Professional Documents
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I. Turning
k*V
N=
* D1
If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above equation for V: V = ND/k
B. Cutting Time: minutes per operation
CT is cutting time per pass
L is length cut
A is allowance or starting offsetSatellite TV News
Page 36 CQ-TV 177 1997 by the BATC
Intelsat 707 1.0 Deg W
The Cartoon Channel/TNT service is now to be found in unencrypted
D2Mac on 11.003 Ghz (V). MTV is now on 11.679 Ghz with BBC Prime
now occupying 11.133 Ghz (V).
Amos 1 4.0 Deg W
The latest transponder plan for the Israeli AMOS satellite is shown
below;
Tp Freq Pol Service Video Audio Beam
1L 10.968 V IBA Chan 1 PAL 6.6 Israel
1U 11.005 V Israel Chan 2 Pal 6.6 Israel
9L 11.308 H TV 3
Budapest
MPEG-2
Clear
Digital Central
Europe
9U 11.344 H Test Card PAL Central
Europe
10L 11.388 H A TV Poland MPEG -
2*
Digital Central
Europe
5U 11.596 V IBA Chan 3 PAL 6.6 Israel
* From December A-TV Poland was scheduled to be changing from PAL
to MPEG2 and splitting into two separate channels. The first one will be
named A-TV 1 with the second called Super ATV broadcasting for
younger viewers.
Telecom 2B & 2D 5.0 Deg W
Telecom 2D has now moved from 3 degrees East to co-locate at this
position. The frequency plan for Telecom 2D means that it is effectively
an in orbit reserve for Telecom 2B and provides no effective increase in
transponder capacity. France 3 started its analogue service in clear Secam
in mid December. on 12.732 Ghz (V).
Orion F1 37.5 Deg W
APNA TV has launched a general entertainment service at 12.666 Ghz
V every night in PAL in the clear (also at 11.625 Ghz V in MPEG2
fr is machine feed rate units/revolution, a Handbook Value
(L + A)
CT =
fr * N
C. Material Removal Rate (MRR or Q): Volume Removed
cutting time
* L (D12 - D22 )
MRR = 4L
fr N
D2 is Finished Diameter
Substituting for
N from above:
D1 - D2 D1 + D2
MRR = k f r V [ ]*[ ]
2 2 D1
D1 - D2
and: [ ] t
2
D1 + D2
[ ] 1
2 D1
Therefore:
MRR k V f r t
II. Boring
C: Material Removal Rate: as above except D1 is finished diameter while D2 is Initial (smaller)
diameter.
III. Facing, Slot Cutting or Cut Off
In facing, slot (plunge) cutting and cut off, the cutting speed for a given RPM decreases
as the tool progresses toward the center of the piece being cut. This follows since most (manual)
lathes cannot increase spindle speed (N) during cutting operations. Thus, the required N is
calculated as above using the outside (largest) diameter of the part for a given V.
A. Machine Speed
k* V
N =
* D1
If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above equation for V: V = ND/k
B. Cutting Time
(L + A)
CT =
fr * N
D1 D1 - D i
where: L is 2 for solids; 2 for tubes
Di is inside diameter
MRR k
2 f r tV
Terms Used:
N: RPM of Cutter
n: Number of Teeth on Cutter
W: Width of cut (may be full cutter or partial cutter)
t: depth of cut
V: cutting speed -- a Handbook value
L: Length of pass or cut
fm: Table (machine) Feed
ft: feed/tooth of cutter -- a Handbook value
D: Cutter Diameter
A. Cutting Speed:
kV
N =
D
If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above equation for V: V = ND/k
f m = f t * N* n
C. Cutting Time:
L + LA
CT =
fm
LA = t(D - t)
Vol. Removed L* W* t
MRR = = = W* t* f m
CT CT
Remember that the length of approach calculated here puts the cutter against the work at the
start, we will add a small additional air gap to spin the tool to speed and allow the table to
achieve target feed rate before chip making begins. When determining cutting time and MRR,
care must be exercised. Ask yourself if total cutting time or time to make one pass across the
part is being requested, ie. is a single or multiple pass operation to be studied. Also, note that in
the MRR equation the cutting time term does not include the time of partial engagement (LA).
Again, if a multi-pass operation is being employed, the appropriate width term should be used in
the MRR equation.
V. Face (Vertical) Milling
Terms Used:
N: RPM of Cutter
n: Number of Teeth on Cutter
W: Width of cut (may be full cutter or partial cutter)
t: depth of cutter engagement
V: cutting speed -- a Handbook value
L: Length of pass or cut
fm: Table (machine) Feed
ft: feed/tooth of cutter -- a Handbook value
D: Cutter Diameter
LA: Approach Length
LO: Length of OverTravel
A. Cutting Speed:
kV
N =
D
If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above equation for V: V = ND/k
B. Table Feed:
f m = f t * N* n
(L+ LA + LO )
CT =
fm
1. LA = LO = W(D - W)
D
2. LA = LO = 2
D
3. LA = 2 LO = - 0.5* D 2 - W 2
D
4. LA = LO = 2
Vol. Removed L* W* t
MRR = = = W* t* f m
CT CT
Again, the cautions on single vs. multiple pass CT and MRR apply as with Slab Milling.
Remember too, that the length of approach here puts the cutter against the work at the start, we
will add a small additional air gap to spin the tool to speed and allow the table to achieve target
feed rate before chip making begins. Also, care should be exercised with regards to units.
VI. Drilling
k is a Units Constant
D is Drill Diameter
V is cutting speed, a Handbook Value, if Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired,
solve above equation for V: V = ND/k
(L + A)
CT =
fr* N
D
A is allowance; usually 2
f r is drill feedrate
L is length of Hole
Vol.Removed D2 Lf r N D2 f r N
MRR = = =
CT 4L 4
C. MRR is (again) Material Removal Rate
And note, no material is removed while the Drill travels through the Allowance Zone