Fuel injection rate

Emission control, NOx control

Regeneration of oxidation catalytic converter
Turbocharger control
Cooling system control
Throttle control

Injected fuel quantity is the amount of fuel delivered to an engine cylinder per power stroke. It is
often expressed in mm3/stroke or mg/stroke. Injection duration is the period of time during
which fuel enters the combustion chamber from the injector.
NOx gases are usually produced from the reaction
among nitrogen and oxygen during combustion of fuels, such as hydrocarbons, in air; especially
at high temperatures, such as occur in car engines. In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as
in large cities, the nitrogen oxides emitted can be a significant source of air pollution. NOx gases
are also produced naturally by lightning.

A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases

and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation
and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fueled
by either petrol (gasoline) or diesel including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene heaters and
stoves.

Turbochargers were originally known as turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices
were classified as superchargers. Nowadays the term "supercharger" is usually applied only to
mechanically driven forced induction devices. The key difference between a turbocharger and a
conventional supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine, often
through a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven
by the engine's exhaust gas. Compared with a mechanically driven supercharger, turbochargers
tend to be more efficient, but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine with both a
supercharger and a turbocharger.

Turbochargers are commonly used on truck, car, train, aircraft, and construction equipment
engines. They are most often used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines.
They have also been found useful in automotive fuel cells.

Today's cooling system must maintain the engine at a constant temperature whether the outside air
temperature is 110 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 below zero. If the engine temperature is too low, fuel
economy will suffer and emissions will rise. If the temperature is allowed to get too hot for too
long, the engine will self-destruct.

Electronic throttle control (ETC) is an automobile technology which electronically "connects"

the accelerator pedal to the throttle, replacing a mechanical linkage.[1] A typical ETC system
consists of three major components: (i) an accelerator pedal module (ideally with two or more
independent sensors), (ii) a throttle valve that can be opened and closed by an electric motor
(sometimes referred to as an electric or electronic throttle body (ETB)), and (iii) a powertrain or
engine control module (PCM or ECM).[2] The ECM is a type of electronic control unit (ECU),
which is an embedded system that employs software to determine the required throttle position by
calculations from data measured by other sensors, including the accelerator pedal position sensors,
engine speed sensor, vehicle speed sensor, and cruise control switches. The electric motor is then
used to open the throttle valve to the desired angle via a closed-loop control algorithm within the
ECM.
The benefits of electronic throttle control are largely unnoticed by most drivers because the aim is
to make the vehicle power-train characteristics seamlessly consistent irrespective of prevailing
conditions, such as engine temperature, altitude, and accessory loads. Electronic throttle control is
also working 'behind the scenes' to dramatically improve the ease with which the driver can execute
gear changes and deal with the dramatic torque changes associated with rapid accelerations and
decelerations.
Electronic throttle control facilitates the integration of features such as cruise control, traction
control, stability control, and precrash systems and others that require torque management, since
the throttle can be moved irrespective of the position of the driver's accelerator pedal. ETC
provides some benefit in areas such as air-fuel ratio control, exhaust emissions and fuel
consumption reduction, and also works in concert with other technologies such as gasoline direct
injection.