POWERENG 2009 Lisbon, Portugal, March 18-20, 2009

Transient Stability Analysis with Equal Area Criterion

Directly Used to a Non-Equivalent Generator Pair
Lu Fang1,2 Yu Ji-lai1
1. Department of Electrical Engineering
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
2. Department of Automation
Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Lufang986@126.com
AbstractEqual area criterion, used to transient stability is computed only once. DEEAC takes into account disaccord
analysis of power system, is consistency with transient energy between generators. Equivalence generator parameters is
function method for single machine-infinite bus system or two computed step by step [8]. Precision is enhanced. IEEAC
machines system. The criterion can be used to fast classification combines TDS and EEAC. Precision is ascending and
of transient stability, fast calculations of critical fault-clearing computer speed is degressive in turn among three methods.
time and stability degree. However, machine group division and Reference [] uses single machine EAC to analysis multi-
equivalence etc affect its efficiency and veracity while it is used to
multi-machines system. In this paper, Equal area criterion is
machines system stability, it is baseG on inertia center
used to a machine couple of multi -machines system directly: two coordinate, and effect is well.
machines of best forward angle and best lag angle is selected and These method based on EAC need machine group division
based on their relative power angle curve obtained by curve and equivalence etc and need much variable information.
fitting, Equal area criterion is used to fast assessment of transient
stability, fast calculations of critical fault-clearing time and To multi-machines system, all generator pairs must
stability degree. The advantage of this method is that it avoids synchronous if whole system is stable; and a generator pair
machine group division, equivalence and network reduction, and must asynchronous firstly if whole system is unstable, and vice
needs less information, less computation time and it has the same versa. It means whole system stability assessment is equal to a
accuracy as time domain simulation in assessing transient special generator pair stability assessment. EAC may be
stability. Validity carried out on a test system is reported. applied to the generator pair through a new way.
Keywords: power system; transient stability; equal area criterion From above, this paper avoids generators equivalence and
focuses on two generators of most forward angle and most lag
angle named generators pair for assessing power system
I. INTRODUCTION stability. Combining relative power-angle characteristic curve
Power system transient stability can be evaluated by time of generator pair, EAC is directly applied to generator pair to
domain simulation (TDS), transient energy function (TEF) and assess stability quickly.
hybrid methods. TDS offers a much more detailed modeling of
power system components and relative controls, but is II. ANALYSIS OF EAC DIRECTLY USED TO A NON-
generally slower and gives only answers of the yes/no EQUIVALENT GENERATOR PAIR
type(stable/unstable)[1][2]. TEF avoids the integration of the
system dynamic equations and provides stability indices, but it A. EAC Theory of Single Machine-Infinite Bus System
is difficult to confirm unstable equilibrium point [3-6]. The
hybrid methods incorporate the TEF based direct methods into Single machine-infinite bus system and its power-angle
TDS, which may avoid the use of very long simulation times characteristics are shown in Fig. 1, Fig.2, where Pe(0) is stable
and can provide, through the use of simulation programs state electrical power ; Pe(F) is fault electrical power, Pe(P) is
instead of direct methods, a quantitative measure of stability post-fault electrical power; 0 is initial stable state rotor
[7]. angle;s is post-fault stable state rotor angle; u is post-fault
unstable equilibrium point rotor angle; c is fault clearing time
Furthermore, to single machine system or two machines rotor angle. A represent real line area; C represent broken line
system, Equal area criterion (EAC) is an effective method to area; B represent point line area; top left corner of A is D.
assess power system stability. EAC has excellent characteristic,
it inspires many scholars to apply EAC to multi-machines.
Academician Xue Y is representative. He put forward EEAC
method. Which diYLGH generators LQto two groups and each
group is became one equivalence generator, EAC is applied to
them to assess system stability . EEAC go through three phases:
SEEAC, DEEAC, and IEEAC. SEEAC supposes generators
are unisonant in each group, equivalence generator parameters

978-1-4244-2291-3/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE 386

POWERENG 2009 Lisbon, Portugal, March 18-20, 2009

Figure 1. Single machine-infinite bus system TABLE I. CONCERNED VARIABLES AND MEANINGS
sign meanings
ij Relative rotor angle of critical machine couple i-j , rad
Stable state relative rotor angle of critical machine couple i-
ij0
j, rad
Relative rotor angle of critical machine couple i-j in fault
ijc
clearing time, rad
Relative rotor angle of critical machine couple i-j in
iju
unstable equilibrium point, rad
Peij Electrical power of critical machine couple i-j, p.u.
Peji Electrical power of critical machine couplej-i, p.u.
Electrical power of critical machine couple i-j during fault
Peij(F)
durative time, p.u.
Electrical power of critical machine couple i-j during post-
Peij(P)
fault time, p.u.
Electrical power of critical machine couple j-i during fault
Figure 2. Power-angle characteristics Peji(F)
durative time, p.u.
Electrical power of critical machine couple j-i during post-
Area A and C shown in Figure 2 is computed respectively Peji(P)
fault time, p.u.
below Pei Self-electrical power of machine i, p.u.
c Self-electrical power of machine i during fault durative
A = ( Pm Pe(F) )d (1) Pei(F)
time, p.u.
0
Self-electrical power of machine i during post-fault time,
Pei(P)
u p.u.
C = (P e
(P)
Pm )d (2) Pej Self-electrical power of machine j, p.u.
c
Self-electrical power of machine j during fault durative
Pej(F)
EAC is expressed: if A<C, Single machine-infinite bus time, p.u.
system is stable in first swing; if A>C, Single machine-infinite Pej(P)
Self-electrical power of machine j during post-fault time,
bus system is unstable in first swing; if A=C, Single machine- p.u.
infinite bus system is stable critically in first swing. Pmi Mechanical power of machine i, p.u.
Pmj Mechanical power of machine j, p.u.
To single machine-infinite bus system, this criteriRQ is base Base angle velocity, rad/s
consistent with TEF [10]. TEF is applicable to multi-machines, i
Relative value of angle velocity of machine i to that of
if consistency of EAC and TEF is tenable for multi-machines synchronizationp.u.
system, EAC can be applied to multi-machines directly. Relative value of angle velocity of machine j to that of
j
Analysis is shown below. synchronizationp.u.
ij Relative angle velocity of machine i to j, p.u.
Mi inertia constant of machine i, s
B. EAC Theory Directly Used To Multi-Machine System Mj inertia constant of machine i, s
It is supposed that i represents best forward generator and j
represents best lag generator. It is supposed that network Generator j rotor swing equations is shown below
Peij
between i-j is equaled to a branch (electrical power is ) and d j
P P M j = Pmj Pej Peji
self-electrical power ei , ej shown in Fig., concerned dt
(4)
variables and meanings is shown in table 1. d j =
Generator i rotor swing equations is shown below dt base j

di Rotor swing equations of generator pair i-j is shown below

M i d t = Pmi Pei Peij
(3) Equ dij
= Pmij
Equ
PeijEqu
d i = M ij
dt
d t base i
(5)
d ij =
i j dt base ij
Peij Peji
Where
MiM j
M ijEqu = (6)
Mi + M j
Pei Pej Mj Mi
Equ
Pmij = Pmi Pmj (7)
Mi + M j Mi + M j
Figure 3. generator pair shown mode in multi-machine system

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POWERENG 2009 Lisbon, Portugal, March 18-20, 2009

Mj Mi select several pairs which swing severely, and the pair that
PeijEqu = ( Pei + Peij ) ( Pej + Peji ) (8) stability margin is minimum is regarded as final choice for
Mi + M j Mi + M j assessing stability.
Equation (5) is similar to rotor swing equations of one (2) From above, it is shown that variable information of
machine; kinetic energy is defined as followed generator pair is needed only and other machines neednt be
1 taken into account. Whereas it doesnt means that other
Vk = ( M ijEqu base ) ij2 (9) machines are neglected, each machine is interactional with
2 others, it reflects the effect from other machines in the course
of variable change of generator pair.
Fig.  is used still for denotation; kinetic energy at fault
clearing time is shown below (3) Figure 3 is used to help to analyze EAC theory directly
used to multi-machines system. But it neednt deal with
1 ijc
Vk c = (MijEqubase )ijc2 = (PmijEqu PeijEqu(F) )dij = A (10) network indeed in application .And information computed or
2 ij 0
measured only is Pei , Pej , Pmi , Pmj , that reduce quantity
Potential energy at fault clearing time is shown below (stable
computed or measured variable.
state point s is regarded as potential energy reference point)

ijc
Vp c = (PeijEqu(P) Pmij
Equ
)dij III. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON
ij 0
NON-EQUIVALENT GENERATOR PAIR EAC
ijs ijc
= (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ
)dij + (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ
)dij (11)
ij 0 ijs A. Stability Assessment
= BD P Equ(F) ( ) P Equ(P) ( )
Analytical expression eij ij
, eij ij
can not be
And then, transient energy at fault clearing time is shown obtained directly, curve fitting is used. A great deal of
below
P Equ(F) ( ) P Equ(P) ( )
ijc
simulation show that eij ij
, eij ij
is similar to sine
1
Vc= ( M ijEqu base )ijc2 + ( PeijEqu(P) Pmij
Equ
)d ij = A + B D function. So collecting a series of dots in fault and post-fault a

2 ij 0
iju
(12) short time, fitting them to sine function. is computed by
The critical energy Vcr defined as potential energy in PeijEqu = Pmij
Equ

unstable equilibrium point u is shown below , then area A, C are obtained by (10),(14), and
transient stability are assessed.
iju
Vcr = (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ
)dij
ij 0 B. Critical Clearing Time calculations
ijs iju
= (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ
)dij + (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ
)dij (13) According to CCT (simply recorded as t cr ) definition,
ij 0 ijs
based on proposed method in this paper, while fault is cleared
= B+C D
in t cl , t cl is t cr if A=C for the generation pair i-j swing badly.
C is obtained as followed
Computing step is shown below:
iju
C= ( PeijEqu(P) Pmij
Equ
)d ij (14) (1) Set initial fault clearing time t cl .
ijc

From TEF, if Vc<Vcr, generator pair i-j is synchronous in (2) Computing area A and C according to method stated
first swing; if Vc>Vcr, generator pair i-j is asynchronous in first above.
swing; if Vc=Vcr generator pair i-j is synchronous critically in (3) If |AC|<, t cl is CCT, iterative process is over. Else ,
first swing. cr iju
PeijEqu( F ) ) = (PeijEqu( P) Pmij
Equ Equ
From above conclusion and (12) (13), it is concluded if based on (Pmij ),
ij 0 cr
A<C, generator pair i-j is synchronous in first swing; if A>C,
generator pair i-j is asynchronous in first swing; if A=C cr is computed, and t cr is obtained , return to (2) .
generator pair i-j is synchronous critically in first swing. It is
accordant with EAC used to single machine-infinite bus system. C. stability margin calculations
It can be regard as a way of EAC directly used to multi- Stability margin can be shown with time or transient energy:
machines system. So EAC and TEF are consistent to generator tcr tcl
pair of multi-machines system. This conclusion is important to t = 100%  (15)
reduce difficulty of assessing stability and enhance efficiency. tcr
Atcr A
C. Discussion V = 100%  (16)
Atcr
(1) Precision of the proposed method is affected by
generator pair choice. To solve this problem, it is feasible to

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Either (15) or (16) can show properly system stability state. Table III shows time stability margin t and energy stability
And any one can be computed easily.
margin V is consistent in trend while increasing clearing time to
IV. SIMULATION STUDY lower system stability.
In this Vection, case studies on the ten-generatorV, 39-bus
New England test system is presented to show the effectiveness V. CONCLUSION
of the proposed method. The contingencies are the three phase- Issue of multi-machine power system stability assessment
to-ground faults occurring at the generator buses. Stability is changed to that of generator pair stability assessment in this
assessment, critical clearing time are shown in table, and paper, and EAC is applied to non-equivalent generator pair of
contrasted to that of TDS. Iterative times for CCT of proposed multi-machine system directly, system transient stability is
method are shown also in table  Critical clearing time of assessed, critical clearing time is computed quickly and
TDS method is obtained by repeated test. stability margin is obtained. Proposed method is applied to an
NEW ENGLAND 10 generators system to verify the validity.
TABLE II. SYSTEM STABILITY ASSESSMENT , CRITICAL CLEARING TIME
The proposed method neednt do aggregation equivalence to
AND ITERATIVE TIMES generators and reduction rank to network; it compares only
accelerated area and decelerated area of generator pair to
Clearing Stability assessment
Critical clearing time analysis system stability.
Faulting
times
s iterative
spot times The next work is comparing the proposed method with
Proposed Proposed
method
TDS
method
TDS other metnods by simulation ,to further confirm the superiority
31 0.39 unstable unstable 0.23 0.23 4 of this method.
32 0.15 stable stable 0.21 0.21 2
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