fever hemolytic Strepto erythema infection of strep test,
coccus pyogenes beginning tonsils or wound or on trunk skin; linear throat and petechiae in culture, spreading antecubital antistreptol to and axillary ysin O extremitie folds titers s, (Pastia's becoming sign); rash confluent; appearing 2 flushed to 3 days face with after perioral infection; pallor; initially, rash white fading in strawberry 4 to 5 tongue but days and by fourth or followed fifth day, by red desquama strawberry tion tongue
Toxic Staphylococcus Diffuse All ages, High fever, Clinical
shock aureus sunburn but most hypotension criteria, syndro rash that common and vaginal me desquama in involvement and wound tes over 1 menstrua of three or cultures to 2 ting more organ weeks females systems; about 50 percent of cases occurring in menstruating women around onset of menses; postoperative patients at increased risk; condition out of proportion to wound appearance
Kawasa Idiopathic Erythema Children Winter and Specific
ki's tous rash less than spring; high clinical disease on hands 8 years fevers, criteria and feet; of age, cervical morbillifo with lymphadenop rm, peak athy, scarlatinif incidence arthritis, orm rash at 1 year; arthralgias, on trunk boys cardiac and affected involvement, perineum; more mucous hyperemi often membrane c lips than girls involvement; can be complicated by coronary artery abnormalities in 20 to 25 percent of cases
Rubeol Measles virus Macular- Most Prodrome Serology
a papular common consisting of rash that in symptoms of may children upper become 5 to 9 respiratory confluent; years of tract begins on age, infection, face, neck nonimmu coryza, bark- and ne like cough, shoulders persons malaise, and photophobia spreads and fever; centrifuga Koplik's lly and spots inferiorly; (prodromal fades in 4 stage); to 6 days development of exanthem on fourth febrile day; late winter through early spring
Rubella Rubella virus Pink Young Prodrome Serology
macules adults, uncommon, and nonimmu especially in papules ne children; that persons petechiae on develop soft palate on (Forschheim forehead er's spots); in and adults: spread anorexia, inferiorly malaise, and to conjunctivitis extremitie , headache s within and one day; symptoms of fading of mild upper macules respiratory and infection papules in reverse order by third day 1. Euzeby JP. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in NomenclatureGenus Streptococcus. Available at http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/s/streptococcus.html (Accessed 5 June 2017). 2. Todd JK. Streptococca infection. In: Gershon AA, Hotez PJ, Katz Sl. Krugmans: Infectious Diseases of Children Eleventh Ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2004. p. 641 54 3. Ebell MH, Smith MA, Barry HC, Ives K, Carey M. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have strep throat? JAMA. 2000; 284(22):2912 2918 4. Danchin MH, Rogers S, Kelpie L, Selvaraj G, Curtis N, Carlin JB, et al. Burden of acute sore throat and group A streptococcal pharyngitis in school- aged children and their families in Australia. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):950957 5. Dublin TD, Rogers EF, Perkins JE, Graves FW. Milk-borne Outbreaks Due to Serologically Typed Hemolytic Streptococci. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 1943;33(2):157166 6. Rolleston JD. The History of Scarlet Fever. The BMJ. 1928;2(3542):926929 7. Yang P, Peng X, Zhang D, Wu S, Liu Y, Cui S, et al. Characteristics of group A Streptococcus strains circulating during scarlet fever epidemic, Beijing, China, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 2013;19(6):909915. 8. Wong S, Yuen K. Streptococcus pyogenes and re-emergence of scarlet fever as a public health problem. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2012;1(7):e2. 9. Holten E, Ubhi H, Patel M. Scarlet Fever: acute management and infection control. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2015 10. Rominch, Amundson J. Understanding Zoonotic Diseases. Canada: Delmar Learning Corporation; 2008. p. 196-205 11. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. Changing Epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167 12. Richardson BW. Facts relating to scarlet fever. Assoc Med J 1853; 1: 502507 13. Promedmail. Available at http://www.promedmail.org (accessed 5 June 2017) 14. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Number of notifications for notifiable infectious diseases in 2011. Hong Kong. Available at http://www.chp.gov.hk/en/data/1/10/26/43/455.html (accessed 5 June 2017). 15. Public Health England. Group A streptococcal infections: update on seasonal activity 2014/15. Health Protection Report 2015;9(5): Infection (News) Report. London: PHE 2015. 16. Weiss K, Laverdie`re M, Lovgren M, Delorme J, Poirier L, Be liveau C. Group A Streptococcus carriage among close contacts of patients with invasive infections. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 863868. 17. Brown WA, Allison VD. Infection of the air of scarlet-fever wards with Streptococcus pyogenes. J Hyg (Lond) 1937; 37: 113. 18. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Morris AJ, Catanzaro FJ, Wannamaker LW, Chamovitz R, Marple EC. Transmission of group A streptococci. III. The effect of drying on the infectivity of the organism for man. J Hyg (Lond) 1958; 56: 280287. 19. Wagenvoort JH, Penders RJ, Davies BI, Lutticken R. Similar environmental survival patterns of Streptococcus pyogenes strains of different epidemiologic backgrounds and clinical severity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 6567. 20. Juel Henningsen E, Ernst J. Milk epidemic of angina, originating from a cow with mastitis and due to Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A). J Hyg (Lond) 1938; 38: 384391. 21. Katzenell U, Shemer J, Bar-Dayan Y. Streptococcal contamination of food: an unusual cause of epidemic pharyngitis. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 127: 179184. 22. Dick GF, Dick GH. Landmark article Jan 26, 1924: The etiology of scarlet fever. JAMA. 1983;250(22):3096 23. Spaulding AR, Salgado-Pabon W, Kohler PL, Horswill AR, Leung DY, Schlievert PM. Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2013;26(3):422447 24. Davies MR, Holden MT, Coupland P, Chen JH, Venturini C, Barnett TC, et al. Emergence of scarlet fever Streptococcus pyogenes emm12 clones in Hong Kong is associated with toxin acquisition and multidrug resistance. Nature Genetics. 2015;47:8487 25. Bohach GA, Fast DJ, Nelson RD, Schlievert PM. Staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins involved in toxic shock syndrome and relate illnesses. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1990;17:251272. 26. Proft T, Fraser JD. Streptococcal Superantigens: Biological properties and potential role in disease. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic biology to clinical manifestations. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2017. p. 445-464 27. Todd EW, Lancefield RC. Variants of hemolytic streptococci; their relation to type specific substance, virulence, and toxin. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1928;48(6):751767 28. Kaplan MH, Johnson DR, Cleary PP. Group A streptococcal serotypes isolated from patients and sibling contacts during the resurgence of rheumatic fever in the United states in the mid-1980's. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:101103 29. Public Health England. Group A streptococcal infections: update on seasonal activity 2014/15. Health Protection Report 2015;9(5): Infection (News) Report. London: PHE 2015 30. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269: 390391. 31. Lepoutre A, Doloy A, Bidet P et al. Microbiologists of the Epibac Network. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in France in 2007. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 40944100. 32. Rolleston JD. Concurrent scarlet fever and chicken-pox. 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Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis [Internet]. CDC.Gov.2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/post-streptococcal.html (Accessed 05 June 2017) Scarlet Fever merupakan penyakit infeksius yang disebabkan oleh toksin yang dihasilkan oleh Group A Streptococcus (GAS). GAS dapat berkolonisasi pada tenggorok maupun kulit. Scarlet fever pada umumnya seringkali dikaitkan dengan terjadinya faringitis tetapi dapat juga berkait dengan penyakit kulit lainnya yang disebabkan oleh GAS. GAS lebih sering pada anak anak dibandingkan dewasa. Sebelum tahun 2000, scarlet fever seringkali menjadi wabah pada perkotaan di Eropa dan Amerika. Dengan ditemukannya pengobatan Penicillin, kasus Scarlet Fever menjadi jarang ditemukkan.. Tetapi, wabah Scarlet Fever kembali ditemukkan sekarang terutama di Hongkong dan Inggris yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh resistensi obat karena penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat. Gejala klinis pada umumnya akan dimulai dengan fase prodromal yang disertai terbukti adanya tonsillitis ataupun faringitis yang biasa dapat dinilai dengan penilaian Centor Score. Lalu lidah akan berbulul dengan papil yang membesar seperti white strawberry tounge yang lama kelamaan akan menjadi merah dan terjadi inflamasi seperti red strawberry tounge/raspberry tounge. Terdapat juga ruam punctate erythema yang muncul pada hari ke dua yang pada awalnya akan muncul dari muka dimana pipi akan menjadi kemerahan tetapi sekitar bibir akan tampak pucat (cirumolar pallor) dan akan menyebar ke leher, badan bagian atas lalu ke ekstrimitas dengan teksur sandpaper. Terdapat juga Pastias sign pada daerah fossa antekubiti maupun aksila. Setelah satu minggu, ruam akan selesai dan kulit akan terjadi deskuamasi. Penggunaan penicillin dengan tetap menjadi pilihan utama untuk tatalaksana pada scarlet fever dan tentunya hand hygiene juga perlu diperhatikan untuk mengurangi resikonya terjadi infeksi GAS. Komplikasi pada scarlet fever jika tidak diberi tatalaksana yang baik adalah Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis, serta Rheumatic Fever yang dapat berakibat fatal. Maka dari itu, kita sebagai petugas kesehatan pentingnya mengetahui tanda awal dari gejala, pemberian antibiotik yang tepat untuk mengurangi resistensi serta memperhatikan hand hygiene untuk mencegah terjadi penyebaran infeksi nosokomial oleh GAS.