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Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series 2. Special Power Series
Definitions: Powers of Natural Numbers
First term: a1 n
1
Nth term: an k = 2 n ( n + 1)
k =1
Number of terms in the series: n
n
1
Sum of the first n terms: Sn
Difference between successive terms: d
k
k =1
2
=
6
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)

Common ratio: q n
1 2
k
2
Sum to infinity: S
3
= n ( n + 1)
k =1 4
Arithmetic Series Formulas:
Special Power Series
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
1
a + ai +1
= 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + . . . ( for : 1 < x < 1)
ai = i 1 1 x
2 1
a + an
= 1 x + x2 x3 + . . . ( for : 1 < x < 1)
Sn = 1 n 1+ x
2 x 2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2a1 + ( n 1) d 2! 3!
Sn = n
2 x2 x3 x 4 x5
ln (1+ x ) = x + + ... ( for : 1 < x < 1)
Geometric Series Formulas: 2 3 4 5
an = a1 q n1 x3 x5 x 7 x9
sin x = x + + ...
3! 5! 7! 9!
ai = ai 1 ai +1
x 2 x 4 x6 x8
an q a1 cos x = 1 + + ...
Sn = 2! 4! 6! 8!
q 1 x3 2x5 17x7
tan x = x + + + + ... for : < x <
Sn =
( n
a1 q 1 ) 3 15 315 2 2
q 1 x3 x5 x 7 x 9
sinh x = x + + + + ...
a1 3! 5! 7! 9!
S= for 1 < q < 1
1 q x 2 x 4 x6 x8
cosh x = 1 + + + + ...
2! 4! 6! 8!
x3 2x5 17x7
tan x = x + +... for : < x <
3 15 315 2 2
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3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Definition:
f(
n 1) n 1
f (a )( x a ) 2 (a) ( x a )
f ( x) = f (a ) + f (a ) ( x a ) + + . . .+ + Rn
2! ( n 1)!
f(
n) n
( )( x a )
Rn = Lagrange ' s form a x
n!
f(
n) n 1
( )( x ) ( x a )
Rn = Cauch ' s form a x
( n 1)!

This result holds if f(x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If lim Rn = 0 , the infinite series obtained is called
n
Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.

Binomial series
n n ( n 1) n ( n 1)( n 2 )
(a + x) = a n + na n1 x + a n2 x 2 + a n 3 x3 + ...
2! 3!
n n n
= a n + a n 1 x + a n 2 x 2 + a n 3 x3 + ...
1 2 3
Special cases:
1
(1 + x ) = 1 x + x 2 x3 + x 4 ... 1 < x < 1
2
(1 + x ) = 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x3 + 5 x 4 ... 1 < x < 1
3
(1 + x ) = 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + 15 x 4 ... 1 < x < 1
1
1 1 3 2 1 3 5 3
(1 + x ) 2 = 1 x+ x x + ... 1 < x 1
2 24 246
1
1 1 2 1 3 3
(1 + x ) 2 = 1+ x x + x + ... 1 < x 1
2 24 246

Series for exponential and logarithmic functions

x 2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2! 3!
2 3
x ( x ln a ) ( x ln a )
a = 1 + x ln a + + + ...
2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
ln (1 + x ) = x + ... 1 < x 1
2 3 4
2 3
x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
ln (1 + x ) = + + + ... x
x 2 x 3 x 2
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Series for trigonometric functions
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x + + ...
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 + + ...
2! 4! 6!

tan x = x +
x 3 2 x5 17 x 7
+ + + ... +
( )
2 2 n 22 n 1 Bn x 2 n 1


<x<

3 15 315 ( 2n ) ! 2 2
1 x x3 2 x 5 2 2 n Bn x 2 n 1
cot x = ... 0< x <
x 3 45 945 ( 2n )!
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6 E x2n
sec x = 1 + + + + ... + n + ... <x<
2 24 720 ( 2n ) ! 2 2

1 x 7 x3
csc x = + + + ... +
( )
2 2 2 n 1 En x 2 n
+ ... 0< x <
x 6 360 ( 2n )!
1 x 3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7
sin 1 x = x + + + + ... 1 < x < 1
2 3 24 5 246 7
1 x3 1 3 x5
cos 1 x = sin 1 x = x+ + + ... 1 < x < 1
2 2 2 3 24 5
x3 x 2 x3
x + + ... if 1 < x < 1
3 5 7
1 1 1
tan 1 x = + + ... if x 1
3
2 x 3x 5 x5
1 1 1
+ 3 5 + ... if x < 1
2 x 3x 5x
x3 x 2 x 3
x + + .. . if 1 < x < 1

2 3 5 7

1 1


cot x = tan x = 1 1 1 1
2 + + ... if x 1
x 3x 3
5x 5
7 x7
1 1 1 1
+ + + ... if x < 1
x 3x 3
5x 5
7 x7
Series for hyperbolic functions
x3 x5 x 7
sinh x = x + + + + ...
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cosh x = 1 + + + + ...
2! 4! 6!

tanh x = x
x3 2 x5 17 x7
+ + ... +
( 1) n 1 2 n
2 ( 22n 1) Bn x2n1 + ... if

<x<

3 15 315 ( 2n )! 2 2
n 1 2 n
1 x x3 2 x 7 ( 1) 2 Bn x 2n1
coth x = + + + ... + + ... if 0 < x <
x 3 45 945 ( 2n ) !