thu pht sng v tuyn, ngha l trm BTS c
nhim v thu sng v tuyn t MS, v pht li sng n MS.
- Cc BTS lin kt vi h thng qun l bng mng v tuyn hoc hu
tuyn. Lung di ng hoc PSTN dng chung mt loi lung l lung E1.
- Khi lp t 1 BTS ngi ta thng quan tm n nhiu yu t.u tin l
phi chn v tr t trm ph thuc trn phng ti u v thit k h thng, khi i thu
trm BTS ngi ta phi c 1 thit b GPS nh v v tr t trm. Sau p ta ln
quy hoch mng li (ty thuc vo nh cung cp dch v). Sau khi hon tt cc th tc
trn th trm BTS s c lp t, tch hp mi (cng vic ca k thut).
- Khi lu lng thu bao tng t ngt th ta tng kh nng Handover ca
trm BTS ln bng cch tng s sng mang ca trm pht sng. Nu thay i phn
cng th b sung thm my pht. Trn l thuyt vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS c bn
knh khong 35km. Trn thc t th vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS trong thnh ph
khong 500m -> 1km, cn nng thn khong 3Km.
2.2.2. Cng sut pht ca trm BTS v MS.
- Cng sut pht (lu cng sut pht ngha l cng sut ca mi anten
trn tr lp anten ) ca BTS c nh khai thc t ci t nhng m bo khng
gy nhiu cho cc BTS xung quanh, cng sut cc i khng qu 30 W mi knh. Mi
BTS s dng t 2 n 4 knh, do cng sut cc i ca mi BTS vo khong 60 n
120W. Cng sut trung bnh thng nh hn con s ny kh nhiu, bi v t khi BTS phi
pht ht cng sut (ch khi tt c cc knh u phc v 8 my cm tay v tt c cc
my cm tay u ra ca vng ph sng).
- GSM900 cu hnh 2/2/2 cng sut trn nc t anten l:
39,81W/39,81W/39,81W. Cu hnh 4/4/4 cng sut l: 35,56W/35,56W/35,56W
- GSM1800 cu hnh 2/2/2 cng sut trn nc t anten l:
35,48W/35,48W/35,48W. Cu hnh 4/4/4 cng sut l: 31,7W/31,7W/31,7W
- Hin nay TD nc ta ang s dng hai cng ngh l GSM
(Vinaphone, Mobifone, Viettel, Vietnamobile, Beeline) di tn 900 MHz, 1800 MHZ v
CDMA (Sfone, EVN) di tn 800 MHz (mng 096 ca EVN di tn 450 MHz). Mi
doanh nghip c cp pht mt on bng tn nh (mt vi chc MHz) trong di tn ni
trn. Mi on nh ny li c chia thnh cc knh s dng. V d mi knh GSM c
rng 0,2 MHz. Mi trm gc BTS c s dng mt vi knh nht nh m bo
n khng gy nhiu cho trm gc khc (s dng cc knh khc) t gn . tng s
lng ngi s dng c th ng thi truyn tn hiu n mt trm BTS, ngi ta s
dng mt k thut gi l TDMA nhm phn chia thi gian s dng mi knh cho nhiu
ngi dng. Trong cng ngh GSM, 8 my cm tay dng chung mt knh, ln lt tng
my thu pht sau ngng li cc my khc thu pht.
- Cng sut cc i ca mt my cm tay theo tiu chun GSM l 2W
(bng 900MHz) v 1W (bng 1800MHz). Nhng do k thut TDMA nu trn, cng sut
trung bnh ch bng 1/8 cng sut cc i (0,25W v 0,125W tng ng cho tng bng).
Tuy nhin, cng sut thc t khi m thoi cn nh hn na do khng phi lc no my
cm tay cng pht sng (c lc ngng li thu tn hiu - lc nghe hoc lc ngng ni
gia cc t). Ngoi ra, b phn iu khin cng sut cn t ng gim cng sut pht khi
my cm tay gn trm BTS.
3. Bo dng h thng BTS.
3.1. Nguyn tc bo dng h thng BTS.
- m bo trm lun lun c on air, ngha l trm lun hot ng c yu cu
thu pht sng in thoi v thc hin chuyn cuc gi n ni khc
- m bo cht lng cuc gi t nh yu cu ra, khng b t on cuc gi.
 - H thng chng st phi an ton cho con ngi, nhng ngi sng xung quanh
khu vc t nh trm.
- H thng tr phi kin c an ton.
3.2. Cc li thng gp v cch khc phc trong h thng.
3.2.1. Cc li thng gp
3.2.1.1. Cc s c do xy dng h tng mng.
- Tr anten khng p ng yu cu k thut, khng m bo cht lng. Tr b
t dy co, tr b r rc do qu trnh oxi ha.
- Nh trm khng kin c, nh trm b dch chuyn s c ny thng sy ra vi
kiu nh shelter.
3.2.1.2. Cc s c v k thut lp t thit b.
- Thit b anten thu sng in thoi khng m bo til, azimuth s dn n khng
m bo cht lng dch v. Vng ph sng khng m bo theo yu cu.
- Lp t h thng anten truyn dn khng kin c, sy ra s c b xoay thit b
truyn dn iu ny s dn n mc thu ca thit b truyn dn khng m bo yu cn
dn n trm BTS b cht, hoc chp chn lc sng lc cht.
- Suy hao do phideer ca BTS b bin dng.
- Suy hao do u connector khng m bo khi lp t.
- Cc u connector b vo nc, c th lm cht truyn truyn dn, v lm cht
trm.
3.2.1.3. S c do thit b v cc s c khc.
- Thit b truyn dn ODU, IDU b cht (i vi trm BTS s dng truyn dn
PDH hoc SDH) v khng hot ng c iu ny s lm mt tuyn truyn dn v lm
cht trm BTS.
- Card AGC, TXT, SUMA b hng s lm trm BTS khng th thc hin qu trnh
thu pht theo yu cu.
- Cht trm do h thng ngun AC b mt, v DC khng m bo duy tr cho
trm.
- Cht lng thu pht ca card khng m bo yu cu, ngha l card trong t
BTS vn hot ng nhng khng p ng yu cu v mt thu pht.
- Trm ang hot ng nhng bng dng b mt tn hiu truyn dn do nhiu tn
s ca h thng mng khc.
3.2.2. Cch khc phc.
3.2.2.1. i vi cc s c v mt h tng.
- Lun lun kim tra h thng giy co (i vi trm dy co) m bo yu cu.
thc hin bo dng tr bng cch sn theo nh k h thng tr anten.
- Thc hin kim tra kin c nh trm theo yu cu i vi nh shelter, kim tra
mi nh v cc tng xung quanh, trnh khng cho nc thm vo nh trm.
3.2.2.2. i vi cc s c v k thut lp t.
- Phi sit cht tt c cc thit b c lp t, kin c thit b vo h thng tr
anten trnh trng hp thit b b xoay do tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi nh gi
ma. Lp hng anten v gc ngn anten phi theo thit k v tht kin c.
- K thut lp t feedeer phi m bo yu cu k thut khng lm mo m bin
dng h thng feeder. Lp cc u connector phi chc chn, ng k thut khng u
connector b vo nc, b suy hao.
 - Thng xuyn kim tra cc phm Crom, xem c s c g vi cc lung truyn
dn hay khng.
3.2.2.3. i vi nhm s c do thit b v cc s c khc.
- i vi cc thit b nhn ODU, IDU, SUMA, TXT, AGC b hng phi thay
thit b mi theo yu cu.
- Thng xuyn kim tra h thng Acqui c theo tiu chun k thut, v m bo
s duy tr trong mt khong thi gian yu cu khi xy ra s c mt AC.
- i vi s c do nhiu tn s bi mng khc phi thc hin i phn cc sng
khc cho anten viba, hoc c th i cp tn s khc.
- Thng xuyn kim tra mc thu pht ca h thng truyn dn, ca trm BTS
theo di tnh trng cu thit b v c phng n khc phc nhanh nht.